专题十　主旨要义（试题word）_2022版教学资源包_五年高考三年模拟_2022版课标版高考总复习英语5·3B版_专题十主旨要义_专题十主旨要义（试题WORD）_试题WORD

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专题十 主旨要义
— 五年高考 —
A组 统一命题·课标全国卷题组
Passage 1(2021全国乙,C) 词数 309学生用书 P158
You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or
cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing
viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,”a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000
plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh
City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源) of plastic pollution, but they've recently come
under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of
Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes.Once the drink is gone,the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018,Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic:Every 60 seconds,a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this
work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to
look like they'd been dumped(倾倒)from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
What are Von Wong's artworks intended for?
1.
A.Beautifying the city he lives in.
B.Introducing eco-friendly products.
C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D.Reducing garbage on the beach.
2.Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B.To explain why they are useful.
C.To voice his views on modern art.
D.To find a substitute for them.
3.What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?
A.Calming. B.Disturbing.
C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
答案
1.C
2.A
3.B
4.D
Passage 2(2021全国甲,D) 词数 314学生用书 P158
Who is a genius?This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly:Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the
nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us?And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history
is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—
women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are
“really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief:Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are
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“really, really smart.”Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up?It doesn't take a genius to know the
answer:absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And
the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says,
future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
1.
A.They're unfair. B.They're conservative.
C.They're objective. D.They're strict.
2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A.They think themselves smart.
B.They look up to great thinkers.
C.They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.
3.Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A.Improved global communication.
B.Less discrimination against women.
C.Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D.Changes in people's social positions.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Geniuses Think Alike
B.Genius Takes Many Forms
C.Genius and Intelligence
D.Genius and Luck
答案
1.A
2.D
3.A
4.B
Passage 3(2020课标全国Ⅰ,D) 词数 351学生用书 P159
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted
in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more
productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get
them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a
plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use
every day,”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could
create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said,
could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the
plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch”where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such
as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输). Glowing plants could reduce this
distance and therefore help save energy.
What is the first paragraph mainly about?
1.
A.A new study of different plants.
B.A big fall in crime rates.
C.Employees from various workplaces.
D.Benefits from green plants.
2.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers?
A.To detect plants' lack of water.
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B.To change compositions of plants.
C.To make the life of plants longer.
D.To test chemicals in plants.
3.What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A.They will speed up energy production.
B.They may transmit electricity to the home.
C.They might help reduce energy consumption.
D.They could take the place of power plants.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Can we grow more glowing plants?
B.How do we live with glowing plants?
C.Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D.How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
答案
1.D
2.A
3.C
4.C
Passage 4(2020课标全国Ⅱ,B) 词数 261学生用书 P159
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago, found children who play with
puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for
differences in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children who play with puzzles
between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate(旋转) and translate
shapes,”Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of the children in the study played with puzzles at one
time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial
skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active
during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
1.
A.Building confidence.
B.Developing spatial skills.
C.Learning self-control.
D.Gaining high-tech knowledge.
2.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?
A.Parents' age.
B.Children's imagination.
C.Parents' education.
D.Child-parent relationship.
3.How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play?
A.They play with puzzles more often.
B.They tend to talk less during the game.
C.They prefer to use more spatial language.
D.They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
4.What is the text mainly about?
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A.A mathematical method. B.A scientific study.
C.A woman psychologist. D.A teaching program.
答案
1.B
2.C
3.D
4.B 􀳒 􀳒
Passage 5(2020课标全国Ⅲ,D) 词数 314学生用书 P160
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes(基因), they are
finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle-raising
people in East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation(突变)that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation—not to air or to food, but to the ocean. A
group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands
in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats;in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts(支柱)in coastal
waters.“They are simply a stranger to the land,”said Rodney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting
shellfish.“We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local islanders,”Dr. Jubilado said.“I could see them actually walking
under the sea.”
In 2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau. She wondered if centuries of
diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier for them.“It seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection
to act on a population,”said Dr. Ilardo. She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
1.
A.Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B.New knowledge of human evolution.
C.Recent findings of human origin.
D.Significance of food selection.
2.Where do the Bajau build their houses?
A.In valleys. B.Near rivers.
C.On the beach. D.Off the coast.
3.Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A.They could walk on stilts all day.
B.They had a superb way of fishing.
C.They could stay long underwater.
D.They lived on both land and water.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea
B.Highlanders' Survival Skills
C.Basic Methods of Genetic Research
D.The World's Best Divers
答案
1.B
2.D
3.C
4.A
Passage 6(2019课标全国Ⅰ,D) 词数 370学生用书 P160
During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the
queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking
cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories:the
likable and the status seekers. The likables' plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped
early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence:status born of power and even dishonorable
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behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school,
as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status
based on student surveys(调查研究).“We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had
those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing, kindness, openness—carry over to later
years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion:Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also
responsible for those outcomes, too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an
advantage,”he said.
What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
1.
A.Unkind. B.Lonely.
C.Generous. D.Cool.
2.What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A.The classification of the popular.
B.The characteristics of adolescents.
C.The importance of interpersonal skills.
D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.
3.What did Dr. Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids?
A.They appeared to be aggressive.
B.They tended to be more adaptable.
C.They enjoyed the highest status.
D.They performed well academically.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Be Nice—You Won't Finish Last
B.The Higher the Status, the Better
C.Be the Best—You Can Make It
D.More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
答案
1.C
2.A
3.B
4.A
Passage 7(2019课标全国Ⅱ,C) 词数 348学生用书 P161
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading?None
of your business!Lunch is Bechtel's “me” time. And like more Americans, she's not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent)have
lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?”Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West
Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a
boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself,”she said.
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace
or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day's gone and think
about the rest of the week,”he said. “It's a chance for self-reflection. You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table
for one, but those days are over. Now, we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the
advances in technology,”said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided the statistics for the report.
What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?
1.
A.Food variety. B.Eating habits.
C.Table manners. D.Restaurant service.
2.Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?
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A.To meet with her coworkers.
B.To catch up with her work.
C.To have some time on her own.
D.To collect data for her report.
3.What do we know about Mazoleny?
A.He makes videos for the bar.
B.He's fond of the food at the bar.
C.He interviews customers at the bar.
D.He's familiar with the barkeeper.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.The trend of having meals alone.
B.The importance of self-reflection.
C.The stress from working overtime.
D.The advantage of wireless technology.
答案
1.B
2.C
3.D
4.A
Passage 8(2018课标全国Ⅰ,B) 词数 264学生用书 P161
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role—showing
families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money:Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food
waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt
into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack,11.
“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,”she explains.“I pay ￡5 for a portion(一份),
but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we're not aware how
cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Money:Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on
how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight's Easter special they
come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less
expensive but still tasty recipes.
What do we know about Susanna Reid?
1.
A.She enjoys embarrassing her guests.
B.She has started a new programme.
C.She dislikes working early in the morning.
D.She has had a tight budget for her family.
2.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A.He buys cooking materials for her.
B.He prepares food for her kids.
C.He assists her in cooking matters.
D.He invites guest families for her.
3.What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?
A.Summarize the previous paragraphs.
B.Provide some advice for the readers.
C.Add some background information.
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D.Introduce a new topic for discussion.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B.Balancing Our Daily Diet
C.Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D.Cooking Well for Less
答案
1.B
2.C
3.C
4.D
Passage 9(2018课标全国Ⅱ,C) 词数 294学生用书 P162
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children's
lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.
According to the report's key findings, “the proportion(比例)who say they ‘hardly ever’read for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and
9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today.”
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2—8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading
each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.
When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on
reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to
reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for
them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents might take this chance to step in and make their own
summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.
What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
1.
A.Children's reading habits.
B.Quality of children's books.
C.Children's after-class activities.
D.Parent-child relationships.
2.Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for
fun”?
A.In paragraph 2. B.In paragraph 3.
C.In paragraph 4. D.In paragraph 5.
3.Why do many parents limit electronic reading?
A.E-books are of poor quality.
B.It could be a waste of time.
C.It may harm children's health.
D.E-readers are expensive.
4.How should parents encourage their children to read more?
A.Act as role models for them.
B.Ask them to write book reports.
C.Set up reading groups for them.
D.Talk with their reading class teachers.
答案
1.A
2.B
3.C
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4.A
Passage 10(2017课标全国Ⅰ,C) 词数 325学生用书 P162
Some of the world's most famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebrate the first annual International Jazz Day.
UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)recently set April 30 as a day to raise awareness of jazz music, its significance, and
its potential as a unifying(联合)voice across cultures.
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger
generations.
