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考点 9 阅读理解
推理判断之写作方法（核心考点精讲精练）
1. 三年真题考点分布
考点
推理判断之写作方法
题型
2021 试卷类型 设问 考点
阅读理解
2021·北京卷 阅读 D32．The author raises three questions in 写作方法
Paragraph 2 mainly to________．
2020 2020·全国新课标III 32. What does the author want to tell us by the 写作方法
examples in paragraph 1?
2012 2020·全国新高考 I 68.The author explains the law of over learning 写作方法
山东卷 by_________.
2. 命题规律及备考策略
【命题规律】近3年新高考卷对于阅读理解中没有对写作方法进行考查，这不意味着未来不会考查。高考备考要
充分准备未来可能考的题，不是盲目追风必考考过的试题。主要考查：
根据阅读文章整体或某一段落的内容推断写作手法。推断写作方法的方法：1.通过分析文章内容，断定文章采用的
写作方法，即举例说明法、比较说明法、对比说明或论证法、设问引起读者注意等；2.根据文章内容，如果是记叙
文，通常采用以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。
也可能是倒叙的方法。
【备考策略】系统归类推断文章写作方法；熟练掌握阅读技能。
【命题预测】
通过阅读理解中，推断文章写作方法考查考生的基本的写作技能，在新高考命题中很可能会出现。推断文章
写作方法的命题依据是：新课程标准中要求学生掌握：常见文章文体的写作方法。因此，推断文章写作方法的推
理判断题，有可能在2024年高考中将成为高考阅读理解的题型，应该倍加注意。
【2023年高考命题预测】
推理判断之写作手法考点是高考中的常考点。作者在写作文章的时候总是要用一些写作手法，了解写作手法
是学生阅读理解要掌握的内容之一。做这类题时，我们可以借鉴中文的一些写作手法，在写作方法上它们是相通
的。预测在2023高考中，写作手法有可能会在高考阅读理解中呈现。
【推理判断之写作手法考点指南】
规律方法：
常见的设问方式：
（1）How is the passage organized?
（2）The author develops the passage mainly by _________.（3）The first paragraph serves as a（n） __________.
（4）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________.
了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写作
手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺
的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和
“例证”的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。
说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文
章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式
进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种
叙事手法叫做倒叙。
[2012·全国卷Ⅰ，D]
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced
ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in
the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. A
mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins "Twinkle, twinkle, little
star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something, additional
learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after
we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" and
childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that
we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing
grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get
by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand,
is really necessary for one's future development.
68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D. using examples
1.【2023届安徽省A10联盟高考最后一卷】
Water equals life. This is true for people, animals and plants. And while water is plentiful in some locations, this is not
the case all over the world. Now scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) may have developed a
way to change that.The new desalination (脱盐) device produces water actually above the World Health Organization standards, just by
pushing a button. There are no filters (过滤器) required, and the device uses electrical power to remove salt and other
particles (微粒) — including bacteria and viruses — from the saltwater. This reduces the need for constant maintenance.
Most commercially available portable desalination units use filters that require high-pressure pumps to push the water,
which makes them huge in size and less energy efficient. The filterless MIT device will allow it to be used in remote or
resource-limited places like small islands, ships, and even for emergency use.
The device took years to develop. After running tests in the lab with water that had different salinity and particles, it
was tested at Boston’s Carson Beach. The device produced drinkable water in just half an hour.
The new desalination unit needs less power than a cell phone charger, reported Fast Company, and works using two
types of electrical fields to filter the saltwater. But best of all, it is designed to be used by average people and not engineers.
In fact, the device only has three buttons, one to power the device, one to start it, and one to stop it.
The researchers are still working on a final design that could use cheaper materials to make it ready by the end of next
year. This small but mighty desalination unit may be the key to bringing safe water to a thirsty world.
1．What’s the advantage of the new desalination device?
A．It’s convenient. B．Ifs a lot cheaper.
