专题十二　猜测词义（试题word）_2022版教学资源包_五年高考三年模拟_2022版课标版高考总复习英语5·3B版_专题十二猜测词义_专题十二猜测词义（试题WORD）_试题WORD

北京曲一线图书策划有限公司 22版 《5年高考3年模拟 B
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专题十二 猜测词义
— 五年高考 —
A组 统一命题·课标全国卷题组
Passage 1(2021全国乙,B) 词数 333学生用书 P215
When almost everyone has a mobile phone,why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline (座机)?
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids
have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere,anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones, according to a
survey(调查). Of those Australians who still have a landline,a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket—19
percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor(因素)—only 58 percent of Generation
Ys still use landlines now and then,compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn't the only
factor; I'd say it's also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for
every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a
game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone(using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
How attached are you to your landline?How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
1.
A.Their target users.
B.Their wide popularity.
C.Their major functions.
D.Their complex design.
2.What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A.Admit. B.Argue.
C.Remember. D.Remark.
3.What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A.They like smartphone games.
B.They enjoy guessing callers' identity.
C.They keep using landline phones.
D.They are attached to their family.
4.What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A.It remains a family necessity.
B.It will fall out of use some day.
C.It may increase daily expenses.
D.It is as important as the gas light.
答案
1.B
2.A
3.C
4.B
Passage 2(2021全国甲,C) 词数 356学生用书 P215
When I was 9, we packed up our home in Los Angeles and arrived at Heathrow, London on a gray January morning. Everyone in the family settled
quickly into the city except me. Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place. Until I made a discovery.
Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head
ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant
don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping
me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “ Safe ! Safe ! Safe ! ”And that's what
mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.
When I was 15, my family moved to Washington. I tried skateboarding there, but the locals were far less welcoming. Within a couple of years, I'd
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given it up.
When I returned to London in 2004, I found myself wandering down to Southbank, spending hours there. I've traveled back several times since, most
recently this past spring. The day was cold but clear; tourists and Londoners stopped to watch the skaters. Weaving (穿梭)among the kids who rushed by on
their boards, I found my way to the beam. Then a rail-thin teenager, in a baggy white T-shirt, skidded(滑)up to the beam. He sat next to me. He seemed not
to notice the man next to him. But soon I caught a few of his glances. “I was a local here 20 years ago,” I told him. Then, slowly, he began to nod his
head. “Safe, man. Safe.”
“Yeah,” I said. “Safe.”
What can we learn about the author soon after he moved to London?
1.
A.He felt disappointed.
B.He gave up his hobby.
C.He liked the weather there.
D.He had disagreements with his family.
2.What do the underlined words“Safe!Safe!Safe!”probably mean?
A.Be careful! B.Well done!
C.No way! D.Don't worry!
3.Why did the author like to spend time in Southbank when he returned to London?
A.To join the skateboarding.
B.To make new friends.
C.To learn more tricks.
D.To relive his childhood days.
4.What message does the author seem to convey in the text?
A.Children should learn a second language.
B.Sport is necessary for children's health.
C.Children need a sense of belonging.
D.Seeing the world is a must for children.
答案
1.A
2.B
3.D
4.C
Passage 3(2020课标全国Ⅰ,B) 词数 324学生用书 P216
Returning to a book you've read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There's a welcome familiarity—but also sometimes a slight
suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don't change, people do. And that's what makes the act of rereading so rich
and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It's true, the older I get, the more I
feel time has wings. But with reading, it's all about the present. It's about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take
between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually. The first, which I take to reading every spring, is Ernest Hemingway's A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964,
it's his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating(令人陶醉的), an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time.
Another is Annie Dillard's Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble(随笔)about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cort􀅡zar's Save Twilight:
Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cort􀅡zar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifts, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that,
while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author's work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that
open further as time passes. But remember, it's you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
Why does the author like rereading?
1.
A.It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B.It's a window to a whole new world.
C.It's a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D.It extends the understanding of oneself.
2.What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?
A.It's a brief account of a trip.
B.It's about Hemingway's life as a young man.
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C.It's a record of a historic event.
D.It's about Hemingway's friends in Paris.
3.What does the underlined word “currency” in paragraph 4 refer to?
A.Debt. B.Reward.
C.Allowance. D.Face value.
4.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A.He loves poetry. B.He's an editor.
C.He's very ambitious. D.He teaches reading.
答案
1.D
2.B
3.B
4.A
Passage 4(2020课标全国Ⅱ,C) 词数 369学生用书 P216
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn't cross your mind. But some ecologists
and fashion(时装)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about
guilt-free fur—unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in
Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can't handle this non-native
species(物种). It's destroying the environment. It's them or us,”says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it's not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has
no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton's job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there's Righteous Fur and its unusual fashions. Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without
someone throwing paint on them—I think that's going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.”Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a
while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She's trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria
fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?
1.
A.To promote guilt-free fur.
B.To expand the fashion market.
C.To introduce a new brand.
D.To celebrate a winter holiday.
2.Why are scientists concerned about nutria?
A.Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B.Nutria are an endangered species.
C.Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D.Nutria are illegally hunted.
3.What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A.Boomed. B.Became mature.
C.Remained stable. D.Crashed.
4.What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?
A.It's formal. B.It's risky.
C.It's harmful. D.It's traditional.
答案
1.A
2.A
3.D
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4.B
Passage 5(2020课标全国Ⅲ,B) 词数 280学生用书 P217
When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes”was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard.
But they weren't there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign
praising the filmmakers:“Thanks for not using real apes(猿)!”
The creative team behind“Apes”used motion-capture(动作捕捉)technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on
technology that records an actor's performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image(图像). In this case, one of a realistic-
looking ape.
Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the
treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for
Elephants,” “The Hangover Part Ⅱ”and “Zookeeper,” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven't been treated
properly.
In some cases, it's not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it's the off-set training and living
conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as
productions filmed in the States.
Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?
1.
A.To see famous film stars.
B.To oppose wearing fur coats.
C.To raise money for animal protection.
D.To express thanks to some filmmakers.
2.What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A.The cost of making “Apes.”
B.The creation of digitalized apes.
C.The publicity about “Apes.”
D.The performance of real apes.
3.What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Listing completely.
B.Directing professionally.
C.Promoting successfully.
D.Watching carefully.
4.What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?
A.They may be badly treated.
B.They should take further training.
C.They could be traded illegally.
D.They would lose popularity.
答案
1.D
2.B
3.D
4.A
Passage 6(2019课标全国Ⅰ,B) 词数 329学生用书 P217
For Canaan Elementary's second grade in Patchogue, N.Y., today is speech day, and right now it's Chris Palaez's turn. The 8-year-old is the joker of the
class. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.
But he's nervous.“I'm here to tell you today why you should...should...”Chris trips on the “-ld,”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native
English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support.“...Vote for...me...”Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly
well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
A son of immigrants, Chris started learning English a little over three years ago. Whaley recalls(回想起)how at the beginning of the year, when called
upon to read, Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.
Learning English as a second language can be a painful experience. What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.“It takes a lot
for any student,”Whaley explains, “especially for a student who is learning English as their new language, to feel confident enough to say,‘I don't know,
but I want to know.’”
Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they
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could never be a president. The answer broke his heart. Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public. He wants
these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.
“Boasting about yourself, and your best qualities,”Whaley says,“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”
What made Chris nervous?
1.
A.Telling a story. B.Making a speech.
C.Taking a test. D.Answering a question.
2.What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Improper pauses. B.Bad manners.
C.Spelling mistakes. D.Silly jokes.
3.We can infer that the purpose of Whaley's project is to .
A.help students see their own strengths
B.assess students' public speaking skills
C.prepare students for their future jobs
D.inspire students' love for politics
4.Which of the following best describes Whaley as a teacher?
A.Humorous. B.Ambitious.
C.Caring. D.Demanding.
答案
1.B
2.A
3.A
4.C Passage 7(2019课标全国Ⅱ,A) 词数 264学生用书 P218
My Favourite Books
Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系
列) of lifestyle books. Here she picks her top reads.
Matilda
Roald Dahl
I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it
gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds. Matilda's battles with
her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress, Miss Trunchbull, are equally funny and
frightening, but they're also aspirational.
After Dark
Haruki Murakami
It's about two sisters—Eri, a model who either won't or can't stop sleeping, and Mari,
a young student. In trying to connect to her sister, Mari starts changing her life and
discovers a world of diverse“night people”who are hiding secrets.
Gone Girl
Gillian Flynn
There was a bit of me that didn't want to love this when everyone else on the
planet did, but the horror story is brilliant. There's tension and anxiety from the beginning
as Nick and Amy battle for your trust. It's a real whodunit and the frustration when you
realise what's going on is horribly enjoyable.
The Stand
Stephen King
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This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around. After a
serious flu outbreak wipes out 99.4% of the world's population, a battle unfolds between
good and evil among those left. Randall Flagg is one of the scariest characters ever.
1.Who does “I” refer to in the text?
A.Stephen King. B.Gillian Flynn.
C.Jo Usmar. D.Roald Dahl.
2.Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri?
A.Cosmopolitan. B.Matilda.
C.After Dark. D.The Stand.
3.What kind of book is Gone Girl?
A.A folk tale. B.A biography.
C.A love story. D.A horror story.
答案
1.C
2.C
3.D
Passage 8(2019课标全国Ⅱ,B) 词数 338学生用书 P218
“You can use me as a last resort(选择), and if nobody else volunteers, then I will do it.” This was an actual reply from a parent after I put out a
request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse(长曲棍球)club.
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need
a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings . I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching
a team that his kids aren't even on...At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I'll do it.”
I'm secretly relieved because I know there's real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many. The unwilling parent organizes the meal
schedule, sends out emails, and collects money for end-of-season gifts. Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member
of the team. The coach is able to focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season. Handing out sliced oranges to
bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
Still, most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close. That relief is coupled with a deep understanding of why the
same people keep coming back for more:Connecting to the community(社区) as you freely give your time, money, skills, or services provides a real joy.
Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense, I'm pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I'd freely like to admit. However, if others benefit in the process, and I get
some reward too, does it really matter where my motivation lies?
What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1?
1.
A.She knows little about the club.
B.She isn't good at sports.
C.She just doesn't want to volunteer.
D.She's unable to meet her schedule.
2.What does the underlined phrase“tug at the heartstrings”in paragraph 2 mean?
A.Encourage teamwork. B.Appeal to feelings.
C.Promote good deeds. D.Provide advice.
3.What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3?
A.She gets interested in lacrosse.
B.She is proud of her kids.
C.She'll work for another season.
D.She becomes a good helper.
4.Why does the author like doing volunteer work?
A.It gives her a sense of duty.
B.It makes her very happy.
C.It enables her to work hard.
D.It brings her material rewards.
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答案
1.C
2.B
3.D
4.B
Passage 9(2019课标全国Ⅲ,B) 词数 313学生用书 P219
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
“It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源) of inspiration for designers,” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a
global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚) shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside
Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable
imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
“China is impossible to overlook,” says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over
the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are central to its movement.” Of course, not only are today's top Western
designers being influenced by China—some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu
are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales,” adds Hill.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.“The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the
models, and so are the consumers,” she says.“China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion
today, you are talking about China—its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that
in many ways.”
What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?
1.
A.It promoted the sales of artworks.
B.It attracted a large number of visitors.
C.It showed ancient Chinese clothes.
D.It aimed to introduce Chinese models.
2.What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A.They are setting the fashion.
B.They start many fashion campaigns.
C.They admire super models.
D.They do business all over the world.
3.What do the underlined words “taking on” in paragraph 4 mean?
A.learning from B.looking down on
C.working with D.competing against
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B.A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C.Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D.Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
答案
1.B
2.A
3.D
4.D
Passage 10(2018课标全国Ⅰ,C) 词数 294学生用书 P219
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world
was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit(联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language
experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In
recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better
communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are
increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have
relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200
languages;the Americas about 1,000;Africa 2,400;and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The
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median number(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in
Cameroon(eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico(150), Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia(one, with a question-
mark):none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?
1.
A.They developed very fast.
B.They were large in number.
C.They had similar patterns.
D.They were closely connected.
2.Which of the following best explains“dominant”underlined in paragraph 2?
A.Complex. B.Advanced. C.Powerful. D.Modern.
3.How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?
A.About 6,800. B.About 3,400.
C.About 2,400. D.About 1,200.
4.What is the main idea of the text?
A.New languages will be created.
B.People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C.Human development results in fewer languages.
D.Geography determines language evolution.
答案
1.B
2.C
3.B
4.C
Passage 11(2018课标全国Ⅱ,B) 词数 258学生用书 P220
Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels from British
Columbia's fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质), iron
and zinc(not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches
are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries(樱桃), they are so delicious. Who cares?However, they are rich
in vitamin C.
When combined with berries or slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit shakes and low fat“ice cream”.
For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you
like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and
the temperature of the freezer.
If you have a juicer , you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve”creamy dessert, to be eaten
right away. This makes a fun activity for a children's party;they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice
cream come out below.
What does the author seem to like about cherries?
1.
A.They contain protein.
B.They are high in vitamin A.
C.They have a pleasant taste.
D.They are rich in antioxidants.
2.Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?
A.To make them smell better.
B.To keep their colour.
C.To speed up their ripening.
D.To improve their nutrition.
3.What is“a juicer”in the last paragraph?
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A.A dessert. B.A drink.
C.A container. D.A machine.
4.From which is the text probably taken?
A.A biology textbook.
B.A health magazine.
C.A research paper.
D.A travel brochure.
答案
1.C
2.B
3.D
4.B
Passage 12(2018课标全国Ⅲ,D) 词数 304学生用书 P220
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings?
The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things, and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter
Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few
larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund(基金)(our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a
doctor).
For weeks, I've been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them?And how do we train ourselves to help them live
with, need, and use less?Yesterday, I sat with my son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for
as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball—
simple, universally available. We passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It was totally, completely
enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single
object worked for both of us.
What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
1.
A.The more, the better.
B.Enough is enough.
C.More money, more worries.
D.Earn more and spend more.
2.What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?
A.Saving up for her holiday.
B.Raising money for a poor girl.
C.Adding the money to her fund.
D.Giving the money to a sick mother.
3.Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?
A.To try out an idea.
B.To show a parent's love.
C.To train his attention.
D.To help him start a hobby.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Take It or Leave It
B.A Lesson from Kids
C.Live More with Less
D.The Pleasure of Giving
答案
1.A
2.C
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3.A
4.C
Passage 13(2017课标全国Ⅰ,D) 词数 311学生用书 P221
A build-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by
two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it's an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it's
all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5'×5' sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic
tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to
increase the water catcher 's productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the
cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.
Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's center down with a rock. The plastic
should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches
above, the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates(蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water
form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won't have to
break down the still every time you need a drink.
What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?
1.
A.It's delicate. B.It's expensive.
C.It's complex. D.It's portable.
2.What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A.The tube. B.The still. C.The hole. D.The cup.
3.What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?
A.Dig a hole of a certain size.
B.Put the cup in place.
C.Weight the sheet's center down.
D.Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.
4.When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from .
A.the plastic tube B.outside the hole
C.the open air D.beneath the sheet
答案
1.D
2.B
3.C
4.D
Passage 14(2017课标全国Ⅱ,B) 词数 289学生用书 P221
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When
the studio didn't want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me. I don't know how many people would have done
that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.
The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an
age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft(技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were
going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other—but always
with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.
We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back—he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole
in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly,
but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
I last saw him a few months ago. He'd been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn't talk about it. Ours
was a relationship that didn't need a lot of words.
Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?
1.
A.Paul Newman wanted it.
B.The studio powers didn't like his agent.
C.He wasn't famous enough.
D.The director recommended someone else.
2.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?
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A.They were of the same age.
B.They worked in the same theater.
C.They were both good actors.
D.They had similar characteristics.
3.What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Their belief.
B.Their care for children.
C.Their success.
D.Their support for each other.
4.What is the author's purpose in writing the text?
A.To show his love of films.
B.To remember a friend.
C.To introduce a new movie.
D.To share his acting experience.
答案
1.C
2.D
3.A
4.B
Passage 15(2017课标全国Ⅲ,C) 词数 291学生用书 P222
After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the
park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by
human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada,
where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations—major food sources(来源)for the wolf—grew rapidly. These
animals consumed large amounts of vegetation(植被),which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly.
The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes, and completely drove away the park's beavers.
As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to
control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and
manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote
populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists
decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
What is the text mainly about?
1.
A.Wildlife research in the United States.
B.Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.
C.The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.
D.The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.
2.What does the underlined word“displaced”in paragraph 2 mean?
A.Tested. B.Separated.
C.Forced out. D.Tracked down.
3.What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?
A.Damage to local ecology.
B.A decline in the park's income.
C.Preservation of vegetation.
D.An increase in the variety of animals.
4.What is the author's attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?
A.Doubtful. B.Positive.
C.Disapproving. D.Uncaring.
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答案
1.D
2.C
3.A
4.B
B组 新高考卷、省(区、市)卷题组
Passage 1(2021新高考Ⅰ,C) 词数 305学生用书 P222
When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native
Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to
decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl(水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen.
Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).
In 1934,with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of
migratory(迁徙的)waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase
and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, Iowa,
who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to
ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for
inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934,
better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program
has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
1.
A.Loss of wetlands.
B.Popularity of water sports.
C.Pollution of rivers.
D.Arrival of other wild animals.
2.What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A.Acquire. B.Export.
C.Destroy. D.Distribute.
3.What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A.The stamp price has gone down.
B.The migratory birds have flown away.
C.The hunters have stopped hunting.
D.The government has collected money.
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B.The National Wildlife Refuge System
C.The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D.The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
答案
1.A
2.C
3.D
4.A
Passage 2(2021浙江,B) 词数312学生用书 P223
We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parks less than 10 minutes' walk from home where neighbourhood children gather to play.
However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen—any screen—and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend
an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet.
In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years
ago, film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say
“chocolate” into his three-year-old son's ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type,
appointed himself “marketing director for Nature”. He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people.
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The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the Wild Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out
into nature.
“Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference,” David Bond says. “There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be
suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be a habit for life.” His own children have got into the habit of
playing outside now:“We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while.”
Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play.
What is the problem with the author's children?
1.
A.They often annoy the neighbours.
B.They are tired of doing their homework.
C.They have no friends to play with.
D.They stay in front of screens for too long.
2.How did David Bond advocate his idea?
A.By making a documentary film.
B.By organizing outdoor activities.
C.By advertising in London media.
D.By creating a network of friends.
3.Which of the following can replace the underlined word “charts” in paragraph 2?
A.records B.predicts C.delays D.confirms
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Let Children Have Fun
B.Young Children Need More Free Time
C.Market Nature to Children
D.David Bond:A Role Model for Children
答案
1.D
2.A
3.A
4.C
Passage 3(2020北京,D) 词数408学生用书 P223
Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-
driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more
perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI
developers are now eager to change.
Some of today's AI pioneers want to move on from today's world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is
often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today's powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its
advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the
development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we're successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the
most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.”
Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good
predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine...that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”
Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.”
Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction—Mary Shelley's
Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-
shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick
Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from AGI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set
objectives at the expense of everything else.
The promise and danger of true AGI are great. But all of today's excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able
to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see AGI any
time soon, if ever.
What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
1.
A.Enormous in quantity.
B.Changeable daily.
C.Stable in quality.
D.Present everywhere.
2.What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?
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A.Help to tackle problems.
B.Make brains more active.
C.Benefit ambitious people.
D.Set up powerful databases.
3.As for Irving Good's opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is .
A.supportive B.disapproving
C.fearful D.uncertain
4.What can be inferred about AGI from the passage?
A.It may be only a dream.
B.It will come into being soon.
C.It will be controlled by humans.
D.It may be more dangerous than ever.
答案
1.D
2.A
3.B
4.A
Passage 4(2020新高考Ⅰ,D) 词数343学生用书 P224
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food
intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), it's the beanpoles with big
appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were
individually invited into a lab to ostensibly (表面上) participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help
herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she
wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normally would
have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results
were similar to the first test:the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so
will I. Call it the “I'll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back
a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
What is the recent study mainly about?
1.
A.Food safety. B.Movie viewership.
C.Consumer demand. D.Eating behavior.
2.What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A.Big eaters. B.Overweight persons.
C.Picky eaters. D.Tall thin persons.
3.Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A.To see how she would affect the participants.
B.To test if the participants could recognize her.
C.To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D.To study why she could keep her weight down.
4.On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A.How hungry we are.
B.How slim we want to be.
C.How we perceive others.
D.How we feel about the food.
答案
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1.D
2.D
3.A
4.C
Passage 5(2020江苏,C) 词数 401学生用书 P225
For those who can stomach it , working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and
physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise
might affect general health.
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are,
for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men's fitness and resting metabolic(新陈代谢的)rates and took samples(样品)of
their blood and fat tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists' lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to
rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a
long overnight fast(禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men's blood and fat tissue.
Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their
workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they
had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned slightly more calories(卡路里),on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently,
depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins(蛋白质)that can improve blood sugar regulation and
insulin(胰岛素)levels throughout the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had
fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.
The underlined expression“stomach it”in Paragraph 1 most probably means “
1.
”.
A.digest the meal easily
B.manage without breakfast
C.decide wisely what to eat
D.eat whatever is offered
2.Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?
A.Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.
B.Their lack of exercise led to overweight.
C.They could walk at an average speed.
D.They had slow metabolic rates.
3.What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?
A.They successfully lost weight.
B.They consumed a bit more calories.
C.They burned more fat on average.
D.They displayed higher insulin levels.
4.What could be learned from the research?
A.A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.
B.Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.
C.Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.
D.Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.
答案
1.B
2.A
3.B
4.D
Passage 6(2019天津,D) 词数 435学生用书 P225
Would you BET on the future of this man? He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war
injury has made his left hand stop functioning, and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives, he determines to write a book.
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The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was Cervantes, and the book was Don
Quixote(《堂吉诃德》). And the story poses an interesting question:why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days, while
others go to seed long before?
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can't
all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often
come with passing years.
Most of us, in fact, progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing
surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity.
We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm, we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However, we
can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我),whether to loved ones, to fellow humans, to
work, or to some moral concept.
Many of us equate(视……等同于)“commitment”with such “caring”occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one
can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence—whether they are driving a truck, or running a store—make the world
better just by being the kind of people they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that .
1.
A.loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity
B.age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C.misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
D.disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
2.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.End one's struggle for liberty.
B.Waste one's energy taking risks.
C.Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D.Lose the interest to continue learning.
3.What could be inferred from Paragraph 4?
A.Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.
B.Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C.Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.
D.Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
4.What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5?
A.A tough man can tolerate suffering.
B.A wise man can live without self-pity.
C.A man should try to satisfy people around him.
D.A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.
5.What is the author's purpose in writing the passage?
A.To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
B.To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C.To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D.To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
答案
1.B
2.D
3.C
4.D
5.A
Passage 7(2019浙江,B) 词数 306学生用书 P226
Money with no strings attached .It's not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills
attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”
People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the board. “People of all ages, races, and socio-
economic(社会经济的)backgrounds gave and took,” said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox, which created the project. “We even had a bride in her wedding
dress come up to the board and take a few dollars.”Most of the bills on the board were singles, but a few people left fives, tens and even twenties. The
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video clip(片段) shows one man who had found a $20 bill pinning it to the board.
“What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles,”Bridges said.“There's a certain feeling that giving can do for
you and that was apparent in those that gave the most.”Most people who took dollars took only a few, but Bridges said a very small number took as much
as they could.
While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy. He added that he hopes
people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the Internet.
“After all, everyone has bad days and good days,”he said. “Some days you need a helping hand and some days you can be the one giving the
helping hand.”
What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
1.
A.Money spent without hesitation.