It's Jason Moran's job to help change that. As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the
music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
“Jazz seems like it's not really a part of the American appetite,”Moran tells National Public Radio's reporter Neal Conan.“What I'm hoping to
accomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understand that jazz is not black and white anymore. It's actually color, and it's actually
digital.”
Moran says one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect of the music has been lost.“The music can't be presented today the
way it was in 1908 or 1958.It has to continue to move, because the way the world works is not the same,”says Moran.
Last year, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Waller's music for a dance party,“just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is
dance music as much as it is concert music,”says Moran.“For me, it's the recontextualization. In music, where does the emotion(情感)lie?Are we, as
humans, gaining any insight(感悟)on how to talk about ourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us into a dialogue about our
emotions and our thoughts?Sometimes we lose sight that the music has a wider context,”says Moran,“so I want to continue those dialogues. Those are the
things I want to foster.”
Why did UNESCO set April 30 as International Jazz Day?
1.
A.To remember the birth of jazz.
B.To protect cultural diversity.
C.To encourage people to study music.
D.To recognize the value of jazz.
2.What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 3 refer to?
A.Jazz becoming more accessible.
B.The production of jazz growing faster.
C.Jazz being less popular with the young.
D.The jazz audience becoming larger.
3.What can we infer about Moran's opinion on jazz?
A.It will disappear gradually.
B.It remains black and white.
C.It should keep up with the times.
D.It changes every 50 years.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Exploring the Future of Jazz
B.The Rise and Fall of Jazz
C.The Story of a Jazz Musician
D.Celebrating the Jazz Day
答案
1.D
2.C
3.C
4.A
Passage 11(2017课标全国Ⅱ,C) 词数 317学生用书 P163
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within
the next year. The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which
flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas
and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after
Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways. It's
expected to cost $279,000. And it won't help if you're stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has
come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for
the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration's decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport
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aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to
be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.
What is the first paragraph mainly about?
1.
A.The basic data of the Transition.
B.The advantages of flying cars.
C.The potential market for flying cars.
D.The designers of the Transition.
2.Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?
A.It causes traffic jams. B.It is difficult to operate.
C.It is very expensive. D.It burns too much fuel.
3.What is the government's attitude to the development of the flying car?
A.Cautious. B.Favorable.
C.Ambiguous. D.Disapproving.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Flying Car at Auto Show
B.The Transition's First Flight
C.Pilots' Dream Coming True
D.Flying Car Closer to Reality
答案
1.A
2.C
3.B
4.D
Passage 12(2017课标全国Ⅲ,D) 词数 324学生用书 P164
The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand
the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.
Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming
more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.
Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to
continue driving into later life.
These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains:“For many older
people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about
without having to rely on others.”
“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging
driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stop driving before they really need to.”
Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points and
difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems.”
“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they
struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined. We're looking at the benefits of
systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.”
“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel.”
What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?
1.
A.To explore new means of transport.
B.To design new types of cars.
C.To find out older drivers' problems.
D.To teach people traffic rules.
2.Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?
A.It keeps them independent.
B.It helps them save time.
C.It builds up their strength.
D.It cures their mental illnesses.
3.What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?
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A.Improve their driving skills.
B.Develop driver-assist technologies.
C.Provide tips on repairing their cars.
D.Organize regular physical checkups.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.A New Model Electric Car
B.A Solution to Traffic Problems
C.Driving Services for Elders
D.Keeping Older Drivers on the Road
答案
1.C
2.A
3.B
4.D
B组 新高考卷、省(区、市)卷题组
Passage 1(2021新高考Ⅰ,D) 词数 303学生用书 P164
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional(情感的)intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as
almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism
and “people skills.”Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based
emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately
understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential
victims.Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity
have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by
employers,educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and
researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific
and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives(视角)from which to study how people
manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
1.
A.It can be measured by an IQ test.
B.It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C.It includes a set of emotional skills.
D.It refers to a person's positive qualities.
2.Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A.To explain a rule.
B.To clarify a concept.
C.To present a fact.
D.To make a prediction.
3.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A.Favorable. B.Intolerant.
C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.
4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A.Its appeal to the public.
B.Expectations for future studies.
C.Its practical application.
D.Scientists with new perspectives.
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答案
1.D
2.B
3.A
4.B
Passage 2(2021浙江,C) 词数334学生用书 P165
If you ever get the impression that your dog can “tell” whether you look content or annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able
to distinguish between happy and angry human faces, according to a new study.
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images(图像) of the same person making either a happy or an angry face. During the
training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish
between human facial expressions by showing them the other half of the person's face or images totally different from the ones used in training. The
researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by
random chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage.
“We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures based on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth,”said study author Corsin Müller.
“Instead, our results suggest that the successful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an
angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes.”
“With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human facial expressions,”Müller told Live
Science.
At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial expressions in humans. “To us, the most
likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions,” and this
exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Müller said.
The new study focused on whether dogs can .
1.
A.distinguish shapes B.make sense of human faces
C.feel happy or angry D.communicate with each other
2.What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?
A.Researchers tested the dogs in random order.
B.Diverse methods were adopted during training.
C.Pictures used in the two stages were different.
D.The dogs were photographed before the test.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A.A suggestion for future studies.
B.A possible reason for the study findings.
C.A major limitation of the study.
D.An explanation of the research method.
答案
1.B
2.C
3.B
Passage 3(2020浙江,C) 词数329 学生用书 P165
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study
published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers'
memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to
take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激),demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose
cognitive(认知)function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for
the participants' overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise,”says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you're in pain, you may feel
tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work—sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy.”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter's job, for example, that requires
multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level
planning and coordinating(协调),”she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons—including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing
to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests?
1.
A.To assess their health status.
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B.To evaluate their work habits.
C.To analyze their personality.
D.To measure their mental ability.
2.How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4?
A.By using an expert's words.
B.By making a comparison.
C.By referring to another study.
D.By introducing a concept.
3.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B.Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
答案
1.D
2.B
3.C
Passage 4(2020天津,C) 词数414 学生用书 P166
For people who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms
of recording studios, but many of today's sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new
products based on the phenomenon we call sound.
Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape. And the officer can't let him get away.
He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic
Device(LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器). It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed
like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.
For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let's say you are at the airport, and the little boy on the seat next to
you is humming(哼唱) a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British
invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions by
analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the
machine on, point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.
Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯) are used in the theater. A spotlight
lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, a “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in one targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as
restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the
menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and
even at homes.
What could be inferred from Paragraph 2 about the effect of the LRAD?
1.
A.It causes temporary hearing loss.
B.It slows down a running man.
C.It makes it easy to identify a suspect.
D.It keeps the suspect from hurting others.
2.The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to .
A.silence the people around you
B.remove the sound of commercials
C.block the incoming sound waves
D.stop unwanted sound from affecting you
3.What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share?
A.They travel in circles.
B.They clear the atmosphere.
C.They can be transformed into energy.
D.They can be directed onto a specific area.
4.Directed sound can be used for .
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A.creative designs of restaurant menus
B.ideal sound effects on the theater stage
C.different choices of music for businesses
D.strict control over any suspicious customer
5.What does the passage focus on?
A.How professionals invented sound products.
B.Inventions in the field of sound technology.
C.The growing interest in the study of sound.
D.How sound engineers work in their studios.
答案
1.A
2.D
3.D
4.C
5.B
Passage 5(2020天津,D) 词数421 学生用书 P166
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average
performance, curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both.
The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges(驱策力)count for much more than ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying
weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent,
“Why?Why?Why?”
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don't have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them.
“The great man,”said Mencius(孟子), “is he who does not lose his child's heart.”Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop
challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to
avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we
missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start?Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn't arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was
curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven't any special ability? Most people don't; there are only a few geniuses. You haven't any
time?That's good, because it's always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom's Cabin while
cooking. You're too old?Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when
she was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you'll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to .
1.
A.propose a definition
B.make a comparison
C.reach a conclusion
D.present an argument
2.What does the example of Galileo tell us?
A.Trial and error leads to the finding of truth.
B.Scientists tend to be curious and ambitious.
C.Creativity results from challenging authority.
D.Greatness comes from a lasting desire to explore.
3.What can you do to recapture curiosity and discontent?
A.Observe the unknown around you.
B.Develop a questioning mind.
C.Lead a life of adventure.
D.Follow the fashion.
4.What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7?
A.Gaining success helps you become an expert.
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B.The genius tends to get things done creatively.
C.Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action.
D.You should remain modest when approaching perfection.
