高考英语七选五 全部8大类87个标志性逻辑词词意 作用 题目套路 答题技巧全梳理 含例句

其一、考点词义诠释

一、转折-对比逻辑（最高频，必考）

核心：前后语义反向、否定误区、更换方案、意外情况。

强硬转折（完全相反）标志词：but, yet, however, nevertheless空前：一种看法、习惯、有利条件；空后：弊端、相反观点、困难技巧：however 之后一般加逗号；遇到 however，直接找对立面。

温和纠正误区标志词：actually, in fact, as a matter of fact套路：众人想法/刻板印象 → actually + 真实实情。

替换取舍（方案、选择更换）标志词：instead, instead of, rather, rather thaninstead：放弃 A 行动，改用 B 行动。or rather：更确切地说，对上一句重新精准解释。

出乎意料、反常现象标志词：interestingly, surprisingly, oddly, unexpectedly前文：普遍常态；空格：特例、反常结果。

相反层面标志词：on the contrary, by contrast, in comparisonon the contrary：直接否定前面整句话；by contrast：两件事物进行对比。

转折口诀：but 强反转，actually 纠偏见，instead 换做法，surprise 出特例。

二、因果关系（第二高频）

表原因（空前为结果，空格解释原因）：because, since, as, for, the reason is that, due to, owing to表结果（前文原因，空格引出后果）：so, therefore, thus, hence, as a result, consequently, accordingly

做题套路：

前面讲措施、条件；选项有 so/thus → 选带来的好处、后果。

遇到问题类语句，下文经常接原因或者解决后的结果。

区分：thus 因此（侧重方式带来的客观结果）；therefore 所以（主观推论）。

三、递进关系（加深、补充、更进一步）

含义：顺着上文，语义加深、添加细节、并列更多信息。标志词：also, besides, moreover, furthermore, what's more, in addition, apart from, even

做题技巧：

even：甚至，程度升级。（例：很多人喜欢散步，Even some people take it every morning.）

moreover：而且，侧重补充有利信息。

空前是一条优点/建议；递进选项给出第二条优点、更多建议。

四、例证-列举逻辑（举例、分点）

举例信号：for example, for instance, such as, namely, that is分点罗列：firstly…secondly…thirdly；to begin with, next, then, finally

套路：

空格前是抽象观点；举例词后面放具体事例。

看见 for example，选项必须有具体人、事、做法。

五、重述 & 解释同义替换（最难，极易丢分）

功能：换一句话解释前一句、下定义、通俗复述。标志词：or rather, in other words, that is to say, namely, put it simply

套路解析：

or rather：修正前面模糊表述，精准说明。（例：He is kind, or rather, always ready-to-help-others.）

in other words：换句话讲，同义改写。做题秘诀：选项意思和上一句本质一样，只是措辞不同。

六、时间-顺序逻辑（步骤、流程、事件先后）

标志词：then, afterwards, later, before, after, meanwhile, at the same time, previouslymeanwhile：与此同时，两件事同步发生。适合记叙文、介绍操作步骤类七选五。

七、总结、概括、建议类

总结上文：in short, in conclusion, all in all, to sum up, in brief（一般放在段尾、最后一空，用来收束整段）。给出建议：should, had better, it is a good idea to, remember to, why not结果好坏评价：fortunately, luckily, unfortunately（fortunately 后面接好结局；unfortunately 引出坏结果）。

八、最容易混淆高频词对比（刷题避坑）

instead：行动替换，舍弃旧做法。判定技巧：前文提到不要做某事。rather：主观偏好 / or rather 重新解释。判定技巧：需要细化定义。actually：温和纠正认知误区。判定技巧：大众普遍想法之后。however：强转折，语义对立。判定技巧：前后优缺点、正反观点。interestingly：引出意外特例。判定技巧：先说普遍现状再说特殊案例。in other words：同义转述。判定技巧：抽象句→通俗表达。therefore：因果推论。判定技巧：客观条件推出结论。