C．It has improved filters. D．It has a larger output.
2．How is the third paragraph developed?
A．By making comparisons. B．By giving examples.
C．By analyzing causes. D．By listing figures.
3．What does the author think is the most outstanding quality of the new device?
A．It requires much less power.
B．It possesses two electrical fields.
C．It can be easily operated by ordinary people.
D．It is controlled by the same button.
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．Deeper research finds new contents of seawater
B．Better method improves the quality of drinking water
C．Report shows a world thirsty for safe drinking water
D．New portable device makes seawater drinkable on the way
2.【2023届江苏省徐州市高三5月考前模拟】
If reducing stress has been on your summer to do list, there’s one powerful thing you can still do before the season
ends: get in the habit of taking a walk outside with a friend.
A quick walk in nature with a friend combines three of the most effective stress-reducing and resilience(恢复
力)building techniques: physical exercise, spending time in nature and social connection. The activity works by helping
normalize the hormonal changes that result from long time stress and enhancing the emotional resources that help us cope.
Walking quickly activates(激活)the body`s stress response. And when the walk is over, the stress system comes back
down to baseline. Regular exercise helps your stress response become more efficient, says Jennifer Heisz, associate
professor at McMaster University.
As little as 10 minutes of sitting or walking in nature can decrease a person’s heart rate, blood pressure and cortisol
levels, as well as self-reported stress levels. One possible explanation, the researchers say, is that spending time in naturelowers the activity of our sympathetic nervous system, which regulates stress hormones, and taps into the
parasympathetic(副交感)nervous system, which promotes our calm and relaxation responses.
Taking that hike with a loved one can further reduce stress by adding the important element of social connection.
Talking with trusted friends helps people process stressful events and lifts self-esteem. Social support has positive effects on
the brain and body, scientific research finds.
Earlier this year, Cassie Moreno was in a rut of stress and anxiety. She was starting a new job, struggling to make new
friends during the pandemic, and going through a breakup. Strolling along the Hudson River with other women, the 26-
year-old Maine native says she felt an immediate surge of confidence and calm.
“I was, like, how do we live here? Look at the water! Look at the Statue of Liberty! How did we get this lucky?” she
says.
1．What is the purpose of paragraph 2?
A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify an argument.
C．To present a fact. D．To introduce a topic.
2．What is an advantage of spending time in nature?
A．Reducing blood pressure. B．Lifting self-esteem.
C．Raising stress hormones. D．Activating nervous system.
3．What does Cassie Moreno’s remark in the last paragraph indicate?
A．She was refreshed with confidence.
B．She was in a state of stress and anxiety.
C．She was struggling through a hard time.
D．She was amazed by the fantastic scenery.
4．How is the passage developed?
A．By giving explanations. B．By making comparisons.
C．By listing examples. D．By proving assumptions.
基础过关
（最新模拟试题演练）
1.【2023届浙江省四校（杭州二中、温州中学、绍兴一中、金华一中）高三5月联考】
As an intense heat wave sweeps through China, residents are seeking relief in air raid shelters and swimming pools to
stay cool, and dozens of cities, including Shanghai, Chongqing and Hangzhou, have issued their highest-level red alert
warnings. Shanghai has issued three red alerts this year, with the temperature hitting 40.9 Celsius on July 13, matching the
record set in 2017 since 1873. The fact that Shanghai has experienced only 16 days of 40°C-plus temperatures since the city
began keeping records in 1873 should give us an idea about the seriousness of the situation.
Medical experts say extreme heat could cause nausea (恶心), fatigue, sunstroke and even death, with senior citizens
and people with long-term illnesses particularly vulnerable to heat waves.
Extreme heat events, which began a month ago, have affected the lives of more than 900 million people in China.
Between June 1 and July 12, the average number of days with temperatures above 35°Cwas 5.3, up 2.4 days over normal
years, breaking the national record set in 1961, according to the National Climate Center.