B.Money not legally made.
C.Money offered without conditions.
D.Money not tied together.
2.What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride?
A.Women tended to be more sociable.
B.The activity attracted various people.
C.Economic problems were getting worse.
D.Young couples needed financial assistance.
3.Why did Bridges carry out the project?
A.To do a test on people's morals.
B.To raise money for his company.
C.To earn himself a good reputation.
D.To promote kindness and sympathy.
答案
1.C
2.B
3.D
Passage 8(2019北京,D) 词数 419学生用书 P226
By the end of the century, if not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物) called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms,
these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration of
phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas, while reducing it in other spots, leading to changes in the ocean's
appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organisms die,
they bury carbon in the deep ocean, an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming
trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow,
but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the
century. In a world that warms up by 3℃, it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue
areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters, such as those of the Arctic, a warming will make conditions riper for
phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener.“Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing,”she said,“but the type of
phytoplankton is changing.”
And why does that matter? Phytoplankton are the base of the food web. If certain kinds begin to disappear from the ocean, Dutkiewicz said,“it will
change the type of fish that will be able to survive.” Those kinds of changes could affect the food chain.
Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and unnoticeable, but they could mean significant
changes. “It'll be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change,”Dutkiewicz said, “but the change in
the colour of the ocean will be one of the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.”
What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?
1.
A.The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B.The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C.The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D.The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
2.What does the underlined word “vulnerable” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Sensitive. B.Beneficial.
C.Significant. D.Unnoticeable.
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3.What can we learn from the passage?
A.Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.
B.Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes.
C.Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate.
D.Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.
4.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.
B.To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.
C.To explain the effects of climate change on oceans.
D.To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton.
答案
1.B
2.A
3.D
4.C
Passage 9(2019江苏,B) 词数 360学生用书 P227
In the 1960s, while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park, Bob Christiansen became puzzled about something that, oddly, had not
troubled anyone before:he couldn't find the park's volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature—that's what accounted
for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.
Most of us, when we talk about volcanoes, think of the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro, which are created when erupting magma(岩
浆)piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In 1943, a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he
was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile
across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth, all but a few hundred of them extinct. There is, however, a second less known
type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack, leaving behind a vast
hole, the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type, but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some
of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the
photos, he realized why he had failed to spot the caldera:almost the whole park—2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than
forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone must have blown up with a violence far
beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone?
1.
A.Its complicated geographical features.
B.Its ever-lasting influence on tourism.
C.The mysterious history of the park.
D.The exact location of the volcano.
2.What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?
A.The shapes of volcanoes.
B.The impacts of volcanoes.
C.The activities of volcanoes.
D.The heights of volcanoes.
3.What does the underlined word “blow-up” in the last paragraph most probably mean?
A.Hot-air balloon. B.Digital camera.
C.Big photograph. D.Bird's view.
答案
1.D
2.A
3.C
Passage 10(2018北京,D) 词数 479学生用书 P227
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is
apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The
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state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be
noted, isn't leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It's hard to predict when driverless cars will be
everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for
worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how
self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放)and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles
is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy—or even worsen—the traffic of today with driverless cars?Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving
vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which
encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead
of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public
transport—an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车)services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and
shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施)and operations 40% by 2050.
Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing
services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could
increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car-
controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems
designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can .
1.
A.help deal with transportation-related problems
B.provide better services to customers
C.cause damage to our environment
D.make some people lose jobs
2.As for driverless cars, what is the author's major concern?
A.Safety. B.Side effects.
C.Affordability. D.Management.
3.What does the underlined word“fielded”in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Employed. B.Replaced.
C.Shared. D.Reduced.
4.What is the author's attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A.Doubtful. B.Positive.
C.Disapproving. D.Sympathetic.
答案
1.A
2.D
3.A
4.B
Passage 11(2018江苏,B) 词数 322学生用书 P228
In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有)a special meat soup called consommé. Although the main attraction was the
soup, Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.
Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that influence what we eat:diners served
themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than
a white one, customers recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn't tell how much they'd had:those given extra-large shares ate more
than everyone else, but were none the wiser —they didn't feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.
Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food places, fine dining shops prefer customers
to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on some Mozart (莫扎特). When classical, rather than pop,
music was playing, diners spent more. Fast music hurried diners out. Particular scents also have an effect:diners who got the scent of lavender (薰衣草)
stayed longer and spent more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.
Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—“bad”tables, crowding, high prices—don't necessarily. Diners at bad tables—next
to the kitchen door, say—spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about
‘bad’tables,”given that they're profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation, suggesting great food at
fair prices. And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
The underlined phrase “none the wiser” in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the
1.
customers were .
A.not aware of eating more than usual
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B.not willing to share food with others
C.not conscious of the food quality
D.not fond of the food provided
2.How could a fine dining shop make more profit?
A.Playing classical music.
B.Introducing lemon scent.
C.Making the light brighter.
D.Using plates of larger size.
3.What does the last paragraph talk about?
A.Tips to attract more customers.
B.Problems restaurants are faced with.
C.Ways to improve restaurants' reputation.
D.Common misunderstandings about restaurants.
答案
1.A
2.A
3.D
Passage 12(2017天津,C) 词数 330学生用书 P229
This month, Germany's transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles(自主驾驶车辆). They would define
the driver's role in such cars and govern how such cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.
The proposal attempts to deal with what some call the“death valley”of autonomous vehicles:the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully
driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.
Dobrindt wants three things:that a car always chooses property(财产)damage over personal injury;that it never distinguishes between humans based on
age or race;and that if a human removes his or her hands from the driving wheel—to check email, say—the car's maker is responsible if there is a crash.
“The change to the road traffic law will permit fully automatic driving,”says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to
human drivers, he says.
Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers.“The liability(法律责任)issue is the
biggest one of them all,”says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.
An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human“be watchful and monitoring the road”at
every moment.
But that is not what many people have in mind when thinking of driverless cars.“When you say‘driverless cars’, people expect driverless
cars,”Merat says.“You know—no driver.”
Because of the confusion, Merat thinks some car makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.
Driverless cars may end up being a form of public transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is
happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.
That would go down poorly in the US, however.“The idea that the government would take over driverless cars and treat them as a public good
would get absolutely nowhere here,”says Calo.
What does the phrase“death valley”in Paragraph 2 refer to?
1.
A.A place where cars often break down.
B.A case where passing a law is impossible.
C.An area where no driving is permitted.
D.A situation where drivers' role is not clear.
2.The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to .
A.stop people from breaking traffic rules
B.help promote fully automatic driving
C.protect drivers of all ages and races
D.prevent serious property damage
3.What do consumers think of the operation of driverless cars?
A.It should get the attention of insurance companies.
B.It should be the main concern of law makers.
C.It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.
D.It should involve no human responsibility.
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4.Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in .
A.Singapore B.the UK
C.the US D.Germany
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.Autonomous Driving:Whose Liability?
B.Fully Automatic Cars:A New Breakthrough
C.Autonomous Vehicles:Driver Removed!
D.Driverless Cars:Root of Road Accidents
答案
1.D
2.B
3.D
4.C
5.A
Passage 13(2017江苏,D) 词数 690学生用书 P229
Old Problem, New Approaches
While clean energy is increasingly used in our daily life, global warming will
continue for some decades after CO emissions(排放) peak. So even if emissions were to
2
begin to decrease today, we would still face the challenge of adapting to climate change.
Here I will stress some smarter and more creative examples of climate adaptation.
When it comes to adaptation, it is important to understand that climate change is a
process. We are therefore not talking about adapting to a new standard, but to a
constantly shifting set of conditions. This is why, in part at least, the US National Climate
Assessment says that: “ There is no ‘ one-size fits all ’ adaptation. ”Nevertheless, there
are some actions that offer much and carry little risk or cost.
Around the world, people are adapting in surprising ways, especially in some poor
countries. Floods have become more damaging in Bangladesh in recent decades.
Mohammed Rezwan saw opportunity where others saw only disaster. His not-for-profit
organization runs 100 river boats that serve as floating libraries, schools, and health
clinics, and are equipped with solar panels and other communicating facilities. Rezwan is
creating floating connectivity(连接) to replace flooded roads and highways. But he is also
working at a far more fundamental level: his staff show people how to make floating
gardens and fish ponds to prevent starvation during the wet season.
Elsewhere in Asia even more astonishing actions are being taken. Chewang Norphel
lives in a mountainous region in India, where he is known as the Ice Man. The loss of
glaciers(冰川) there due to global warming represents an enormous threat to agriculture.
Without the glaciers, water will arrive in the rivers at times when it can damage crops.
Norphel's inspiration came from seeing the waste of water over winter, when it was not
needed. He directed the wasted water into shallow basins where it froze, and was stored
until the spring. His fields of ice supply perfectly timed irrigation(灌溉) water. Having
created nine such ice reserves, Norphel calculates that he has stored about 200,000m3 of
water. Climate change is a continuing process, so Norphel's ice reserves will not last
forever. Warming will overtake them. But he is providing a few years during which the
farmers will, perhaps, be able to find other means of adapting.
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Increasing Earth's reflectiveness can cool the planet. In southern Spain the sudden
increase of greenhouses(which reflect light back to space) has changed the warming trend
locally, and actually cooled the region. While Spain as a whole is heating up quickly,
temperatures near the greenhouses have decreased. This example should act as an
inspiration for all cities. By painting buildings white, cities may slow down the warming
process.
In Peru, local farmers around a mountain with a glacier that has already fallen victim
to climate change have begun painting the entire mountain peak white in the hope that
the added reflectiveness will restore the life-giving ice. The outcome is still far from
clear. But the World Bank has included the project on its list of “100 ideas to save the
planet”.
More ordinary forms of adaptation are happening everywhere. A friend of mine owns
an area of land in western Victoria. Over five generations the land has been too wet for
cropping. But during the past decade declining rainfall has allowed him to plant highly
profitable crops. Farmers in many countries are also adapting like this—either by growing
new produce, or by growing the same things differently. This is common sense. But some
suggestions for adapting are not. When the polluting industries argue that we've lost the
battle to control carbon pollution and have no choice but to adapt, it's a nonsense
designed to make the case for business as usual.
Human beings will continue to adapt to the changing climate in both ordinary and
astonishing ways. But the most sensible form of adaptation is surely to adapt our energy
systems to emit less carbon pollution. After all, if we adapt in that way, we may avoid
the need to change in so many others.
1.The underlined part in Paragraph 2 implies .
A.adaptation is an ever-changing process
B.the cost of adaptation varies with time
C.global warming affects adaptation forms
D.adaptation to climate change is challenging
2.What is special with regard to Rezwan's project?
A.The project receives government support.
B.Different organizations work with each other.
C.His organization makes the best of a bad situation.
D.The project connects flooded roads and highways.
3.What did the Ice Man do to reduce the effect of global warming?
A.Storing ice for future use.
B.Protecting the glaciers from melting.
C.Changing the irrigation time.
D.Postponing the melting of the glaciers.
4.What do we learn from the Peru example?
A.White paint is usually safe for buildings.
B.The global warming trend cannot be stopped.
C.This country is heating up too quickly.
D.Sunlight reflection may relieve global warming.
5.According to the author, polluting industries should .
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A.adapt to carbon pollution
B.plant highly profitable crops
C.leave carbon emission alone
D.fight against carbon pollution
6.What's the author's preferred solution to global warming?
A.Setting up a new standard.
B.Reducing carbon emission.
C.Adapting to climate change.
D.Monitoring polluting industries.
答案
1.A
2.C
3.A
4.D
5.D
6.B
C组 教师专用题组
Passage 1(2021天津春,B)
About five weeks ago, I noticed the skin of our pet lizard (蜥蜴) was growing
dusty.It worried me.I reported the strange surface on the skin of the lizard to my husband
and children the next morning. Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank with its
old skin flowing behind it.
I didn't think about it much until a morning last week when I knocked my favorite
teapot off the table. It burst into hundreds of pieces.As I swept up the mess, I wondered
why we had been breaking so many things over the months.
The destruction started three months ago.It was my husband's birthday.He had just
lost his job. The uncertainty was starting to wear us out, so I wanted to do something
special.
“Let's make a cake for Dad!” I cried.
My kids screamed with joy.We baked, iced and sprinkled for most of the day.Candles
on the cake! Balloons on the walls! Flowers on the table!
Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview, my
daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf.It fell and crashed beside the
cake.Tiny pieces of glass were everywhere.She sobbed loudly as I threw the cake
away.My husband had banana pudding for his birthday.
Three days ago, the light in our living room suddenly went out.After several
frustrating hours of unsuccessful attempts to fix it, my husband suggested watching the
Michael Jordan documentary (纪录片) series The Last Dance.
The poignancy (辛酸) of Jordan retiring from his beloved basketball to play baseball
and what had pushed him to make such a tough decision took me by surprise.As I
watched him take off his basketball uniform and replace it with a baseball uniform, I saw
him leaving behind the layer that no longer served him, just as our lizard had.Neither of
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them chose the moment that had transformed them.But they had to live with who they
were after everything was different.Just like us.I realized that we have to learn to leave
the past behind.
Humans do not shed skin (蜕皮) as easily as other animals.The beginning of change
is upsetting.The process is tiring.Damage changes us before we are ready.I see our lizard,
raw and nearly new.
Jordan said that no matter how it ends, it starts with hope.With our tender, hopeful
skin, that is where we begin.
1.What can we learn about the pet lizard from Paragraph 1?
A.Its tank grew dirty. B.Its old skin came off.
C.It got a skin disease. D.It went missing.
2.Why did the author's husband have banana pudding for his birthday?
A.The birthday cake was ruined.
B.The author made good puddings.
C.Pudding was his favorite dessert.
D.They couldn't afford a birthday cake.
3.Why does the author mention The Last Dance in the passage?
A.To prove a theory.
B.To define a concept.
C.To develop the theme.
D.To provide the background.
4.The underlined part “leaving behind the layer” in Paragraph 8 can be understood as
.
A.letting go of the past
B.looking for a new job
C.getting rid of a bad habit
D.giving up an opportunity
5.What does the author most likely want to tell us?
A.Love of family helps us survive great hardships.
B.It's not the end of the world if we break things.
C.We should move on no matter what happens.
D.Past experiences should be treasured.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文。主题语境是人与自我,主题语境内容为积极的生活态度。
本文讲述了作者的丈夫失业后,作者及其家人经历了一系列的不顺,直到作者通过观察蜥蜴的
蜕皮以及观看Michael Jordan的纪录片《最后的舞动》获得了启示:不管发生什么事,我们都
要继续前进。
1.B 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句 Seconds later, our lizard emerged from its tank
with its old skin flowing behind it.(几秒钟后,我们的蜥蜴从箱里出来,旧皮在后面飘动。)可
知蜥蜴在经历蜕皮过程。故选B。
2.A 推理判断题。根据第六段中的my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase... She
sobbed loudly as I threw the cake away.可知丈夫吃香蕉布丁的原因是生日蛋糕被毁了。
3.C 推理判断题。作者在文中提到The Last Dance是为了引出下文的感悟,故选C。
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4.A 词义猜测题。根据第八段最后一句话 I realized that we have to learn to leave the
past behind.(我意识到我们必须学会把过去抛在脑后。)可知选A。
5.C 推理判断题。这篇文章从开头提到蜥蜴蜕皮到观看乔丹的纪录片都是为了引出主题:
learn to leave the past behind。故选C(不管发生什么,我们都应该往前走)。
Passage 2(2021浙江1月,C)
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees
(黑猩猩)use to communicate.They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to
one another with a “vocabulary” of 66 gestures.The scientists discovered this by
following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000
incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of
intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom.Only humans and chimps,
she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to
another group member.
“That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures,” she said.“They're the only thing
that looks like human language in that respect.”
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex
information from another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices
intentionally to communicate messages.This was a significant difference between calls and
gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they
wish to communicate.In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby,
signalling:“Climb on me”. The youngster immediately jumps on to its mother's back and
they travel off together. “The big message from this study is that there is another
species (物种) out there that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to
humans,” said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said
the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human
language.But, she added, the results were “a little disappointing”.
“The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little
to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their
gestures and actions,” she said.“Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what
other animals convey with non-verbal communication.So, it seems the gulf remains.”
1.What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter?
A.Memorizing specific words.
B.Understanding complex information.
C.Using voices to communicate.
D.Communicating messages on purpose.
2.What did Dr Shultz think of the study?
A.It was well designed but poorly conducted.
B.It was a good try but the findings were limited.
C.It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D.It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.
3.What does the underlined word “gulf” in the last paragraph mean?
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A.Difference. B.Conflict.
C.Balance. D.Connection.
4.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A.Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B.Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C.Chimpanzees:the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D.Chimpanzee language:communication gestures translated
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。主题语境是人与自然,主题语境内容为人与动物。本文介
绍了科学家们通过跟踪和拍摄乌干达的黑猩猩群,发现了它们用手势交流,翻译出了它们用来
交流的手势的含义。
1.D 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system
of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.(她说,
只有人类和黑猩猩有一个交流系统,他们故意向另一个小组成员发送信息。)可知选D(有目
的地交流信息)。
2.B 推理判断题。根据第六段中的the study was praiseworthy 以及the results were “a
little disappointing”可知选B(这是一个很好的尝试,但研究结果有限)。
3.A 词义猜测题。根据画线单词前一句可知,黑猩猩的这些手势的含义不一定适用于其他
动物,存在不同之处。故选A。
4.D 主旨要义题。文章第一句已经点明文章主题:Researchers say they have translated the
meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees use to communicate.(研究人员表示,他们已经翻
译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含义。)。故选D。
难句分析 原句:The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps
have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in
their gestures and actions.
分析:本句中suggests后为宾语从句,从句中还存在either...or...引导的并列句。
译文:手势含义的模糊性表明,要么黑猩猩很少交流,要么我们仍然缺少它们手势和动作
中包含的大量信息。
Passage 3(2020 浙 江 ,B)The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue,
Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at
rush hour. At 9:30 am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By
9:33 am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37
am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals
changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system
that is gaining popularity around the US:intersection(十字路口)signals that can adjust in
real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to
significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being
addressed,”says Alex Stevanovie, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.
For all of Bellevue's success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed
roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation
Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others
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are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make
a meaningful difference. “It's not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some
benefits for smaller cities,”he says.
In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of
welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased
traffic:just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Department's
traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their
streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.
1.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Increased length of green lights.
B.Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C.Flexible timing of traffic signals.
D.Smooth traffic flow on the road.
2.What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals?
A.They work better on broad roads.
B.They should be used in other cities.
C.They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.
D.They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.
3.What can we learn from Bellevue's success?
A.It is rewarding to try new things.
B.The old methods still work today.
C.It pays to put theory into practice.
D.The simplest way is the best way.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。主题语境为人与社会,主题语境内容为技术创新。文章介
绍了一种自适应交通信号灯,这种信号灯的使用使一些城市交通拥堵的问题得到了巨大的改
善。本文旨在培养学生多渠道获得信息的能力。
1.C 猜测词义题。本题题干意为:第二段中的画线单词“that”指什么?该句对文章的第一、
二段起到承上启下的作用,因此that指文章第一段中所说的具体现象。根据文章第一段最后
一句“Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.”(信号灯的时间间隔就
像交通本身一样,一直在变化)可知,C选项符合题意。
2.D 细节理解题。本题题干意为:Kevin Balke对自适应交通信号灯怎么说?由题干中的
“Kevin Balke”和“adaptive signals”可以定位到文章第四段。根据第四段第二句中的
“while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed
that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful
difference”(虽然智能信号灯对一些城市尤其有利,但在其他交通拥堵非常严重的城市,只有
大幅减少道路上的汽车数量,才会产生有意义的改变)可知,自适应信号灯在严重拥堵的城市
发挥不了多大作用,故选择D项。
3.A 推理判断题。本题题干意为:我们可以从贝尔维尤的成功中了解什么?根据文章最后一
段第一句“In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of
welcoming new approaches.”(在贝尔维尤,换用自适应交通信号灯体现了接受新方法的价
值)可知,答案为A项(尝试新事物是值得的)。
高级词块 1.adaptive/əˈdæptɪv/ adj.适应的 2.address/əˈdres/ v.设法解决
长难句 These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both
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the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.这些被称为自适应信号的灯,已经
明显降低了往返于工作和家庭之间的麻烦和成本。
本句是一个简单句,其中known as adaptive signals为过去分词作主语These lights的定
语,谓语是have led to,宾语是significant declines...,in后面的宾语包含both...and...的并列结
构。
Passage 4(2017江苏,B)
Red-backed fairy wrens(鹪鹩),which live in northern and eastern Australia, lay three or four eggs at a time.
Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can
even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. But When it comes
to embryonic learning(胎教), birds could rule the roost . As recently reported in The
Auk:Ornithological Advances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even
before they hatch(孵化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mom's call within a few
days of entering the world.
This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist
at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb
fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their
eggs. When the eggs were hatched,the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers
—a sound that served as their regular“feed me!”call.
To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers
sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they
collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.
Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes. A
computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them
by similarity.
It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.
And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the
babies' begging calls. In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested
that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom's voice were rewarded with the
most food.
This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经
系统的)strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As
a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do you invest in children that are in
need?”Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”
1.The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means“ ”.
A.be the worst B.be the best
C.be just as bad D.be just as good
2.What are Kleindorfer's findings based on?
A.Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.
B.The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.
C.The data collected from Queensland's locals.
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D.Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.
3.Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which .
A.can receive quality signals
B.are in need of training
C.fit the environment better
D.make the loudest call
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇科普类说明文。我们都知道母亲在怀孕期间对小宝宝进行胎教,但
是你知道鸟类也会给自己还未孵化出的小宝宝进行胎教吗?请看澳大利亚生物学家的研究成
果吧。
1.B 猜测词义题。根据画线部分后面的描述:一些鸟类在小鸟孵化出来前就开始教它们唱
歌了,小鸟孵化出来后几天就能模仿自己母亲的叫声。由此推断出小鸟在这方面做得最棒,所
以答案为B项。
2.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中的最后一句话可知,他们把雏鸟的叫声和母亲的叫声进行
对比,根据相似度进行排名,由此可知他们的发现是以母亲和雏鸟叫声的相似度为依据的,所
以答案为A项。
3.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知答案为C项。
高考热词 distinguish vt.区分;辨别;分清 imitate vt.模仿 widespread adj. 分布广的;普遍
的;广泛的 identify vt.确认;认出;鉴定
长难句
原句:In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby
birds that most closely imitated their mom's voice were rewarded with the most food.
分析:本句为主从复合句。主句部分是 the team set up a separate experiment,第一个
that引导定语从句,修饰先行词experiment;第二个that引导宾语从句;第三个that引导定语从
句,修饰先行词the baby birds。
译文:此外,这个团队还设置了一个独立的实验。实验表明那些模仿母亲叫声最像的雏鸟
会被奖赏最多的食物。
Passage 5(2016课标全国Ⅰ,C)
I am Peter Hodes,a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, I've done 89 trips
—of those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞) in my little
box because I've got two ice packs and that's how long they last. In all, from the time
the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者)to the time they can be implanted in
the patient, we've got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.
I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up
the stem cells in Providence, Rhode Island, and was meant to fly to Washington then
back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the
desk said: “Well, I'm really sorry, I've got some bad news for you—there are no flights
from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:“In this box
are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patient—please, please, you've got to
get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a
flight on a small plane to be held for me, re-routed(改道)me through Newark and got me
back to the UK even earlier than originally scheduled.
For this courier job,you're consciously aware that in that box you've got something
that is potentially going to save somebody's life.
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1.Which of the following can replace the underlined word“courier”in Paragraph 1?
A.provider B.delivery man
C.collector D.medical doctor
2.Why does Peter have to complete his trip within 42 hours?