九、七选五完整做题流程（固定步骤）

看空格位置：段首：主旨句；看后文全部内容找中心。段中：逻辑衔接；紧盯前一句＞后一句，抓标志词。段尾：总结、结果、建议、过渡下一段。

标出空前关键词、情感：正向/负向、做法、观点、常态。

识别选项逻辑连词，匹配上面七大类。

排除陷阱选项：话题跑偏、时态不符、人称不一致、逻辑相反。

十、分类刷题口诀（全部背熟）

but however 表反转，actually 破除偏见；instead 更换旧方案，or rather 细说一遍。so therefore 引出果，moreover 继续增添；example 举出实例，in-other-words 改换语言。firstly 用来分点，in-conclusion 收尾篇。

十一、拓展：冷门信号词（高考容易出）

让步：though, although, while (虽然)，前让步后转折。条件：if, as long as (只要)，条件与结果对应。对比：some…others… (一些…另一些)，并列对比结构。过渡：by the way, speaking of this，话题转换，起承接作用。

（建议：把这份资料打印出来，每次做完七选五，在错题旁边标注出它属于以上哪一类逻辑，坚持一周，逻辑敏感度会大幅提升。）

其二、单词词意、作用、例句

一、转折-对比逻辑

but：但是（强硬转折，语义完全相反）

I'm sorry, but I have to disagree.

yet：然而（强硬转折，语义完全相反）

Yet, research has found that giving your time to community causes actually makes you feel like you have more of it.

however：然而（强硬转折，一般加逗号，找对立面）

However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there's nothing better. 

nevertheless：尽管如此（强硬转折，语义完全相反）

The book is expensive; nevertheless, it's worth it.

actually：实际上（温和纠正误区，引出真实实情）

Though overtourism is described as a problem affecting the entire world, it's actually concentrated to a small number of extremely popular spots.

in fact：事实上（温和纠正误区，引出真实实情）

In fact, don't wait until you've made a mistake to try this — it's a great way to boost self-confidence at any time. 

as a matter of fact：事实上（温和纠正误区，引出真实实情）

As a matter of fact, most people learn not from their successes but their mistakes.

instead：代替/反而（替换取舍，放弃A改用B）

French strawberries do not taste like cardboard. Instead, they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.

instead of：而不是（替换取舍，放弃A改用B）

Instead of complaining about the problem, let's try to come up with a solution.

rather：相反/宁可（替换取舍，主观偏好或更换方案）

I'd rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than share a room.

rather than：而不是（替换取舍，放弃A改用B）

It's more useful to consider inner values such as compassion, generosity, leadership, respect, and kindness rather than physical appearance.

or rather：更确切地说（重述解释，对上一句重新精准解释）

He is a writer, or rather, a poet.

interestingly：有趣的是（出乎意料，引出特例）

Interestingly, those who volunteered had better memory and maintained overall health longer than others their age.

surprisingly：令人惊讶地（出乎意料，引出特例）

Surprisingly, the journey you're on won't follow a straight path.

oddly：奇怪地（出乎意料，引出反常现象）

Oddly, the more he tried to fix it, the worse it got.

unexpectedly：出乎意料地（出乎意料，引出特例）

Unexpectedly, the people who felt most pressed for time were the ones who benefited most from volunteering.

on the contrary：正相反（相反层面，直接否定前面整句话）

—Do you think her divorce will upset her family?—On the contrary. It will probably come as a relief.

by contrast：相比之下（相反层面，两件事物进行对比）

By contrast, young plants are often cheaper than fully grown ones.

in comparison：相比之下（相反层面，两件事物进行对比）

In comparison, painting from life is a far more effective way to improve than copying photos.

二、因果关系

because：因为（表原因，解释原因）

I really enjoy listening to music because it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.

since：既然/由于（表原因，解释原因）

Since it's widely spoken, a common language is required and in postcrossing that's English.

as：由于（表原因，解释原因）

As the number of postcards exchanged by members topped 31 million, running the website has almost turned into a full-time job.

for：因为（表原因，解释原因）

She was pleased with the outcome, for she had expected the worst.

the reason is that：原因是（表原因，解释原因）

The reason is that these aspects of your life can change at any moment.

due to：由于（表原因，解释原因）

Due to the rapid growth of travel, overtourism has become a problem in certain regions.

owing to：由于（表原因，解释原因）

Owing to a lack of self-worth, many people fail to recognize their individual value.

so：所以（表结果，引出后果）

It contains around 163,000 words, so it's not exactly short. 

therefore：因此（表结果，侧重主观推论）

He was the only candidate; therefore, he was elected.

thus：因此（表结果，侧重方式带来的客观结果）

It should give you a precise definition of each word, thus differentiating it from other words whose meanings are similar, but not identical. 

hence：因此（表结果，引出后果）

The town was built on the side of a hill; hence the name Hillside.

as a result：结果（表结果，引出后果）

As a result, he had to give up the competition.

consequently：因此/所以（表结果，引出后果）

Consequently, the company suffered a huge loss that year.

accordingly：因此（表结果，引出后果）

The rules have changed; you must act accordingly.

