Lecture
2020【春】高三目标985班
Reading
Part One
方法复习
说
明
文
体裁
对事物或事理进行客观说明，通过解说事物
或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的。
结构
往往采用总分、递进等方式，按一定的顺序
（如时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。
特点
客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表
达作者的感情倾向。
考情
最近五年变化不大，选材通常是各学科的前
沿问题、高科技领域的科研成果、人们比较
关心的社会问题、人文方面的经典。
方法复习
确定体裁
• 精读文章第一小节，确定文章体裁，搜寻科普说明文的
说明对象或科学发现。
标注关键
• 标注阐释说明对象或科学发现不同层面的关键句，掌握
篇章结构。
精读首尾
• 精读开头、结尾，把握科普说明文的内在逻辑关系。
定位验证
• 精读题干，准确定位，仔细阅读信息源，与选项之间进
行验证性比较。
学而思网校
词汇积累
1. consider
/kənˈsɪdər/ v. 细想；认为
We're considering buying a new house.
The award is considered (as) a great honor.
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense
when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to
reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down
the road.
拓展
consideration n. 考虑
说明文
词汇积累
2. defend /dɪˈfend/ v. 防御，防卫；辩解；为……辩护
She has employed one of the country's top lawyers to defend him.
It is impossible to defend against an all‐out attack.
His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he's an environmental
scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage
trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of
Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.
拓展
defense
n. 防护，防卫；防御措施
defensive
adj. 防御的；戒备的
offend
v. 冒犯；得罪
说明文
词汇积累
3. prohibit
/prəˈhɪbɪt/
v. 禁止；阻止, 使不可能
Fishing is prohibited.
No one can prohibit you from doing so.
拓展
forbid
v. 禁止；不准
prevent
v. 阻止；阻碍
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So
many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities
do not allow them at checkouts (收银台) . The bags are prohibited in some 90
cities in California, including Los Angeles.
说明文
词汇积累
4. assume
/əˈsuːm/ v. 假设；承担(责任)，取得(权力)
Let us assume for a moment that the plan succeeds.
The court assumed responsibility for the girl's welfare.
The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los
Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic‐bag makers are hiring scientists like
Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most
people assume.
拓展
assumption
n. 假定；假设；承担
说明文
学而思网校
词汇积累
5. aim
/eɪm/ n. 目标；目的v. 力求争取；旨在
We're aiming at training everybody by the end of the year.
Bob's one aim in life is to earn a lot of money.
拓展
purpose
n. 意图；目的；目标
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its
replacement: reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its
life and the more plastic‐bag use it cancels out. However, longer‐lasting reusable
bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must
be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
说明文
长难句分析
1. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending an
industry behind the plastic shopping bags.
说明文
主语从句
表语从句
表语从句
介词短语作状语
更有趣的是，Stein的工作之一是为塑料购物袋背后的一个行业辩护。
长难句分析
2. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic‐bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to
make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people
assume.
说明文
考虑到这些不利因素，塑料袋制造商正在聘请像Stein这样的科学家来证
明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。
现在分词作状语
举例
目的状语
同位语从句
同级比较
词汇积累
1. delicate /ˈdelɪkət/
adj. 易损的，脆弱的；虚弱的；
精致的，精密的
a delicate constitution
the delicate ecological balance of the rainforest
Most of them are extremely delicate and can be damaged by a simple
touch. Sonke Johnsen, a scientist in biology, says, "These animals live through
their life alone. They never touch anything unless they're eating it, or unless
something is eating them."
拓展
dedicate
v. 把……奉献给
说明文
学而思网校
词汇积累
And they are as clear as glass. How does an animal become see‐through?
It's trickier than you might think.
说明文
2. tricky
/ˈtrɪki/ adj. 难办的，难对付的；狡猾的
a tricky situation
Getting it to fit exactly is a tricky business .
拓展
trick
n. 诡计，骗局；把戏；技巧，窍门
v. 欺骗；欺诈
词汇积累
The objects around you are visible because they interact with light. Light
typically travels in a straight line. But some materials slow and scatter (散射) light,
bouncing it away from its original path. Others absorb light, stopping it dead in its
tracks. Both scattering and absorption make an object look different from other
objects around it, so you can see it easily.
3. bounce
/baʊns/ n. 弹跳；弹性
v. 弹跳；跳动；点拨前行；退回
She bounced the ball against the wall.
The car bounced down the hill.