A.He cannot stay away from his job too long.
B.The donor can only wait for that long.
C.The operation needs that much time.
D.The ice won't last any longer.
3.Which flight did the woman put Peter on first?
A.To London. B.To Newark.
C.To Providence. D.To Washington.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了作为干细胞运送志愿者的Peter Hodes在
美国遇到飓风,航班被取消,后来得到帮助的经历。
1.B 猜测词义题。根据文章第一段可知从在捐献者身上取到干细胞到移植到病人身上最多
有72小时的时间,由此可判断作者是干细胞的运送者,故选B项。A、C、D三项和作者的递
送工作无任何关系,因此可排除。
2.D 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第三句可知作者有两个冰袋,而它们能持续的时间为42
小时,故选D项。A项意为“他不能离开工作太长时间”。B项意为“捐献者只能等那么长
时间”。C项意为“手术需要很长时间”。
3.B 细节理解题。根据文章第二段倒数第一句...re-routed me through Newark...可知选B
项。
高级词块 1.conscious/ˈkɒnʃəs/adj. 有意识的;有知觉的 2.aware/əˈweə(r)/adj.意识到的;明白
的
Passage 6(2016四川,B)
If you could have one superpower, what would it be?
Dreaming about whether you would want to read minds, see through walls, or have
superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what really
matters in your life .
Every day in our work, we are inspired by the people we meet doing extraordinary
things to improve the world.
They have a different kind of superpower that all of us possess: the power to make
a difference in the lives of others.
We're not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor. Your lives
are busy enough doing homework, playing sports, making friends, seeking after your
dreams. But we do think that you can live a more powerful life when you devote some
of your time and energy to something much larger than yourself. Find an issue you are
interested in and learn more. Volunteer or, if you can, contribute a little money to a
cause. Whatever you do, don't be a bystander. Get involved. You may have the
opportunity to make your biggest difference when you're older. But why not start now?
Our own experience working together on health, development, and energy the last
twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives. It has changed who
we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest
people will improve in the years ahead.
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1.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Your life style.
B.Your life value.
C.Your trouble in life.
D.Your life experience.
2.Why does the author say they are inspired every day?
A.They possess different kinds of superpowers.
B.They have got the power to change the world.
C.Some people around them are making the world better.
D.There are many powerful people in their life and work.
3.What does the author stress in Paragraph 5?
A.Learning more and contributing more to a cause.
B.Rising above self and acting to help others.
C.Working hard to get a bigger opportunity.
D.Trying your best to help the poor.
4.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A.The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.
B.Much more progress will be made in the near future.
C.The work on health is the most valuable experience.
D.People's efforts have been materially rewarded.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文通过提问“你想拥有什么超能力”来展开叙述。每个人都拥有改变他人
生活的能力,我们不应该做生活的旁观者,而应该尽可能地帮助他人,使世界变得更加美好,这
也将成为我们生活中最具价值的体验。
1.B 猜测词义题。根据上文可知,幻想着自己是否拥有读心术、透视眼或拥有超人的力量
可能听起来很愚蠢,但实际上这会让你了解生命中真正重要的东西是什么,即生命的价值。故
答案选B。
2.C 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“by the people we meet doing extraordinary things to
improve the world”可知,我们被那些做出非凡事情来使世界变得更加美好的人所鼓舞。B
项为干扰项,change the world与原文不符,故答案选C。
3.B 推理判断题。根据文章第五段第三句可知作者强调当你将自己的一些时间和精力投入
到超出自我的事情中时,你会生活得更加强大。故选 B。A项中contributing more to a
cause与原文中的contribute a little money to a cause不符。C项曲解文意。D项“Trying
your best to help the poor.”与原文中“ We're not saying that everyone needs to
contribute their lives to the poor.”矛盾。
4.A 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句可知,我们对世界贫困人们的生活在未来几年将会改
善保持乐观。故选A。B项中Much more progress范围过大。C项中the most valuable
experience与原文不符。D项“人们的努力得到了物质上的奖励”在原文中未提及。
高级词块 1.extraordinary/ɪkˈstrɔːdnri/adj.非凡的,特别的
2.bystander/ˈbaɪstændə(r)/n.旁观者 3.get involved参与
Passage 7(2016天津,C)
When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had
him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when
John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job
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satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier.
These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys
from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and
more productive lives than those who had not. “Boys who worked in the home or
community gained competence(能力)and came to feel they were worthwhile members of
society,”said George Vaillant, the psychologist(心理学家)who made the discovery. “And
because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.”
Vaillant's study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages
25, 31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men's mental-health scores
with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework,
effort in school, and ability to deal with problems.
The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults
was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as
likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be
well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found
that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys
turned out.
Working— at any age— is important. Childhood activities help a child develop
responsibility, independence, confidence and competence— the underpinnings( 基 础 )of
emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work
toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this.
Yet work isn't everything. As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this
world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and
to love one's work.”
1.What do we know about John?
A.He enjoyed his career and marriage.
B.He had few childhood playmates.
C.He received little love from his family.
D.He was envied by others in his childhood.
2.Vaillant's words in Paragraph 2 serve as .
A.a description of personal values and social values
B.an analysis of how work was related to competence
C.an example for parents' expectations of their children
D.an explanation why some boys grew into happy men
3.Vaillant's team obtained their findings by .
A.recording the boys' effort in school
B.evaluating the men's mental health
C.comparing different sets of scores
D.measuring the men's problem-solving ability
4.What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4?
A.Quick to react. B.Having a thin edge.
C.Clear and definite. D.Sudden and rapid.
5.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A.Competent adults know more about love than work.
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B.Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.
C.Love brings more joy to people than work does.
D.Independence is the key to one's success.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。题材为社会生活类。一项跟踪调查表明那些在青少年时
期就从事过各种劳动和做过各种工作的人,成年后在生活的各个方面——婚姻、家庭、事业、
身心健康——都会比那些没有做过这些工作的人更幸福、更成功。
1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段倒数第三句话“他的工作满意度更高、婚姻更幸福、身体更
健康”可知他享受自己的事业和家庭,答案为A项。
2.D 推理判断题。那些在社区或者在家中工作过的男孩会获得能力,也会逐渐感觉到自己
是社会中有价值的一员。由此可以推断出这里实际上是解释了为什么有的男孩会成长为更
幸福的成年人。所以答案为D项。
3.C 细节理解题。根据第三段可知:研究人员对比了年龄在25、31和47岁的人在心理健康
方面的得分和童年活动方面的得分。所以答案为C项。
4.C 猜测词义题。画线单词后面用具体的数据对比了少年时期做过工作的人与那些没有做
过工作的人在成年后的情况。由这些数据可知这种联系还是非常清晰的,所以答案为C项。
5.B 推理判断题。根据该段可知,责任、独立、自信和能力都是情感健康的基础,那些最有
能力的成年人懂得如何去做到这一点。由此推断出答案为B项。
高 级 词 块 1.deliver/dɪˈlɪvə(r)/v. 传 送 , 递 送 2.well off 富 裕 的 , 境 况 良 好 的
3.cooperate/kəʊˈɒpəreɪt/v. 合作,配合
Passage 8(2016课标全国Ⅱ,B)
Five years ago, when I taught art at a school in Seattle, I used Tinkertoys as a test
at the beginning of a term to find out something about my students. I put a small set of
Tinkertoys in front of each student, and said:“Make something out of the Tinkertoys. You
have 45 minutes today—and 45 minutes each day for the rest of the week.”
A few students hesitated to start. They waited to see what the rest of the class
would do. Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one
of the model plans provided.Another group built something out of their own imaginations.
Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time.His
constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home.
I was delighted at the presence of such a student. Here was an exceptionally creative
mind at work. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class
whose creativity would infect(感染)other students.
Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those
students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare,“But I'm
just not creative.”
“Do you dream at night when you're asleep?”
“Oh,sure.”
“So tell me one of your most interesting dreams.”The student would tell something
wildly imaginative. Flying in the sky or in a time machine or growing three
heads.“That's pretty creative. Who does that for you?”
“Nobody. I do it.”
“Really—at night, when you're asleep?”
“Sure.”
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“Try doing it in the daytime, in class, okay?”
1.The teacher used Tinkertoys in class in order to .
A.know more about the students
B.make the lessons more exciting
C.raise the students' interest in art
D.teach the students about toy design
2.What do we know about the boy mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A.He liked to help his teacher.
B.He preferred to study alone.
C.He was active in class.
D.He was imaginative.
3.What does the underlined word“downside”in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Mistake. B.Drawback.
C.Difficulty. D.Burden.
4.Why did the teacher ask the students to talk about their dreams?
A.To help them to see their creativity.
B.To find out about their sleeping habits.
C.To help them to improve their memory.
D.To find out about their ways of thinking.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述作者在西雅图一所学校教学的时候为了更
好地了解学生进行了一次小测试,并且有了新的发现。
1.A 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句中的 I used Tinkertoys as a test at the
beginning of a term to find out something about my students可知,作者在学期开始使用
Tinkertoys作为测试是为了了解学生的一些情况,由此判断A项符合题意。
2.D 推理判断题。根据文章第三段第四句 Here was an exceptionally creative mind at
work.可知,这个孩子在他的作品上极有创造力,由此判断他是有想象力的,故选D项。
3.B 猜测词义题。根据文章第四段第二句可知,作者鼓励这种思维就有失去那些有不同风
格的思维的学生的危险,因此可判断这种行为有不利的方面,故选择B项。
4.A 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句中的Try doing it in the daytime可知,作者要孩子们
在白天尝试梦中的想法,由此判断作者让孩子们说出自己的梦的真正目的是让孩子们看到自
己的创造性,故选A项。
Passage 9(2016课标全国Ⅲ,B)
On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a
couple of New York friends out to dinner. They settled in at a comfortable East Side cafe
and within minutes, another customer was approaching their table.
“Hey, aren't you from Mississippi?”the elegant, white-haired writer remembered
being asked by the stranger.“I'm from Mississippi too.”
Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner
partner showed up, she also pulled up a chair.
“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi,”Welty said.“I didn't know
what my New York friends were thinking.”
Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine. By the time the group got
up to leave, it was pouring outside. Welty's new friends immediately sent a waiter to find
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a cab. Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big-city friends were amazed at the
turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团
聚).
“My friend said:‘Now we believe your stories,’”Welty added.“And I said:‘Now
you know. These are the people that make me write them.’”
Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked
pleased with this explanation.
“I don't make them up,”she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so
years.“I don't have to.”
Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty's people
come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of
her native Jackson, Miss., from conversations overheard on a bus. It annoys Welty that, at
78, her left ear has now given out. Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only
a fragment(片断)of a particularly interesting story.
1.What happened when Welty was with her friends at the cafe?
A.Two strangers joined her.
B.Her childhood friends came in.
C.A heavy rain ruined the dinner.
D.Some people held a party there.
2.The underlined word“them”in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty's .
A.readers B.parties C.friends D.stories
3.What can we learn about the characters in Welty's fiction?
A.They live in big cities. B.They are mostly women.
C.They come from real life. D.They are pleasure seekers.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,讲述了美国著名女作家Eudora Welty 在纽约旅游时的一次经历。
她让朋友相信了她小说中的人物都来源于真实的生活。她善于和各种人交往,从而使她的小
说真实、生动。
1.A 细节理解题。根据文章第三段...the woman joined the Welty party. When her dinner
partner showed up...可以得知选A。干扰项为C项,虽然有大雨,但是没有破坏他们的晚餐,所
以排除C选项。
2.D 猜测词义题。根据上文中的Now we believe your stories可以推断出选D。
3.C 推理判断题。根据第八段中的I don't make them up和最后一段,可以推断出她的小说
中的人物来自真实的生活。
Passage 10(2016四川,C)
In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain unusual groups of
indigenous(土著的)people. Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and
their own social customs. And yet, people in this area are in fact French citizens because
it has been a colony(殖民地)of the French Republic since 1946. In theory, they should
live by the French law. However, their remote locations mean that the French law is often
ignored or unknown, thus making them into an interesting area of “lawlessness”in the
world.
The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the efforts of a
Frenchman from Paris called Gin. Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most
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remote corners of this area, which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest, with half its
population of only 250,000 living in its capital, Cayenne.
“I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and
off for almost ten years,”says Gin.“I've been able to keep firm friendships with them.
Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I don't see it as a
lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”
“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized
life,”continues Gin.“I prefer to work in black and white, which allows me to show
different specific worlds more clearly.”
His black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time. These pictures show
people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for. These local citizens
now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle
offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state
welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.
1.Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French Guiana?
A.They seldom follow the French law.
B.They often ignore the Guianese law.
C.They are separated from the modern world.
D.They are both Guianese and French citizens.
2.Gin introduces the special world of the indigenous Guianese as .
A.a tour guide B.a geographer
C.a film director D.a photographer
3.What is Gin's attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?
A.Cautious. B.Doubtful.
C.Uninterested. D.Appreciative.
4.What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to?
A.The modern French lifestyle.
B.The self-supporting hunting.
C.The uncivilized world.
D.The French Republic.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇记叙文,题材为社会生活类。在远离法国本土的圭亚那的热带雨林
深处还有一些法属土著居民。一个巴黎人用自己的黑白镜头记录下了这个部落的人们的自
由生活。
1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own
laws and their own social customs.(让人惊讶的是,这些人很大程度上根据他们自己的法律
和社会习俗生活。)”可推知,他们很少遵守法国法律,故答案为A项。
2.D 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段中的a photographic record可知Gin是以一个摄影
师的身份来向人们介绍这些土著居民的,故答案为D项。A项:一个导游;B项:一个地理学家;
C项:一位电影导演。
3.D 推理判断题。根据第三段中的描述“我看到的不是一个目无法律的世界,而是一片自
由的乐土。”可推断出摄影师Gin是非常喜欢这个部落的生活的。所以答案为 D项。
cautious小心的,谨慎的;doubtful怀疑的,不确定的;uninterested不感兴趣的;appreciative 欣赏
的,感激的。
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4.A 猜测词义题。which引导的是非限制性定语从句,该从句的意思是:伴随着这种生活方式
不但带来了必要的国家福利,而且也带来了酗酒、背叛甚至还带来了自杀。由此推断出画线
的it指的是现代的法国生活方式,所以答案为A项。B项:自给自足的狩猎方式;C项:未开化
的世界;D项:法兰西共和国。
Passage 11(2015课标全国Ⅰ,C)
Salvador Dali(1904— 1989)was one of the most popular of modern artists.The
Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his
powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200
paintings,sculptures,drawings and more.Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the
visitor will find the best pieces,most importantly The Persistence of Memory.There is also
L'Enigme sans Fin from 1938,works on paper,objects,and projects for stage and screen and
selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist's showman qualities.
The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the
beginning,the world of birth.The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the
visitor exiting through the brain.
The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities(无限).“From
the infinity small to the infinity large,contraction and expansion coming in and out of
focus:amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in
his museum-theatre in Figueras,”explains the Pompidou Centre.
The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration(合作)with the
Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid,Spain,and with contributions from other institutions
like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg,Florida.
1.Which of the following best describes Dali according to Paragraph 1?
A.Optimistic. B.Productive.
C.Generous. D.Traditional.
2.What is Dali's The Persistence of Memory considered to be?
A.One of his masterworks.
B.A successful screen adaptation.
C.An artistic creation for the stage.
D.One of the best TV programmes.
3.How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali?
A.By popularity. B.By importance.
C.By size and shape. D.By time and subject.
4.What does the word“contributions”in the last paragraph refer to?
A.Artworks. B.Projects. C.Donations. D.Documents.
答案
[语篇解读] Salvador Dali是最著名的现代艺术家之一,为了对他表示尊敬和钦佩,巴黎
Pompidou中心组织了一次他的作品展。
1.B 推理判断题。根据第一段第二句中的 with an exhibition bringing together over 200
paintings,sculptures,drawings and more可知展览的作品种类繁多,由此可推断出 Dali是个
“多产的”艺术家。
2.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the
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visitor will find the best pieces,most importantly The Persistence of Memory.可知A项正确。
3.D 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句The exhibition follows a path of time and subject...
可知D项正确。
4.A 猜测词义题。最后一段指出,展出的优秀作品是与其他博物馆合作准备的,包括来自
St.Petersburg的Salvador Dali博物馆的艺术品,故选A项。
高级词块 ①bring together把......收集起来 ②infinity small无穷小
Passage 12(2015课标全国Ⅱ,A)
My color television has given me nothing but a headache.I was able to buy it a little
over a year ago because I had my relatives give me money for my birthday instead of a
lot of clothes that wouldn't fit.I let a salesclerk fool me into buying a discontinued
model.I realized this a day later,when I saw newspaper advertisements for the set at
seventy-five dollars less than I had paid.The set worked so beautifully when I first got it
home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night.Fortunately,I didn't get
any channels showing all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.
Then I started developing a problem with the set that involved static(静电)noise.For
some reason,when certain shows switched into a commercial,a loud noise would sound for
a few seconds.Gradually,this noise began to appear during a show,and to get rid of it,I
had to change to another channel and then change it back.Sometimes this technique would
not work,and I had to pick up the set and shake it to remove the sound.I actually began
to build up my arm muscles(肌肉)shaking my set.
When neither of these methods removed the static noise,I would sit helplessly and
wait for the noise to go away.At last I ended up hitting the set with my fist,and it
stopped working altogether.My trip to the repair shop cost me $62,and the set is working
well now,but I keep expecting more trouble.
1.Why did the author say he was fooled into buying the TV set?
A.He got an older model than he had expected.
B.He couldn't return it when it was broken.
C.He could have bought it at a lower price.
D.He failed to find any movie shows on it.
2.Which of the following can best replace the phrase“signed off”in Paragraph 1?
A.ended all their programs
B.provided fewer channels
C.changed to commercials
D.showed all-night movies
3.How did the author finally get his TV set working again?
A.By shaking and hitting it.
B.By turning it on and off.
C.By switching channels.
D.By having it repaired.
4.How does the author sound when telling the story?
A.Curious. B.Anxious. C.Cautious. D.Humorous.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文作者以幽默的口吻介绍了自己购买彩电后遇到的种种麻烦。
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1.C 推理判断题。根据第一段中“I realized this a day later...at seventy-five dollars less
than I had paid.”可知,作者之所以认为被愚弄买了电视机,是因为一天后他在看报纸的广告
时得知自己多花了75美元。故选C。
2.A 猜测词义题。根据第一段最后一句“Fortunately,I didn't get any channels showing
all-night movies or I would never have gotten to bed.”可知,画线短语的意思为“结束所
有的电视节目”。故选A。
3.D 细节理解题。根据文章最后一句话可知,最后作者不得不到维修店去修理电视机,让其
重新工作。故选D。
本题虽然属于细节理解题,但如果考生不注意审题,未抓住“finally”和“get his TV
set working again”这两处关键内容,则容易误选A。
4.D 推理判断题。根据文章中多处细节及最后一句中“but I keep expecting more
trouble”可判断作者以幽默的口吻叙述了自己购买彩电后遇到的种种麻烦。故选D。
Passage 13(2015北京,C)
Life in the Clear
Transparent animals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes
through a window.These animals typically live between the surface of the ocean and a
depth of about 3,300 feet—as far as most light can reach.Most of them are extremely
delicate and can be damaged by a simple touch.Sonke Johnsen,a scientist in
biology,says,“These animals live through their life alone.They never touch anything unless
they're eating it,or unless something is eating them.”
And they are as clear as glass.How does an animal become see-through? It's trickier
than you might think.
The objects around you are visible because they interact with light.Light typically
travels in a straight line.But some materials slow and scatter(散射) light,bouncing it away
from its original path.Others absorb light,stopping it dead in its tracks.Both scattering and
absorption make an object look different from other objects around it,so you can see it
easily.
But a transparent object doesn't absorb or scatter light,at least not very much.Light
can pass through it without bending or stopping.That means a transparent object doesn't
look very different from the surrounding air or water.You don't see it—you see the things
behind it.
To become transparent,an animal needs to keep its body from absorbing or scattering
light.Living materials can stop light because they contain pigments(色素) that absorb
specific colors of light.But a transparent animal doesn't have pigments,so its tissues won't
absorb light.According to Johnsen,avoiding absorption is actually easy.The real challenge is
preventing light from scattering.
Animals are built of many different materials—skin,fat,and more—and light moves
through each at a different speed.Every time light moves into a material with a new
speed,it bends and scatters.Transparent animals use different tricks to fight scattering.Some
animals are simply very small or extremely flat.Without much tissue to scatter light,it is
easier to be see-through.Others build a large,clear mass of non-living jelly-like(果冻状
的)material and spread themselves over it.
Larger transparent animals have the biggest challenge,because they have to make all
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the different tissues in their bodies slow down light exactly as much as water does.They
need to look uniform.But how they're doing it is still unknown.One thing is clear:for these
larger animals,staying transparent is an active process.When they die,they turn a non-
transparent milky white.
1.According to Paragraph 1, transparent animals .
A.stay in groups
B.can be easily damaged
C.appear only in deep ocean
D.are beautiful creatures
2.The underlined word“dead” in Paragraph 3 means .
A.silently B.gradually C.regularly D.completely
3.One way for an animal to become transparent is to .
A.change the direction of light travel
B.gather materials to scatter light
C.avoid the absorption of light
D.grow bigger to stop light
4.The last paragraph tells us that larger transparent animals .
A.move more slowly in deep water
B.stay see-through even after death
C.produce more tissues for their survival
D.take effective action to reduce light spreading
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,介绍了如玻璃般透明的动物。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段第三句可知B项正确。
2.D 猜测词义题。由Others absorb light可知是完全阻挡了光线的传播。
3.C 推理判断题。由第五段第一句可知C项正确。
4.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句话可知D项正确。
Passage 14(2015浙江,D)
In 2004,when my daughter Becky was ten,she and my husband,Joe,were united in
their desire for a dog.As for me,I shared none of their canine lust.
But why,they pleaded.“Because I don't have time to take care of a dog.”But we'll
do it.“Really?You're going to walk the dog?Feed the dog?Bathe the dog?”Yes,yes,and
yes.“I don't believe you.”We will.We promise.
They didn't.From day two(everyone wanted to walk the cute puppy that first
day),neither thought to walk the dog.While I was slow to accept that I would be the one
to keep track of her shots,to schedule her vet appointments,to feed and clean her,Misty
knew this on day one.As she looked up at the three new humans in her
life(small,medium,and large),she calculated, “ The medium one is the sucker in the pack . ”
Quickly,she and I developed something very similar to a Vulcan mind meld(心灵融合).
She'd look at me with those sad brown eyes of hers,beam her need, and then wait,trusting
I would understand—which,strangely,I almost always did.In no time,she became my fifth
appendage(附肢),snoring on my home-office couch as I worked,cradling against my feet as
I read,and splaying across my stomach as I watched television.
Even so,part of me continued to resent walking duty.Joe and Becky had promised.Not
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fair,I'd balk(不心甘情愿地做)silently as she and I walked.“Not fair,”I'd loudly remind
anyone within earshot upon our return home.
Then one day— January 1,2007,to be exact— my husband's doctor uttered an
unthinkable word:leukemia(白血病).With that, I spent eight to ten hours a day with Joe in
the hospital,doing anything and everything I could to ease his discomfort.During those six
months of hospitalizations,Becky,12 at the time,adjusted to other adults being in the house
when she returned from school.My work colleagues adjusted to my taking off at a
moment's notice for medical emergencies.Every part of my life changed;no part of my old
routine remained.
Save one:Misty still needed walking.At the beginning,when friends offered to take her
through her paces,I declined because I knew they had their own households to deal with.
As the months went by,I began to realize that I actually wanted to walk Misty.The
walk in the morning before I headed to the hospital was a quiet,peaceful time to gather
my thoughts or to just be before the day's medical drama unfolded.The evening walk was
a time to shake off the day's upsets and let the worry tracks in my head go to white
noise.