三、递进关系

also：也/而且（递进，补充并列信息）

Besides being a broadly knowledgeable researcher, March is also a poet. 

besides：此外（递进，补充更多信息）

Besides, eggshells contain a lot of protein. 

moreover：而且（递进，侧重补充有利信息）

Moreover, regular exercise can improve your mood and reduce stress.

furthermore：此外（递进，语义加深）

Furthermore, learning a second language can help you gain a new perspective on your own culture. 

what's more：更重要的是（递进，语义加深）

What's more, indoor plants are easy to look after and are not very expensive. 

in addition：另外（递进，添加细节）

In addition, I have an old two-volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence. 

apart from：除...之外（递进，补充信息）

Apart from being fun, traveling also helps you grow as a person.

even：甚至（递进，程度升级）

Some people find that communication comes naturally. They think communication is complex because it involves not just the words you speak, but what the other person is saying. （此句体现递进逻辑：not just... but... 结构）

四、例证-列举逻辑

for example：例如（举例，引出具体事例）

For example, Workaway's site lists over 50,000 places to choose from. 

for instance：例如（举例，引出具体事例）

Childhood vaccinations, for instance, have been a key factor in our longer lifespan today. 

such as：比如（举例，引出具体事例）

There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide. 

namely：即/也就是（举例/重述，引出具体名称或解释）

Only one student passed the exam, namely Peter.

that is：即/也就是（举例/重述，引出具体解释）

They are all used to their environment; that is, they have learnt how to live successfully in their habitat.

firstly：首先（分点罗列，步骤一）

Firstly, it is important to identify the problem clearly.

secondly：其次（分点罗列，步骤二）

Secondly, you need to develop a plan of action.

thirdly：第三（分点罗列，步骤三）

Thirdly, you must put the plan into practice.

to begin with：首先（分点罗列，开始）

To begin with, we need to understand what causes the issue.

next：接下来（分点罗列/时间顺序，下一步）

The next technique is to write your draft rapidly without worrying about being perfect. 

then：然后（分点罗列/时间顺序，下一步）

Then you can print out a fresh draft, again setting your text on triple-space. 

finally：最后（分点罗列，结束）

Finally, travel teaches adaptability. 

五、重述 & 解释同义替换

or rather：更确切地说（修正模糊表述，精准说明）

He is a writer, or rather, a poet.

in other words：换句话说（同义改写，通俗复述）

In other words, it is easy to misunderstand things, so we need to know what is appropriate.

that is to say：也就是说（同义改写，通俗复述）

He doesn't like work. That is to say, he's lazy.

namely：即/也就是（下定义，具体说明）

Only one student passed the exam, namely Peter.

put it simply：简而言之（同义改写，通俗复述）

Put it simply, the more time you spend in a country, the more comfortable you'll feel with its cultural practices.

六、时间-顺序逻辑

then：然后（时间顺序，下一步）

She goes back and forth between machines to make the drinks. Then, after finishing an order, she calls out the name on the cup. 

afterwards：后来（时间顺序，之后）

Afterwards, she smiled and said goodbye to each customer.

later：后来（时间顺序，之后）

A few years later, he moved to another city for work.

before：在...之前（时间顺序，先后）

Always look left, right and behind you before walking forward. 

after：在...之后（时间顺序，先后）

After finishing an order, she calls out the name on the cup. 

meanwhile：与此同时（时间顺序，两件事同步发生）

Meanwhile, the other students were still working on their essays.

at the same time：同时（时间顺序，两件事同步发生）

At the same time, we should not ignore the importance of physical health.

previously：先前（时间顺序，之前）

Previously, she had worked as a teacher for five years.