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.Curious Minds Never Feel Contented
B.Reflections on Human Nature
C.The Keys to Achievement
D.Never Too Late to Learn
答案
1.D
2.D
3.B
4.C
5.C
Passage 6(2020江苏,D) 词数 664学生用书 P167
I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马孙) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We
did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more
foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water or electricity. It was
easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am not good at soccer, but that
evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness
came over the field and the match ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, “In your home, do you have a moon
too?” I was surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe(敬畏) at the possibilities that existed
in his world. In Juan's world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan's world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was
possible.
In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest things left to
find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan's village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left
to discover. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thought about Juan's question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part, an ant biologist, so my thoughts
turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant (无知的) are
we? The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider..., and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a
second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the
human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did, I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that
depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but all the same, it
fills.
In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant, occasionally half-
mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus
on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these
people and how their lives changed our view of the world.
We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think that insects were the smallest organisms (生
物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
How did the author feel on his arrival in the Amazon?
1.
A.Out of place. B.Full of joy.
C.Sleepy. D.Regretful.
2.What made that Amazonian evening wonderful?
A.He learned more about the local language.
B.They had a nice conversation with each other.
C.They understood each other while playing.
D.He won the soccer game with the goal keeper.
3.Why was the author surprised at Juan's question about the moon?
A.The question was too straightforward.
B.Juan knew so little about the world.
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C.The author didn't know how to answer.
D.The author didn't think Juan was sincere.
4.What was the author's initial purpose of collecting newspaper articles?
A.To sort out what we have known.
B.To deepen his research into Amazonians.
C.To improve his reputation as a biologist.
D.To learn more about local cultures.
5.How did those brilliant scientists make great discoveries?
A.They shifted their viewpoints frequently.
B.They followed other scientists closely.
C.They often criticized their fellow scientists.
D.They conducted in-depth and close studies.
6.What could be the most suitable title for the passage?
A.The Possible and the Impossible
B.The Known and the Unknown
C.The Civilized and the Uncivilized
D.The Ignorant and the Intelligent
答案
1.A
2.C
3.B
4.A
5.D
6.B
Passage 7(2019浙江,C) 词数 305学生用书 P168
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study
finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra
high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees.
Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for
resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010,McIntyre and his colleagues
documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a
computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air
temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s,McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more
water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
What is the second paragraph mainly about?
1.
A.The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B.The increasing variety of California big trees.
C.The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D.The influence of farming on big trees in California.
2.Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?
A.Ecological studies of forests.
B.Banning woodcutting.
C.Limiting housing development.
D.Fire control measures.
3.What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre?
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A.Inadequate snowmelt. B.A longer dry season.
C.A warmer climate. D.Dampness of the air.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B.Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C.Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D.Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
答案
1.A
2.D
3.C
4.A
Passage 8(2019天津,B) 词数 432学生用书 P168
I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I have as a child deal with books. There was not one night that I
don't remember Mom reading me a storybook by my bedside. I was extremely inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.
I always wanted to know what my mom was reading. Hearing Mom say, “I can't believe what's printed in the newspaper this morning,”made me
want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself. I wanted to be like my mom and know all of the things she knew. So I carried around a book, and
each night, just to be like her, I would pretend to be reading.
This is how everyone learned to read. We would start off with sentences, then paragraphs, and then stories. It seemed an unending journey, but even
as a six-year-old girl I realized that knowing how to read could open many doors. When Mom said, “The C-A-N-D-Y is hidden on the top shelf,”I knew
where the candy was. My progress in reading raised my curiosity, and I wanted to know everything. I often found myself telling my mom to drive more
slowly, so that I could read all of the road signs we passed.
Most of my reading through primary, middle and high school was factual reading. I read for knowledge, and to make A's on my tests. Occasionally, I
would read a novel that was assigned, but I didn't enjoy this type of reading. I liked facts, things that are concrete. I thought anything abstract left too much
room for argument.
Yet, now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex, I find myself needing a way to escape. By
opening a novel, I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious world where I am now a new character. In these worlds I can
become anyone. I don't have to write down what happened or what technique the author was using when he or she wrote this. I just read to relax.
We're taught to read because it's necessary for much of human understanding. Reading is a vital part of my life. Reading satisfies my desire to keep
learning. And I've found that the possibilities that lie within books are limitless.
Why did the author want to grab the newspaper out of Mom's hands?
1.
A.She wanted Mom to read the news to her.
B.She was anxious to know what had happened.
C.She couldn't wait to tear the newspaper apart.
D.She couldn't help but stop Mom from reading.
2.According to Paragraph 3, the author's reading of road signs indicates .
A.her unique way to locate herself
B.her eagerness to develop her reading ability
C.her effort to remind Mom to obey traffic rules
D.her growing desire to know the world around her
3.What was the author's view on factual reading?
A.It would help her update test-taking skills.
B.It would allow much room for free thinking.
C.It would provide true and objective information.
D.It would help shape a realistic and serious attitude to life.
4.The author takes novel reading as a way to .
A.explore a fantasy land
B.develop a passion for learning
C.learn about the adult community
D.get away from a confusing world
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
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A.The Magic of Reading
B.The Pleasure of Reading
C.Growing Up with Reading
D.Reading Makes a Full Man
答案
1.B
2.D
3.C
4.D
5.C
Passage 9(2019北京,C) 词数 466学生用书 P169
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don't know. By next year, half of the calls
we receive will be scams(欺诈). We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches
intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it's too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解决方案)become widely available,
scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon
you will also question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation(处理) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for
anyone to use. At this year's I/O Conference, a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human-sounding voice that it
was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with
amount than precision. A decade of data breaches(数据侵入) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother's
name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a
scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller's, tricking you into
“confirming” your address, mother's name, and card number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done
over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining
and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by,
or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your
identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out.
How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?
1.
A.Panicked. B.Confused.
C.Embarrassed. D.Disappointed.
2.Taking advantage of the new technologies, scammers can .
A.aim at victims precisely
B.damage databases easily
C.start campaigns rapidly
D.spread information widely
3.What does the passage imply?
A.Honesty is the best policy.
B.Technologies can be double-edged.
C.There are more solutions than problems.
D.Credibility holds the key to development.
4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A.Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B.Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls
C.Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D.How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
答案
1.D
2.A
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3.B
4.C
Passage 10(2018浙江,B) 词数 279学生用书 P170
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to
reduce litter, including things that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is defending
an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number
of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台). The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds,
plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers' arguments:many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more
energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement:reusable shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer
its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton
bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don't dispute(质疑)these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags
for years.
What has Steven Stein been hired to do?
1.
A.Help increase grocery sales.
B.Recycle the waste material.
C.Stop things falling off trucks.
D.Argue for the use of plastic bags.
2.What does the word“headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Bans on plastic bags.
B.Effects of city development.
C.Headaches caused by garbage.
D.Plastic bags hung in trees.
3.What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?
A.They are quite expensive.
B.Replacing them can be difficult.
C.They are less strong than plastic bags.
D.Producing them requires more energy.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Plastic, Paper or Neither
B.Industry, Pollution and Environment
C.Recycle or Throw Away
D.Garbage Collection and Waste Control
答案
1.D
2.A
3.D
4.A
Passage 11(2018天津,C) 词数 365学生用书 P170
There's a new frontier in 3D printing that's beginning to come into focus:food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and
serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn't stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do
that—it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to“re-create forms and pieces”of food that are“exactly
the same,”freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.
Sustainability(可持续性)
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts
estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current
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levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute
to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解胶体)from
plentiful renewables like algae(藻类)and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).
3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might
stock“food”that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation
and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor
at Columbia University, said,“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with
customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday's
bread from the supermarket, you'd eat something baked just for you on demand.”
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to
overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物)before a printer
can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients
interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food
printers now are restricted to dry ingredients because meat and milk products may easily
go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited
for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.
1.What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?
A.It helps cooks to create new dishes.
B.It saves time and effort in cooking.
C.It improves the cooking conditions.
D.It contributes to restaurant decorations.
2.What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraph 3?
A.It solves food shortages easily.
B.It quickens the transportation of food.
C.It needs no space for the storage of food.
D.It uses renewable materials as sources of food.
3.According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food .
A.is more available to consumers
B.can meet individual nutritional needs
C.is more tasty than food in supermarkets
D.can keep all the nutrition in raw materials
4.What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?
A.The printing process is complicated.
B.3D food printers are too expensive.
C.Food materials have to be dry.
D.Some experts doubt 3D food printing.
5.What could be the best title of the passage?
