03 代词和介词
代词
I. 代词可以分为以下八大类
主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
人称代
形容词性物主
1
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
词
代词
名词性物主代
mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
词
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
2 反身代词
themselves
3 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some
4 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
5 关系代词/连接代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a
few/ a little
6 不定代词
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
7 相互代词 each other,one another
II. 不定代词用法注意点
类 别 区 别 例 句
①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found
___ we like yet.
A.one B.ones C.it D.them
one 可以泛指人或者事
（东西），其复数为ones
②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far
more serious _______ than mobile phones do.
A.one B.ones C.it
D.those
one, some 可用于疑问句中， —Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico ．
some， Would you like ________?
表示盼望得到肯定的答
复，或者表示建议，请求
any和it A.it B.some C.this
等
D.1ittle
①I have read this article in some magazine. Please
correct the mistakes, if any.
some 和 any 修饰可数名
②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village?
词单数时，some 表示某
—________way as you please.
个，any表示任何一个
A.Each B.Every C.Any
D.Either—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you
one 指同类中的一个，it
go and borrow ?
指代同一种类的东西。此
外 i t 还可以作形式主语、 —No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore.
形式宾语和用于强调句型
A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it
中。
D.it;it
①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you
go to the corner store and get ________.
A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a
little,any
②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to
some多用于肯定句，any have no use for ________.
多用于疑问句和否定句
A.none B.either C.any
D.each
③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just
an old desk.
A. any B. many C. some D.
much
①Each student has a pocket dictionary.
each强调个别，代表的数
可以是两个或两个以上， Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a
each和
而 every 强调整体，所指 dictionary.
every
的数必须是三个或三个以
②Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one
上
of us has strong and weak points.
no 等于 not any，作定
①There is no water in the bottle.
语 。 none 作 主 语 或 宾
none和no 语，代替不可数名词，谓 ②How much water is there in the bottle? None.
语用单数，代替可数名
③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
词，谓语单复数皆可以
other 泛指“另外的，别
的”常与其他
①Both sides have accused of breaking the
词连用，如：the other
contract.
day, every other
other和 A. another B. the other C. neither D.
week, some other reason,
another each
no other way,
②Two students in our class failed, but all the others
the other特指两者中的另 passed the exam.
外 一 个 ， 复 数 为 the
others①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so
let’s have ______ one this month．
another 指“又一个，另
一个”无所指，
A．the other B．some C ． another
复数形式是 others，泛指 D．other
“别的人或
②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair /
事” some others.
③Some like football, while others like basketball.
①—Do you want tea or coffee? — ______, I really
don't mind.
A. none B. neither C. either
前者意思为：两者都（两
either和 D. all
者中任何一方都）；
neither
后者意思为：两者都
②It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in
which _____ of the parents spoke the language.
A. none B. neither C. both D.
each
易混知识：
易混1：
代词 用法 例句
This is our new car. We bought it yesterday.这
it 替代前面提到过的同一个人或物。
是我们的新车。我们昨天买的。
It's standard practice for a company like this
one 用来替代前面出现的单数可数名one to employ a security officer.像这样的公
one/ones
词，是泛指概念，相当于“a／an＋单数司雇用一名保安是惯例。
可数名词”。其复数形式为ones。 Hard beds are healthier than soft ones.硬板床
比软床更有利于健康。
that 用来替代前面出现的同类的名词
To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her
（可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名
students and then that of her colleagues.让德
that/those 词），是同类替代，但并非同一个。指
拉高兴的是，她首先赢得了学生们的信
代单数可数名词，相当于 the one。其复
任，接着又获得了同事们的信任。
数形式为those，相当于the ones。
此外，在口语中，也可用those来替代表At our factory there are a few machines similar
that/those 特指的复数名词，尤其是当其后有 of引to those which have been described in this
导的介词短语或 who引导的定语从句修magazine.在我们工厂有一些机器和这本杂饰。 志中所描述的那些机器很相似。
易混2代词的部分否定和全部否定
（1）all，both，everyone／everybody／everything 以及“every＋名词”都表示全部肯定；当
not出现在含有表示全部肯定意义的不定代词的句子中，不管 not在它们之前还是在它们之
后，都表示部分否定。此外，not 与总括性的副词，如 everywhere，always，entirely，
completely，wholly，altogether等连用时也表示部分否定。
Both of them haven't read this story.他们俩并非都读过这个故事。
Not all of them smoke.= All of them don't smoke.他们当中不是所有人都吸烟。
Such a thing can't be found everywhere.这种事并不是每个地方都能见到。
（2）neither,no one, none, nobody, nothing, not...any/either,以及“no+名词”都表示全部否定。
Nothing can stop him going there.