七、总结、概括、建议与评价

in short：简而言之（总结上文，收束整段）

In short, communication is a two-way street.

in conclusion：总之（总结上文，收束整段）

In conclusion, hard work is the key to success.

all in all：总的来说（总结上文，收束整段）

All in all, it was a rewarding experience.

to sum up：概括来说（总结上文，收束整段）

To sum up, the advantages of this approach far outweigh the disadvantages.

in brief：简言之（总结上文，收束整段）

In brief, the project was a great success.

should：应该（给出建议）

You should take breaks and set time limits for social media use. 

had better：最好（给出建议）

We'd better be mindful of our loved ones. 

it is a good idea to：...是个好主意（给出建议）

It is a good idea to start with small studies when learning to draw.

remember to：记得（给出建议）

Remember to press the shell so the roots can grow. 

why not：为什么不（给出建议）

Why not try something new and challenge yourself? 

fortunately：幸运地（结果评价，接好结局）

Fortunately, no one was hurt in the accident.

luckily：幸运地（结果评价，接好结局）

Luckily, I had taken an umbrella with me.

unfortunately：不幸地（结果评价，引出坏结果）

Unfortunately, there is no magic list I can offer. 

八、拓展：冷门信号词

though：虽然（让步，前让步后转折）

I do remember, though, what it was like to be a complete beginner. 

although：虽然（让步，前让步后转折）

Although some of these principles are understood by many teachers, our education systems and practices are often set up in ways that do not support these principles. 

while：虽然/尽管（让步/对比，前让步后转折或并列对比）

While it offers connection and entertainment, it also brings challenges. 

if：如果（条件，条件与结果对应）

If you want people to listen to you, you need to listen to them. 

as long as：只要（条件，条件与结果对应）

As long as you keep practicing, you will improve.

some…others…：一些…另一些…（对比，并列对比结构）

Some people find that communication comes naturally. Others think communication is complex. 

by the way：顺便说一下（过渡，话题转换）

By the way, have you finished the report I asked for?

speaking of this：说到这个（过渡，话题转换/承接）

Speaking of this, I'd like to share my own experience.

一、转折-对比逻辑

but：但是（强硬转折，语义完全相反）

I'm sorry, but I have to disagree.

对不起，但我不得不表示反对。

yet：然而（强硬转折，语义完全相反）

Yet, research has found that giving your time to community causes actually makes you feel like you have more of it.

然而，研究发现，把时间投入社区公益实际上会让你感觉自己拥有更多时间。

however：然而（强硬转折，一般加逗号，找对立面）

However, if I need to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage, there's nothing better.

然而，如果我需要查一个词的起源或查找它的用法示例，没有比这更好的了。

nevertheless：尽管如此（强硬转折，语义完全相反）

The book is expensive; nevertheless, it's worth it.

这本书很贵；尽管如此，它值得一买。

actually：实际上（温和纠正误区，引出真实实情）

Though overtourism is described as a problem affecting the entire world, it's actually concentrated to a small number of extremely popular spots.

尽管过度旅游被描述为一个影响全球的问题，但实际上它集中在少数极受欢迎的景点。

in fact：事实上（温和纠正误区，引出真实实情）

In fact, don't wait until you've made a mistake to try this — it's a great way to boost self-confidence at any time.

事实上，不要等到犯了错才去尝试这个方法——它是任何时候都能增强自信的好办法。

as a matter of fact：事实上（温和纠正误区，引出真实实情）

As a matter of fact, most people learn not from their successes but their mistakes.

事实上，大多数人不是从成功中学习，而是从错误中学习。

instead：代替/反而（替换取舍，放弃A改用B）

French strawberries do not taste like cardboard. Instead, they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.

法国草莓尝起来不像硬纸板。相反，它们像小风味炸弹一样在你嘴里爆开。

instead of：而不是（替换取舍，放弃A改用B）

Instead of complaining about the problem, let's try to come up with a solution.

与其抱怨这个问题，不如让我们试着想出一个解决办法。

rather：相反/宁可（替换取舍，主观偏好或更换方案）

I'd rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than share a room.

我宁愿有一个自己的房间，不管它多小，也不愿和别人合住。

rather than：而不是（替换取舍，放弃A改用B）

It's more useful to consider inner values such as compassion, generosity, leadership, respect, and kindness rather than physical appearance.

考虑内在品质，如同情心、慷慨、领导力、尊重和善良，比考虑外表更有用。

or rather：更确切地说（重述解释，对上一句重新精准解释）

He is a writer, or rather, a poet.

