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初中英语语法精讲 ㉑|定语从句入门:who、which、that,到底该用哪个?
初中英语语法精讲 · 第 21 期
导语
先看一句学生作文里的原句:
❌ I have a friend who he can speak English well.
意思没错,但 who 和 he 打架了——从句里已经有了 who 当主语,he 就是多余的。中考的单选和语法填空里,定语从句几乎年年出现,错的地方常常不是"不会",而是"多写了一个词"。今天从零讲清定语从句。
一、先建立地图:定语从句就三件事
定语从句,就是放在一个名词后面、用来补充说明这个名词的句子。
中文说"那个穿红衣服的女孩",英语是 the girl who is wearing red——"穿红衣服的"这一串,就是定语从句。
关系词一览表(先背这张表):
| who | |||
| whom | |||
| which | |||
| that | |||
| whose |
一句话先记住:先看先行词是人还是物,再看从句缺主语还是缺宾语。
二、10 个高频易错点
1. 从句必须紧跟在先行词后面
❌ The boy is my brother who is playing football. ✅ The boy who is playing football is my brother.(那个正在踢足球的男孩是我哥哥。)
从句一旦被主句的其他成分挤开,读者就不知道该修饰谁了。
口诀:先行词后面就是从句,中间不许插队。
2. 从句里不能再重复那个名词或代词
这是中考最高频的错法,一句话里出现两次"他",就一定错。
❌ I have a friend who he can speak English well. ✅ I have a friend who can speak English well.(我有个英语说得很好的朋友。) ❌ The book that I bought it yesterday is new. ✅ The book that I bought yesterday is new.(我昨天买的那本书是新的。)
口诀:关系词已经在从句里"顶班",代词就得下岗。
3. who 指人,which 指物,别乱发
❌ The teacher which teaches us English is very kind. ✅ The teacher who / that teaches us English is very kind.(教我们英语的老师很和蔼。) ❌ The dog who is running after me is my neighbour's. ✅ The dog which / that is running after me is my neighbour's.(追着我的那条狗是我邻居的。)
动物在语法上算"物",用 which 或 that,不用 who。
口诀:人是 who,物是 which,动物也当"物"看。
4. that 是"万能替补",但这几种情况只能用 that
先行词是 all / everything / anything / nothing / something 这类不定代词,或者前面有序数词、最高级、the only 时,只能用 that:
✅ This is the best film that I have ever seen.(这是我看过的最好的电影。) ✅ Everything that he said is true.(他说的一切都是真的。) ❌ This is the best film which I have ever seen.
口诀:不定代词、最高级、序数词、the only——that 上场,which 退场。
5. 先行词既有人又有物,用 that
✅ We talked about the people and things that we remembered.(我们聊起了还记得的人和事。) ❌ …the people and things who / which we remembered.
一个关系词要同时管人和物,只有 that 干得了。
口诀:人和物混在一起,that 一个人扛。
6. 作主语不能省,作宾语可以省
✅ The man who lives next door is a doctor.(who 作主语,不能省) ✅ The book (that) I bought is interesting.(that 作宾语,可以省)
判断方法:把关系词去掉,看从句还缺不缺主语。缺,就必须留。
口诀:作主语,必须留;作宾语,可溜走。
7. 从句的谓语跟先行词走,不跟关系词走
关系词本身不变形,谓语动词的单复数要看先行词:
✅ I know the boys who are playing football.(boys 是复数 → are) ✅ The girl who is singing is my sister.(girl 是单数 → is)
口诀:关系词不变形,谓语看先行词。
8. whose 后面必须跟名词
✅ I know the girl whose father is a doctor.(我认识那个爸爸是医生的女孩。) ❌ I know the girl who's father is a doctor.(who's = who is,意思全变了)
whose 表示"……的",后面一定紧跟一个名词;who's 是 who is 的缩写,两回事。
口诀:whose 后跟名词,who's 是 who is,别混。
9. 介词提前时,不能用 that 和 who
✅ This is the house in which he lives.(这是他住的房子。) ❌ This is the house in that he lives.
不过初中更常考的是"介词留在句尾",那就正常用 that / which: ✅ This is the house that / which he lives in.
口诀:介词一提前,that、who 都不见。
10. 别把定语从句和宾语从句搞混
定语从句修饰名词,前面一定有先行词:I know the boy who won. 宾语从句作动词的宾语,前面是动词:I know that he won.
同样一个 I know,后面跟名词就是定语从句,直接跟句子就是宾语从句。判断只看前面那个词是名词还是动词。
口诀:前面是名词 → 定语从句;前面是动词 → 宾语从句。
三、中考风格演练(4 题)
1. The man ______ is talking with my father is our English teacher.
A. which B. who C. whose D. where
答案:B 解析:先行词 the man 是人,从句缺主语,用 who(也可用 that)。
2. This is the most interesting book ______ I have ever read.
A. who B. which C. that D. what
答案:C 解析:先行词被最高级 the most interesting 修饰,只能用 that,不能用 which。
3. The house ______ we live in is very old.
A. who B. whose C. which D. what
答案:C 解析:先行词 the house 是物,从句缺介词 in 的宾语,用 which(也可用 that)。
4. 短文改错:The girl who she won the first prize is my sister.
答案:删去 she 解析:who 已经在从句中作主语,she 是重复的主语,必须删掉。
四、随堂练习(5 题)
1. Do you know the boy ______ is playing basketball over there?
A. which B. who C. whose D. what
2. Everything ______ he said at the meeting is true.
A. which B. who C. that D. what
3. The film ______ we saw last night was really moving.
A. who B. whose C. which D. what
4. 用 who / which / that 填空:The students ______ are singing are from Class Two.
5. 合并句子:I have a friend. He can speak three languages.
参考答案
- B
。先行词 the boy 是人,从句缺主语 → who(that 也可以)。 - C
。先行词是不定代词 everything,只能用 that。 - C
。先行词 the film 是物,从句缺宾语 → which(that 也可以)。 - who / that
。先行词 the students 是人,从句缺主语;注意后面谓语用 are,跟着先行词走。 - I have a friend who / that can speak three languages.
把 He can speak… 里的 He 去掉,用 who 顶上主语的位置。
五、一句话总结
定语从句就记三条:
- 三步走
:找先行词 → 看是人还是物 → 看从句缺主语还是缺宾语。 - who 指人、which 指物、that 通吃
;最高级、序数词、不定代词后面只用 that。 - 从句里不再重复代词
;作主语不能省,作宾语可省;谓语跟先行词保持一致。
下期预告: 直接引语与间接引语——"I'll come tomorrow." 转述给别人,为什么 tomorrow 要变成 the next day,will 要变成 would?人称、时态、时间状语,三样一起动,一步都不能漏。
如果这篇对你有用,收藏起来考前再刷一遍;身边有正在为语法头疼的同学,转给他。
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