没有什么事情能阻止他去那里。
巩固练习：
1.It will also help_________(they) better understand the life cycle of stars.
2.Unlike__________(it) seemingly simple appearance,making a guqin is extremely demanding.
3.Having failed to achieve his worldly ambitions, he gave up the idea of making money and devoted
___________(he) to volunteer work.
4.Tai Chi dramatically improves muscle strength and flexibility,which makes____________easier to
recover from a stumble（绊倒）.
5.Mark whispered so softly that___________but Julie heard him.
6.China's writing system is a strong bridge linking Chinese people and the culture of the present with
___________of the past.
7.Many Westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize
how cheap_____________can be to eat out.
8.Mike's ideas are always different from____________ (our), and we all like to ask him for advice.
9.Better still, the extra water could be directed to the dry Chengdu Plain,making___________suitable
for farming.
10. As the Hanshi Festival is one to two days ahead of the Qingming Festival,__________gradually
get combined with one another.语法填空 :
Handan lies at the east foot of Taihang Mountains, and borders the North China Plain in the
east.1.__________(it) climate features four clear seasons. It is dry and 2.________(wind) in spring,
hot and rainy in summer. The weather is mild and cool in autumn and chilly in winter.
3.___________ (locate) in the south of Hebei Province, Handan is the transportation hub of
Hebei,Henan, Shanxi and Shandong, about 200kilometers away from 4.____________ capital cities
of these four provinces and about 450 kilometers away from Beijing and Tianjin.
5.___________(be) an important transportation center, Handan possesses the integrated means of
transport, including railway,highway and aviation,6.___________serve 13 cities nearby with a
population of about 70 million.
Handan is also a famous historical and cultural city. The Cishan Culture7.__________(make)
this area a glowing pearl in the Central Plains of China about 8,000 years ago. Handan is regarded
8.______________the most time-honored city in Hebei. It used to be a political, economic and
cultural center of northern China.
The idiom is one of the 9.___________(representative)of ancient culture in Handan. Among the
idioms people use in daily life, there are 1,584 of them from or related to Handan. What's more,
Handan has many scenic spots for tourists10._____________(visit),such as the Wahuang Palace and
Jingniang Lake.Travelers can be deeply exposed to the culture of this ancient city and learn about the
interesting idioms.
介词及介词短语
介词的种类很多。有许多表示事物存在的方向和位置的介词，我们称之为方位介词。如
in（在……里），behind (在……后面)，down (向下)等等。其中有些方位介词的意义比较接
近，在用法上很难区分，如 on, over, above 都有“在……之上”的意思，但含义却不尽相
同。我们可以用三个图示配以简短的文字叙述来说明这三个介词的不同用法。
on
(强调与物体的表面相接触)
over
（不必与物体表面相接触，但强调与物体的位置垂直）above （不必与物体表面相接触，也不必与物体的位置垂直）
通过这种方法，我们很容易掌握这三个介词的用法。现将英语教材中的部分方位介词用
图示的方法归纳列举如下:
介 词 图 示 意 义 例 句
The students are reading in the classroom.
1 in 在……之内
学生们在教师里读书。
The boat is on the river.
2 on 在……上面
那条船在河上。
There are several bridges over the river. 河上
在……（正）上
3 over 有好几座桥。
方
The boat sailed under the bridge.
在……（正）下
4 under 船在桥下行驶。
方
The plane flew above the clouds.
5 above 在……上方 飞机在云上飞行。
The sun sinks below the horizon.
6 below 在……下方
太阳沉没在地平线下。
Our house is by the river.
By
我们的房子在河边。
7 在……旁边
Come and sit beside me.
Beside
过来坐在我旁边。
I don’t need a car because I live near the city
centre .
8 near 在……附近
我不需要汽车，因为我住在靠近市中心
My best friend sits next to me in class.
9 next to 紧挨……
上课时我最好的朋友坐在我的旁边。
Olive hid behind a tree.
10 behind 在……后面
奥列弗藏在一棵树后面。
He made a speech before a large audience.
11 before 在……之前
他在许多观众面前发表了讲话。He parked his car outside the heater.