他是个作家，更确切地说，是个诗人。

interestingly：有趣的是（出乎意料，引出特例）

Interestingly, those who volunteered had better memory and maintained overall health longer than others their age.

有趣的是，那些做志愿者的人比同龄人记忆力更好，整体健康状况保持得更久。

surprisingly：令人惊讶地（出乎意料，引出特例）

Surprisingly, the journey you're on won't follow a straight path.

令人惊讶的是，你所走的旅程不会是一条直路。

oddly：奇怪地（出乎意料，引出反常现象）

Oddly, the more he tried to fix it, the worse it got.

奇怪的是，他越努力去修，情况变得越糟。

unexpectedly：出乎意料地（出乎意料，引出特例）

Unexpectedly, the people who felt most pressed for time were the ones who benefited most from volunteering.

出乎意料的是，那些感觉时间最紧张的人从志愿服务中受益最多。

on the contrary：正相反（相反层面，直接否定前面整句话）

—Do you think her divorce will upset her family?—On the contrary. It will probably come as a relief.

——你觉得她离婚会让家人难过吗？——正相反。这很可能让他们松一口气。

by contrast：相比之下（相反层面，两件事物进行对比）

By contrast, young plants are often cheaper than fully grown ones.

相比之下，幼苗通常比成熟的植株便宜。

in comparison：相比之下（相反层面，两件事物进行对比）

In comparison, painting from life is a far more effective way to improve than copying photos.

相比之下，写生比临摹照片是一种有效得多的提高方式。

二、因果关系

because：因为（表原因，解释原因）

I really enjoy listening to music because it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.

我非常喜欢听音乐，因为它帮助我放松，让我忘掉一天中其他的烦心事。

since：既然/由于（表原因，解释原因）

Since it's widely spoken, a common language is required and in postcrossing that's English.

由于它被广泛使用，所以需要一种通用语言，在Postcrossing上就是英语。

as：由于（表原因，解释原因）

As the number of postcards exchanged by members topped 31 million, running the website has almost turned into a full-time job.

由于会员交换的明信片数量超过了3100万张，运营这个网站几乎变成了一份全职工作。

for：因为（表原因，解释原因）

She was pleased with the outcome, for she had expected the worst.

她对结果很满意，因为她本来已经做了最坏的打算。

the reason is that：原因是（表原因，解释原因）

The reason is that these aspects of your life can change at any moment.

原因是，你生活中的这些方面随时都可能发生变化。

due to：由于（表原因，解释原因）

Due to the rapid growth of travel, overtourism has become a problem in certain regions.

由于旅游业的快速增长，过度旅游在某些地区已经成为一个问题。

owing to：由于（表原因，解释原因）

Owing to a lack of self-worth, many people fail to recognize their individual value.

由于缺乏自我价值感，许多人无法认识到自己的个人价值。

so：所以（表结果，引出后果）

It contains around 163,000 words, so it's not exactly short.

它包含大约16.3万个单词，所以它并不算短。

therefore：因此（表结果，侧重主观推论）

He was the only candidate; therefore, he was elected.

他是唯一的候选人；因此，他当选了。

thus：因此（表结果，侧重方式带来的客观结果）

It should give you a precise definition of each word, thus differentiating it from other words whose meanings are similar, but not identical.

它应该给你每个词的精确释义，从而把它与其他意思相似但不完全相同的词区分开来。

hence：因此（表结果，引出后果）

The town was built on the side of a hill; hence the name Hillside.

这个镇子建在山坡上；因此得名“山坡镇”。

as a result：结果（表结果，引出后果）

As a result, he had to give up the competition.

结果，他不得不放弃那场比赛。

consequently：因此/所以（表结果，引出后果）

Consequently, the company suffered a huge loss that year.

因此，公司那一年遭受了巨大损失。

accordingly：因此（表结果，引出后果）

The rules have changed; you must act accordingly.

规则已经改变；你必须相应地行动。

三、递进关系

also：也/而且（递进，补充并列信息）

Besides being a broadly knowledgeable researcher, March is also a poet.

除了是一位知识渊博的研究者，马奇还是一位诗人。

besides：此外（递进，补充更多信息）

Besides, eggshells contain a lot of protein.