A.3D Food Printing:Delicious New Technology
B.A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C.The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D.3D Food Printing:From Farm to Table
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答案
1.B
2.D
3.B
4.C
5.A
Passage 12(2018北京,A) 词数 319学生用书 P171
My First Marathon(马拉松)
A month before my first marathon, one of my ankles was injured and this meant not
running for two weeks, leaving me only two weeks to train. Yet, I was determined to go
ahead.
I remember back to my 7th year in school. In my first P.E. class, the teacher
required us to run laps and then hit a softball. I didn't do either well. He later informed
me that I was“not athletic”.
The idea that I was “not athletic”stuck with me for years. When I started running
in my 30s, I realized running was a battle against myself, not about competition or
whether or not I was athletic. It was all about the battle against my own body and mind.
A test of wills!
The night before my marathon, I dreamt that I couldn't even find the finish line. I
woke up sweating and nervous, but ready to prove something to myself.
Shortly after crossing the start line, my shoe laces(鞋带) became untied. So I stopped
to readjust. Not the start I wanted!
At mile 3, I passed a sign:“GO FOR IT, RUNNERS!”
By mile 17, I became out of breath and the once injured ankle hurt badly. Despite
the pain, I stayed the course walking a bit and then running again.
By mile 21, I was starving!
As I approached mile 23, I could see my wife waving a sign. She is my biggest
fan. She never minded the alarm clock sounding at 4 a.m. or questioned my expenses on
running.
I was one of the final runners to finish. But I finished! And I got a medal. In fact,
I got the same medal as the one that the guy who came in first place had.
Determined to be myself, move forward, free of shame and worldly labels(世俗标签),
I can now call myself a “marathon winner”.
1.A month before the marathon, the author .
A.was well trained B.felt scared
C.made up his mind to run D.lost hope
2.Why did the author mention the P.E. class in his 7th year?
A.To acknowledge the support of his teacher.
B.To amuse the readers with a funny story.
C.To show he was not talented in sports.
D.To share a precious memory.
3.How was the author's first marathon?
A.He made it. B.He quit halfway.
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C.He got the first prize. D.He walked to the end.
4.What does the story mainly tell us?
A.A man owes his success to his family support.
B.A winner is one with a great effort of will.
C.Failure is the mother of success.
D.One is never too old to learn.
答案
1.C
2.C
3.A
4.B
Passage 13(2018北京,C) 词数 345学生用书 P172
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons
pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of
plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92
milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some
worms into paste(糊状物)and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass—apparently broken down by enzymes(酶)from the
worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food—beeswax—also allows them to break down
plastic. “Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well,”she explains. “The wax worm evolved a
method or system to break this bond.”
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can
break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will
be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using
the chemical in some kind of industrial process—not simply“millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”
What can we learn about the worms in the study?
1.
A.They take plastics as their everyday food.
B.They are newly evolved creatures.
C.They can consume plastics.
D.They wind up in landfills.
2.According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .
A.identify other means of the breakdown
B.find out the source of the enzyme
C.confirm the research findings
D.increase the breakdown speed
3.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A.help to raise worms
B.help make plastic bags
C.be used to clean the oceans
D.be produced in factories in future
4.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.To explain a study method on worms.
B.To introduce the diet of a special worm.
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C.To present a way to break down plastics.
D.To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
答案
1.C
2.B
3.D
4.C
Passage 14(2017浙江,A) 词数 326学生用书 P172
Benjamin West, the father of American painting, showed his talent for art when he was only six years of age. But he did not know about brushes before
a visitor told him he needed one. In those days, a brush was made from camel's hair. There were no camels nearby. Benjamin decided that cat hair would
work instead. He cut some fur from the family cat to make a brush.
The brush did not last long. Soon Benjamin needed more fur. Before long, the cat began to look ragged(蓬乱). His father said that the cat must be
sick. Benjamin was forced to admit what he had been doing.
The cat ' s lot was about to improve . That year, one of Benjamin's cousins, Mr. Pennington, came to visit. He was impressed with Benjamin's drawings.
When he went home, he sent Benjamin a box of paint and some brushes. He also sent six engravings(版画) by an artist. These were the first pictures and
first real paint and brushes Benjamin had ever seen.
In 1747, when Benjamin was nine years old, Mr. Pennington returned for another visit. He was amazed at what Benjamin had done with his gift. He
asked Benjamin's parents if he might take the boy back to Philadelphia for a visit.
In the city, Mr. Pennington gave Benjamin materials for creating oil paintings. The boy began a landscape(风景)painting. William Williams, a well-
known painter, came to see him work. Williams was impressed with Benjamin and gave him two classic books on painting to take home. The books were
long and dull. Benjamin could read only a little, having been a poor student. But he later said, “Those two books were my companions by day, and under
my pillow at night.”While it is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings. The nine-year-old boy
decided then that he would be an artist.
What is the text mainly about?
1.
A.Benjamin's visit to Philadelphia.
B.Williams' influence on Benjamin.
C.The beginning of Benjamin's life as an artist.
D.The friendship between Benjamin and Pennington.
2.What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 suggest?
A.The cat would be closely watched.
B.The cat would get some medical care.
C.Benjamin would leave his home shortly.
D.Benjamin would have real brushes soon.
3.What did Pennington do to help Benjamin develop his talent?
A.He took him to see painting exhibitions.
B.He provided him with painting materials.
C.He sent him to a school in Philadelphia.
D.He taught him how to make engravings.
4.Williams' two books helped Benjamin to .
A.master the use of paints
B.appreciate landscape paintings
C.get to know other painters
D.make up his mind to be a painter
答案
1.C
2.D
3.B
4.D
Passage 15(2017天津,A) 词数 307学生用书 P173
Suppose you're in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and you send an email that could get you in trouble.
Realisation will probably set in seconds after you've clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn with shame.
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What to do?Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover.
Clicking “send”too soon
Don't waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title
explaining that this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.
Writing the wrong name
The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured:don't handle it too lightly, as
people can be offended, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names).
Clicking “reply all”unintentionally
You accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmas dinner, or what holiday you'd like to
take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse,
when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to
calm down.
Sending an offensive message to its subject
The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but
accidentally send it to the person you're discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly
and sensibly—see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person.
After realising an email accident, you are likely to feel .
1.
A.curious B.tired
C.awful D.funny
2.If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to .
A.apologise in a serious manner
B.tell the receiver to ignore the error
C.learn to write the name correctly
D.send a short notice to everyone
3.What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “ reply
all”email?
A.Try offering other choices.
B.Avoid further involvement.
C.Meet other staff members.
D.Make a light-hearted apology.
4.How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email?
A.By promising not to offend the receiver again.
B.By seeking support from the receiver's friends.
C.By asking the receiver to control his anger.
D.By talking to the receiver face to face.
5.What is the passage mainly about?
A.Defining email errors.
B.Reducing email mistakes.
C.Handling email accidents.
D.Improving email writing.
答案
1.C
2.A
3.B
4.D
5.C
Passage 16(2017北京,C) 词数 358学生用书 P173
Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more, was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the
universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗). But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation that is
spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the USA, compared with 189 for all of last year.
The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the
nation as a whole, everyone is protected. This is called“herd immunity”, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can't be
vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn't work.
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But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse vaccination and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and
everyone is in even bigger danger.
That's exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County, California, where 22 measles cases were reported
this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-old caused an outbreak last year.
The resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk. Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make
others suffer.
Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out(决定不参加)of what are supposed to be required vaccines for all children
entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to get an exemption(豁免), sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.
Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one does enough to limit exemptions.
Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal opinions?Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life-
saving benefits vaccines provide, but they'll exist only as long as everyone shares in the risks.
The first two paragraphs suggest that .
1.
A.a small number of measles cases can start a dangerous trend
B.the outbreak of measles attracts the public attention
C.anti-vaccine movement has its medical reasons
D.information about measles spreads quickly
2.Herd immunity works well when .
A.exemptions are allowed
B.several vaccines are used together
C.the whole neighborhood is involved in
D.new regulations are added to the state laws
3.What is the main reason for the comeback of measles?
A.The overuse of vaccine.
B.The lack of medical care.
C.The features of measles itself.
D.The vaccine opt-outs of some people.
4.What is the purpose of the passage?
A.To introduce the idea of exemption.
B.To discuss methods to cure measles.
C.To stress the importance of vaccination.
D.To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.