12 outside 在……外面 他把汽车停在剧场外面。
We walked to the fruit shop.
13 to 到……去
我们步行到水果店。
We traveled to London from Edingburgh.
14 from 从……来
我们从爱丁堡旅行到伦敦。
All sat around the table.
(a)roun
15 围绕……
d 所有的人围绕着桌子坐。
The letter B is between A and C.
betwee 在……之间（指
16
n 二者） 字母B在A和C之间。
在……之间（指 The house stands among the trees.
17 among 三 者 或 三 者 以
房子在树丛中。
上）
If the road is busy, don’t walk across it.
18 across 横过、越过……
如果道路拥挤，就不要横穿马路。
We drove through the tunnel.
19 through 穿过……
我们开车穿过了隧道。
The men lift the baskets onto the trucks.
20 onto 向上
人们把篮子运上卡车。
They put the apples into the baskets.
21 into 进入到…之内
他们把苹果放进篮子里。
Don’t look out of the window in class.
22 out of 从……出来
上课时不要朝窗外看。
Walk along this street, then turn left, you can see
the post office.
23 along 沿着
沿着这条街走，然后向右拐，你就可以看到
邮局。
The monkeys climbed up the trees to pick the
bananas.
24 up 向上
猴子爬上树上去摘香蕉。The ball is rolling down the hill.
25 down 向下
球正往山下滚。
常考介词用法：
1. 表示“除······之外”的介词或介词短语
介词（短语） 用法及例句
意为“除······之外（还有）”，包括后面所提的人或物，相当于 in addition to。
besides ·We
like biology besides English.除了英语外，我们还喜欢生物。
意为“除······之外（其他的都）”，不包括后面所提到的人或物，表示同类之间
的关
系。除了名词、代词、动名词之外，其后还可接副词、介词短语以及 that，what，
except when，
where 等引导的从句。Everyone is excited except me.除了我以外，每个人都很激
动。
He is never late except when he is ill.除了生病的时候以外，他从不迟到。
意为“除······之外”，排除的部分与前面的内容不属于同一类，着重用于对个别
状
except for 况的补充说明。During her time in the cave, Stefania had been completely alone
except for two white mice.斯特凡尼娅在山洞里的时候，除了两只白鼠，她完全是独
自一人。
意 为 “ 除 ······ 之 外 ” （ ＝ except ） ， 常 用 于 nobody,none, no one, nothing,
but anything,everyone，all之后。We’ve had nothing but trouble with this car.我们这辆车
净出毛病。
既可相当于 besides 或 in addition to，也可相当于 except 或 except for。·Apart／
Aside from good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian
apart/aside
dishes.除了优质的服务外，这家饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。（相当于
from
besides 或 in addition to） Apart／Aside from the ending， it＇s a really good film.
除了结局，这部电影真的不错。（相当于expect for）
2. 表示原因的介词和介词短语at，for，with，out of的用法介词（短语） 用法及例句
at 一般指由于看到、听到或感觉到客观事物而产生某种情感、情绪、态度
或行为等。They were impatient at the delay.他们对拖延不耐烦了 ［《牛
津高阶》］
for 一般指由于客观原因（如举止、语言等）而导致某种结果。The Smiths
are praised for the way they bring up their children.史密斯夫妇因为他们养
育孩子的方式而受到称赞。
with 一般指由于某种感情或身体状况而做出某种行为。I was too weak with
hunger to cry.我饿得都没有力气哭了。
out of 一般指出于某种情感驱使而做出某种行为。I asked out of curiosity，我
出于好奇问了问。
3. 表示“关于”的介词
介词（短语） 用法及例句
about 表示一般意义的“关于”。He told me a lot about himself.他给我讲了许多
关于他自己的事情。
on 表示有关专业知识或理论的“关于”，比较有系统地或理论性较强地论
述某事。It's good for you to read some books on China.读一些关于中国的
书对你有好处。
of 在与know，think，read，hear等动词连用时，of涉及的情况较为粗略，
而 about 涉及的情况则更为详细。I have heard of him.我听说过他
concerning 正式用语，意义上相当于about。He refused to answer questions
concerning his private life.他拒绝回答关于他私生活的问题。
with/in regard to 正式用语，其中 to 为介词。Laws in／with regard to human rights have
been
introduced.关于人权的法律已经开始实施了。
regarding 正式用语，尤用于书函或演讲中。Regarding your recent enquiry, I have
enclosed a copy of our user guide.关于您最近的咨询，我随信附上一份我
们的用户指南。
as for/as to 表示“关于”，as for后一般只接名词或动名词，as to后还可以接wh-类
连接词引导的宾语从句。As for my past，I＇m not telling you anything.关
于我的过去，我什么都不会告诉你。He is in no doubt as to what is
needed.他很确定需要什么。
4. 几个常考介词的用法：
against的用法：
含义 例句
对······不利 The evidence is against him.这个证据对他不利。
触；碰；撞；紧 Tired,Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.吉姆累了，背靠着一靠，倚靠 棵大树很快睡熟了。
与······竞争； He was injured in the game against the Lions.他在与雄狮队的比赛中受伤
与······对阵 了。
防备；抵御 They took measures against the fire.他们采取了防火措施。
以······为背景；衬 The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.在蓝天的映衬下，这座小山
托；对照 显得更美丽了。
反对；违背； He did it against his own will.他违背自己的意愿做了这件事。
与······相反
at的用法：
含义及用法 例句
用在表示地点、场合、方位等的名词前，表 I'll pick you up at the airport at 2 o＇clock this
示“在某处” afternoon．今天下午两点钟我会到机场接你。
用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、年龄等的名词 He left school at (the age of) 16.