此外，蛋壳含有大量蛋白质。

moreover：而且（递进，侧重补充有利信息）

Moreover, regular exercise can improve your mood and reduce stress.

而且，规律运动可以改善情绪、减轻压力。

furthermore：此外（递进，语义加深）

Furthermore, learning a second language can help you gain a new perspective on your own culture.

此外，学习第二语言可以帮助你对自己的文化获得新的视角。

what's more：更重要的是（递进，语义加深）

What's more, indoor plants are easy to look after and are not very expensive.

更重要的是，室内植物容易照料，而且不太贵。

in addition：另外（递进，添加细节）

In addition, I have an old two-volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary, picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence.

另外，我有一本旧的两卷本《简编牛津词典》，几年前在书店特价时只花了99便士买的。

apart from：除...之外（递进，补充信息）

Apart from being fun, traveling also helps you grow as a person.

除了有趣之外，旅行还能帮助你作为一个人成长。

even：甚至（递进，程度升级）

Some people find that communication comes naturally. They think communication is complex because it involves not just the words you speak, but what the other person is saying.

有些人发现沟通是自然而然的事。他们认为沟通之所以复杂，是因为它不仅涉及你说出的话，还涉及对方正在说的话。

四、例证-列举逻辑

for example：例如（举例，引出具体事例）

For example, Workaway's site lists over 50,000 places to choose from.

例如，Workaway的网站列出了超过5万个可供选择的地方。

for instance：例如（举例，引出具体事例）

Childhood vaccinations, for instance, have been a key factor in our longer lifespan today.

例如，童年疫苗接种是我们今天寿命更长的一个关键因素。

such as：比如（举例，引出具体事例）

There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide.

也有研究表明，盆栽植物可以通过去除有害气体（如二氧化碳）来净化周围的空气。

namely：即/也就是（举例/重述，引出具体名称或解释）

Only one student passed the exam, namely Peter.

只有一个学生通过了考试，也就是彼得。

that is：即/也就是（举例/重述，引出具体解释）

They are all used to their environment; that is, they have learnt how to live successfully in their habitat.

它们都适应了自己的环境；也就是说，它们学会了如何在栖息地成功生存。

firstly：首先（分点罗列，步骤一）

Firstly, it is important to identify the problem clearly.

首先，清楚地识别问题是重要的。

secondly：其次（分点罗列，步骤二）

Secondly, you need to develop a plan of action.

其次，你需要制定一个行动计划。

thirdly：第三（分点罗列，步骤三）

Thirdly, you must put the plan into practice.

第三，你必须把计划付诸实践。

to begin with：首先（分点罗列，开始）

To begin with, we need to understand what causes the issue.

首先，我们需要理解是什么导致了这个问题。

next：接下来（分点罗列/时间顺序，下一步）

The next technique is to write your draft rapidly without worrying about being perfect.

接下来的技巧是快速写初稿，不要担心写得完美。

then：然后（分点罗列/时间顺序，下一步）

Then you can print out a fresh draft, again setting your text on triple-space.

然后你可以打印出一份新的草稿，同样把文字设为三倍行距。

finally：最后（分点罗列，结束）

Finally, travel teaches adaptability.

最后，旅行教会你适应能力。

五、重述 & 解释同义替换

or rather：更确切地说（修正模糊表述，精准说明）

He is a writer, or rather, a poet.

他是个作家，更确切地说，是个诗人。

in other words：换句话说（同义改写，通俗复述）

In other words, it is easy to misunderstand things, so we need to know what is appropriate.

换句话说，事情很容易被误解，所以我们需要知道什么是恰当的。

that is to say：也就是说（同义改写，通俗复述）

He doesn't like work. That is to say, he's lazy.

他不喜欢工作。也就是说，他很懒。

namely：即/也就是（下定义，具体说明）

Only one student passed the exam, namely Peter.

只有一个学生通过了考试，也就是彼得。

put it simply：简而言之（同义改写，通俗复述）

Put it simply, the more time you spend in a country, the more comfortable you'll feel with its cultural practices.

简而言之，你在一个国家待的时间越长，对其文化习俗就越感到自在。

六、时间-顺序逻辑

then：然后（时间顺序，下一步）

She goes back and forth between machines to make the drinks. Then, after finishing an order, she calls out the name on the cup.