When serious illness visits your household,it's not just your daily routine and your
assumptions about the future that are no longer familiar.Pretty much everyone you know
acts differently.
Not Misty.Take her for a walk,and she had no interest in Joe's blood counts or bone
marrow test results.On the street or in the park,she had only one thing on her
mind:squirrels!She was so joyous that even on the worst days,she could make me smile.On
a daily basis,she reminded me that life goes on.
After Joe died in 2009,Misty slept on his pillow.
I'm grateful—to a point.The truth is,after years of balking,I've come to enjoy my
walks with Misty.As I watch her chase after a squirrel,throwing her whole being into the
here-and-now of an exercise that has never once ended in victory,she reminds me,too,that
no matter how harsh the present or unpredictable the future,there's almost always some
measure of joy to be extracted from the moment.
1.Why didn't the writer agree to raise a dog at the beginning of the story?
A.She was afraid the dog would get the family into trouble.
B.It would be her business to take care of the dog.
C.Her husband and daughter were united as one.
D.She didn't want to spoil her daughter.
2.Which of the following is the closest in meaning to“The medium one is the sucker in
the pack.”(Paragraph 3)?
A.“The middle-aged person loves me most.”
B.“The medium-sized woman is the hostess.”
C.“The man in the middle is the one who has the final say.”
D.“The woman is the kind and trustworthy one in the family.”
3.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that .
A.Misty was quite clever
B.Misty could solve math problems
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C.the writer was a slow learner
D.no one walked Misty the first day
4.The story came to its turning point when .
A.Joe died in 2009
B.Joe fell ill in 2007
C.the writer began to walk the dog
D.the dog tried to please the writer
5.Why did the writer continue to walk Misty while Joe was in hospital?
A.Misty couldn't live without her.
B.Her friends didn't offer any help.
C.The walk provided her with spiritual comfort.
D.She didn't want Misty to be others' companion.
6.What is the message the writer wants to convey in the passage?
A.One should learn to enjoy hard times.
B.A disaster can change everything in life.
C.Moments of joy suggest that there is still hope ahead.
D.People will change their attitude toward you when you are in difficulty.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,题材为个人情感类。文章叙述了作者的丈夫和女儿有一个共同
的愿望——养一只宠物狗。不过作者的丈夫和女儿在第一天照顾宠物狗之后,照顾它的担子
就落到了作者身上。后来作者的丈夫患白血病,在人生最困难的日子,Misty的陪伴给了作者
心灵的安慰。
1.B 推理判断题。在文章第二段中作者的丈夫和女儿乞求作者让他们养一只宠物狗。作者
讲到因为自己没有时间照顾宠物狗。由此可推断作者不同意养狗的原因为B项。
2.D 猜测词义题。根据第三段最后一句与后文的描述可知此题答案为D。
3.A 推理判断题。根据第三段第三句与第四句可知A项为正确答案。
4.B 细节理解题。根据第六段第一句和最后一句可知答案为B。
5.C 推理判断题。根据倒数第五段可知选C。
6.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句可知C项为正确答案。
Passage 15(2015重庆,D)
There are many places to go on safari(观赏野生动物)in Africa,but riding a horse
through the flooded waters of Botswana's Okavango Delta must rank as one of the world's
most exciting wildlife journeys.
Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure,providing unique rides
twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses,professional
guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding
experience.
The morning ride,when the guides take you to beautiful,shallow lakes full of water
lilies,tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows
forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water
bouncing off your body and face,it is truly exciting.You are very likely to come across
large wild animals,too.On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants,giraffes
and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though,as
does your heart rate,as you move closer to them.
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In the evening,rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace,with golden
light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate
though they are,rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the sun's rays pass
through the dust kicked up by the horses,the romance of Africa comes to life.
Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and
wine.Looking back on your day,you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as
close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.
1.What does the underlined word“They”refer to?
A.Flooded waters. B.Wildlife journeys.
C.Safari camps. D.Unique rides.
2.What does the author find most exciting about a horseback safari?
A.Seeing and feeling the real African life.
B.Enjoying good food and wine at the camp.
C.Hunting large animals just as our ancestors did.
D.Being part of the scene and getting close to animals.
3.What does the underlined word“Sedate”probably mean?
A.Wild and romantic. B.Slow and peaceful.
C.Hungry and thirsty. D.Active and excited.
4.The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by .
A.following space order B.following time order
C.making classifications D.giving examples
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为观光旅游类。走进非洲,那里有很多可以观赏野生动物的
地方。
1.C 猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的 Several safari camps operate as the base for this
adventure...和 The camps have excellent horses...可以推知,“They”在这里指的是 safari
camps。故选C项。
2.D 细节理解题。根据文章第三段的描述可知,融入风景、接近动物是作者认为的观赏中
最令人激动的事情。
3.B 猜测词义题。根据文章倒数第二段第一句 In the evening,rides are usually at a more
relaxed and unhurried pace...和第二句Sedate though they are...可以推知选B项。
4.B 推理判断题。作者按照时间顺序The morning ride;In the evening;Back at the camp
来进行说明。故选B项。
Passage 16(2015四川,D)
Their cheery song brightens many a winter's day.But robins are in danger of wearing
themselves out by singing too much.Robins are singing all night—as well as during the
day,British-based researchers say.
David Dominoni,of Glasgow University,said that light from street lamps,takeaway signs
and homes is affecting the birds' biological clocks,leading to them being wide awake when
they should be asleep.
Dr Dominoni,who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping
patterns,said lack of sleep could put the birds' health at risk.His study shows that when
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robins are exposed to light at night in the lab,it leads to some genes being active at the
wrong time of day.And the more birds are exposed to light,the more active they are at
night.
He told people at a conference,“There have been a couple of studies suggesting they
are increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing.Singing
is a costly behaviour and it takes energy.So by increasing their song output,there might be
some costs of energy.”
And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light.Blackbirds and
seagulls are also being more nocturnal.Dr Dominoni said,“In Glasgow where I live,gulls
are a serious problem.I have people coming to me saying‘You are the bird expert.Can
you help us kill these gulls?’ .During the breeding( 繁 殖 )season,between April and
June,they are very active at night and very noisy and people can't sleep.”
Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution,other research concluded that
robins living in noisy cities have started to sing at night to make themselves heard over
loud noise.
However,some birds thrive( 兴 旺 )in noisy environments.A study from California
Polytechnic University found more hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial
machinery.It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敌)fleeing to quieter
areas.
1.According to Dr Dominoni's study, what causes robins to sing so much?
A.The breeding season.
B.The light in modern life.
C.The dangerous environment.
D.The noise from heavy machinery.
2.What is the researchers' concern over the increase of birds' song output?
A.The environment might be polluted.
B.The birds' health might be damaged.
C.The industry cost might be increased.
D.The people's hearing might be affected.
3.What does the underlined word“nocturnal”in Paragraph 5 mean?
A.Active at night. B.Inactive at night.
C.Active during the day. D.Inactive during the day.
4.Why do some birds thrive in noisy environments?
A.Because there are fewer dangers.
B.Because there is more food to eat.
C.Because there is less light pollution.
D.Because there are more places to take shelter.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为环境保护类。文章主要通过描述知更鸟在人类社会的光
污染下昼夜歌唱,造成体力的严重消耗和睡眠缺乏,这对其寿命构成威胁,也影响到人类的睡
眠环境。我们呼吁社会:给鸟类一个天堂,还人类一份宁静。
1.B 细节理解题。由文章第二段中“light from street lamps, takeaway signs and homes is
affecting the birds' biological clocks, leading to them being wide awake when they should
be asleep”和第三段最后一句And the more birds are exposed to light, the more active
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they are at night.可知答案。
2.B 细节理解题。由文章第三段第一句 Dr Dominoni, who is putting cameras inside
nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns, said lack of sleep could put the birds' health at
risk.可知答案。
3.A 猜测词义题。由上文可知,知更鸟受到人造灯光的干扰而无法入睡。根据not just和
also的提示,再根据信息句“During the breeding season, between April and June, they are
very active at night and very noisy and people can't sleep.”可知,画线词表示“夜间活动
的”。故A项正确。
4.A 推理判断题。 由文章最后一段最后一句“It is thought that they are capitalising on
their predators fleeing to quieter areas.”可知,一些鸟类在嘈杂的环境下兴旺是因为面临的
危险少了。故A项正确。
Passage 17(2015陕西,D)
Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their
school grades.Other forms of parental involvement ,including volunteering at school and
observing a child's class,also fail to help,according to the most recent study on the topic.
The findings challenge a key principle of modern parenting(养育子女)where schools
expect them to act as partners in their children's education.Previous generations
concentrated on getting children to school on time,fed,dressed and ready to learn.
Keith Robinson,the author of the study,said,“I really don't know if the public is
ready for this but there are some ways parents can be involved in their kids' education
that leads to declines in their academic performance.One of the things that was
consistently negative was parents' help with homework.”Robinson suggested that may be
because parents themselves struggle to understand the tasks.“ They may either not
remember the material their kids are studying now,or in some cases never learnt it
themselves,but they're still offering advice.”
Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most
damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks.In
general,about 20% of parental involvement was positive,about 45% negative and the rest
statistically insignificant.
Common sense suggests it was a good thing for parents to get involved
because“ children with good academic success do have involved parents” ,admitted
Robinson.But he argued that this did not prove parental involvement was the root cause
of that success.“A big surprise was that Asian-American parents whose kids are doing so
well in school hardly involved.They took a more reasonable approach,conveying to their
children how success at school could improve their lives.”
1.The underlined expression“parental involvement”in Paragraph 1 probably means .
A.parents' expectation on children's health
B.parents' participation in children's education
C.parents' control over children's life
D.parents' plan for children' future
2.What is the major finding of Robinson's study?
A.Modern parents raise children in a more scientific way.
B.Punishing kids for bad marks is mentally damaging.
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C.Parental involvement is not so beneficial as expected.
D.Parents are not able to help with children's homework.
3.The example of Asian-American parents implies that parents should .
A.help children realize the importance of schooling
B.set a specific life goal for their children
C.spend more time improving their own lives
D.take a more active part in school management
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文,题材为学校教育类。主要对父母参与孩子的学习活动所产生的
影响进行了论述。
1.B 猜测词义题。根据第一段中的关键信息“父母帮助孩子做作业”和“Other forms”可
推测画线短语应是“父母参与孩子的学习活动”这一含义。故选B。
2.C 细节理解题。通读全文可知,Robinson的研究发现:父母参与孩子的学习活动并没有像
原先认为的那样起作用。故选C。
3.A 推理判断题。最后一段第二句话Robinson提出自己的观点:父母参与孩子的学习活动
不是他们获得成功的根本原因。然后列举了亚裔美国人几乎不直接参与孩子学习活动的例
子来证明自己的观点。亚裔美国人主要是让孩子意识到学业的成功对他们改善未来生活的
重要性。故选A。
Passage 18(2015江苏,D)
Freedom and Responsibility
Freedom's challenge in the Digital Age is a serious topic.We are facing today a
strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
Some 2,500 years ago Greece discovered freedom.Before that there was no
freedom.There were great civilizations,splendid empires,but no freedom anywhere.Egypt and
Babylon were both tyrannies,one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses.
In Greece,in Athens(雅典),a little city in a little country,there were no helpless
masses.And Athenians willingly obeyed the written laws which they themselves passed,and
the unwritten,which must be obeyed if free men live together.They must show each other
kindness and pity and the many qualities without which life would be very painful unless
one chose to live alone in the desert.The Athenians never thought that a man was free if
he could do what he wanted.A man was free if he was self-controlled.To make yourself
obey what you approved was freedom.They were saved from looking at their lives as
their own private affair.Each one felt responsible for the welfare of Athens,not because it
was forced on him from the outside,but because the city was his pride and his safety.The
essential belief of the first free government in the world was liberty for all men who
could control themselves and would take responsibility for the state.
But discovering freedom is not like discovering computers.It cannot be discovered
once for all.If people do not prize it,and work for it,it will go.Constant watch is its
price.Athens changed.It was a change that took place without being noticed though it was
of the extreme importance,a spiritual change which affected the whole state.It had been
the Athenian's pride and joy to give to their city.That they could get material benefits
from her never entered their minds.There had to be a complete change of attitude before
they could look at the city as an employer who paid her citizens for doing her work.Now
instead of men giving to the state,the state was to give to them.What the people wanted
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was a government which would provide a comfortable life for them;and with this as the
primary object,ideas of freedom and self-reliance and responsibility were neglected to the
point of disappearing.Athens was more and more looked on as a cooperative business
possessed of great wealth in which all citizens had a right to share.
Athens reached the point when the freedom she really wanted was freedom from
responsibility.There could be only one result.If men insisted on being free from the burden
of self-dependence and responsibility for the common good,they would cease to be
free.Responsibility is the price every man must pay for freedom.It is to be had on no
other terms.Athens,the Athens of Ancient Greece,refused responsibility;she reached the end
of freedom and was never to have it again.
But,“ the excellent becomes the permanent,” Aristotle said.Athens lost freedom
forever,but freedom was not lost forever for the world.A great American,James
Madison,referred to:“The capacity(能力)of mankind for self-government.”No doubt he had
not an idea that he was speaking Greek.Athens was not in the farthest background of his
mind,but once man has a great and good idea,it is never completely lost.The Digital Age
cannot destroy it.Somehow in this or that man's thought such an idea lives though
unconsidered by the world of action.One can never be sure that it is not on the point of
breaking out into action only sure that it will do so sometime.
1.What does the underlined word“tyrannies”in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Countries where their people need help.
B.Powerful states with higher civilization.
C.Splendid empires where people enjoy freedom.
D.Governments ruled with absolute power.
2.People believing in freedom are those who .
A.regard their life as their own business
B.seek gains as their primary object
C.behave within the laws and value systems
D.treat others with kindness and pity
3.What change in attitude took place in Athens?
A.The Athenians refused to take their responsibility.
B.The Athenians no longer took pride in the city.
C.The Athenians benefited spiritually from the government.
D.The Athenians looked on the government as a business.
4.What does the sentence“There could be only one result.”in Paragraph 5 mean?
A.Athens would continue to be free.
B.Athens would cease to have freedom.
C.Freedom would come from responsibility.
D.Freedom would stop Athens from self-dependence.
5.Why does the author refer to Aristotle and Madison?
A.The author is hopeful about freedom.
B.The author is cautious about self-government.
C.The author is skeptical of Greek civilization.
D.The author is proud of man's capacity.
6.What is the author's understanding of freedom?
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A.Freedom can be more popular in the digital age.
B.Freedom may come to an end in the digital age.
C.Freedom should have priority over responsibility.
D.Freedom needs to be guaranteed by responsibility.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文,题材为社会历史类。在现在的“数字时代”,自由是一个很严肃
的话题。纵观历史,古希腊在2,500年前发现了自由,而且它的自由来源于责任。
1.D 猜测词义题。根据第二段可知,在古希腊发现自由之前,各地都不存在自由。古埃及和
古巴比伦也是没有自由的国家,由“one very powerful man ruling over helpless masses”可
知,一个有强大权力的人统治着无助的群众,故D项正确。
2.C 推理判断题。根据第三段可知,古希腊人的自由在于自觉遵守已经通过的书面法律和
非书面法律,他们靠“self-controlled”来获取自由,由此可推出信仰自由的人应该是那些遵守
法律和价值体系的人,故选C项。
3.A 推理判断题。根据第四段倒数第二句“...responsibility were neglected to the point of
disappearing.”可知A项正确。
4.B 猜测词义题。根据本段中的“If men insisted on being free from the burden...they
would cease to be free.”可知选B。
5.A 推理判断题。作者以这两个人说的话来告诉读者,雅典永远失去了自由,但是全世界的
自由并没有永远失去,人类一旦有了一个好的主意,数字时代就不会毁掉它,它会永远存在。
由最后一句可知,谁也说不准什么时候采取行动,但是毫无疑问总会在某个时间这样做的。综
合来看,作者以此来表明自己对自由充满了希望。
6.D 推理判断题。概括全文可以看出,作者认为真正的自由依赖自我承担责任,依靠自我约
束。故D项正确。
Passage 19(2015湖南,B)
In its early history,Chicago had floods frequently,especially in the spring,making the
streets so muddy that people,horses,and carts got stuck.An old joke that was popular at
the time went something like this:A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago
street.Asked if he needs help,he replies,“No,thanks.I've got a good horse under me.”
The city planners decided to build an underground drainage(排水)system,but there
simply wasn't enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water
level.The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.
An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to
build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt.This raised the level of the
city's streets by as much as 12 feet.
This of course created a new problem:dirt practically buried the first floors of every
building in Chicago.Building owners were faced with a choice:either change the first floors
of their buildings into basements,and the second stories into main floors,or hoist the entire
buildings to meet the new street level.Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly
easily.But what about large,heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel,which was a six-story
brick building?
That's where George Pullman came in.He had developed some house-moving skills
successfully.To lift a big structure like the Tremont Hotel,Pullman would place thousands
of jackscrews(螺旋千斤顶)beneath the building's foundation.One man was assigned to
operate each section of roughly 10 jackscrews.At Pullman's signal each man turned his
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jackscrew the same amount at the same time,thereby raising the building slowly and
evenly.Astonishingly,the Tremont Hotel stayed open during the entire operation,and many of
its guests didn't even notice anything was happening.
Some people like to say that every problem has a solution.But in Chicago's early
history,every engineering solution seemed to create a new problem.Now that Chicago's
waste water was draining efficiently into the Chicago River,the city's next step was to
clean the polluted river.
1.The author mentions the joke to show .
A.horses were fairly useful in Chicago
B.Chicago's streets were extremely muddy
C.Chicago was very dangerous in the spring
D.the Chicago people were particularly humorous
2.The city planners were convinced by Ellis Chesbrough to .
A.get rid of the street dirt
B.lower the Chicago River
C.fight against heavy floods
D.build the pipes above ground
3.The underlined word“hoist”in Paragraph 4 means“ ”.
A.change B.lift
C.repair D.decorate
4.What can we conclude about the moving operation of the Tremont Hotel?
A.It went on smoothly as intended.
B.It interrupted the business of the hotel.
C.It involved Pullman turning ten jackscrews.
D.It separated the building from its foundation.
5.The passage is mainly about early Chicago's .
A.popular life styles and their influences
B.environmental disasters and their causes
C.engineering problems and their solutions
D.successful businessmen and their achievements
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为历史与建筑。在历史上芝加哥常常发洪水,这使得街道非
常泥泞。城市规划者就这一问题采取了诸多措施。
1.B 推理判断题。由第一段第一句可知在历史上芝加哥常常发洪水尤其是在春天,这使得
街道非常泥泞以至于行人及马和马车陷入泥里。这一则笑话是用来说明芝加哥街道的泥泞
的,故选B项。
2.D 细节理解题。由第三段第一句“...Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that...to build
the pipes above ground...”可知,D项正确。
3.B 猜测词义题。由画线词后一句“Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly
easily.”可知,hoist与lift为同义词,故B项正确。
4.A 细节理解题。由倒数第二段内容可知A项正确。
5.C 主旨要义题。通读全文可知,这篇文章讲述的是芝加哥的工程问题及其解决方案。故
选C项。
Passage 20(2015广东,D)
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It was once common to regard Britain as a society with class distinction.Each class
had unique characteristics.
In recent years,many writers have begun to speak of the‘decline of class’and
‘classless society’in Britain.And in modern day consumer society everyone is considered
to be middle class.
But pronouncing the death of class is too early.A recent wide-ranging study of public
opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in a particular class;73 percent
agreed that class was still a vital part of British society;and 52 percent thought there were
still sharp class differences.Thus,class may not be culturally and politically obvious,yet it
remains an important part of British society.Britain seems to have a love of stratification.
One unchanging aspect of a British person's class position is accent.The words a
person speaks tell her or his class.A study of British accents during the 1970s found that
a voice sounding like a BBC newsreader was viewed as the most attractive voice.Most
people said this accent sounded‘educated’and‘soft’.The accents placed at the bottom
in this study,on the other hand,were regional(地区的)city accents.These accents were seen
as‘common’and‘ugly’.However,a similar study of British accents in the US turned
these results upside down and placed some regional accents as the most attractive and
BBC English as the least.This suggests that British attitudes towards accent have deep
roots and are based on class prejudice.
In recent years,however,young upper middle-class people in London,have begun to
adopt some regional accents,in order to hide their class origins.This is an indication of
class becoming unnoticed.However,the 1995 pop song‘Common People’puts forward the
view that though a middle-class person may ‘want to live like common people'they can
never appreciate the reality of a working-class life.
1.A recent study of public opinion shows that in modern Britain .
A.it is time to end class distinction
B.most people belong to middle class
C.it is easy to recognize a person's class
D.people regard themselves socially different
2.The word stratification in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to .
A.variety B.division
C.authority D.qualification
3.The study in the US showed that BBC English was regarded as .
A.regional B.educated
C.prejudiced D.unattractive
4.British attitudes towards accent .
A.have a long tradition
B.are based on regional status
C.are shared by the Americans
D.have changed in recent years
5.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.The middle class is expanding.
B.A person's accent reflects his class.
C.Class is a key part of British society.
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D.Each class has unique characteristics.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为社会生活类。曾经人们认为英国阶级等级森严,但这一现
象到现在是否已经发生变化了呢?本文就英国现在的阶级观念和现状作了介绍和说明。
1.D 细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句的“A recent wide-ranging study of public
opinion found 90 percent of people still placing themselves in a particular class”可知答
案。
2.B 猜测词义题。根据文章第三段最后两句“Thus,class may not be culturally and
politically obvious,yet it remains an important part of British society.Britain seems to have
a love of stratification.”可以推测英国人似乎喜欢阶级的这种“分层”。
解答猜测词义题的关键在于从上下文的理解中寻找线索,对语境的把握非常重要。本
题中variety会造成干扰,部分学生会认为是社会的“多样性”,但对于“阶级”,更应该是划
分成若干个不同的“层次”。
3.D 细节理解题。根据文章第四段倒数第二句“However,a similar study of British
accents in the US turned these results upside down and placed some regional accents as
the most attractive and BBC English as the least.”可知答案。
4.A 推理判断题。根据文章第四段最后一句“This suggests that British attitudes towards
accent have deep roots and are based on class prejudice.”可以推断出英国人对口音的态
度由来已久。
5.C 主旨要义题。本文主要讲述的是英国阶级制度的现状,阶级等级在英国仍然体现得很
明显。故答案为C项。
Passage 21(2015福建,B)
Papa,as a son of a dirt-poor farmer,left school early and went to work in a factory,for
education was for the rich then.So,the world became his school.With great interest,he read
everything he could lay his hands on,listened to the town elders and learned about the
world beyond his tiny hometown.“There's so much to learn,”he'd say.“Though we're
born stupid,only the stupid remain that way.”He was determined that none of his children
would be denied(拒绝)an education.
Thus,Papa insisted that we learn at least one new thing each day.Though,as
children,we thought this was crazy,it would never have occurred to us to deny Papa a
request.And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned.We would talk
about the news of the day;no matter how insignificant,it was never taken lightly.Papa
would listen carefully and was ready with some comment,always to the point.
Then came the moment—the time to share the day's new learning.
Papa,at the head of the table,would push back his chair and pour a glass of red
wine,ready to listen.
“Felice,”he'd say,“tell me what you learned today.”
“I learned that the population of Nepal is...”
Silence.
Papa was thinking about what was said,as if the salvation(拯救)of the world would
depend upon it.“The population of Nepal.Hmm.Well...”he'd say.“Get the map;let's see
where Nepal is.”And the whole family went on a search for Nepal.
This same experience was repeated until each family member had a turn.Dinner ended
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only after we had a clear understanding of at least half a dozen such facts.