答案
1.A
2.C
3.D
4.C
C组 教师专用题组
Passage 1(2021天津春,D)
There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a
specialist.Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness
of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts.This requires commitment to a
particular occupation, branch of study or research.The drawback to being specialists is we
often come to know more and more about less and less.There is a great deal of pressure
to master one's field.You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing levels of
responsibility at work.Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty.But
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such commitment can also weaken a sense of freedom.These specialists could work at the
office until ten each night, then look back and realize they would have loved to have
gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled to exciting
places, meeting interesting people.Mastering one thing to the exclusion (排除) of others
can hold back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view
the whole with all its connections.They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who
can bring their broad perspective (视角) into specific fields of expertise (专长).The doctor
who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who can give so much more
to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected.Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related
areas.Some of your interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their
depths, you discover that they are.My editor Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several
history books.She has decided to study Chinese history.Fascinated by the structural beauty
of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese
philosophy.“I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit.”
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives.We begin to
see the interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves
and the universe. Develop broad, general knowledge and experience.The universe is all
yours to explore and enjoy.
1.To become a specialist, one may have to .
A.narrow his range of knowledge
B.avoid responsibilities at work
C.know more about the society
D.broaden his perspective on life
2.The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to .
A.treasure their freedom
B.travel around the world
C.spend most time working
D.enjoy meeting funny people
3.According to the author, a superior doctor is one who .
A.is fully aware of his talent and ability
B.is a pure specialist in medicine
C.should love poetry and philosophy
D.brings knowledge of other fields to work
4.What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A.Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B.In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C.Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D.Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.Be More a Generalist than a Specialist
B.Specialist or Generalist:Hard to Decide
C.Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
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D.Ways to Become a Generalist
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文。主题语境是人与自我,主题语境内容为丰富自我。本文讨
论了专业与博学的关系,作者认为事事相关联,应该让你在一个领域的专长激发你在其他相关
领域的热情。
1.A 细节理解题。根据第二段第三句The drawback to being specialists is we often come
to know more and more about less and less.(成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的东
西了解得越来越多。)可知答案为A(缩小了知识面)。
2.C 推理判断题。依据第三段第一句Some people seem willing to work around the clock
in their narrow specialty.(有些人似乎愿意在他们狭隘的专业领域夜以继日地工作。)可知答
案为C。
3.D 细节理解题。依据第四段最后一句The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is
a superior doctor, one who can give so much more to his patients than just good medical
skills.(这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生,他能给他的病人提供比良好的医
术更多的东西。)可知答案选D(将其他领域的知识带到工作中)。
4.D 推理判断题。根据第五段中Some of your interests may not appear to be connected
but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are.(你的一些兴趣可能看起来没
有联系,但一旦你深入探索,你就会发现它们是有联系的。)可知选D(看似无关的兴趣在某种
程度上是联系在一起的)。
5.A 主旨要义题。本文的主旨是希望人们更加博学而不是只顾专业。故选 A(做一个多才
的人,而不是专家)。
Passage 2(2020北京,C)
For the past five years, Paula Smith, a historian of science, has devoted herself to re-
creating long-forgotten techniques. While doing research for her new book, she came
across a 16th-century French manuscript ( 手 稿 ) consisting of nearly 1,000 sets of
instructions, covering subjects from tool making to finding the best sand.
The author's intention remains as mysterious (神秘) as his name; he may have been
simply taking notes for his own records. But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that
she didn't truly grasp any of the skills the author described. “You simply can't get an
understanding of that handwork by reading about it,” she says.
Though Smith did get her hands on the best sand, doing things the old-fashioned
way isn't just about playing around with French mud. Reconstructing the work of the
craftsmen (工匠) who lived centuries ago can reveal how they viewed the world, what
objects filled their homes, and what went on in the workshops that produced them. It can
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even help solve present-day problems: In 2015, scientists discovered that a 10th-century
English medicine for eye problems could kill a drug-resistant virus.
The work has also brought insights for museums, Smith says. One must know how
an object was made in order to preserve it. What's more, reconstructions might be the
only way to know what treasures looked like before time wore them down. Scholars have
seen this idea in practice with ancient Greek and Roman statues. These sculptures were
painted a rainbow of striking colours. We can't appreciate these kinds of details without
seeing works of art as they originally appeared—something Smith believes you can do
only when you have a road map.
Smith has put the manuscript's ideas into practice. Her final goal is to link the
worlds of art and science back together. She believes that bringing the old recipes to life
can help develop a kind of learning that highlights experimentation, teamwork, and
problem solving.
Back when science—then called “the new philosophy”—took shape, academics
looked to craftsmen for help in understanding the natural world. Microscopes and
telescopes were invented by way of artistic tinkering (修 补 ), as craftsmen experimented
with glass to better bend light.
If we can rediscover the values of hands-on experience and craftwork, Smith says, we
can marry the best of our modern insights with the handiness of our ancestors.
1.How did Smith feel after reading the French manuscript?
A.Confused about the technical terms.
B.Impressed with its detailed instructions.
C.Discouraged by its complex structure.
D.Shocked for her own lack of hand skills.
2.According to Smith, the reconstruction work is done mainly to .
A.restore old workshops
B.understand the craftsmen
C.improve visual effects
D.inspire the philosophers
3.Why does the author mention museums?
A.To reveal the beauty of ancient objects.
B.To present the findings of old science.
C.To highlight the importance of antiques.
D.To emphasise the values of hand skills.
4.Which would be the best title for this passage?
A.Craftsmen Set the Trends for Artists
B.Craftsmanship Leads to New Theories
C.Craftsmanship Makes Better Scientists
D.Craftsmen Reshape the Future of Science
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为夹叙夹议文。主题语境为人与社会。主题语境内容为科学与技术。作
者通过科学历史学家葆拉·史密斯致力于被遗忘已久的技术这一事例来证明工艺造就了更好
的科学家。
1.D 细节理解题。本题题干意为:在读了法语手稿后,史密斯有什么感觉?根据第二段第二句
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“But Smith was struck mainly by the fact that she didn't truly grasp any of the skills
the author described.(但让史密斯震惊的主要是,她并没有真正掌握作者所描述的任何技
能。)”可知答案为D项(她为自己缺乏手工技能而感到震惊。)。其他选项文中并未提及。
2.B 细节理解题。本题题干意为:按照史密斯的说法,进行复原工作主要是为了 。
根据第三段第二句“Reconstructing the work of the craftsmen who lived centuries ago can
reveal how they viewed the world, what objects filled their homes, and what went on in
the workshops that produced them.(复原生活在几个世纪前的工匠的作品可以揭示他们如何
看待世界、他们的家里有什么东西和生产这些东西的工场里发生了什么。)”可知答案为B
项(了解工匠)。A:复原老工场;C:改善视觉效果;D:激励哲学家。
3.D 推理判断题。本题题干意为:为什么作者提及博物馆?第三段提到重现古代工匠们的作
品的作用,即可以更好地了解他们的世界观,工作、生活环境;第四段指出这些作品也给博物
馆带来启示:为了更好地保护文物,博物馆必须了解文物的创作过程,而重现作品可能是了解
宝藏原本的样子的唯一方法。由此可推知,作者提及博物馆是为了进一步强调手工技术的重
要性,故答案为D项。A:揭示古代物品的美丽;B:展示古代科学的发现;C:强调古董的重要性。
以上三项文中并未涉及,故被排除。
4.C 主旨要义题。本题题干意为:本文的最佳题目是哪个?本文以史密斯致力于被遗忘已久
的技术为线索,介绍了工艺对科学的促进,由此可推知本文的最佳标题应为C项(工艺造就了
更好的科学家)。A:工匠为艺术家引领潮流;B:工艺产生新的理论;D:工匠重新塑造科学的未来。
长难句 While doing research for her new book, she came across a 16th-century French
manuscript consisting of nearly 1,000 sets of instructions, covering subjects from tool
making to finding the best sand. 在为她的新书做研究时,她偶然发现了一本16世纪的法国
手稿,里面有近1,000套用法说明,涵盖了从工具制作到寻找最好的沙子等主题。
句中的核心成分是 “she came across a 16th-century French manuscript”,“While
doing research for her new book”是状语(表示她是在做研究时偶然发现的手稿)。
“consisting of nearly 1,000 sets of instructions”是 manuscript 的定语(表示手稿是由近
1,000 套用法说明组成的)。 “covering subjects from tool making to finding the best
sand”是instructions的定语(表示用法说明涵盖了从工具制作到寻找最好的沙子等主题)。
Passage 3(2019江苏,D)
The 65-year-old Steve Goodwin was found suffering from early Alzheimer's(阿尔兹海
默症). He was losing his memory.
A software engineer by profession, Steve was a keen lover of the piano, and the only
musician in his family. Music was his true passion, though he had never performed
outside the family.
Melissa, his daughter, felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she
fell asleep each night when she was young. She thought about hiring a professional
pianist to work with her father.