她在几台机器之间来回走动着做饮料。然后，完成一个订单后，她喊出杯子上的名字。

afterwards：后来（时间顺序，之后）

Afterwards, she smiled and said goodbye to each customer.

之后，她微笑着向每位顾客道别。

later：后来（时间顺序，之后）

A few years later, he moved to another city for work.

几年后，他搬到另一个城市工作。

before：在...之前（时间顺序，先后）

Always look left, right and behind you before walking forward.

在向前走之前，一定要左右和身后都看一看。

after：在...之后（时间顺序，先后）

After finishing an order, she calls out the name on the cup.

完成一个订单后，她喊出杯子上的名字。

meanwhile：与此同时（时间顺序，两件事同步发生）

Meanwhile, the other students were still working on their essays.

与此同时，其他学生还在写他们的文章。

at the same time：同时（时间顺序，两件事同步发生）

At the same time, we should not ignore the importance of physical health.

同时，我们不应忽视身体健康的重要性。

previously：先前（时间顺序，之前）

Previously, she had worked as a teacher for five years.

先前，她做过五年教师。

七、总结、概括、建议与评价

in short：简而言之（总结上文，收束整段）

In short, communication is a two-way street.

简而言之，沟通是一条双向街。

in conclusion：总之（总结上文，收束整段）

In conclusion, hard work is the key to success.

总之，努力是成功的关键。

all in all：总的来说（总结上文，收束整段）

All in all, it was a rewarding experience.

总的来说，这是一次有收获的经历。

to sum up：概括来说（总结上文，收束整段）

To sum up, the advantages of this approach far outweigh the disadvantages.

概括来说，这种方法的优点远远大于缺点。

in brief：简言之（总结上文，收束整段）

In brief, the project was a great success.

简言之，这个项目非常成功。

should：应该（给出建议）

You should take breaks and set time limits for social media use.

你应该休息一下，并为使用社交媒体设定时间限制。

had better：最好（给出建议）

We'd better be mindful of our loved ones.

我们最好多关心我们所爱的人。

it is a good idea to：...是个好主意（给出建议）

It is a good idea to start with small studies when learning to draw.

学画画时从小的习作开始是个好主意。

remember to：记得（给出建议）

Remember to press the shell so the roots can grow.

记得压一压外壳，这样根才能长出来。

why not：为什么不（给出建议）

Why not try something new and challenge yourself?

为什么不尝试一些新事物，挑战一下自己呢？

fortunately：幸运地（结果评价，接好结局）

Fortunately, no one was hurt in the accident.

幸运的是，事故中没有人受伤。

luckily：幸运地（结果评价，接好结局）

Luckily, I had taken an umbrella with me.

幸运的是，我随身带了一把伞。

unfortunately：不幸地（结果评价，引出坏结果）

Unfortunately, there is no magic list I can offer.

不幸的是，我无法提供一个神奇的清单。

八、拓展：冷门信号词

though：虽然（让步，前让步后转折）

I do remember, though, what it was like to be a complete beginner.

不过，我确实记得做一个完全的新手是什么感觉。

although：虽然（让步，前让步后转折）

Although some of these principles are understood by many teachers, our education systems and practices are often set up in ways that do not support these principles.

尽管其中一些原则被许多教师所理解，但我们的教育体系和实践往往在设置上并不支持这些原则。

while：虽然/尽管（让步/对比，前让步后转折或并列对比）

While it offers connection and entertainment, it also brings challenges.

虽然它提供了联系和娱乐，但也带来了挑战。

if：如果（条件，条件与结果对应）

If you want people to listen to you, you need to listen to them.

如果你想让别人听你说，你需要听他们说。

as long as：只要（条件，条件与结果对应）

As long as you keep practicing, you will improve.

只要你坚持练习，你就会进步。

some…others…：一些…另一些…（对比，并列对比结构）

Some people find that communication comes naturally. Others think communication is complex.

有些人发现沟通是自然而然的事。另一些人则认为沟通很复杂。

by the way：顺便说一下（过渡，话题转换）

By the way, have you finished the report I asked for?

顺便问一下，我要的那份报告你写完了吗？

speaking of this：说到这个（过渡，话题转换/承接）

Speaking of this, I'd like to share my own experience.

说到这个，我想分享一下我自己的经历。