As children,we thought very little about these educational wonders.Our
family,however,was growing together,sharing experiences and participating in one another's
education.And by looking at us,listening to us,respecting our input,affirming(肯定)our
value,giving us a sense of dignity,Papa was unquestionably our most influential teacher.
Later during my training as a future teacher,I studied with some of the most famous
educators.They were imparting( 传 授 )what Papa had known all along— the value of
continual learning.His technique has served me well all my life.Not a single day has been
wasted,though I can never tell when knowing the population of Nepal might prove useful.
1.What do we know from the first paragraph?
A.The author's father was born in a worker's family.
B.Those born stupid could not change their life.
C.The town elders wanted to learn about the world.
D.The poor could hardly afford school education.
2.The underlined word“it”in the second paragraph refers to“ ”.
A.one new thing B.a request
C.the news D.some comment
3.It can be learned from the passage that the author .
A.enjoyed talking about news
B.knew very well about Nepal
C.felt regret about those wasted days
D.appreciated his father's educational technique
4.What is the greatest value of“dinner time”to the author?
A.Continual learning. B.Showing talents.
C.Family get-together. D.Winning Papa's approval.
5.The author's father can be best described as .
A.an educator expert at training future teachers
B.a parent insistent on his children's education
C.a participant willing to share his knowledge
D.a teacher strict about everything his students did
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,题材为学习教育类。文章记叙了在父亲的引领下,我们这些穷孩
子不断学习、日有所获。全家人相互学习,共同进步。
1.D 细节理解题。由首段首句可知,穷人承担不起学校教育的费用。故选D项。
2.C 猜测词义题。由第二段倒数第二句中We would talk about the news of the day可知
it指代的是the news,故选C项。
3.D 细节理解题。由尾段第二句They were imparting what Papa had known all along—
the value of continual learning.可知答案为D项。
4.A 推理判断题。由第二段第三句至倒数第三段的内容以及尾段第二句可推断出答案为 A
项。
5.B 推理判断题。由本文内容可推断出父亲是一个坚持教育自己孩子的家长,故选B项。
Passage 22(2015安徽,D)
There are an extremely large number of ants worldwide.Each individual(个体的)ant
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hardly weighs anything,but put together they weigh roughly the same as all of
mankind.They also live nearly everywhere,except on frozen mountain tops and around the
poles.For animals their size,ants have been astonishingly successful,largely due to their
wonderful social behavior.
In colonies(群体)that range in size from a few hundred to tens of millions,they
organize their lives with a clear division of labor.Even more amazing is how they achieve
this level of organization.Where we use sound and sight to communicate,ants depend
primarily on pheromones(外激素),chemicals sent out by individuals and smelled or tasted
by fellow members of their colony.When an ant finds food,it produces a pheromone that
will lead others straight to where the food is.When an individual ant comes under attack
or is dying,it sends out an alarm pheromone to warn the colony to prepare for a conflict
as a defense unit.
In fact,when it comes to the art of war,ants have no equal.They are completely
fearless and will readily take on a creature much larger than themselves,attacking in large
groups and overcoming their target.Such is their devotion to the common good of the
colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help
defeat an enemy.
Behaving in this selfless and devoted manner,these little creatures have survived on
Earth for more than 140 million years,far longer than dinosaurs.Because they think as
one,they have a collective(集体的)intelligence greater than you would expect from its
individual parts.
1.We can learn from the passage that ants are .
A.not willing to share food
B.not found around the poles
C.more successful than all other animals
D.too many to achieve any level of organization
2.Ants can use pheromones for .
A.escape B.communication
C.warning enemies D.arranging labor
3.What does the underlined expression“take on”in Paragraph 3 mean?
A.Accept. B.Employ. C.Play with. D.Fight against.
4.Which of the following contributes most to the survival of ants?
A.Their behavior. B.Their size.
C.Their number. D.Their weight.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文,题材为科普知识类。介绍了蚂蚁的分布、数量、大小及行
为特点。
1.B 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第三句话可知,除了寒冷的山顶和两极附近,蚂蚁几乎无
处不在。故选B。
2.B 细节理解题。根据第二段可知,蚂蚁主要依靠外激素向同伴传递信息。故选B。
3.D 猜测词义题。根据下文attacking in large groups and overcoming their target可知画
线短语的意思为“反抗,与……战斗”。故选D。
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借助上下文,抓住关键词是解决此类问题的常用方法。本题只要抓住attacking和
overcoming这两个提示词就能很快锁定正确答案。
4.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句话可知,由于无私和忠诚的行为特点,这些小生物已
在地球上存在了1.4亿多年。故选A。
Passage 23(2014课标全国Ⅰ,B)
Passenger pigeons(旅鸽)once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable
numbers.Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks(群)so large
that they darkened the sky for hours.
It was calculated that when its population reached its highest point,there were more
than 3 billion passenger pigeons—a number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird
population in the United States,making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the
world.Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller,a flock
believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles(about 515 kilometers)long was seen near
Cincinnati.
Sadly,the abundance of passenger pigeons may have been their undoing.Where the
birds were most abundant,people believed there was an ever-lasting supply and killed them
by the thousands.Commercial hunters attracted them to small clearings with grain,waited
until pigeons had settled to feed,then threw large nets over them,taking hundreds at a
time.The birds were shipped to large cities and sold in restaurants.
By the closing decades of the 19th century,the hardwood forests where passenger
pigeons nested had been damaged by Americans' need for wood,which scattered(驱散)the
flocks and forced the birds to go farther north,where cold temperatures and spring storms
contributed to their decline.Soon the great flocks were gone,never to be seen again.
In 1897,the state of Michigan passed a law prohibiting the killing of passenger
pigeons,but by then,no sizable flocks had been seen in the state for 10 years.The last
confirmed wild pigeon in the United States was shot by a boy in Pike County,Ohio,in
1900.For a time,a few birds survived under human care.The last of them,known
affectionately as Martha,died at the Cincinnati Zoological Garden on September 1,1914.
1.In the 18th and early 19th centuries, passenger pigeons .
A.were the biggest bird in the world
B.lived mainly in the south of America
C.did great harm to the natural environment
D.were the largest bird population in the US
2.The underlined word “undoing”probably refers to the pigeons' .
A.escape B.ruin
C.liberation D.evolution
3.What was the main reason for people to kill passenger pigeons?
A.To seek pleasure. B.To save other birds.
C.To make money. D.To protect crops.
4.What can we infer about the law passed in Michigan?
A.It was ignored by the public.
B.It was declared too late.
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C.It was unfair.
D.It was strict.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为环境与自然类。曾几何时在美国蔚蓝的天空飞翔着一种
鸟,这种鸟可能是当时美国数量最多的鸟类——旅鸽。但是后来这种鸟的数量急剧减少,最
终于1914年9月1日灭绝了。到底发生了什么事呢?这些鸟去哪儿了呢?
1.D 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句话可知当时这种鸟的数量占美国全部鸟类数量的24%
到40%,可能是世界上最多的鸟,由此推断它是当时美国数量最多的鸟类,所以答案为D项。
没有提及它们是世界上最大的鸟类,排除A项;也没有提及它们主要生活在美国的南部,排除
B项;更没有提及它们给环境带来了巨大的危害,排除C项。
2.B 猜测词义题。根据后面的描述可知人们大量捕捉这种鸟,把它们卖到饭店。由此推断
出这种鸟的数量众多给它们带来了灾难。所以答案为B项。escape逃跑,避开;ruin衰落的原
因,祸根;liberation解放;evolution进化,发展。
3.C 细节理解题。根据第三段的最后一句话 The birds were shipped to large cities and
sold in restaurants.可知人们主要是为了钱才大量捕杀这种鸟的,所以答案为C项。其他三项
文中均未提及。
4.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段的描述可知尽管密歇根州于1897年通过了禁止捕杀旅鸽
的法律,但是在此之前的10年里人们已经没有见过有一定规模的鸟群飞过密歇根州了。由
此推断出该法律颁布得太晚了,所以答案为B项。其他三项文中均未提及。
Passage 24(2014课标全国Ⅱ,C)
One of the latest trends(趋势) in American childcare is Chinese au pairs.Au Pair in
Stamford,Conn.,for example,has got increasing numbers of requests for Chinese au pairs
from zero to around 4,000 since 2004.And that's true all across the country.
“ I thought it would be very useful for him to learn Chinese at an early
age,”Joseph Stocke,the managing director of a company,says of his 2-year-old son.“I
would at least like to give him the chance to use the language in the future.”After only
six months of being cared for by a 25-year-old woman from China,the boy can already
understand basic Chinese daily expressions,his dad says.
Li Drake,a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American
husband,had another reason for looking for an au pair from China:She didn't want her
children to miss out on their roots.“Because I am Chinese,my husband and I wanted the
children to keep exposed to(接触) the language and culture,” she says.
“Staying with a native speaker is better for children than simply sitting in a
classroom,” says Suzanne Flynn,a professor in language education of children.“But
parents must understand that just one year with an au pair is unlikely to produce
wonders.Complete mastery demands continued learning until the age of 10 or 12.”
The popularity of au pairs from China has been strengthened by the increasing
numbers of American parents who want their children to learn Chinese.It is expected that
American demand for au pairs will continue to rise in the next few years.
1.What does the term “au pair” in the text mean?
A.A mother raising her children on her own.
B.A child learning a foreign language at home.
C.A professor in language education of children.
D.A young foreign woman taking care of children.
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2.Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them .
A.to live in China some day
B.to speak the language at home
C.to catch up with other children
D.to learn about the Chinese culture
3.What can we infer from the text?
A.Learning Chinese is becoming popular in America.
B.Educated women do better in looking after children.
C.Chinese au pairs need to improve their English skills.
D.Children can learn a foreign language well in six months.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材是社会文化类。在美国开始盛行雇用中国换工互惠生来照
看孩子,因为越来越多的父母希望孩子可以尽早学习汉语。
1.D 猜测词义题。根据第二段可知,Joseph Stocke让一名来自中国的25岁女性照看他的儿
子,希望对儿子未来的汉语学习有所帮助。由此推断,au pair指的是D项。
2.D 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句中 to keep exposed to(接触)the language and
culture可知选D。
3.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句...by the increasing numbers of American parents
who want their children to learn Chinese.可推断出,学习汉语在美国越来越流行。
Passage 25(2014辽宁,C)
Would it surprise you to learn that,like animals,trees communicate with each other and
pass on their wealth to the next generation?
UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us
ever imagined.Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of
the fittest,Simard shows just how wrong he was.In fact, the opposite is true :trees survive
through their co-operation and support,passing around necessary nutrition “depending on
who needs it”.
Nitrogen( 氮 )and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi( 真
菌)networks,making sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just
the right amount to keep them all healthy.This hidden system works in a very similar way
to the networks of neurons(神经元)in our brains,and when one tree is destroyed,it affects
all.
Simard talks about “mother trees”,usually the largest and oldest plants on which all
other trees depend.She explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next
generation,transporting important minerals to young trees so they may continue to
grow.When humans cut down “ mother trees” with no awareness of these highly
complex “tree societies”or the networks on which they feed,we are reducing the chances
of survival for the entire forest.
“We didn't take any notice of it,”Simard says sadly.“Dying trees move nutrition
into the young trees before dying,but we never give them chance.”If we could put across
the message to the forestry industry,we could make a huge difference towards our
environmental protection efforts for the future.
1.The underlined sentence “the opposite is true” in Paragraph 2 probably means that
trees .
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A.compete for survival
B.protect their own wealth
C.depend on each other
D.provide support for dying trees
2.“Mother trees” are extremely important because they .
A.look the largest in size in the forest
B.pass on nutrition to young trees
C.seem more likely to be cut down by humans
D.know more about the complex“tree societies”
3.The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to .
A.how “tree societies” work
B.how trees grow old
C.how forestry industry develops
D.how young trees survive
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A.Old Trees Communicate Like Humans
B.Young Trees Are In Need Of Protection
C.Trees Are More Awesome Than You Think
D.Trees Contribute To Our Society
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为科普知识类。本文介绍了森林里的树木是如何互相依赖
而生存的。
1.C 猜测词义题。画线句子的前一句“...that trees are competing for survival of the
fittest,...”指出树木为了生存互相竞争,画线句子认为这一观点的对立面才是正确的:树木之
间是互相依赖和支持的关系。因此本题选择C项。
2.B 细节理解题。根据文章第四段第二句“...how dying trees pass on the wealth to the
next generation,transporting important minerals to young trees...”和第五段第二句“Dying
trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying...”可以看出本题应选择B项。
3.A 猜测词义题。倒数第二、三段一直在围绕着树木之间如何相互依靠、互相传递养料进
行说明,因此it指的是:群体树木之间是如何相互作用的,故答案为A项。
4.C 主旨要义题。本文围绕树木这个群体是如何通过相互依靠来生存的进行了解释说明,A
项中的old trees和B项中的young trees都偏离了主题,故排除。文章只描述了树木本身这
个群体,并没有强调树木为人类社会作出的贡献,因此排除D项。C项中的awesome(令人惊
叹的)是对树木如何生存做出的一个很高的评价,故选择C项。
[温馨提示] 1.Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of
the fittest, Simard shows just how wrong he was.虽然查尔斯·达尔文认为树木因适者生存
而竞争,但是Simard表明他是非常错误的。
2.the forest ecological system森林生态系统
3.If we could put across the message to the forestry industry, we could make a huge
difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.如果我们把这些信息
告诉林业行业,我们可以对未来环保的努力产生巨大影响。
put...across(to...):communicate or convey(one's ideas, feelings, etc.)(to sb.)沟通或传达(思
想、感情等)。又如:
He doesn't know how to put himself across at interviews.他不知道在面试时怎样把自
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己的意思讲清楚。
She's very good at putting her ideas across.她非常善于表达思想。
Passage 26(2014江西,D)
Everyone looks forward to progress,whether in one's personal life or in the general
society.Progress indicates a person's ability to change the way he is living at the
moment.Progress must lead to a better life and a better way of doing things.All
these,however,remain true only in so far as people want to accept technology and move
forward by finding new and more efficient ways of doing things.
However,at the back of the minds of many people,especially those who miss the
“good old days”, efficiency comes with a price .When communication becomes more
efficient,people are able to contact one another no matter where they are and at whatever
time they wish to.The click of a button allows people miles apart to talk or see each
other without even leaving their homes.With the communication gadgets,such as mobile
phones and iPads,people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally.A
personal visit carries with it the additional feature of having to be in the person's
presence for as long as the visit lasts.We cannot unnecessarily excuse ourselves or turn
the other person off.
With efficiency also comes mass production.Such is the nature of factories and the
success of industrialization today.Factories have improved efficiency.Unskillful tasks are left
to machines and products are better made and produced with greater accuracy than any
human hand could ever have done.However,with the improvements in efficiency also
comes the loss of the personal touch when making these products.For example,many
handicrafts(手工艺品)are now produced in a factory.Although this means that supply is
better able to increase demand,now that the supply is quick and efficient,the demand might
fall because mass production lowers the quality of the handicraft and it is difficult to find
unique designs on each item.
Nevertheless,we must not commit the mistake of analyzing progress only from one
point of view.In fact,progress has allowed tradition to keep up.It is only with progress and
the invention of new technology that many old products can be brought back to their old
state.New technology is required for old products to stay old.
It is people's attitude towards progress that causes the type of influence that
technology has on society.Technology is flexible.There is no fixed way of making use of
it.Everything depends on people's attitude.The worst effects of progress will fall on those
who are unable to rethink their attitudes and views of society.When we accept progress
and adapt it to suit our needs,a new “past” is created.
1.According to Paragraph 1, progress can benefit people when they are willing to .
A.live a better life
B.look for better methods
C.change ways of living
D.accept technology and advance steadily
2.The underlined word “gadgets” is closest in meaning to .
A.tools B.messages
C.barriers D.skills
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3.The author explains “efficiency comes with a price” by .
A.describing a process
B.using examples
C.following time order
D.making classification
4.Compared with home-made handicrafts,machine-made products .
A.lack great accuracy
B.lack the personal touch
C.are of high value
D.are quite welcome
5.What can be learned about technology from Paragraph 4?
A.It can destroy old traditions.
B.It can lead to social progress.
C.It can be used to correct mistakes.
D.It can be used to preserve old products.
6.What can be concluded from the last paragraph?
A.Progress can suit the needs of daily life.
B.People review the past with great regret.
C.Technology should be introduced in a fixed way.
D.People's attitude decides the use of technology.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文,题材为社会生活类。众所周知,人类在追求进步,每个人都向往进
步。人们通过找到更新的、更有效的做事方式来接受日新月异的科技,然后稳步前进,这样才
能拥有更美好的生活。然而,我们应该从不同角度看待所谓的有效性。人们对进步所持的态
度直接决定了科技的利用效果。
1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段的All these,however,remain true only in so far as people
want to accept technology and move forward by finding new and more efficient ways of
doing things.可知,此题正确答案为D。
2.A 猜测词义题。画线词后面列举了手机和平板电脑,可以判断communication gadgets 指
代交流工具,因此正确答案为A。
3.B 推理判断题。此处表示:对于那些怀念“曾经的美好日子”的人来说,效率与代价并存。
下文举例说明两种不同沟通方式带来的弊端和好处。因此正确答案为B项。
4.B 细节理解题。根据第三段的However,with the improvements in efficiency also comes
the loss of the personal touch when making these products.可知,随着效率的改进,机器在加
工产品的同时,也使得这些产品出现了个人风格的缺失。由此可见,B项是正确的。
5.D 推理判断题。根据第四段的 In fact,progress has allowed tradition to keep up.It is
only with progress and the invention of new technology that many old products can be
brought back to their old state.New technology is required for old products to stay old.可
知D项正确。
6.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的It is people's attitude towards progress that causes
the type of influence that technology has on society.可知D项是正确的。
Passage 27(2014江苏,B)
However wealthy we may be,we can never find enough hours in the day to do
everything we want.Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity
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cost,which simply refers to whether someone's time or money could be better spent on
something else.
Every hour of our time has a value.For every hour we work at one job we could
quite easily be doing another,or be sleeping or watching a film.Each of these options has
a different opportunity cost—namely,what they cost us in missed opportunities.
Say you intend to watch a football match but the tickets are expensive and it will
take you a couple of hours to get to and from the stadium.Why not,you might
reason,watch the game from home and use the leftover money and time to have dinner
with friends?This—the alternative use of your cash and time—is the opportunity cost.
For economists,every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgo—in
terms of money and enjoyment—in order to take it up.By knowing precisely what you
are receiving and what you are missing out on,you ought to be able to make better-
informed,more reasonable decisions.Consider that most famous economic rule of all:there's
no such thing as a free lunch.Even if someone offers to take you out to lunch for
free,the time you will spend in the restaurant still costs you something in terms of
forgone opportunities.
Some people find the idea of opportunity cost extremely discouraging:imagine
spending your entire life calculating whether your time would be better spent elsewhere
doing something more profitable or enjoyable.Yet,in a sense it's human nature to do
precisely that—we assess the advantages and disadvantages of decisions all the time.
In the business world,a popular phrase is “value for money.”People want their cash
to go as far as possible.However,another is fast obtaining an advantage:“ value for
time.”The biggest restriction on our resources is the number of hours we can devote to
something,so we look to maximize the return we get on our investment of time.By
reading this passage you are giving over a bit of your time which could be spent doing
other activities,such as sleeping and eating.In return,however,this passage will help you to
think like an economist,closely considering the opportunity cost of each of your decisions.
1.According to the passage, the concept of “opportunity cost” is applied to .
A.making more money
B.taking more opportunities
C.reducing missed opportunities
D.weighing the choice of opportunities
2.The “leftover...time” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to the time .
A.spared for watching the match at home
B.taken to have dinner with friends
C.spent on the way to and from the match
D.saved from not going to watch the match
3.What are forgone opportunities?
A.Opportunities you forget in decision-making.
B.Opportunities you give up for better ones.
C.Opportunities you miss accidentally.
D.Opportunities you make up for.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文属于说明文,题材为技巧指导。文章主要介绍了如何更好地支配自己的时
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间和金钱以及如何在做决定时考虑花费的机会成本。
1.D 猜测词义题。根据文章第三段最后一句话可知,opportunity cost的意思就是对你金钱
和时间的选择使用。由此可推断opportunity cost和“对机会选择的权衡”有关。故选D项。
2.C 推理判断题。上文提到你打算去体育场观看一场足球比赛,但门票太昂贵,而且从家到
体育场的往返时间要花费几个小时。然后提到“为什么不在家里看比赛,而把剩余的时间和
金钱用来和朋友共进晚餐呢?”由此可推断“leftover...time”指的就是从家到体育场的往返
时间。故选C项。
3.B 推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句可知,即使有人带你出去享用免费的午餐,而从
forgone opportunities的角度来看你却要付出花费时间的代价。再结合第二句“通过准确了
解你会得到什么和你会错失什么获利的机会,你应该能够作出更明智的选择”可推断forgone
opportunities指的就是那些为了获得更好的机会而放弃的机会。
[温馨提示] 1.Economics deals with this problem through the concept of opportunity
cost,which simply refers to whether someone's time or money could be better spent on
something else.经济学使用机会成本这一概念解决了这种问题。所谓机会成本就是一个人的
时间或金钱是否可以更好地花在其他事情上。
2.For economists,every decision is made by knowledge of what one must forgo—in
terms of money and enjoyment—in order to take it up.对于经济学家来说,为了实施一项计
划,当涉及金钱和快乐时,他们的每项决定都是在明白必须放弃什么的情况下作出的。
Passage 28(2014广东,B)
It was a cold winter day.A woman drove up to the Rainbow Bridge tollbooth(收费站)
“I'm paying for myself,and for the six cars behind me,”she said with a smile,handing
over seven tickets.One after another,the next six drivers arriving at the tollbooth were
informed,“Some lady up ahead already paid your fare.”
It turned out that the woman,Natalie Smith,had read something on a friend's
refrigerator:“ Practice random kindness and senseless acts of beauty.” The phrase
impressed her so much that she copied it down.
Judy Foreman spotted the same phrase on a warehouse wall far away from
home.When it stayed on her mind for days,she gave up and drove all the way back to
copy it down.“I thought it was beautiful,”she said,explaining why she'd taken to writing
it at the bottom of all her letters,“like a message from above.”Her husband,Frank,liked
the phrase so much that he put it up on the classroom wall for his students,one of whom
was the daughter of Alice Johnson,a local news reporter.Alice put it in the
newspaper,admitting that though she liked it,she didn't know where it came from or what
it really meant.
Two days later,Alice got a call from Anne Herbert,a woman living in Marin.It was in
a restaurant that Anne wrote the phrase down on a piece of paper,after turning it around
in her mind for days.
“Here's the idea,”Anne says.“Anything you think there should be more of,do it
randomly.”Her fantasies include painting the classrooms of shabby schools,leaving hot
meals on kitchen tables in the poor part of town,and giving money secretly to a proud
old lady.Anne says,“ Kindness can build on itself as much as violence can .”
The acts of random kindness spread.If you were one of those drivers who found your
fare paid,who knows what you might have been inspired to do for someone else later.Like
all great events,kindness begins slowly,with every single act.Let it be yours!
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1.Why did Natalie Smith pay for the six cars behind her?
A.She knew the car drivers well.
B.She wanted to show kindness.
C.She hoped to please others.
D.She had seven tickets.
2.Judy Foreman copied down the phrase because she .
A.thought it was beautifully written
B.wanted to know what it really meant
C.decided to write it on a warehouse wall
D.wanted her husband to put it up in the classroom
3.Who came up with the phrase according to the passage?
A.Judy Foreman. B.Natalie Smith.
C.Alice Johnson. D.Anne Herbert.
4.Which of the following statements is closest in meaning to the underlined sentence
above?