前
他16岁便离开了学校。
处于······状态 I felt at a disadvantage.
我觉得（自己）处于不利地位。
表示“以，按（价格、速度、数量等）” Admission is at normal charges and you don＇t
need to book.
门票费以正常价格收取，你无须预约。
表示动作、感情的原因，意为“因······ We were frightened at the terrible sight.
而；一听到／看到／想到······就······”， 看到这可怕的景象，我们被吓到了。
与形容词连用
表示“朝，向（某方向／目标）”，与动词 He shot at the bird but missed it.
连用
他向那只鸟射击，但是没射中。
表示“在·····方面”，与形容词连用 She's hopeless at managing people.
她对人事管理空不通
beyond的用法
含义 例句
（指程度）深于； The number of cities producing CO beyond the
standard has been reduced from 40 to 9．一氧
（指范围）超出；
化碳排放量超标的城市数量已经由40个减少
（指可能性、理解力、能力等）非······可及 为9个了。
（指空间）在······的那一边，在更远处 The airport is 20 miles beyond the town.机场在
离城镇二十英里外的地方。
（时间）晚于，迟于 He came home beyond the usual time.他比平时回家晚。
by的用法
含义及用法 例句
（时间）不迟于，在······之前 He is sure to come by three o＇clock.
他三点之前肯定会来。
（位置）靠近，在······旁边／附近 On a cold evening, it is pleasant to sit by the fire.
在寒冷的傍晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。
（标准、度量、数量）根据，按照，以······ They sell eggs by the dozen.他们按打卖鸡蛋。
计算；常用结构为by+the+单数可数名词”
We rent the car by the day.我们按日租用汽车。
（程度、数量）相差 We lost the match by one goal.
我们以一球之差输了这场比赛。
经过，经由 They came in by the back door.
他们是从后门进来的。
靠，用，通过（某种方法、手段 You can reserve the tickets by phone.
你可以通过电话订票。
被······（常置于表被动的动词后，表示施动 He was knocked down by a car.
者）
他被一辆小汽车撞倒了。
for的用法
含义及用法 例句
（表示目的或功能）为了 Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work？
你学英语是出于消遣还是为了工作？
（表示对象或用途）给，对 The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday
use.问题是这对日常使用来说太贵重了。
（表示原因）因为，由于 Campbell was arrested for dangerous driving.坎贝尔因危
险驾车被拘捕。
（表示时间、距离、数量）达，计 We drove for miles before we found a phone box.我们开
车数英里后才找到一个电话亭。
（表示等值或比例关系）换取 He agreed to pay 300 dollars for the picture．他答应付
300美元买下那幅画。
支持，赞成 How many people voted for the proposal？有多少人支
持这项提议？
至于，关于；就······而言（表示某种 You look young for your age.你看起来比实际年龄年
特点令人惊讶） 轻。
（表示去向）往，向 A few days later she would be leaving for New York.过几
天她就要去纽约了 ［《朗文当代》］
（表示陈述或问题的对象）对于 I'm sure she's the ideal person for the job.我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。
to的用法
含义 例句
（表示方向、距离）到，向，去 From Buddhist temples to museums,narrow hutong to
royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of
glorious history even down to its
layout,with the city keeping its carefully built system of
ring roads.从佛教寺庙到博物馆，从狭窄的胡同到皇
家宫殿，这座城市，甚至它的布局都拥有3,000多年
的辉煌历史，该城市保存着精心建造的环路系统。
（离某件事或某个时间）还差······时 He wakes at a quarter to six every morning．
间
他每天早上5：45醒来。
（表示比较、比例、参照）与······相 That is why the fish prefer shallow water to deep water
because the former is warmer.