Parts of Europe are also in the grip of heat waves and experiencing extreme weather events after the western part ofNorth America faced extreme heat waves last year. In response to the exceptionally high temperatures, the United Kingdom
has declared a national emergency and issued the highest-level red alert warning for Monday and Tuesday for the first time.
More alarmingly, the average global temperature in June this year was 0.4°C higher than normal years and the highest since
1979, with temperatures in countries such as Spain, France and Italy exceeding 40°C．
Unfortunately, extreme heat, which is directly related to climate change, will become more frequent and intense in the
next 30 years, setting new records for high temperatures. As global warming intensifies, losses and devastation will
increase, forcing natural and human systems to raise their adaptation limits.
1．What can we know about the heat waves this year?
A．It may cause more harm to the old and people with long-term illnesses.
B．The number of days above 35°Cin June breaks the national record.
C．Shanghai has experienced a higher temperature than that in 2017.
D．The whole Europe as well as America are suffering from the heat waves.
2．How does the author develop the text?
A．By analyzing and concluding. B．By explaining and contrasting.
C．By giving examples and quoting. D．By giving figures and comparing.
3．According to the writer, what is the trend of extreme heat?
A．Becoming more serious. B．Remaining stable.
C．Staying unpredictable. D．Getting controllable.
4．What is the text mainly about?
A．The solutions to the climate change. B．The economic losses from heat waves.
C．The increase of severe heat waves. D．The destructive effect of global warming.
2.【2023年辽宁省高三第二次全省统考暨朝阳市第一高级中学高三四模】
Three Formats of Books
Printed books are mostly produced in three fundamental formats: Hardcover, Trade Paperback, and Mass Market
Paperback.
A hardcover (also known as hardback or hardbound) is a type of book that is bound with hard and rigid protective
covers and the pages are often strongly held together with stiches or staples (缝线或订书钉). They are the most expensive
of the three formats.
A trade paperback (more commonly known as paperback) is a type of book characterized by a thick paper or
paperboard cover. Their pages are often held with glue rather than stitches or staples. Trade paperbacks are cheaper than
hardcovers but costlier than mass market paperbacks.
Mass market paperbacks are basically small sized books printed on a lower quality paper with an inexpensive binding.
They are cheaper to produce and mostly sold in nontraditional bookselling locations such as drugstores, supermarkets,
railway stations, and airports, as well as in traditional bookstores.
Mass market paperbacks are produced to target a bigger market. Due to their low production cost they can be made
available to a large mass of people at cheaper and affordable rates. Mass market paperback books are smaller in size
(usually about 4 inches wide and 7 inches tall) and their font (字体) size is also comparatively smaller. Besides, mass
market paperbacks mostly do not have any illustrations (pictures, diagrams, and other decorative features) that may be
present in the hardcover or the paperback formats of that same book.
Another very important feature of mass market paperbacks is that they are mostly strippable books. “Strippable”
simply means that a book’s cover can be torn off (or stripped of) by the book retailers or distributor, and then sent back tothe book publisher for a refund (退款；返还款). So, when the booksellers notice that some mass market paperback books
have been in stock for a while and are not selling well, they can simply strip off the covers of those books and return them
to the publishers for refund. The part of the book left after the cover is sipped off is illegal to sell and has to be recycled.
1．What’s special for hardcover books compared with the other two?
A．They’re not easily broken.
B．Their covers can be stripped off.
C．They have the largest number of consumers.
D．They are of excellent quality and bargain price.
2．What format is suitable for students’ textbooks according to the text?
A．Hardcover. B．Trade paperback.
C．Mass market paperback. D．Hardbound.
3．What can you learn about mass market paperback books from the text?
A．They have various decorative features.
B．Those without covers can be sold cheaply.
C．Brochures belong to mass market paperback books.
D．They can be returned to the publishers if not damaged.
4．How does the writer develop this text?
A．By offering figures. B．By telling a story.