A.Kindness and violence can change the world.
B.Kindness and violence can affect one's behavior.
C.Kindness and violence can reproduce themselves.
D.Kindness and violence can shape one's character.
5.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A.People should practice random kindness to those in need.
B.People who receive kindness are likely to offer it to others.
C.People should practice random kindness to strangers they meet.
D.People who receive kindness are likely to pay it back to the giver.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是记叙文,题材为生活哲理类。文章讲述一位妇女曾在朋友的冰箱上看到
一句警句,从而有感而发。她在收费站为素不相识的其他六名司机支付费用,这个故事告诉我
们,勿以善小而不为。
1.B 推理判断题。由文章第二段第一句It turned out that the woman, Natalie Smith, had
read something on a friend's refrigerator:“Practice random kindness and senseless acts of
beauty.”可知,Natalie Smith为她后面的六辆车付费的原因就是她想行善。故选B。
2.A 细节理解题。从第三段第三句“I thought it was beautiful,”she said...可知选A。
3.D 推理判断题。根据第四段第二句It was in a restaurant that Anne wrote the phrase
down on a piece of paper...可知,那句警句最先由Anne Herbert想出。故选D项。
4.C 猜测词义题。画线句中的build on与C项中的reproduce对应,故本题选C项。
5.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句可知当一个人获得别人的帮助时,他很有可能会将
这样的善举传递给其他人,故选B项。D项干扰性较强,pay it back to the giver与原文意思
不符。
Passage 29(2014北京,D)
Store Scent(香味)
What is the first thing you notice when you walk into a shop?The products
displayed(展示)at the entrance?Or the soft background music?
But have you ever noticed the smell?Unless it is bad,the answer is likely to be
no.But while a shop's scent may not be outstanding compared with sights and sounds,it is
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certainly there.And it is proving to be an increasingly powerful tool in encouraging people
to purchase.
A brand store has become famous for its distinctive scent which floats through the
fairly dark hall and out to the entrance,via scent machines.A smell may be attractive but
it may not just be used for freshening air.One sports goods company once reported that
when it first introduced scent into its stores,customers' intention to purchase increased by
80 percent.
When it comes to the best shopping streets in Paris,scent is just as important to a
brand's success as the quality of its window displays and goods on sale.That is mainly
because shopping is a very different experience to what it used to be.
Some years ago,the focus for brand name shopping was on a few people with sales
assistants' disproving attitude and don't-touch-what-you-can't-afford displays.Now the rise of
electronic commerce(e-commerce)has opened up famous brands to a wider audience.But
while e-shops can use sights and sounds,only bricks-and-mortar stores(实体店)can offer a
full experience from the minute customers step through the door to the moment they
leave.Another brand store seeks to be much more than a shop,but rather a destination.And
scent is just one way to achieve this.
Now,a famous store uses complex man-made smell to make sure that the soft scent
of baby powder floats through the kid department,and coconut(椰子)scent in the swimsuit
section.A department store has even opened a new lab,inviting customers on a journey
into the store's windows to smell books,pots and drawers,in search of their perfect scent.
1.According to the passage, what is an increasingly powerful tool in the success of some
brand stores?
A.Friendly assistants.
B.Unique scents.
C.Soft background music.
D.Attractive window display.
2.E-shops are mentioned in the passage to .
A.show the advantages of bricks-and-mortar stores
B.urge shop assistants to change their attitude
C.push stores to use sights and sounds
D.introduce the rise of e-commerce
3.The underlined word “destination” in Paragraph 5 means .
A.a platform that exhibits goods
B.a spot where travelers like to stay
C.a place where customers love to go
D.a target that a store expects to meet
4.The main purpose of the passage is to .
A.compare and evaluate B.examine and assess
C.argue and discuss D.inform and explain
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为社会文化。文章告诉我们商店都是有它们独特的气味的,
这种气味可以让顾客更加喜欢在商店购物。
1.B 细节理解题。根据文章第二段第三句和第四句“But while a shop's scent may not be
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outstanding compared with sights and sounds,it is certainly there. And it is proving to be
an increasingly powerful tool in encouraging people to purchase.”可知本题选择B项。
2.A 推理判断题。文章第五段第三句“But while e-shops can use sights and sounds, only
bricks-and-mortar stores(实体店) can offer a full experience from the minute customers
step through the door to the moment they leave.”指出实体店相对于网店更能给顾客提供
全方位的体验,目的是体现实体店的优势,故选择A项。
3.C 猜测词义题。整篇文章都在说商店中的味道可以让顾客喜欢这个商店并促进购物,
destination所在句的前半句中也提到品牌店希望自己不只是个商店,因此可以推断destination
是顾客愿意去的地方,故选择C项。
4.D 主旨要义题。本文为说明文,作者告诉我们商店里的味道在人们购物时也很重要,并对
此进行了解释,因此选择D项inform and explain告知并解释。A:对比并评价;B:测试并评估;
C:争论并讨论。
Passage 30(2014福建,A)
It was Mother's Day morning last year and I was doing shopping at our local
supermarket with my five-year-old son,Tenyson.As we were leaving,we found that only
minutes earlier an elderly woman had fallen over at the entrance and had hit her head on
the concrete.Her husband was with her,but there was blood everywhere and the woman
was embarrassed and clearly in shock.
Walking towards the scene,Tenyson became very upset about what had happened to
the couple.He said to me,“Mum,it's not much fun falling over in front of everyone.”
At the front of the supermarket,a charity(慈善)group had set up a stand selling
cooked sausages and flowers to raise funds.Tenyson suggested that we should buy the lady
a flower.“It will make her feel better,”he said.I was amazed that he'd come up with this
sweet idea.So we went over to the flower seller and asked her if we could buy a flower
for the lady to cheer her up.“Just take it,”she replied.“I can't take your money for
such a wonderful gesture.”
By now paramedics(急救人员)had arrived,and were attending to the injured woman.As
we walked up to her,my son became intimidated by all the blood and medical
equipment.He said he was just too scared to go up to her.
Instead I gave the flower to the woman's husband and told him,“My son was very
upset for your wife and wanted to give her this flower to make her feel better.”
At that,the old man started crying and said,“ Thank you so much,you have a
wonderful son.Happy Mother's Day to you.”
The man then bent down and gave his wife the flower,telling her who it was
from.Though badly hurt and shaken,the old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her
eyes and gave him a little smile.
1.What does the author intend to tell us?
A.One can never be too careful.
B.Actions speak louder than words.
C.Love begins with a little smile.
D.A small act of kindness brings a great joy.
2.Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?
A.The elderly woman was knocked down by Tenyson.
B.Tenyson's idea of buying a flower gained his mother's support.
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C.Tenyson's care for the elderly woman puzzled the flower seller.
D.The elderly woman was moved to tears by Tenyson's gesture.
3.The underlined word“intimidated”in the fourth paragraph probably means“ ”.
A.astonished B.struck
C.frightened D.excited
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A.Flower Power B.Mother's Day
C.An Accidental Injury D.An Embarrassing Moment
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,题材为人物故事类。本文讲述了在一个母亲节的早上,作者和五
岁的儿子Tenyson到超市购物时,看见一位老太太跌倒并受伤流血,儿子主动提出买花送给老
太太,让她感觉更好的故事。
1.D 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的the old man started crying...及最后一段中的the
old lady looked up at Tenyson with love in her eyes and gave him a little smile可以推
断送花事虽小,但给受伤的老太太及其丈夫带来了无限的感动。所以正确答案为D项。
2.B 细节理解题。Tenyson向妈妈提出要送老太太一朵花,妈妈带他去买并送给了老太太,可
以知道Tenyson的想法得到了妈妈的支持,故答案为B项。
3.C 猜测词义题。根据第四段最后一句...he was just too scared to go up...可以推断儿子
“害怕”鲜血和医疗设备。astonished吃惊的;struck被打击的;frightened害怕的;excited激动
的。故答案为C项。
4.A 主旨要义题。最后两段升华文章的主题:Tenyson送花一事感动了老太太和她的丈夫,所
以“鲜花的力量”更能体现文章主题,故答案为A项。
Passage 31(2014天津,D)
People aren't walking any more—if they can figure out a way to avoid it.
I felt superior about this matter until the other day I took my car to mail a small
parcel.The journey is a matter of 281 steps.But I used the car.And I wasn't in any
hurry,either.I had merely become one more victim of a national sickness:motorosis.
It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune(免疫的),for I was bred in the
tradition of going to places on my own two legs.At that time,we regarded 25 miles as a
good day's walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as a sign of
strength and skill.It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship.And the effect was
lasting.When I was 45 years old I raced—and beat—a teenage football player the 168
steps up the Statue of Liberty.
Such enterprises today are regarded by many middle-aged persons as bad for the
heart.But a well-known British physician,Sir Adolphe Abrahams,pointed out recently that
hearts and bodies need proper exercise.A person who avoids exercise is more likely to
have illnesses than one who exercises regularly.And walking is an ideal form of exercise
—the most familiar and natural of all.
It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot.The man
walking can learn the trees,flowers,insects,birds and animals,the significance of seasons,the
very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world.He cannot learn in a car.
The car is a convenient means of transport,but we have made it our way of
life.Many people don't dare to approach Nature any more;to them the world they were
born to enjoy is all threat.To them security is a steel river thundering on a concrete
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road.And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn
green.
I say that the green of forests is the mind's best light.And none but the man on foot
can evaluate what is basic and everlasting.
1.What is the national sickness?
A.Walking too much.
B.Traveling too much.
C.Driving cars too much.
D.Climbing stairs too much.
2.What was life like when the author was young?
A.People usually went around on foot.
B.People often walked 25 miles a day.
C.People used to climb the Statue of Liberty.
D.People considered a ten-hour walk as a hardship.
3.The author mentions Henry Thoreau to prove that .
A.middle-aged people like getting back to nature
B.walking in nature helps enrich one's mind
C.people need regular exercise to keep fit
D.going on foot prevents heart disease
4.What is compared to“a steel river”in Paragraph 6?
A.A queue of cars.
B.A ray of traffic light.
C.A flash of lightning.
D.A stream of people.
5.What is the author's intention of writing this passage?
A.To tell people to reflect more on life.
B.To recommend people to give up driving.
C.To advise people to do outdoor activities.
D.To encourage people to return to walking.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是说明文,题材为生活热点。步行可以使我们更好地了解自然和自我,这一
点是开车所无法带来的。
1.C 细节理解题。由第二段最后一句I had merely become one more victim of a national
sickness:motorosis.可知,国民的通病就是开车太多。
2.A 细节理解题。由第三段中for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my
own two legs可知,作者小时候的传统就是无论去哪里都靠两条腿,故选择A项。
3.B 推理判断题。根据第五段的描述可知,步行可以使人更好地了解自然界和自我。由此
可推断作者引用Henry Thoreau的例子就是为了证明步行能丰富人的思维。故选B。
4.A 猜测词义题。由画线词后面的内容“thundering on a concrete road在混凝土路面上
轰隆隆地移动”可猜测出,作者在这里把a steel river比作川流不息的车队。
5.D 主旨要义题。文章最后一段告诉我们,绿色可以净化人的心灵,步行者可以判断什么是
基本和永恒的东西。由此可判断作者的写作目的是鼓励我们多步行。故选D。
[温馨提示]
1.The journey is a matter of 281 steps.距离至多有281步。
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a matter of:not more than 不多于,至多。又如:
I'll be back in a matter of hours.用不了几小时我就回来。
2.To them security is a steel river thundering on a concrete road.对于他们来说,安全
就是在混凝土路面上轰隆隆作响的“钢铁巨流”。
Passage 32(2013江西,C)
Many people think that listening is a passive business.It is just the opposite.Listening
well is an active exercise of our attention and hard work.It is because they do not realize
this,or because they are not willing to do the work,that most people do not listen well.
Listening well also requires total concentration upon someone else.An essential part of
listening well is the rule known as ‘bracketing’.Bracketing includes the temporary
giving up or setting aside of your own prejudices and desires,to experience as far as
possible someone else's world from the inside, stepping into his or her shoes .Moreover,since
listening well involves bracketing,it also involves a temporary acceptance of the other
person.Sensing this acceptance,the speaker will seem quite willing to open up the inner
part of his or her mind to the listener.True communication is under way.The energy
required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished only by the will to
extend oneself for mutual growth.
Most of the time we lack this energy.Even though we may feel in our business
dealings or social relationships that we are listening well,what we are usually doing is
listening selectively.Often we have a prepared list in mind and wonder,as we listen,how
we can achieve certain desired results to get the conversation over as quickly as possible
or redirected in ways more satisfactory to us.Many of us are far more interested in
talking than in listening,or we simply refuse to listen to what we don't want to hear.
It wasn't until toward the end of my doctor career that I have found the knowledge
that one is being truly listened to is frequently therapeutic(有疗效的).In about a quarter of
the patients I saw,surprising improvement was shown during the first few months of the
psychotherapy(心理疗法),before any of the roots of problems had been uncovered or
explained.There are several reasons for this phenomenon,but chief among them,I
believe,was the patient's sense that he or she was being truly listened to,often for the first
time in years,and for some,perhaps for the first time ever.
1.The phrase “stepping into his or her shoes”in Paragraph 2 probably means .
A.preparing a topic list first
B.focusing on one's own mind
C.directing the talk to the desired results
D.experiencing the speaker's inside world
2.What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 2?
A.How to listen well.
B.What to listen to.
C.Benefits of listening.
D.Problems in listening.
3.According to the author, in communication people tend to .
A.listen actively
B.listen purposefully
C.set aside their prejudices
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D.open up their inner mind
4.According to the author, the patients improved mainly because .
A.they were taken good care of
B.they knew they were truly listened to
C.they had partners to talk to
D.they knew the roots of problems
5.What type of writing is the article likely to be?
A.Science fiction. B.A news report.
C.A medical report. D.Popular science.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文,题材是科普知识类。在日常交流中我们往往倾向于说而不愿意
听。但是如何倾听他人是一门艺术,掌握它会让我们受益匪浅。作者从医生和病人的角度论
述了该话题。
1.D 猜测词义题。根据画线部分前的描述:尽可能去感受另外一个人的内心世界。由此可
以推断出画线部分的意思是:感受说话者的内心世界,故选D项。
2.A 主旨要义题。根据第二段第一句话 Listening well also requires total concentration
upon someone else.以及后面对该话题的论述所使用的includes,involves,required等可知该段
的中心就是:如何很好地去倾听,故选A项。
3.B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的 listening selectively,a prepared list in mind,achieve
certain desired results等可以推断出在日常交流中我们倾向于有目的地、有选择地、为了达
到某种想要的结果去听别人说话,故选B项。
4.B 细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后一句中的he or she was being truly listened to可
知选B项。A、C两项文中没有提及;D项与文章相反。
5.D 推理判断题。本文就如何倾听别人的话展开论述,由此推断这属于大众科学之类。A:
科幻小说;B:新闻报道;C:医学报告;D:大众科学。故选D项。
长难句 The energy required for listening well is so great that it can be accomplished
only by the will to extend oneself for mutual growth.很好地倾听别人的话需要付出的精力
是如此大,以至于只有在我们甘愿尽我们最大努力想去共同成长时才能达到。
整个句式为 so+adj.+that...如此……以至于……,that 引导结果状语从句。required for
listening well是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰energy。
Passage 33(2013课标全国Ⅱ,C)
Given that many people's moods( 情 绪 )are regulated by the chemical action of
chocolate,it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop
similar to a drugstore of Chinese medicine.Looking like a setting from the film Charlie &
the Chocolate Factory,Singapore's Chocolate Research Facility(CRF)has over 100 varieties
of chocolates.Its founder is Chris Lee who grew up at his parents' corner store with one
hand almost always in the jar of sweets.
If the CRF seems to be a smart idea,that's because Lee is not merely a seasoned
salesperson but also head of a marketing department that has business relations with big
names such as Levi's and Sony.That idea surely results in the imagination at work when
it comes to making different flavored(味道)chocolates.
The CRF's produce is “ green”,made within the country and divided into 10
lines,with the Alcohol Series being the most popular.The Exotic Series—with Sichuan
pepper,red bean(豆),cheese and other flavors—also does well and is fun to taste.And for
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chocolate snobs ,who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others,the
Connoisseur Series uses cocoa beans from Togo,Cuba,Venezuela,and Ghana,among others.
1.What is good about chocolate?
A.It serves as a suitable gift.
B.It works as an effective medicine.
C.It helps improve the state of mind.
D.It strengthens business relations.
2.Why is Chris Lee able to develop his idea of the CRF?
A.He knows the importance of research.
B.He learns from shops of similar types.
C.He has the support of many big names.
D.He has a lot of marketing experience.
3.Which line of the CRF produce sells best?
A.The Connoisseur Series. B.The Exotic Series.
C.The Alcohol Series. D.The Sichuan Series.
4.The words “chocolate snobs” in Paragraph 3 probably refer to people who .
A.are particular about chocolate
B.know little about cocoa beans
C.look down upon others
D.like to try new flavors
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材是饮食与健康类。巧克力是我们日常生活中很多人喜爱的
一种食品,但是你了解它对我们的情绪有什么影响吗?市场上到底有多少种巧克力?哪一种最
受人们喜爱?一个新加坡人给出了答案。
1.C 细节理解题。根据文章第一句话中的many people's moods(情绪)are regulated by the
chemical action of chocolate可知巧克力可以改善人的心情,故选C项。
2.D 推理判断题。根据第二段中的...but also head of a marketing department that...That
idea surely results in...可推断出他这种想法的形成得益于他丰富的市场经验,故选D项。
3.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段的with the Alcohol Series being the most popular可知答
案为C项。
4.A 猜测词义题。根据后面定语从句句意“他们认为自己比别人更了解巧克力”可推断出
答案为A项:对巧克力很挑剔。
长难句 Given that many people's moods are regulated by the chemical action of
chocolate,it was probably only a matter of time before somebody made the chocolate shop
similar to a drugstore of Chinese medicine.鉴于很多人的情绪会受到巧克力的化学作用的
调节,那么有人把巧克力商店变成和销售中药的药店类似的商店可能只是个时间问题了。
given that意为:考虑到,鉴于……情况,引导原因状语从句。主句中含有一个before引导
的时间状语从句,意为:在……之前。it's just/only a matter of time...……只是时间问题。
Passage 34(2013辽宁,D)
“Indeed,”George Washington wrote in his diary in 1785,“some kind of fly,or
bug,had begun to eat the leaves before I left home.”But the father of America was not
the father of bug.When Washington wrote that,Englishmen had been referring to insects as
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bugs for more than a century,and Americans had already created lightning-bug(萤火虫).But
the English were soon to stop using the bugs in their language,leaving it to the
Americans to call a bug a bug in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The American bug could also be a person,referring to someone who was crazy about
a particular activity.Although fan became the usual term,sports fans used to be called
racing bugs,baseball bugs,and the like.
Or the bug could be a small machine or object,for example,a bug-shaped car.The bug
could also be a burglar alarm,from which comes the expression to bug,that is,“ to
install(安装)an alarm”.Now it means a small piece of equipment that people use for
listening secretly to others' conversations.Since the 1840s,to bug has long meant “to
cheat”,and since the 1940s it has been annoying.
We also know the bug as a flaw in a computer program or other design.That
meaning dates back to the time of Thomas Edison.In 1878 he explained bugs as“little
problems and difficulties” that required months of study and labor to overcome in
developing a successful product.In 1889 it was recorded that Edison “had been up the
two previous nights discovering‘a bug’in his invented record player.”
1.We learn from Paragraph 1 that .
A.Americans had difficulty in learning to use the word bug
B.George Washington was the first person to call an insect a bug
C.the word bug was still popularly used in England in the nineteenth century
D.both Englishmen and Americans used the word bug in the eighteenth century
2.What does the word“flaw”in the last paragraph probably mean?
A.Explanation. B.Finding.
C.Origin. D.Fault.
3.The passage is mainly concerned with .
A.the misunderstanding of the word bug
B.the development of the word bug
C.the public views of the word bug
D.the special characteristics of the word bug
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为社会文化,主要介绍了bug这一单词词义的发展过程。
1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段可知,在18世纪美国人和英国人都使用bug这一单词,故选D
项。
2.D 猜测词义题。根据下文“In 1878 he explained bugs...to overcome in developing a
successful product”可推断flaw的意思可能是“缺陷,毛病,问题”,故选D。explanation解释;
finding调查发现;origin起源,由来。
3.B 主旨要义题。通读全文可知答案为B。
Passage 35(2013山东,D)
Sparrow is a fast-food chain with 200 restaurants.Some years ago,the group to which
Sparrow belonged was taken over by another company.Although Sparrow showed no sign
of declining,the chain was generally in an unhealthy state.With more and more fast-food
concepts reaching the market,the Sparrow menu had to struggle for attention.And to make
matters worse,its new owner had no plans to give it the funds it required.
Sparrow failed to grow for another two years,until a new CEO,Carl Pearson,decided
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to build up its market share.He did a survey,which showed that consumers who already
used Sparrow restaurants were extremely positive about the chain,while customers of other
fast-food chains were unwilling to turn away from them.Sparrow had to develop a new
promotional campaign.
Pearson faced a battle over the future of the Sparrow brand.The chain's owner now
favored rebranding Sparrow as Marcy's restaurants.Pearson resisted,arguing for an
advertising campaign designed to convince customers that visits to Sparrow restaurants
were fun.Such an attempt to establish a positive relationship between a company and the
general public was unusual for that time.Pearson strongly believed that numbers were the
key to success,rather than customers' spending power.Finally,the owner accepted his idea.
The campaign itself changed the traditional advertising style of the fast-food
industry.The TV ads of Sparrow focused on entertainment and featured original songs
performed by a variety of stars.Instead of showing the superiority of a specific product,the
intention was to put Sparrow in the hearts of potential customers.
Pearson also made other decisions which he believed would contribute to the new
Sparrow image.For example,he offered to lower the rent of any restaurants which achieved
a certain increase in their turnover(营业额).
These efforts paid off,and Sparrow soon became one of the most successful fast-food
chains in the regions where it operated.
1.Which was one of the problems Sparrow faced before Pearson became CEO?
A.The number of its customers was declining.
B.Its customers found the food unhealthy.
C.It was in need of financial support.
D.Most of its restaurants were closed.
2.What does the underlined word “them” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Customers of Sparrow restaurants.
B.Sparrow restaurants.
C.Customers of other fast-food chains.
D.Other fast-food chains.
3.For what purpose did Pearson start the advertising campaign?
A.To build a good relationship with the public.
B.To stress the unusual tradition of Sparrow.
C.To learn about customers' spending power.
D.To meet the challenge from Marcy's restaurants.
4.The TV ads of Sparrow .
A.changed people's views on pop stars
B.amused the public with original songs
C.focused on the superiority of its products
D.influenced the eating habits of the audience
5.What was Pearson's achievement as a CEO?
A.He managed to pay off Sparrow's debts.
B.He made Sparrow much more competitive.
C.He helped Sparrow take over a company.
D.He improved the welfare of Sparrow employees.