Naomi, Melissa's best friend and a talented pianist, got to know about this and
showed willingness to help.
“Why do this?” Steve wondered.
“Because she cares,” Melissa said.
Steve nodded, tear in eye.
Naomi drove to the Goodwin home. She told Steve she'd love to hear him play.
Steve moved to the piano and sat at the bench, hands trembling as he gently placed his
fingers on the keys.
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Naomi put a small recorder near the piano. Starts and stops and mistakes. Long
pauses, heart sinking. But Steve pressed on, playing for the first time in his life for a
stranger.
“It was beautiful,” Naomi said after listening to the recording.“The music was
worth saving.”
Her responsibility, her privilege, would be to rescue it. The music was still in Steve
Goodwin. It was hidden in rooms with doors about to be locked.
Naomi and Steve met every other week and spent hours together. He'd move his
fingers clumsily on the piano, and then she'd take his place. He struggled to explain what
he heard in his head. He stood by the piano, eyes closed, listening for the first time to
his own work being played by someone else.
Steve and Naomi spoke in musical code: lines, beats, intervals, moving from the root
to end a song in a new key. Steve heard it. All of it. He just couldn't play it.
Working with Naomi did wonders for Steve. It had excited within him the belief he
could write one last song. One day, Naomi received an email. Attached was a recording,
a recording of loss and love, of the fight. Steve called it “Melancholy Flower.”
Naomi heard multiple stops and starts. Steve struggling, searching while his wife Joni
called him “honey” and encouraged him. The task was so hard, and Steve, angry and
upset, said he was quitting. Joni praised him, telling her husband this could be his
signature piece.
Naomi managed to figure out 16 of Steve's favorite, and most personal, songs. With
Naomi's help, the Goodwin family found a sound engineer to record Naomi playing
Steve's songs. Joni thought that would be the end. But it wasn't.
In the months leading up to the 2016 Oregon Repertory Singers Christmas concert,
Naomi told the director she had a special one in mind:“Melancholy Flower.”
She told the director about her project with Steve. The director agreed to add it to
the playing list. But Naomi would have to ask Steve's permission. He considered it an
honor.
After the concert, Naomi told the family that Steve's music was beautiful and
professional. It needed to be shared in public.
The family rented a former church in downtown Portland and scheduled a concert.
By the day of the show, more than 300 people had said they would attend.
By then, Steve was having a hard time remembering the names of some of his
friends. He knew the path his life was now taking. He told his family he was at peace.
Steve arrived and sat in the front row, surrounded by his family. The house lights
faded. Naomi took the stage. Her fingers. His heart.
1.Why did Melissa want to save her father's music?
A.His music could stop his disease from worsening.
B.She wanted to please her dying old father.
C.His music deserved to be preserved in the family.
D.She wanted to make her father a professional.
2.After hearing Steve's playing, Naomi .
A.refused to make a comment on it
B.was deeply impressed by his music
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C.decided to free Steve from suffering
D.regretted offering help to her friend
3.How can the process of Steve's recording be described?
A.It was slow but productive.
B.It was beneficial to his health.
C.It was tiresome for Naomi.
D.It was vital for Naomi's career.
4.Before Steve finished “Melancholy Flower,” his wife Joni .
A.thought the music talent of Steve was exhausted
B.didn't expect the damage the disease brought about
C.didn't fully realize the value of her husband's music
D.brought her husband's music career to perfection
5.How did Steve feel at the concert held in downtown Portland?
A.He felt concerned about his illness.
B.He sensed a responsibility for music.
C.He regained his faith in music.
D.He got into a state of quiet.
6.What can be a suitable title for the passage?
A.The Kindness of Friends
B.The Power of Music
C.The Making of a Musician
D.The Value of Determination
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文。主题语境为人与自我,主题语境内容为家庭生活、社区生活和
积极的生活态度。文章通过讲述65岁身患阿尔兹海默症的老人Steve在女儿、妻子和女儿
的钢琴家朋友Naomi的帮助下,战胜各种困难,逐步找到自信,使用钢琴进行创作的故事,帮助
学生增强在艰难中认识世界、认识自我的意识,培养其不抛弃、不放弃的优秀品格。
1.C 细节理解题。由题干中的Melissa want to save her father's music可定位到文章第三
段。根据该段关键部分felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, to which she fell
asleep each night when she was young可知,女儿认为爸爸的音乐很有纪念意义,值得保存下
来,故选C。
2.B 细节理解题。由题干After hearing Steve's playing, Naomi .可定位到Naomi听
Steve弹奏之后的语句。根据“It was beautiful,”和“The music was worth saving.”可知,
Naomi对Steve的弹奏很欣赏,印象很深刻(deeply impressed),故选B项。
3.A 细节理解题。由题干中的the process of Steve's recording可定位到文章中描述Steve
弹奏钢琴的语句。根据 Starts and stops and mistakes. Long pauses, heart sinking.可知,
Steve 的弹奏和录音的过程是缓慢的。结合下文可知,他弹奏的录音是富有成效的
(productive)。故选A。
4.C 推理判断题。由题干Before Steve finished “Melancholy Flower,” his wife Joni
.可定位到和Steve的妻子有关的段落。根据“Joni thought that would be the end. But it
wasn't.”和下文提到音乐会的举办可推知,他的妻子当初并未充分意识到她丈夫的音乐的价
值(didn't fully realize the value of her husband's music)。故选C。
5.D 细节理解题。由题干中的 How did Steve feel at the concert...可定位到文章最后对
Steve参加音乐会的细节介绍。根据文章倒数第二段中“He knew the path his life was
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now taking. He told his family he was at peace.”可知,Steve 现在的状态很平静
(peace/quiet)。故选D。
6.B 主旨要义题。文章的主线是音乐,讲述了阿尔兹海默症患者Steve在家人和朋友的鼓励
和帮助下,充分发挥自己的音乐才能,获得成功的故事。故选B项(The Power of Music)作为
文章的标题。
高级词块 passion n.热衷的爱好 privilege n.荣幸;保密权 clumsily adv.笨拙地 multiple
adj.多的 figure out弄明白,搞清楚 permission n.许可
Passage 4(2018课标全国Ⅱ,D)
We've all been there:in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by
people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with
the uncomfortable silence.
What's the problem?It's possible that we all have compromised conversational
intelligence. It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and
challenging, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find
yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it's an
invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep
relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation. Small talk is the
grease(润滑剂)for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness
Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.“Almost every great love story and
each big business deal begins with small talk,”he explains. “The key to successful small
talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.”
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited
people on their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an
interaction(互动)with its waiter;the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed
that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and
a better coffee shop experience.“It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking
to your husband,”says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral(边缘的)members of our
social network matter for our well-being also.”
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater
sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of
belonging starts with small talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners,”he says.
1.What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A.Addiction to smartphones.
B.Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C.Absence of communication between strangers.
D.Impatience with slow service.
2.What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A.Showing good manners.
B.Relating to other people.
C.Focusing on a topic.
D.Making business deals.
3.What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
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A.It improves family relationships.
B.It raises people's confidence.
C.It matters as much as a formal talk.