拓展
jump
v. 跳跃；跳动；突然移动；激增
说明文
词汇积累
4. absorb
/əbˈzɔːrb/ v. 吸收；使全神贯注；使并入
Plants absorb oxygen.
This work had absorbed him for several years.
But a transparent object doesn't absorb or scatter light, at least not very much.
Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a transparent
object doesn't look very different from the surrounding air or water. You don't see
it — you see the things behind it.
拓展
be absorbed in...
全神贯注于
说明文
词汇积累
5. object /ɑːbdʒekt/
n. 物体，对象；宗旨
v. 不同意；反对
Her sole object in life is to become a travel writer.
I really object to being charged for parking.
拓展
objective
adj. 客观的；基于事实的
n. 目标；（望远镜或显微镜的）物镜
objection
n. 反对；异议
说明文
But a transparent object doesn't absorb or scatter light, at least not very
much. Light can pass through it without bending or stopping. That means a
transparent object doesn't look very different from the surrounding air or water.
You don't see it — you see the things behind it.
学而思网校
长难句分析
1. Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light
passes through a window.
说明文
透明的动物让光通过他们的身体就像光通过窗户一样。
长难句分析
2. Some animals are simply very small or extremely flat. Without much tissue
to scatter light, it is easier to be see‐through. Others build a large, clear mass
of non‐living jelly‐like (果冻状的) material and spread themselves over it.
说明文
有些动物非常小或非常扁平。没有太多的组织来散射光，它们就更容易
被看穿。另一些动物则制造出一大块无生命的果冻状物质，并在上面散
开。
词汇积累
1. expert /ˈekspɜːrt/ n. 专家；行家adj. 熟练的；内行的
He's an expert at getting his own way.
We need some expert help.
By changing the order of the words and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs (助
动词) and suffixes (后缀), we can turn a statement into a question, state
whether an action has taken place or is soon to take place, and perform many
other word tricks to convey different meanings. However, the question which
many language experts can't understand and explain is — who created grammar?
拓展
specialize
v. 专攻；专门从事
specialist
n. 专家
说明文
词汇积累
Popular music evolved from folk songs.
The three species evolved from a single ancestor.
Some recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. Since the slaves
didn't know each other's language, they developed a make‐shift language called a
pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowners.
拓展
evolution
n. 进化；演变
involve
v. 包含；牵涉；(使)参加，加入
说明文
2. evolve
/iˈvɑːlv/ v. 逐渐形成，逐步发展；进化
学而思网校
词汇积累
说明文
3. expose
/ɪkˈspoʊz/ v. 暴露，显露；揭穿；使面临
His job as a journalist is to expose the truth.
The kids ought to be exposed to as much culture and art as possible.
拓展
exposure
n. 面临；遭受(危险)；揭露
Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for
a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother
tongue. Slave children didn't simply copy the strings of words used by their elders.
They adapted their words to create an expressive language.
词汇积累
4. consistent
/kənˈsɪstənt/ adj. 一致的；始终如一的；连续的
a consistent approach to the problem
The results are entirely consistent with our earlier research.
拓展
consist
v. 由…组成；在于
constant
adj. 连续不断的；不变的
说明文
Previously, although deaf children were taught speech and lip reading in the
classrooms, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system,
using the gestures they used at home. It was basically a pidgin and there was
no consistent grammar.
词汇积累
5. serve
/sɜːrv/ v. 提供；服务；对……有用；供应；担任
The guests were served with a wonderful meal.
He served the family faithfully for many years.
拓展
service
n. 服务，接待；维护；公共事业
说明文
"It ended" may once have been "It end﹣did". It seems that children have
grammatical machinery in their brains. Their minds can serve to create logical
and complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for them to
copy.
长难句分析
1. Interestingly, however, all (it takes for a pidgin to become a complex
language) is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time (when
they learn their mother tongue).
然而，有趣的是，要成为一种复杂的语言，混杂语式只需要一群孩子在
学习母语时接触这种语言。
说明文
形式/真正主语
状语
定语从句
(定语从句)
学而思网校
长难句分析
2. Previously, although deaf children were taught speech and lip reading in the
classrooms, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system,
using the gestures they used at home.
此前，尽管聋哑儿童在教室里接受语言和唇读教学，但在操场上，他们
开始发明自己的手语体系，使用他们在家里使用的手势。
说明文
让步状语从句
地点状语
现在分词作状语
定语从句
学而思网校