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答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,题材是计划与愿望实现类。快餐连锁店Sparrow遇到了前所未
有的困难,在此危难关头新的CEO Pearson 用自己独特的经营理念拯救了它,使它一跃成为
最成功的快餐连锁店之一。
1.C 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话:而更糟糕的是它的新老板没有计划投入饭店所
需要的资金,故选C项。第一段描述的就是在Pearson成为新的CEO前的情况,根据no sign
of declining排除A项;B、D两项该段没有提及。
2.D 猜测词义题。该句表达:那些在Sparrow消费过的顾客对其充满积极支持的态度,而那
些其他快餐店的顾客也不愿意离开它们。也就是other fast-food chains,故选D项。
3.A 细节理解题。根据第三段的第三、四句话可知这次广告活动的目的就是为了和大众建
立良好的关系,故选A项。
4.B 细节理解题。根据第四段中的and featured original songs performed by可知这次广
告是靠原唱歌曲来取悦大众的,故选B项。
5.B 推理判断题。最后一段总结:这些努力得到了回报,Sparrow连锁店很快成了它的运作地
区最成功的快餐连锁店之一。由此我们推断出新的CEO使得Sparrow具有了非常强的竞争
力,故选B项。
长难句 He did a survey, which showed that consumers who already used Sparrow
restaurants were extremely positive about the chain, while customers of other fast-food
chains were unwilling to turn away from them.他做了一项调查,调查表明那些已经在
Sparrow饭店消费过的顾客对该连锁店持有非常积极乐观的态度,而那些其他连锁店的顾客
不愿意离开它们。
which引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词survey。while在此处是连词,意为:而,却,表示
前后的对比。
Passage 36(2013四川,E)
Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head,according to a study that has
found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling
fear.
Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear
at the moment when their hearts are contracting(收缩)and pumping blood around their
bodies,compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed.Scientists say the results
suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful
event,depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation.
Sarah Garfinkel at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School said:“Our study shows
for the first time that the way in which we deal with fear is different depending on when
we see fearful pictures in relation to our heart.”
The study tested 20 healthy volunteers on their reactions to fear as they were shown
pictures of fearful faces.Dr Garfinkel said,“The study showed that fearful faces are better
noticed when the heart is pumping than when it is relaxed.Thus our hearts can also affect
what we see and what we don't see—and guide whether we see fear.”
To further understand this relationship,the scientists also used a brain scanner(扫描
仪)to show how the brain influences the way the heart changes a person's feeling of fear.
“We have found an important mechanism by which the heart and brain‘speak'to
each other to change our feelings and reduce fear,”Dr Garfinkel said.
“We hope that by increasing our understanding about how fear is dealt with and
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ways that it could be reduced,we may be able to develop more successful treatments for
anxiety disorders,and also for those who may be suffering from serious stress disorder.”
1.What is the finding of the study?
A.One's heart affects how he feels fear.
B.Fear is a result of one's relaxed heartbeat.
C.Fear has something to do with one's health.
D.One's fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear.
2.The study was carried out by analyzing .
A.volunteers' heartbeats when they saw terrible pictures
B.the time volunteers saw fearful pictures and their health conditions
C.volunteers' reactions to horrible pictures and data from their brain scans
D.different pictures shown to volunteers and their heart-brain communication
3.Which of the following is closest in meaning to “mechanism”in Paragraph 6?
A.Order. B.System.
C.Machine. D.Treatment.
4.This study may contribute to .
A.treating anxiety and stress better
B.explaining the cycle of fear and anxiety
C.finding the key to the heart-brain communication
D.understanding different fears in our hearts and heads
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为科普知识。文章介绍了恐惧与心脏之间的关系,尤其是心
脏在收缩时人们对恐惧的反应。
1.A 细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句可知A项正确,心脏影响人们对恐惧的反应。
2.C 细节理解题。根据文章第四、五段可知C项正确。
3.B 猜测词义题。句意:我们已经发现了一个重要的 ,通过它心脏和大脑可以对话从
而改变我们的感觉并减少恐惧。可以猜测出此词应为“系统”,故选B。
4.A 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知A项正确。
Passage 37(2013重庆,D)
Not all bodies of water are so evidently alive as the Atlantic Ocean,an S-shaped
body of water covering 33 million square miles.The Atlantic has,in a sense,replaced the
Mediterranean as the inland sea of Western civilization.Unlike real inland seas,which seem
strangely still,the Atlantic is rich in oceanic liveliness.It is perhaps not surprising that its
vitality has been much written about by ancient poets.
“Storm at Sea”,a short poem written around 700,is generally regarded as one of
mankind's earliest artistic representations of the Atlantic.
When the wind is from the west
All the waves that cannot rest
To the east must thunder on
Where the bright tree of the sun
Is rooted in the ocean's breast.
As the poem suggests,the Atlantic is never dead and dull.It is an ocean that
moves,impressively and endlessly.It makes all kinds of noise— it is forever
thundering,boiling,crashing,and whistling.
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It is easy to imagine the Atlantic trying to draw breath—perhaps not so noticeably
out in mid-ocean,but where it meets land,its waters bathing up and down a sandy beach.It
mimics(模仿)nearly perfectly the steady breathing of a living creature.It is filled with
symbiotic existences,too;unimaginable quantities of creatures,little and large alike,mix within
its depths in a kind of oceanic harmony,giving to the waters a feeling of heartbeat,a kind
of sub-ocean vitality.And it has a psychology.It has personalities:sometimes peaceful and
pleasant,on rare occasions rough and wild;always it is strong and striking.
1.Unlike real inland seas, the Atlantic Ocean is .
A.always energetic
B.lacking in liveliness
C.shaped like a square
D.favored by ancient poets
2.What is the purpose of using the poem“Storm at Sea”in the passage?
A.To describe the movement of the waves.
B.To show the strength of the storm.
C.To represent the power of the ocean.
D.To prove the vastness of the sea.
3.What does the underlined word“symbiotic”mean?
A.Living together.
B.Growing fast.
C.Moving harmoniously.
D.Breathing peacefully.
4.In the last paragraph, the Atlantic is compared to .
A.a beautiful and poetic place
B.a flesh and blood person
C.a wonderful world
D.a lovely animal
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为地理环境介绍,说明了大西洋富有力量、和谐和多变的自
然特点。
1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中the Atlantic is rich in oceanic liveliness可知大西洋充满
了活力,故选A项。
2.C 推理判断题。第一段说明了大西洋富有活力的特点后,作者通过一首古诗印证,接着用
一句话对诗歌进行了总结:As the poem suggests,the Atlantic is never dead and dull.由此可
判断作者引用诗歌的目的是展现大西洋的力量,故选C项。
3.A 猜测词义题。根据下文的描述可知在大西洋生活的大量生物和谐共处,由此可推断
symbiotic的意思为“共生的”,故选A项。
4.B 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的关键词psychology,personalities可知作者把大西洋比
喻成了一个有血有肉有情感的人,故选B项。
— 三年模拟 —
A组 考点基础题组
Passage 1(2021河南郑州二模,C)
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The icy beauty of the Arctic attracts thousands of visitors every year to see its
wonderful wildlife, landscape and local cultures.Visitors can take ships on a voyage along
the Arctic Ocean or take flights to cities along the Arctic edge. No matter how one gets
there, they should wear warm clothes and get ready to take in the attractions.
“Traveling to the Arctic leaves an unforgettable impression on the visitor. Its vast
expanse and the fragility of its environment are two things that really blow away
people,”said Cheryl Rosa, the director of the US Arctic Research Commission.
Visitors to the Arctic Circle will have a lot of activities to choose from if they want
to see all that the region has to offer.Hiking with snowshoes, dog sledding and kayaking
are common activities.Visitors with sharp eyes are likely to spot polar bears.To get even
closer to the animals of the sea, visitors can go snorkeling with seals.Of course, Arctic
adventures aren't complete without viewing the wonders of the Arctic Circle's large
glaciers and icebergs as well.
One of the most impressive attractions and maybe the most difficult to see is the
Northern Lights, one of the seven natural wonders of the world.They are natural lights
that glow green and light up the horizon.Sometimes they appear as waves that dance
across the sky in different colors.
The best places to view the Northern Lights are in Northern Norway, Sweden's
Abisko National Park, Iceland, America's Alaska or Canada's Yukon, according to
space.com. Charles Deehr, an expert at the University of Alaska Fairbanks' Geophysical
Institute, recommended planning a trip between winter and spring, especially when there is
a new moon.
Even though the Arctic is a popular tourist destination, don't forget that people live
here too.“It is recommended that visitors go with tour groups that are respectful of
Arctic residents (居民) and their culture,”said Rosa.“Too many people can disturb the
small villages. Finding tour groups that work with local communities is important.”
1.The underlined part “blow away”in Paragraph 2 probably means“ ”.
A.defeat B.affect
C.move D.impress
2.What can we know about the Northern Lights?
A.They only produce green light at night.
B.They are natural lights and hard to see.
C.They seldom occur between winter and spring.
D.The best time to view them is when there is a full moon.
3.What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A.Tour groups are not welcome among Arctic residents.
B.The Arctic's population has been rising in recent years.
C.Visitors should choose suitable tour groups when visiting.
D.Tour groups should get permission from local communities.
4.What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage?
A.To inform visitors of local culture.
B.To recommend some activities to visitors.
C.To introduce a popular tourist destination.
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D.To share a travel experience in the Arctic.
答案
1.D
2.B
3.C
4.C
Passage 2(2021江西九江二模,C)
Range anxiety(里程焦虑), the fear of running out of power before being able to
recharge an electric vehicle, may be a thing of the past, according to a team of Penn
State engineers who are looking at lithium iron phosphate batteries(磷酸铁锂电池) that
have a range of 250 miles with the ability to charge in 10 minutes.
“We developed a pretty clever battery for mass-market electric vehicles,”said Chao-
Yang Wang, a professor and director of the Electrochemical Engine Center at Penn State.
“There is no more range anxiety and this battery is affordable.” The researchers also
say that the battery should be good for 2 million miles in its lifetime.
They report today in Nature Energy that the key to long-life and rapid recharging is
the battery's ability to quickly heat up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit, for charge and
discharge, and then cool down when the battery is not working.
The battery uses a self-heating approach previously developed in Wang's center. The
self-heating battery uses a thin sheet of nickel foil(镍箔) with one end attached to the
negative terminal and the other extending outside the cell to create a third terminal.Once
electrons flow, it rapidly heats up the nickel foil through resistance heating and warms the
inside of the battery.Once the battery's internal temperature is 140 degrees F, the switch
opens and the battery is ready for rapid charge or discharge.
“This battery has slenderized weight, volume and cost,” said Wang. “I am very
happy that we finally found a battery that will benefit the mainstream consumer mass
market.”According to Wang, these smaller batteries can produce a large amount of power
upon heating. An electric vehicle with this battery could go from zero to 60 miles per
hour in 3 seconds and would drive like a Porsche,he said.“This is how we are going to
change the environment and not contribute to just the luxury cars,”said Wang. “Let
everyone afford electric vehicles.”
1.Which can best describe the battery in the text?
A.Cheap and heavy. B.Costly but beneficial.
C.Expensive but small-sized. D.Affordable and efficient.
2.Why can the battery be used for long and charged so fast?
A.It is environmentally friendly.
B.It heats up and cools down rapidly.
C.It helps speed up the car instantly.
D.It charges when it doesn't work.
3.What does Paragraph 4 mainly talk about?
A.How the battery works.
B.Advantages of the battery.
C.How the battery is produced.
D.Applications of the battery.
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4.The underlined word “slenderized” in Paragraph 5 can probably be replaced by
.
A.promoted B.gathered
C.combined D.reduced
答案
1.D
2.B
3.A
4.D
Passage 3 (2021河南焦作3月模拟,D)
To look inside an ant nest is to meet with an alien civilization. The boiling mass of
worker ants beneath an upturned stone is both strangely reminiscent of (联想到) human
society and strikingly different. There is an organization that fascinates us and a long line
of myrmecophiles (or ant lovers) leads back all the way to King Solomon, who in fact
advised people to “go to the ant, consider her ways and be wise”. This was exactly the
inspiration behind Planet Ant, a TV program showcasing what we know about the
kingdom of ants, and what ants can teach us about the human world.
Like us, ants build structures, find food, defend their societies and manage waste, and
—also like us—they must be well organized. For example, the leaf-cutting ants of Planet
Ant have special waste disposal areas for storing harmful waste and a team of“waste-
disposal ants”are dedicated to keeping the nest clean. But ants achieve this familiar final
result in a very different way to humans. Human societies have centralized control. In
other words, someone tells us what to do. Ants, on the other hand, have decentralized
control and neither the queen nor any other ant directs work. Ant workers are the final
self-starters, following specific, but potentially flexible, rules in certain situations.
Chemical trails underpin much of this self-organization. Foragers(觅食者) lay a mix of
chemicals known as the trail pheromone(信息素) behind them as they walk. Other ants
follow the trail and if they find food they reinforce it, laying more pheromones as they
return to the nest. Stronger trails are more likely to be followed, so trails leading to food
become progressively reinforced, while trails with no food in the end fade away.
This combination of positive feedback and evaporation(蒸发) produces an effective
foraging system that is very good at finding the quickest routes to food. This simple
guiding principle, and others like it, have provided some useful solutions to the complex
problems faced by engineers, computer scientists and businesses.
1.Why does the author mention King Solomon in the first paragraph?
A.To provide a background.
B.To show admiration for him.
C.To stress the wisdom of ants.
D.To explain an abstract theory.
2.How do ants behave while performing tasks?
A.They get orders from their partners.
B.They choose to do only routine tasks.
C.They strictly follow the queen's orders.
D.They follow their own senses and certain rules.
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3.What does the underlined word“underpin” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Decide. B.Support. C.Develop. D.Calculate.
4.What information can we get about the trail pheromone from the text?
A.It comes from the food resources.
B.It appears before ants' self-organization.
C.It leads the following ants to food.
D.It helps ants find their way back home.
答案
1.C
2.D
3.B
4.C
Passage 4 (2021东北师大附中第三次摸底,C)
As PhD research goes, Brian Wisenden was enviable, watching baby fish swimming
swiftly through the clear waters in the Costa Rican tropical dry forest. By recording their
growth and numbers, he hoped to look at their risks of being eaten. Instead, he witnessed
something odd. Many groups were increasing in numbers. In these groups, some were
smaller than others, suggesting they weren't siblings (兄弟姐妹). Wisenden had accidentally
discovered that the fish, called convict cichlids, adopt each other's babies. Why would they
do that, he wondered?
In the human world, we think of adoption as a selfless act. But in nature, its
presence is puzzling. Taking on the burden of bringing up babies with no genetic link
would seem to reduce an animal's chances of survival or at least provide no gain. Yet,
adoption is surprisingly common in the world.
Take the eastern grey kangaroo. Between 2008 and 2013, Wisenden followed the fates
of 326 baby kangaroos in the National Park in Victoria and recorded 11 cases of pouch
(育儿袋) swapping. The circumstances behind some of these adoptions aren't known, but
four were straight swaps and another four occurred after a mother had lost her own baby.
How come? Before independence, baby kangaroos go through a period inside and
outside their mother's pouch. Following out-of-pouch attacks, mothers normally sniff their
young before allowing them back in, but Wisenden's team suspect that during an
emergency they may skip the sniff test, allowing a vulnerable baby to quickly climb in
before fleeing from danger. Once inside the wrong pouch, the young may fake the
mother's odor, making them smell confusingly like her own children. So, poor baby
recognition is the prime cause of “accidental” adoption.
Some of nature's adoptions are, actually, driven by young looking for better prospects.
In burrower bugs, for example, females lay a nest of eggs close to those of unrelated
bugs. Mother bugs look after their developing eggs before they hatch, then feed their
babies nuts from weedy mint plants. Finding nuts is a competitive business, so not every
mother bug gets her fair share. And if the delivery rate isn't up to scratch, clever young
may abandon their mothers to join a better-fed group. That's similar to behavior in several
varieties of gulls whose babies, if poorly fed, may leave home in search of better parents.
The consequences of adoption following mistaken identity can be dire (糟糕的). The
true babies of adopting mothers were abandoned. But it can have remarkable benefits, not
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just for adoptees but also for adoptive parents.
1.It can be inferred from the passage that Wisenden's findings are .
A.too strange to be witnessed
B.envied by his peer co-researchers
C.out of his own expectations
D.a sound proof of his research object
2.Which is NOT the reason for adoption in the animal kingdom?
A.Parents' inability to provide enough food.
B.Baby animals' looking for better parenting.
C.Parents' failure to recognize their own babies.
D.Selfless adoption commonly seen in the animal world.
3.The underlined word “vulnerable” in the fourth paragraph means .
A.independent and well-fed B.fragile and poorly raised
C.naughty and easily hurt D.weak and easily attacked
4.What will the author most probably talk about next?
A.The benefits for adopters.
B.The consequences of adoption.
C.The benefits for baby animals.
D.The consequences of wrong identity.
答案
1.C
2.D
3.D
4.A
Passage 5(2020贵州贵阳一中月考VI,C)
English playwright Arthur Wing Pinero said, “Where there's tea, there's hope.”
Similarly, a Chinese saying goes that “Firewood, rice, cooking oil, salt, sauce, vinegar
and tea are the seven necessities to begin a day.”
Tea is, without doubt, welcomed all over the world. According to Statista, a German
online portal for statistics, global tea production reached approximately 5.8 million tons in
2018. It has become the most consumed beverage in the world—after water, of course.
In order to celebrate the popular drink, the United Nations General Assembly has
designated May 21 as International Tea Day. According to the UN, tea is much more than
just a hot drink. It's a big part of many cultures around the world.
You probably know that people in China use top-grade tea to show respect when
receiving important guests. Meanwhile, the British tradition of afternoon tea is an
important part of that country's identity. Making Malaysia's pulled tea has become a sort
of art form, where drinkers take pride in its entertainment aspects. As an expression of
Moroccan hospitality and tradition, mint tea—a mix of green tea, spearmint leaves and
sugar—is served during gatherings and negotiations.
Apart from its cultural significance, tea is also a medicine, used from ancient times
to modern days. “Tea is cold and lowers the fire,” Chinese Ming Dynasty herbalist Li
Shizhen once said. The health benefits of tea are still being discovered today: preventing
heart disease, obesity and cancer has all been linked to drinking green tea, according to
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the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the US. The mania for healthy tea
products continues into a new decade as it's used in moisturizers, lip balms and other
beauty products.
Hot or cold, bagged or loose-leaf, tea is more than a drink—it's a social custom and
also a magic medicine, a link to the past and a way of life.
1.Why did the author mention the two quotations in the first paragraph?
A.Because they are famous.
B.To show the significance of tea.
C.For enriching the readers' knowledge.
D.To show tea has a long history.
2.According to the passage, people consume most in the world.
A.tea B.coffee
C.water D.wine
3.What does the underlined word “moisturizers”mean in the fifth paragraph?
A.Medicine. B.Drinks.
C.Art forms. D.Cream.
4.What is the main idea of the whole passage?
A.Tea has a long history in China.
B.Tea has many health benefits.
C.Tea is a big part of many cultures around the world.
D.May 21 is celebrated as International Tea Day.
答案
1.B
2.C
3.D
4.C
Passage 6(2020河南九师联盟2月质检,D)
In the old days, when you had to drive to a movie theater to get some entertainment,
it was easy to see how your actions could have an impact(影响)on the environment. After
all, you were jumping into your car, driving across town, coughing out emissions(产生排
放)and using gas all the way. But now that we're used to staying at home and streaming
movies, we might get a little proud. After all, we're just picking up our phones or maybe
turning on the TV. You're welcome, Mother Nature.
“Not so fast,”says a recent report from the French-based Shift Project. According
to “Climate Crisis: The Unsustainable Use of Online Video”, digital technologies are
responsible for 4% of greenhouse gas emissions, and that energy use is increasing by 9%
a year. Watching a half-hour show would cause 1.6 kilograms of carbon dioxide
emissions. That's like driving 6.28 kilometers. And in the European Union, the Eureca
project found that data centers (where videos are stored) there used 25% more energy in
2017 compared to just three years earlier, reports the BBC.
Streaming is only expected to increase as we become more enamored of our digital
devices (设备)and the possibility of enjoying entertainment where and when we want it
increases. Online video use is expected to increase by four times from 2017 to 2022 and
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account for 80% of all Internet traffic by 2022. By then, about 60% of the world's
population will be online.
“You're probably not going to give up your streaming services, but there're things
you can do to help lessen the impact of your online use,” experts say. For example,
according to Lutz Stobbe, a researcher from the Fraunhofer Institute in Berlin, we have no
need to upload 25 pictures of the same thing to the cloud because it consumes energy
every time. If instead you delete a few things here and there, you can save energy.
Moreover, it's also a good idea to stream over Wi-Fi, watch on the smallest screen you
can, and turn off your Wi-Fi in your home if you're not using your devices.
1.What topic is the first paragraph intended to lead in?
A.The environmental effects of driving private cars.
B.The improvements on environmental awareness.
C.The change in the way people seek entertainment.
D.The environmental impacts of streaming services.
2.What does the underlined phrase “become more enamored of”in Paragraph 3 probably
mean?
A.Get more skeptical of.
B.Become more aware of.
C.Feel much crazier about.
D.Get more worried about.
3.What can we infer about the use of streaming services?
A.It is being reduced to protect the planet.
B.Its environmental effects are worsening.
C.It is easily available to almost everyone.
D.Its side effects have drawn global attention.
4.Which of the following is the most environmentally friendly?
A.Watching downloaded movies on a mobile phone.
B.Downloading music on a personal computer.
C.Uploading a lot of images of the same thing.
D.Playing online games over mobile networks.
答案
1.D
2.C
3.B
4.A
Passage 7(2020安徽蚌埠下学期三次质检,C)
Scientists, conservation organizations and governments trying to stop the trend of
extinction (灭绝)often focus on protected areas such as national parks and wildlife
preserves. But with as many as 1 million species(物种)at risk, this plan of action may not
be enough to conserve wildlife.
Slowing the mass extinction that now appears to be underway will require more
creative means of coexisting with wild plants and animals. A new study indicates the
effectiveness of some such approaches by examining some lands managed by indigenous
groups.
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“We show really strongly that, from a biodiversity standpoint in terms of species
richness,indigenous-managed lands are at least comparable to protected areas,” says
biologist Richard Schuster of Carleton University. And in some places, they are better than
parks and preserves,even though indigenous communities may use their lands' resources by
hunting or searching for food.
Schuster and his team analyzed more than 15,000 areas in Australia, Brazil and
Canada. They found that the total diversity of wildlife was highest on lands either
managed or co-managed by indigenous groups, while randomly selected areas with no
formal protection were the least biodiverse. For threatened species in particular, indigenous
lands scored slightly higher than protected lands on overall species richness in Brazil and
Canada, as well as higher for threatened animals in Australia.
Each country has a different geography, climate and history. Yet remarkably, Schuster
says, “The best indicator for species diversity is whether a given area was managed by
an indigenous community.” He pointed out that practices such as sustainable (可持续的)
hunting, fishing and searching, as well as burning, are more likely to occur in such areas.
Don Hankins, an ecologist at California State University,agrees.“There's probably going to
be more of a connection to the land,” he says, “and a use of the land for the things
that are there, compared to a national park.”
“It's really important to listen to the people who live on the land and have them
drive the stewardship efforts going forward,” Schuster says, adding that partnering with
indigenous communities may enable the world's countries to better meet a wide range of
conservation goals:“We really need all the help we can get as a global community to
prevent species extinction that we're facing right now.”
1.What does the underlined word “indigenous” probably mean in Paragraph 2?
A.Social. B.Native.
C.Protected. D.Threatened.
2.What did Richard Schuster find in his study?
A.National parks are even higher in species diversity.
B.Indigenous communities overhunted on their lands.
C.Some preserves almost have no formal protection.
D.Indigenous lands do better in keeping biodiversity.
3.Which of the following statements may Don Hankins agree with?
A.Species diversity depends on geographical positions.
B.Humans' everyday activities are no longer sustainable.
C.Indigenous groups have a close bond with their lands.
D.Protected areas work perfectly in wildlife protection.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.Beating back extinction.
B.Dealing with environmental problems.
C.Setting up nature reserves.
D.Fighting against unsustainable behaviors.
答案
1.B
2.D
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3.C
4.A
Passage 8(2019广西桂林、贺州、崇左联考,B)
Meet big brother Blue and his sisters Meadow and Little Willow, a family of three
blind cats that just got adopted by the family Catherine Magno.