D.It makes people feel good.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Conversation Counts
B.Ways of Making Small Talk
C.Benefits of Small Talk
D.Uncomfortable Silence
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。介绍了“small talk(闲聊)”的重要性及其意义。
1.C 细节理解题。题干句意:第一段描述的是什么现象?根据第一段描述(无论我们身在何处,
在电梯里、在银行排队或者在飞机上,我们周围的人或是像我们一样在埋头看智能手机,或是
更坏,在和令人不安的沉默做斗争)可知,C项“陌生人之间缺乏交流”和首段描述一致,故答
案为C项。A项“手机控”只是该段描述现象时举的例子;B项“公共场合的不恰当行为”
与首段意思不符;D项“对缓慢的服务缺乏耐心”和第一段的描述无关。
2.B 细节理解题。题干句意:根据Carducci的说法,对于成功的闲聊来说什么是重要的?根据
第三段最后一句(成功的闲聊的关键是学会如何同他人建立联系而不仅仅是同他们交流)可
知,B项“能够理解并认同他人”符合题意,故答案为B项。本题干扰项为A“显示良好的行
为举止”,错因在于锁定的句子“最后一段最后一句(闲聊是良好举止的基础)”和题干要求
不一致,答非所问;D项“做生意”受第三段第三句(几乎每一个伟大的爱情故事和每一单大
的生意都源于闲聊)的影响,犯了逻辑推理错误;C项“聚焦一个话题”在文中没有涉及。
3.D 推理判断题。题干句意:关于闲聊,咖啡店调研表明了什么?根据第四段中的内容(结果
表明那些同服务生闲聊的人明显有更高的积极情感和较好的咖啡店体验。不是同服务生交
谈比和你的丈夫交谈更好,而是同社交网络的边缘人员的互动也对我们的健康和幸福很重要)
可知,D项“它使得人们感觉良好”与题意相符,故答案为D项。A项“它改善家庭关系”、
B项“它提升人们的自信” 和C项“它和正式交谈一样重要”在文章中没有涉及,属于主
观臆断。
4.C 主旨要义题。题干句意:文章最好的标题是什么?根据第二段最后一句(专家说闲聊是一
种可带来巨大益处的极有价值的社交行为)以及最后一段最后一句(闲聊是良好举止的基础)
可知,C项“闲聊的益处”与题干要求一致,故答案为C项。A项“会话很重要”为干扰项,错
在偷换概念,conversation(会话, 交谈)和small talk(闲谈)不是一个概念;文章没有就闲聊的方
式或方法做具体的解释,故排除B项“进行闲聊的方式”;D项“令人不安的沉默”只是第一
段提到的现象之一,而不是文章的主旨。
Passage 5 (2018课标全国Ⅲ,B)
Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or
river.People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to
communications and trade.New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the
mouth of the Hudson River.Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people
to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time.Boom towns
grow from nothing almost overnight.In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped
wilderness(荒野).But gold was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one
of the largest cities in the West, with a population of 30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or
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Paris.People went there for gold.They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed
hundreds of miles up icy rivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thirty feet of wet
snow that could fall without warning.An avalanche(雪崩)once closed the path, killing 63
people.For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult
trip.Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich.About 100 of these stayed
rich men for the rest of their lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable.Necessities like
food and wood were very expensive.But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all
been found.The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling
down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left Dawson
City as quickly as they had come.Today, people still come and go—to see where the
Canadian gold rush happened.Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City—its
present population is 762.
1.What attracted the early settlers to New York City?
A.Its business culture.
B.Its small population.
C.Its geographical position.
D.Its favourable climate.
2.What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?
A.Two-thirds of them stayed there.
B.One out of five people got rich.
C.Almost everyone gave up.
D.Half of them died.
3.What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?
A.They found the city too crowded.
B.They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.
C.They were unable to stand the winter.
D.They were short of food.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.The rise and fall of a city.
B.The gold rush in Canada.
C.Journeys into the wilderness.
D.Tourism in Dawson.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文,题材为城市环境类。城市的兴起壮大,城市的兴起又衰落,这
背后的原因是什么呢?本文以纽约和道森两个城市为例,给出了隐藏在背后的真正推手。
1.C 推理判断题。题干句意:是什么吸引那些早期定居者来到纽约市的呢?根据第一段第三
句话(例如纽约市,它在哈得孙河入海口的一个大港口附近。)并结合第四句可知,这个优越的
地理位置使得纽约市的人口在300年的时间里从800增长到800万。所以答案为C项:它的
地理位置。A项:它的贸易文化。B项:它的稀少的人口。D项:它的宜人气候。这三项原文均
未提及。
2.B 细节理解题。题干句意:对那些第一批到达道森市淘金的人我们了解到了什么?根据第
二段倒数第二句话(在第一批淘金的20,000人中,有4,000人富了起来。)可知有五分之一的人
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富了起来,故B项正确。
3.B 推理判断题。题干句意:很多人离开道森的主要原因是什么?根据第三段第四句话第一
个逗号后的部分(当他们听说在阿拉斯加州发现了新的金矿后,他们就像当初匆忙来道森市一
样,又匆忙离开了这里)可推断出这些人匆匆忙忙离开这里去阿拉斯加州淘金去了,又去碰运
气看能不能变富。B项“他们想去别的地方碰运气。”与原文意思相符。A项:他们觉得这
个城市太拥挤了。C项:他们无法忍受这里的冬天。D项:他们缺少食物。这三项与原文不符。
4.A 主旨要义题。文章第一段第一句话提出观点:一个城市之所以矗立在那里是有充分的
原因的。后文以两个城市为例来论证这个观点。纽约市的兴起是因为它优越的地理位置。
道森市的兴起是因为这里发现了金矿,而这座城市的衰落是因为这里没有了金矿。由此可知
本文主要描述了一个城市的兴起和衰落及其背后的原因。这与 A项相符。B项:加拿大的淘
金热。C项:踏进荒野的旅程。D项:道森的旅游业。这三项都不是主题。
Passage 6(2016课标全国Ⅰ,D)
The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful, or
they may be empty when a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may
also show stubbornness, uneasiness, or worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural
groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间
隙)with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as
necessary for understanding a person's needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating
among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a
person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops, what may be
implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before
continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.
Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts
among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example,
Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties
about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions
are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him
or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of
respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.
Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence
when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses
should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient's
silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who
understands the healing(治愈)value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the
care of patients from their own and from other cultures.
1.What does the author say about silence in conversations?
A.It implies anger. B.It promotes friendship.
C.It is culture-specific. D.It is content-based.
2.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?
A.The Chinese. B.The French.
C.The Mexicans. D.The Russians.
3.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?
A.Let it continue as the patient pleases.
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B.Break it while treating patients.
C.Evaluate its harm to patients.
D.Make use of its healing effects.
4.What may be the best title for the text?
A.Sound and Silence
B.What It Means to Be Silent
C.Silence to Native Americans
D.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了沉默在不同风俗中所表达的不同意义及其在
医疗方面的作用。
1.C 推理判断题。根据文章前三段可知沉默在不同风俗中所表达的含义不同,由此可判断
在谈话中的沉默是有风俗特性的,故选C项。
2.A 推理判断题。根据文章第二段可知正如一些传统的中国人和泰国人做的那样,许多印
第安人重视沉默,认为沉默是交流的一个基本的部分。并且在这些风俗里,沉默是一个思考的
需要。根据第二段的Chinese and Thai persons 可将B、C、D排除。
3.D 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知护士和其他护理人员要明白沉默的治疗价值,并
且使用这种方式帮助来自自己风俗的或其他风俗的病人,故选D项。其他三项文中未提到。
4.B 主旨要义题。文章主要讲述的是沉默在各个风俗中所表达的不同意义及其在医疗方面
的作用,故选B项,意为“沉默的意义”。A项“声音和沉默”,文中未提及声音。C项显然只
是说美国人,有些片面。D项“说话是银,沉默是金”,与文章内容不符。
Passage 7(2016课标全国Ⅱ,C)
Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups.
They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website
BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.
Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share.
BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book.Then the person
leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and
wide with each new reader who finds it.
Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says,“The two things that
change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines
both.”
Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee
shops.Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.
People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought
of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their
books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by
keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.
BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the
“real”and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in
more than one hundred thirty-five countries.
1.Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?
A.To explain what they are.
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B.To introduce BookCrossing.
C.To stress the importance of reading.
D.To encourage readers to share their ideas.
2.What does the underlined word“it”in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A.The book.
B.An adventure.
C.A public place.
D.The identification number.
3.What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?
A.Meet other readers to discuss it.
B.Keep it safe in his bookcase.
C.Pass it on to another reader.
D.Mail it back to its owner.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Online Reading:A Virtual Tour
B.Electronic Books:A New Trend
C.A Book Group Brings Tradition Back
D.A Website Links People through Books
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了网站BookCrossing.com用一种新型的书
的传递方式,将人们通过书联系了起来。
1.B 推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句可知作者提到 book groups是为了介绍网站
BookCrossing.com的新颖的读书模式,因此选B。
2.A 猜测词义题。根据文章第二段最后一句可知,那个人将读过的书留在公共场合,希望那
本书有一次冒险经历,伴随着每一个发现它的新的读者到处旅行。
3.C 细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句可知,读过书的人会将书留在公园的长凳上、公
交车上、火车站里和咖啡店里,同时根据第五段倒数第一句可判断这个想法是针对那些不把
书放在家里让它们落一层尘土的慷慨的人的,故选C项。
4.D 主旨要义题。根据全文可知,文章主要讲述的是一种新型的读书方式,通过书的传递使
人们从虚拟世界回到真实的世界。由此可判断是这个网站将人们联系了起来,故选D项。
Passage 8(2016四川,D)
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a
good night's sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is
milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素),
which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with
dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less
active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according
to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.
Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.
While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on
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humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling
to fall asleep at night.
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep
because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.
Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed
milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in
before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.
1.According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk .
A.started sleep more easily B.were more anxious
C.were less active D.woke up later
2.Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?
A.It's been tested on mice for ten times.