C．By giving examples. D．By making a comparison.
3.【广东省汕尾、珠海市等大湾区联考2023届高三学生调研】
Research into social robots has shown that machines that are at the cutting edge of interaction can respond to feelings
and emotionally care for the weak, the elderly and children.
Robin was designed as a companion robot to provide emotional support for children receiving medical treatment.
Robin explains medical procedures to them, plays games and tells stories, and during treatment distracts them to reduce
their sense of pain. The robot uses AI to understand other people’s feelings, remembering facial expressions and
conversations to build dialogue for follow-up sessions. In trials at the Wigmore Medical (UK) Pediatric Clinic in Yerevan,
Armenia, the team found that Robin led to a 34% decrease in stress and an increase in happiness of 26% in the 120 children
who interacted with him at least once.
Healthcare robots could all benefit from displaying emotional intelligence, both recognizing and responding to human
emotions, and to some extent, managing them. The problem with this is the fear that human jobs may be lost as robots
become better at handling social situations.
Population trends suggest that the demand for robots to work alongside people in care situations will grow over time.
By 2050, the number of people aged 65 and over globally will be 1.6 billion (17%), roughly twice the proportion of what it
is today. An extra 3.5 million care workers will be needed and that will include emotionally intelligent robots.
Today’s simple systems are being trained to meet that demand. This includes a little wheeled robot that can guess how
you are feeling from the way you walk, and the robot from the University of Lincoln in the UK —who helps elderly people
to stay physically and mentally active.
The impact of social robots on our lives to date has been tiny. But new models are being introduced that could make
the breakthrough. Human emotions are difficult to define, but as trust in robots increases, breaking down the psychological
barrier becomes easier to imagine.
1．What are social robots uniquely capable of?A．Lifting heavy packages upstairs for weak people.
B．Teaching mentally ill teens emotional expressions.
C．Cooking delicious dishes for the disabled at home.
D．Playing songs for blind people on their request.
2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．Robin’s function to reduce pain.
B．Robin’s popularity in hospitals.
C．Robin’s practical application.
D．Robin’s success in passing tests.
3．How is paragraph 4 developed?
A．By concluding viewpoints.
B．By analyzing causes.
C．By making comparison.
D．By giving definition.
4．What does the author think of human job replacement by robots?
A．It is already happening throughout UK.
B．Humans need to work hard to secure jobs.
C．Robots can only meet basic human needs.
D．It’s an unstoppable and beneficial trend.
4.【2023届广东省惠州市高三5月二模】
People produce all kinds of food waste. A news report in our magazine published in November last year shows that
about 60 million metric tons of food is wasted in the United States every year. (A metric ton is 1,000 kilograms or 2,205
pounds.)
The value of the waste is about $162 billion. About half ends up in city landfills (垃圾填埋场). It costs local
government about $1.5 billion a year to deal with them. The report says that one third of all food in the world is never eaten.
The full cost of the world’s food waste can be $400 billion a year. Billions can be saved if the amount of food waste is
reduced. Most of the food is thrown away by shopkeepers and consumers in wealthy nations. If it is saved, it could feed 870
million hungry people of the world. A family of four wastes about $1,600 worth of food each year.
The production of food uses large amounts of water, land and fertilizer. Food waste in landfills creates methane—a
powerful greenhouse gas. This gas is about seven percent of total pollution worldwide. Reducing food waste can make a
difference.
Composting (堆制肥料) is one solution. However, there are other ways to reduce food waste. Extending expiration (终
结) dates will reduce waste. Selling smaller bags of food also will reduce waste. An expert said, “We need to find ways to
deal with food waste, but most importantly, we need to prevent it at the first place.”
1．What does the author want to tell us in Paragraph 2?
A．Many people are facing hunger.
B．Food waste is likely to increase.
C．Food waste is caused for various reasons.
D．The problem of food waste is very serious.
2．What is the best solution to food waste?
