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初中英语语法精讲 ⑲|祈使句 + 感叹句:10 个坑,What/How 10 秒分清
初中英语语法精讲 · 第 19 期
导语
先看学生作文里的一句真实错句:
❌ Don't late for class next time.
学生想把"别迟到"写成祈使句,结果丢了 be。再看另一句考场选择题:
______ nice weather it is! 到底选 What 还是 How?
祈使句和感叹句是初中英语里"看着最简单"的两种句子,但中考年年在这两处设坑。今天把它们一次讲透。
一、先建立地图:这两类句子各管什么
| 祈使句(肯定) | ||
| 祈使句(否定) | Don't + 动词原形 | |
| Let's / Let us | ||
| 祈使句 + and / or | ||
| What 感叹句 | ||
| How 感叹句 |
一句话先记住:祈使句抓"动词原形",感叹句抓"找名词"。
二、10 个高频易错点
1. 祈使句:动词原形开头,主语 you 省略
✅ Open the door, please.(请开门。) ✅ Don't be late again.(别再迟到了。)
❌ Opens the door. / Opening the door. / You open the door.(日常句子中一般不带主语)
口诀:祈使句,省主语,动词原形打头阵。
2. 否定式 Don't + 原形,碰到"形容词"别忘了 be
祈使句否定就是把 Don't 放在动词前面。但很多同学误以为 late、quiet 这类词自己能"当动词"用——它们是形容词,前面必须加 be:
❌ Don't late for class. → ✅ Don't be late for class.(上课别迟到。) ❌ Be not noisy. → ✅ Don't be noisy.(别吵闹。)
口诀:否定加 Don't,形容词要请 be 来帮忙。
3. Never 开头:更强的"千万别"
never 也可以直接放句首构成否定祈使句,语气比 Don't 更重:
✅ Never give up.(千万别放弃。) ✅ Never play with fire.(千万别玩火。)
后面照旧跟动词原形,不用再加 Don't。
口诀:Never 一开头,Don't 就退役。
4. Let's vs Let us:到底包括不包括"你"
| Let's go. | shall we? | ||
| Let us go. | will you? |
❌ Let's go swimming, will you? → ✅ Let's go swimming, shall we?
口诀:Let's 是"咱们",问 shall we;Let us 是"求你",问 will you。
5. 祈使句 + and / or = 条件句
✅ Work hard, and you will pass the exam.(努力学,你就能通过考试。=如果你努力……) ✅ Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.(快点,不然你会错过公交车。)
注意后半句用将来时,and / or 后面不能再叠 because、so 这类词:
❌ Study hard, and so you'll pass. → ✅ Study hard, and you'll pass.
口诀:and 表"那么就",or 表"不然就",逗号后面用将来。
6. 祈使句的反意疑问:will you 是万能款
| will you? | |
| will you? | |
| shall we? | |
| will you? |
✅ Don't make noise, will you?(别吵,好吗?)
记住:祈使句反意疑问答 will you,Let's 特殊答 shall we。
7. 礼貌与强调:please 和 Do 的用法
- please
放句首句尾都可以:Please sit down. / Sit down, please. - Do
放句首表强调:"一定、务必":Do come to my birthday party.(一定要来参加我的生日聚会。)
口诀:please 随处站,Do 开头表"务必"。
8. What 感叹句:中心词是名词
What 感叹句的核心是名词,三条结构:
| What a nice day | |
| What beautiful flowers | |
| What fine weather |
❌ What a beautiful flowers! → ✅ What beautiful flowers!(复数名词前不加 a)
口诀:What 后面跟着名词走;单数才戴 a/an 帽。
9. How 感叹句:中心词是形容词或副词
✅ How fast he runs!(他跑得多快啊!) ✅ How clever the boy is!(这个男孩多聪明啊!)
How 后面不能直接跟名词,要先把形容词单独拎出来:
❌ How a clever boy he is! → ✅ How clever the boy is! / ✅ What a clever boy he is! How 也有一种"文艺写法"——How + 形容词 + a + 名词:How clever a boy he is! 但初三考卷上基本只考前面两种,先记牢 What a clever boy。
口诀:How 后只站形容词、副词,名词要留给 What。
10. 判断顺序:先找名词,再定 What / How
考场上一招定胜负,三步走:
划出句中的形容词和名词; 形容词后面有名词 → 用 What(单数名词前还要加 a/an); 形容词后面没有名词(或形容词在前修饰动词)→ 用 How。
✅ What a clever boy he is!(有名词 boy → What + a) ✅ How clever the boy is!(变成 the boy,clever 后面没名词了 → How) ❌ What cold it is! → ✅ How cold it is!(cold 后面没名词 → How)
口诀:有名词,用 What;没名词,用 How;What a 连着单数名词。
三、中考风格演练(4 题)
1. ______ nice weather it is today! Let's go out for a walk.
A. What a B. What C. How a D. How
答案:B 解析:weather 是不可数名词,前面不能加 a,所以用 What + 形容词 + 不可数名词。C、D 中 How 后不能直接跟名词。
2. Study hard, ______ you will catch up with your classmates.
A. or B. but C. and D. so
答案:C 解析:句意是"努力学习,你就会赶上同学",表顺承结果用 and;or 意为"否则",与句意相反。
3. — Don't play soccer on the street. It's dangerous. — Sorry, I ______.
A. won't B. will C. don't D. am not
答案:A 解析:对 Don't… 祈使句作答,表示"以后不会了",用 I won't(一般将来时的否定),不用 I don't。
4. 短文改错:Don't late for the meeting tomorrow morning.
答案:late 前加 be 解析:late 是形容词,祈使句否定结构是 Don't be + 形容词。
四、随堂练习(5 题)
1. Let's go swimming this afternoon, ______?
A. will you B. shall we C. do we D. won't you
2. ______ useful the dictionary is!
A. What B. What a C. How D. How a
3. ______ the window, please. It's so cold outside.
A. Not open B. Don't open C. No open D. Doesn't open
4. 用所给词的正确形式填空:______ (not talk) in class, boys and girls.
5. 短文改错:What beautifully she sings!
参考答案
- B
。Let's 引导的祈使句,反意疑问用 shall we。 - C
。useful 后面没有名词,直接用 How + 形容词。 - B
。祈使句否定式为 Don't + 动词原形,open 前用 Don't。 - Don't talk
。祈使句否定式 Don't + 动词原形。 - What → How
。beautifully 是副词,感叹副词用 How。
五、一句话总结
祈使句 + 感叹句,就记三条:
- 祈使句抓"原形"
:动词原形开头,否定 Don't + 原形,形容词记得请 be(Don't be late)。 - 祈使句 + and/or + 将来时
:and 表"那么就",or 表"不然就"。 - 感叹句先找名词
:有名词用 What(单数前加 a/an),没名词用 How。
下期预告: 疑问句与反意疑问句——为什么 "He likes it, doesn't he?" 对,而 "He never eats meat, doesn't he?" 就错了?反意疑问句三大套路,咱们下一期见。
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