比，相对于······而言
鱼喜欢浅水胜过深水是因为前者更温暖。
（表示对象关系）属于，对，给 All of her runs have a guiding purpose: to call attention
to global water issues.她所有的跑步活动都有一个指导
目的：呼吁（人们）关注全球水资源问题。
达到（某一点或某个限度） Temperature dropped to 25 degrees below zero.
容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组
类 型 举 例
in front of（在……前面)——in the front of（在……前部）
in charge of（负责）——in the charge of（由……负责）
差一冠词，大相径庭
out of question（毫无疑问）——out of the question（不可能）
at table（在吃饭；在吃饭时）——at the table（在桌子旁边）
know sb.认识某人——know about sb.了解某人
shoot sb.击中某人——shoot at sb.向某人射击
有无介词，意义不同 search sb.搜身——search for sb.搜寻某人
believe sb.相信某人的话——believe in sb.信任某人的人格
benefit sb.使某人受益——benefit from sb.从某人那里得到益处
serve the people为人民服务（容易在serve后加for）
enter the room进入房间（容易在enter后加into）
画蛇添足，误加介词 follow me跟在我后面（容易在follow后加behind）
marry sb.与某人结婚（容易在marry后加with）
go abroad出国（容易在go后面加to）live upstairs住在楼上（容易在live后面加 in）
be caught in the rain被雨淋着（不用by）
leave for some place动身去某地（不用to）
set an example to sb.为某人树立榜样（不用for）
in the direction朝着……方向（不用to）
母语思维，误用介词 do a favor for sb.帮某人一个忙（不用to）
different from和……不同（不用with）
with the help of在……的帮助下（不用under）
steal sth. from sb.偷某人的东西（不用of）
read sth. to sb.给（为）……读（念）……（不用for）
巩固练习：
单句填空
1.The residents of Leye County in South China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region are familiar
____________sinkholes.
2.Sharks are___________ the top of the food chain and they are of great importance for the ocean's
ecosystem.
3.It only becomes negative when it is seen___________ a weapon or an excuse for bad behavior.
4.He invited me to a dance after the show____________ Christmas Eve.
5.China is now home____________14 world natural heritage sites and four mixed sites.
6.Throughout his painting career, Zhang Gongque chose to create art___________an open mind and
truly express feelings as well as present an innocent art world.
7.Football, basketball, drama classes and clay workshops are available___________lower graders.
8.If you consider a classroom library ____________a welcoming space where students ca read
quietly or browse（浏览）through a rich collection of texts,you are only partly correct.
9．The committee has promised to open venues（场地）_____________a controlled and orderly
manner as it tries to protect and maintain the quality of the facilities.
10.They removed the effect of sugar__________these circadian clock genes in the evening,revealing
the plants' so-called “alarm”.
语法填空
There are certain things on Earth that we must not lose. The Great Migration across theSerengeti Plains or the towering pyramids of Egypt are such examples. Every country is proud
of1.__________(it) cultural or natural heritage sites,2.___________must be protected. We are lucky
to have UNESCO to oversee such an important task. It sees heritage as our legacy from 3_________
past,what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations as well as sources 4
____________irreplaceable inspiration.
The incredible splendor of heritage sites is a 5.____________(remind) of the power of
nature and the genius of man.As a nature reserve, Jiuzhaigou Valley is home to snow-capped
mountains, thick forests,impressive 6.___________(waterfall) and lakes. This dreamlike scenery
makes us realize that nature has 7.______________(true) created a masterpiece.Similarly, standing
in the shadow of the Borobudur Temple, as the sun rises over this grand historic building, we8.
_________(impress) with the effort and determination of the people who9.__________(build) it with
only primitive tools.
It is in heritage sites like this that we cannot help but be humbled, come to understand our
limitations as human beings, and know that our duty is to protect them for generations
10.__________(come).