Their story starts just before the Christmas of 2014 when the kittens (小猫) were
found in an abandoned house in Dubai. By then they had already lost their sight due to
cat flu that was left untreated by their previous owner. After that they came to an animal
home. About two weeks later, brother Blue almost got adopted by the previous owner's
neighbor, but the poor confused cat couldn't bear living without his sisters and cried all
night while searching for them. Soon they were all united in the animal home until the
important night of 19 February 2015, when Catherine took them under her wing.
“I had zero experience in having adopted my first ever rescue kittens just a couple
of months ago,” Catherine said. “But their story touched my heart so much that I
couldn't bear the thought of them being put in a cage for a very long time or even
worse.”
Catherine was worried about the special needs of her new pet friends, “My worry
was that it's going to not only be challenging but also require a lot of adjustments on my
part,” but apparently it wasn't that much different. “The only adjustment early on was
keeping everything where it was but they are soon adaptive.” And as she wonderfully
put it, “Blind pets see through their hearts.”
1.What do we know about the three cats?
A.They got abused by their previous owner.
B.They love the animal home very much.
C.They can only see little things for being nearsighted.
D.They can see nothing because of a disease.
2.What does the underlined word “adjustment” in the last paragraph mean?
A.Movement. B.Involvement.
C.Change. D.Progress.
3.Which of the following best describes Catherine?
A.Mean. B.Selfish. C.Caring. D.Optimistic.
答案
1.D
2.C
3.C
B组 综合应用题组
Passage 1(2021云南昆明二模,B)
When I was seven, my family and I were coming back from a T-ball game. In our
driveway, we spotted two adult geese and a small gosling. The adults were frightened by
our return and flew away, but their baby was still too young to fly and couldn't follow.
Hours passed, and night fell. The tiny little thing was wandering around our yard,
unaware of what could happen, and it was clear that the gosling needed protection,
warmth and food to make it to the morning. At that point, we had to bring him into our
backyard.
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We all pretty much slept with one eye open for several days. Each morning, we
would try to rush the goose over to his parents, who kept coming back to our yard. He
wouldn't go to them, though, and they wouldn't come close enough to claim him. The
young goose had clearly decided we were his new family, and my twin sister Joanna
called the little guy Peeper.
Almost a year passed and we settled into a routine filled with feathery hugs and
company. One evening, my uncle came over, and my dad threw Peeper up into the air to
show he could fly around the house, but this time, Peeper just flew off. Everyone was
very sad. Twenty years passed, and Peeper became a fond memory for my family.
In 2019, an aging adult goose made his way back to my home. At first, I assumed
it was just another Canada goose. After two weeks of the goose coming back repeatedly,
it became clear to me that this wasn't a random goose. He did all of the things Peeper
used to do, like trying to come in through the front door and sleeping in our enclosed
pool area. Besides, this goose responded to the name Peeper. Much to my amazement, my
old best friend had returned, 20 years later.
1.Why did the author bring the little goose home that night?
A.It couldn't find its parents.
B.It was too fragile to survive.
C.It wanted to stay in the yard.
D.It enjoyed the author's company.
2.What does the underlined word “claim” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A.Get. B.Forgive. C.Challenge. D.Annoy.
3.What can we infer about the author from the text?
A.She named the goose Peeper.
B.She set Peeper free on purpose.
C.She had deep feelings for Peeper.
D.She trained the goose to fly daily.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.A feathered family member.
B.The return of a long lost friend.
C.The reunion of a goose family.
D.An adventurous journey home.
答案
1.B
2.A
3.C
4.B
Passage 2(2021内蒙古包头二模,D)
Thankfully, I found the courage to persevere in the face of adversity and succeeded.
Otherwise, I could be a victim and feel sorry for myself for the rest of my life.
A doctor told me at a young age that I would likely never graduate from high
school due to my severe hearing loss and my extremely slow speech development. I
found the courage to work hard in school and be active in sports and other activities
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despite wearing hearing aids and living with a 70% hearing loss. By the time I was
college-age, I started losing my night vision. I decided to go away to college 300 miles
from home. I obtained my bachelor's degree and graduated with honors. Even though I
had terrible hearing loss and was beginning to lose my sight at night, I found the courage
to begin a professional career.
After earning my MBA degree, I accepted a position with Kellogg in the Corporate
Affairs Department. When I was working on my MBA degree, I found the courage to ask
someone successful despite facing similar challenges to mentor(指导) me. He encouraged
me to consider Kellogg as he knew the company was committed to diversity and
inclusion ( 包 容 ). I nervously started my new career, because my vision loss had
progressed significantly in the past few years. I am thankful to have a mentor that
encouraged me and I am thankful I found the courage to apply for a position with
Kellogg.
While Kellogg fosters a supportive, encouraging environment, it still takes courage for
me to require what I need to make sure I am successful in my career. I need courage to
speak up and ask for suitable accommodations to do my job. I also have to ask for
assistance navigating through unfamiliar areas. I have found that everyone at Kellogg is
always more than willing to take my requests into account.
Even though I face daily challenges, I have so much to be grateful for. We often
face difficulties we cannot control, but we can be courageous in order to face adversity
and address challenges.
1.What does the underlined word “adversity” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A.Advertisement. B.Reality.
C.Difficulty. D.Reward.
2.When the author was in high school, she .
A.was very talkative in class
B.was engaged in sports actively
C.suffered a severe medical error
D.dropped out once for her hearing loss
3.What motivated the author to apply for a job in Kellogg?
A.A mentor's encouragement.
B.Her aggressive personality.
C.Her interest in a challenging job.
D.The company's support for the disabled.
4.We can infer from Paragraph 4 that .
A.she picked up many skills for this job
B.she has met with a lot of misunderstandings
C.she has to gain lots of support for her career
D.she achieved great success in her career
答案
1.C
2.B
3.A
4.C
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Passage 3(2021安徽皖南八校三次联考,D)
During this year's Spring Festival, Ma Rui made a meme(表情包)by forming a
collage(拼贴画)of her portrait and images of firecrackers and golden coins. Ma sent it to
relatives and friends on social media as her new year's greeting.
“Traditional text greetings are tedious. A meme sticker of myself is more creative
and personal,” said Ma, a 38-year-old woman working in Yinchuan. As a regular meme
maker, Ma also made her cat and dog the main characters of her creations. With her
ever-increasing meme collection, she can deal with most online communications by
sending memes without sending a text message.
On China's most popular social networking apps WeChat and QQ, many users have
developed the habit of collecting memes in their accounts, including those featuring
celebrities, animals, and cartoon characters. Ma has been using emojis and memes on
WeChat for about 10 years, but they were limited in the past.
In recent years, meme-making has become a new trend, with the emergence of more
designers and apps for making memes. With free apps, people can create their own
memes and share them online. As an industry, meme-making can also bring decent
incomes for meme designers, injecting vitality into related products and industries.“A
good meme can accurately express what one means and reduce misunderstanding and
embarrassment. This is why people need it,”said Luo Yalong, a 30-year-old meme
designer.
Luo created a cartoon character named “Little Chubby Inu”. With this image, he
designed nearly one thousand memes with different expressions, which have been used
billions of times on WeChat since it was first introduced in 2017.
The image of Little Chubby Inu has also been printed on T-shirts, mugs, and
cosmetics and packages of popular drink brands. This year, Luo opened an online store
for Little Chubby Inu-themed products.
By drawing inspiration from popular websites young people like to visit, Luo has
become a prolific meme-maker, creating a new series of memes every two or three
months. “Attractive memes are emerging every day, while users' tastes are ever-changing.
For us designers, it causes great pressure but also presents immense opportunities,” Luo
said.
1.What does the underlined word “tedious” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A.Narrow. B.Dull.
C.Ancient. D.Common.
2.What do Luo's words in the last paragraph suggest?
A.Designers should cater for users' appetite.
B.Memes cause great pressure for designers.
C.New interesting memes are arising every day.
D.More and more memes bring us opportunities.
3.What is the main idea of the text?
A.The stories about some famous meme-makers.
B.Memes' going viral on Chinese social networking apps.
C.The difference between old and new greetings.
D.Memes' creating cartoon characters.
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答案
1.B
2.A
3.B
Passage 4(2021河南新乡4月调研,C)
In recent years, Ethiopia has become a regional leader in solid waste management.
Last year, the country transformed the landfill(垃圾填埋场)in Addis Ababa into a new
waste-to-energy plant, the first such project on the continent. The plant incinerates up to
1,400 tonnes of waste every day, about 80 percent of the city's rubbish, supplying the
capital with 25 percent of its household electricity needs.
However, despite these important steps, challenges remain in Ethiopia. Although the
country has permitted the Basel, Stockholm and Rotterdam conventions, laws and policies
on environmentally sound management of hazardous (危险的)wastes are still not effective
in preventing littering illegally.
To help Ethiopia meet these challenges, the Chemicals and Waste Management
Program is supporting the country with a three-year project to enhance its capacity for
sound management of hazardous wastes.
In the initial stages, a project management unit will be formed, made up of many
representatives from government departments and private organizations. This unit will be
responsible for reviewing and assessing Ethiopia's current legal system, which, despite
numerous advances in recent years,does not specifically target the recycling of hazardous
waste. Once legal gaps are identified, the project will seek to update existing policies and
strategies.
Many people in Ethiopia are not aware of the possible effect of environmental
damage and the need to report such crimes to the police. To resolve this pressing issue,
Ethiopia will be conducting a series of capacity-building activities, including creating
awareness-raising programs,training trainers and providing equipment.
Ethiopia will also work to establish a national mechanism for chemicals and waste
management by engaging government departments and civil society groups. Authorities will
also make budgetary provisions (预算拨款)in national, regional and institutional planning to
ensure funding for these activities is sustainable even after the project's completion.
1.Which can replace the underlined word “incinerates” in Paragraph 1?
A.produces B.gathers C.burns D.absorbs
2.What's the main problem of Ethiopia in waste management?
A.The funds are not sufficient.
B.The shortage of workers is severe.
C.The pollution level is too high.
D.The relevant laws are not sound.
3.What will Ethiopia do to help the natives protect the environment?
A.Raise their environmental awareness.
B.Call on them to start some programs.
C.Reward them with budgetary provisions.
D.Restrict their environmental movement.
4.What does the text mainly talk about?
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A.Ethiopia is facing serious environmental problems.
B.Ethiopia is putting efforts into waste management.
C.Ethiopia has achieved success in waste management.
D.Ethiopia has reduced environmental pollution levels.
答案
1.C
2.D
3.A
4.B
Passage 5(2020安徽桐城模拟考试VIII,C)
With all the wars, fighting and sadness in the world today, it's not only necessary,
but also essential to have a good sense of humor just to help us get through every day
of our lives. Putting a smile on someone's face when you know they are feeling down in
the dumps makes them feel good and warms their hearts.
How would you feel if you could not joke with your wife, husband, child, co-worker,
neighbor, close friends, or even just someone who you are standing in line with at your
corner store? I am always saying things that make others smile or laugh, even if I don't
know the person I'm joking with. My grandma always found humor in everything she did,
even if it was the hardest job anyone could imagine. This not only relieves stress in any
situation, but also is common courtesy(礼貌)to speak to others who are around you.
I know of a few people who don't have a funny bone in their bodies, as they say.
Everyone around them could be rolling on the floor after hearing a great joke and they
would sit there without the slightest smile on their face. They don't get the joke that
makes others laugh. I am busting a gut while they just sit there, looking at me as if I
were from outer space. How can people not get a really funny joke?
Laughing is essential to keeping your stress levels under control. Without humor we
would find ourselves with a lot of psychological problems, or on a lot of medication to
keep us from going crazy. There is too much sadness in this present world. It drives
people crazy. We all need to find a way to ignore the sadness and bring a little light into
our lives. So, I believe our best medicine is to get together and tell some jokes and have
some fun laughing together.
1.What is the author's attitude towards the present world?
A.Critical. B.Positive.
C.Satisfied. D.Indifferent.
2.The phrase “busting a gut” in the third paragraph can be replaced by .
A.explaining carefully B.speaking loud
C.keeping silent D.laughing hard
3.According to the author, humor is useful for .
A.making people more confident
B.picking up people's spirits
C.helping get rid of the cruelty in the world
D.helping people get on well with others
4.In writing the passage, the author mainly intends to .
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A.introduce a practical way to get through daily life
B.convince people of the power of humor
C.encourage people to be humorous in daily life
D.talk about his own understanding of humor
答案
1.A
2.D
3.B
4.C
Passage 6(2020江西吉安、抚州、赣州一模,D)
Walking through a local park recently, I saw a teenage boy wearing a T-shirt that
read:“Effort wins over talent.”It reminded me of an idea I think about often, that if you
believe you can learn new things and develop new skills,by working hard, you are more
likely to achieve those goals.This critical insight was brought up by Dr. Carol Dweck, a
Stanford University psychologist, as a “growth mindset”.
According to Dr. Dweck's research, “Talent is not fixed.”Studies by Dweck and
others have shown students who have a fixed mindset see new learning experiences as a
moment to be judged,not an opportunity to learn. This can make learning a painful
struggle, leading many to give up. Students who have a growth mindset, on the other
hand, experience challenges as the way to learn and improve. They see hard work as
being about learning. Overall, they learn and achieve at higher levels, even when they
start out at the same place as those with fixed mindsets.
While Dweck identified growth mindsets more than a decade ago, her insights were
not made up. They have since been backed up by brain science, made possible by new
technology that allows researchers to see images of the brain at work. Studies show that,
when a person responds to new and difficult material by engaging in a struggle to learn,
the neurons in their brain grow.
Believing that you can grow your abilities through effort—that talent is not fixed—is
crucial(重要的). As Dweck puts it in her TED talk, we need to focus on showing young
people “The Power of Yet”meaning—I haven't learned this yet, or I'm not good at this
yet.
A growth mindset is an important idea for educators and schools, but it's also a
powerful tool that everyone can use to help themselves to learn and achieve at high
levels.
1.What does the underlined word “insight” in Paragraph 1 mean?
A.Scenery. B.Research. C.Question. D.Idea.
2.How is Paragraph 2 mainly developed?
A.By making comparisons.
B.By giving explanations.
C.By listing examples.
D.By describing details.
3.Which of the following statements shows a growth mindset?
A.“Wow, you are really gifted in maths.”
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B.“I just don't understand it yet.”
C.“You are a clever student.”
D.“My talents determine everything.”
4.What will the author probably discuss next?
A.Why to develop a better mindset.
B.When to obtain a better mindset.
C.How to apply the growth mindset.
D.Where to learn the growth mindset.
答案
1.D
2.A
3.B
4.C
Passage 7 (2020河南天一大联考IV,D)
Bird eggs come in a variety of colors, but new research shows that diversity follows
a simple pattern—the colder the climate, the darker the egg. Darker eggs take in more
heat than lighter ones. This could help developing chicks stay warm while their parents
look for food. That's the conclusion of the study.
Biologists have long tried to understand why birds' eggs come in so many shapes
and colors. There could be many reasons. The color may help make eggs less likely to
be discovered by their natural enemies. The egg shape or color might also somehow
protect eggs against bacteria or signal their quality. The shape or color might even help
keep an egg warm. “Scientists have discovered some evidence to support all of these
assumptions,”says Phillip Wisocki, who worked on the research.
Wisocki and his colleagues turned to collections of birds' eggs in museums. They
compiled(汇编)data from 634 species. These represented all but four of the 40 living
orders of birds. Then they plotted the data on a global map. The brightness and color of
eggshells were closely related to a region's temperature, they showed. That was true even
after considering that closely related species can have similarly colored eggs. Birds in the
far north—which tends to be colder—had darker, browner eggs. Eggs became lighter and
slightly bluer for birds closer to the equator. Egg colors, however, tended to be more
varied in the tropics(热带).
Darker eggs may be an adaptation to the cold, the research now suggests. Like a
dark car parked in the sun, a dark egg should take in more heat from the sun than a
lighter egg. To test this theory,Wisocki's group exposed chicken eggs to direct sunlight and
tracked how well they assimilated heat. Some were white. Others were brown or blue.
Sure enough, brown eggs warmed faster and cooled more slowly than the lighter eggs.
1.According to the assumptions about birds' eggs, their shapes and colors .
A.can reflect the appetites of birds
B.are determined by the ages of birds
C.aren't the result of natural evolution
D.can act as a measure of self-defence
2.Where did the bird eggs Wisocki's group researched on come from?
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A.Museum collections.
B.Color-painted bird eggs.
C.Their own worldwide search.
D.Birds kept in many regions.
3.The underlined word “assimilated” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to“
”.
A.blocked B.absorbed
C.reflected D.produced
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.How Do Birds Lay Eggs of Different Colors?
B.What Contributes to the Different Colors of Bird Eggs?
C.Why Are Bird Eggs in Colder Climates Darker Colored?
D.What Are the Functions of the Different Colors of Bird Eggs?
答案
1.D
2.A
3.B
4.C
Passage 8(2019云南一检,C)
The legislature(立法机构) finds that the cigarette is considered one of the deadliest
products in human history, so it begins a new bill introduced in Hawaii's State House,
calling for a ban on cigarette sales in the state by 2024.
Hawaii has some of the most restrictive cigarette laws in the nation. In 2016, it
became the first state to raise the age to buy cigarettes to 21. Now, its new bill calls for
raising the cigarette-buying age to 30 by 2020, up to 40, 50 and 60 in each following
year, and up to 100 by 2024.That would effectively clear Hawaii's store shelves of
cigarettes, although tourists could still bring them in. The age limits would not apply to
e-cigarettes, cigars or chewing tobacco.
And curiously, Hawaii would offer its centenarians (百岁老人) the chance to buy
cigarettes near the end of their life — if they could find them.
Richard Creagan, the bill's sponsor, said that he hoped the bill could represent an
“end game” for the cigarette problem, and that it might be easier to pass the bill in
Hawaii than in a mainland state.
“On the mainland they have more trouble with this because they have states around
them that are selling cigarettes,” he said. “We don't have any states around us. And
that's why I thought it could be done here, and it would be kind of an example for the
rest of the nation and the world.”
Creagan told the Hawaii Tribune-Herald he's confident that the bill will survive any
court challenges.
In 2015, the National Academy of Sciences released a report arguing that increasing
the age to buy tobacco to 21 would have a “considerable impact” on the age at which
someone takes their first puff . The report also suggested “if someone is not a regular
tobacco user by age 25, it is highly unlikely he or she will become one.”
1.What can we know about Hawaii from Paragraph 2?
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A.Hawaii has no cigarette laws at present.
B.The cigarette-buying age will be 50 in 2023.
C.The age to buy cigarettes was raised to 21 in 2016.
D.All cigarette stores in the state have been closed.
2.What does the new bill call for?
A.Even tourists can't bring cigarettes to Hawaii.
B.No one under 100 can buy cigarettes by 2024.
C.Hawaiians can't buy cigarettes in other states.
D.Growing tobacco is not allowed in Hawaii.
3.The underlined words in the last paragraph mean “ ”.
A.buys their first pack of cigarettes
B.smokes their first cigarette
C.quits smoking for the first time
D.first offers cigarettes to others
4.What is the main idea of the text?
A.Hawaii is considering a bill to ban cigarette sales.
B.Hawaii will lower the cigarette-buying age.
C.Hawaii is to ban smoking in its neighboring states.
D.Hawaii has released a report on the harm of smoking.
答案
1.C
2.B
3.B
4.A
— 一年原创 —
Passage 1(2021 5·3原创题)
It was a chance meeting that revealed the reality of one life as it changed another.
About 20 years ago, while on the way to visit a student's house, Zhang Guimei, then a
rural teacher, noticed a 13-year-old girl sitting on the hillside, staring blankly into space.
She told Zhang she was about to get married. It was arranged by her parents.“But I
want to go to school,” the girl said. Zhang went to her house and tried to persuade her
parents to let the girl return to school and promised to pay for her tuition herself.
However, they didn't agree.
That fateful encounter persuaded Zhang to build a free high school for girls, aiming
to help break the cycle that saw women drop out of education, marry early and spend
their whole life in the remote mountain.
After years trying to raise funds, in 2008, Huaping High School for Girls, a free
public high school, was founded at the foot of the Shizi Mountain in Huaping, where
Zhang is the principal.
Over the decades, Zhang walked thousands of kilometers, visiting students' families in
the deep mountain, talking to villagers, persuading girls to go back to school. It has been
worth it. More than 1,800 graduates have been admitted to college, which is regarded as
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a“miracle”in the remote area, as most students didn't perform well in academic study
before the school was established.
Though lacking full health, Zhang, now 63, insists on a daily routine—get up at
around 5 am to turn on the lights of the teaching building, call students to get up with a
loudspeaker, accompany students to classes and sleep after senior students' study ends at
midnight. She swallows dozens of pills a day. She has collapsed several times from
exhaustion on the campus.
Zhang's husband died in the 1990s. She doesn't have children or a house, so she
lives at the student dormitory. Zhang Xiaofeng, director of the school's office, says the
principal donated all her wages and bonuses to bolster rural education and poor people.
In early December,2020, she was named a national outstanding member of the
Communist Party of China for her dedication to education in rural China. She was also
given the honor of the country's “role model for teachers”, “advanced worker” and
“outstanding woman”. Her moving stories inspire thousands of people.
1.What motivated Zhang Guimei to build a free high school for girls?
A.Her own bitter experiences.
B.The villagers' suggestion.
C.The government's demand.
D.A little girl's sad story.
2.What kind of person is Zhang Guimei in the passage?
A.Demanding and selfish.
B.Caring and devoted.
C.Responsible but harsh.
D.Determined but impatient.
3.What does the underlined word “bolster”probably mean in Paragraph 6?
A.improve B.encourage
C.persuade D.solve
答案
1.D
2.B
3.A
Passage 2(2021 5·3原创题)
Americans often try to say things as quickly as possible. So, for some expressions,
we use the first letters of the words instead of saying each word. Many common
expressions or long names are abbreviated this way.
BYOB is a short way of saying,“Bring Your Own Bottle.” The letters BYOB are
often found at the bottom of a written invitation to a simple social event or a gathering
of friends. For example, let's say I had a New Year's Eve party. I might include on the
invitation,“Please come to my party and BYOB.” The bottle each person brings is what
the person wants to drink at the party.
However, an invitation to a special event—such as a wedding—would never say
BYOB.An invitation to an official or very special event often has other letters written at
the bottom. The letters are RSVP.These letters represent the French expression,
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“Repondez S'il Vous Plait.” In English the words mean, “Respond If It Pleases You.”
Americans use the letters as a short way to say, “Please answer this invitation.”
Another expression usually used for business but not parties is ASAP. So, a colleague
might say he needs something done ASAP. It means as soon as possible. He might also
need something done by COB.That means he wants to finish it by “Close Of Business”
or the end of the work day.
Beginning letters are often used to represent the names of universities as well. A
famous one is MIT. That is short for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Another
major university is UCLA.Almost no one ever says its real name, the University of
California at Los Angeles. That takes too long!
Many American government agencies are also known by their beginning letters. For
example, the FBI is the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The FBI investigates criminal
activities in the United States. Then there is the IRS, the Internal Revenue Service. It is
not a very popular agency because it collects federal taxes.
1.Which of the following expressions might be used for your parents' 20th anniversary
according to the passage?
A.BYOB. B.RSVP.
C.ASAP. D.COB.
2.What does the underlined word “abbreviated” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A.adopted B.shortened C.transformed D.quitted
3.Why is the IRS not popular in America?
A.Because it investigates criminal activities.
B.Because it is not so famous as MIT.
C.Because it is a newly-founded agency.
D.Because it gathers taxes for the government.
4.How is the whole passage mainly organized?
A.By reasoning. B.By comparison.
C.By giving examples. D.By giving statistics.
答案
1.B
2.B
3.D
4.C
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