B.It can make people more energetic.
C.It exists in milk in great amount.
D.It's used in sleeping drugs.
3.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Night Milk and Sleep B.Fat, Sugar and Health
C.An Experiment on Mice D.Milk Drinking and Health
4.How does the author support the theme of the text?
A.By giving examples.
B.By stating arguments.
C.By explaining statistical data.
D.By providing research results.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文,题材为科普知识类。文章主要阐述了牛在夜间产出的牛奶
和睡眠之间的关系,科研人员对此进行了实验,发现这样的牛奶有助于睡眠。
1.B 推理判断题。根据文章第四段可知:那些被喂食了夜间产出的含十倍量褪黑激素牛奶
的老鼠和被喂食了白天产出的牛奶的老鼠相比积极性要差些,也不容易焦躁,故答案为 B 项。
2.D 细节理解题。根据文章第六段可知:建议晚上睡眠有困难的人服用褪黑激素药物,故答
案为D 项,褪黑激素被用于安眠药中。
3.A 主旨要义题。文章第一段就给出了本文的主题:夜间产出的牛奶和睡眠之间的关系,夜
间产出的牛奶有助于睡眠,故答案为A项。
4.D 推理判断题。文章是通过一系列的研究结果来支持主题的,所以D 项正确。
高级词块 ①nod off打瞌睡 ②skimmed milk脱脂奶
长难句 Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin,were
less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime,
according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.根据发表在 The
Journal of Medicinal Food的一项研究,那些被喂食了夜间产出的含十倍量褪黑激素牛奶的
老鼠和被喂食了白天产出的牛奶的老鼠相比积极性要差些,也不容易焦躁。
本句是复合句。given night milk 作第一个those的定语;which引导的定语从句修饰
night milk; fed with the milk collected during daytime是第二个those的定语,其中collected
during daytime作它前面milk的定语。
Passage 9(2016天津,D)
Failure is probably the most exhausting experience a person ever has. There is
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nothing more tiring than not succeeding.
We experience this tiredness in two ways: as start-up fatigue(疲惫)and performance
fatigue. In the former case, we keep putting off a task because it is either too boring or
too difficult.And the longer we delay it, the more tired we feel.
Such start-up fatigue is very real, even if not actually physical, not something in our
muscles and bones. The solution is obvious though perhaps not easy to apply: always
handle the most difficult job first.
Years ago, I was asked to write 102 essays on the great ideas of some famous
authors. Applying my own rule, I determined to write them in alphabetical order(按字母顺
序), never letting myself leave out a tough idea. And I always started the day's work
with the difficult task of essay-writing.Experience proved that the rule works.
Performance fatigue is more difficult to handle. Though willing to get started, we
cannot seem to do the job right. Its difficulties appear so great that, however hard we
work, we fail again and again. In such a situation, I work as hard as I can—then let the
unconscious take over.
When planning Encyclopaedia Britannica(《大英百科全书》), I had to create a table
of contents based on the topics of its articles. Nothing like this had ever been done
before, and day after day I kept coming up with solutions, but none of them worked. My
fatigue became almost unbearable.
One day, mentally exhausted, I wrote down all the reasons why this problem could
not be solved. I tried to convince myself that the trouble was with the problem itself, not
with me. Relieved, I sat back in an easy chair and fell asleep.
An hour later, I woke up suddenly with the solution clearly in mind. In the weeks
that followed, the solution which had come up in my unconscious mind proved correct at
every step. Though I worked as hard as before, I felt no fatigue. Success was now as
exciting as failure had been depressing.
Human beings, I believe, must try to succeed. Success, then, means never feeling
tired.
1.People with start-up fatigue are most likely to .
A.delay tasks B.work hard
C.seek help D.accept failure
2.What does the author recommend doing to prevent start-up fatigue?
A.Writing essays in strict order.
B.Building up physical strength.
C.Leaving out the toughest ideas.
D.Dealing with the hardest task first.
3.On what occasion does a person probably suffer from performance fatigue?
A.Before starting a difficult task.
B.When all the solutions fail.
C.If the job is rather boring.
D.After finding a way out.
4.According to the author, the unconscious mind may help us .
A.ignore mental problems
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B.get some nice sleep
C.gain complete relief
D.find the right solution
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.Success Is Built upon Failure
B.How to Handle Performance Fatigue
C.Getting over Fatigue:A Way to Success
D.Fatigue: An Early Sign of Health Problems
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。题材为社会生活类。我们都在努力追求成功,想一下在你
追求成功的路上遇到的最大障碍是什么。本文就我们在成功路上遇到的两种情况的疲惫做
了说明。
1.A 细节理解题。根据第二段中的描述可知,第一种情况的疲惫(start-up fatigue)会使得人
们不停地把工作任务往后推(keep putting off a task)。由此可知答案为A项。
2.D 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句话的always handle the most difficult job first可知
防止出现这种疲惫情况的方法就是总是先处理最困难的任务,所以答案为D项。
3.B 细节理解题。根据第五段中的however hard we work, we fail again and again可知
这种疲惫是在我们一次次努力去解决问题,但是一次次失败了的情况下发生的。所以答案为
B项:当所有的解决办法都行不通的时候。
4.D 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的 the solution which had come up in my
unconscious mind proved correct at every step可知,在我无意识的情况下想出来的解决办法
在解决问题中每一步都证明是正确的,所以答案为D项。
5.C 主旨要义题。文章第一段提出:没有什么事情比不成功更让人疲惫的了;后面几段分别
描述了常见的两种疲惫以及各自的解决办法;最后总结:成功就意味着永远不会感到疲惫。所
以本文的主题是:消除疲惫——通往成功之路。故答案为C项。
Passage 10(2016浙江,C)
A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing with his food
might seem to have little in common.After all, the scientist is engaged in serious research
to uncover the very nature of the physical world, and the baby is, well, just
playing...right?Perhaps, but some developmental psychologists(心理学家)have argued that
this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.
Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table.Each time the bowl of rice is
pushed over the table edge, it falls to the ground—and, in the process, it brings out
important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用):bowls of rice do not
float in mid-air, but require support to remain stable.It is likely that babies are not born
knowing this basic fact of the universe;nor are they ever clearly taught it.Instead, babies
may from an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build
on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact.Though their ranges and
tools differ, the baby's investigation and the scientist's experiment appear to share the same
aim (to learn about the natural world), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from
the world), and logic(are my observations what I expected?).
Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the
physical world in this way—that they investigate human psychology and the rules of
language using similar means.For example, it may only be through repeated experiments,
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evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the
idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for
example, unlike the child, Mommy actually doesn't like Dove chocolate.
Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how
children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young
children and scientists seem to be so much alike?Psychologists have suggested that science
as an effort— the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world— is simply
something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution(进化) provided human babies
with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make
use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive(认知的) systems
that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted
by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it, “ It is not that children are little
scientists but that scientists are big children.”
1.According to some developmental psychologists, .
A.a baby's play is nothing more than a game
B.scientific research into babies' games is possible
C.the nature of babies' play has been thoroughly investigated
D.a baby's play is somehow similar to a scientist's experiment
2.We learn from Paragraph 2 that .
A.scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently
B.scientists and babies often interact with each other
C.babies are born with the knowledge of object support
D.babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do
3.Children may learn the rules of language by .
A.exploring the physical world
B.investigating human psychology
C.repeating their own experiments
D.observing their parents' behaviors
4.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A.The world may be more clearly explained through children's play.
B.Studying babies' play may lead to a better understanding of science.
C.Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.
D.One's drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.
5.What is the author's tone when he discusses the connection between scientists' research
and babies' play?
A.Convincing. B.Confused.
C.Confident D.Cautious.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文,科学家的工作过程与婴儿的玩耍过程看似毫不相干,但通过对比
论证,作者认为这两者之间有着惊人的相似之处。儿童探索世界、探究人类心理与学习语言
的过程都与科学家的研究过程存在共性。
1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段第三句,有些发展心理学家认为,玩耍比我们想象的更像是一
次科学调查。故选D。A项与原文背道而驰;B项原文中没有提及;C项thoroughly有误。
2.D 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知婴儿像科学家一样,都收集证据。故选D。
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3.C 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知儿童通过这种方式(调查实验的方式)不仅学习了
物质世界,同时也了解了人类的心理和语言的规则。in this way和similar means都指上文的
实验调查方法,故答案选C。
4.B 主旨要义题。根据第四段,把童年的发展看成科学的研究阐明了儿童是如何学习的,但
同时它也提供了一个新的角度去看待科学与科学家。科学家和婴儿都利用好奇心和天性去
探究世界。由此可知,研究婴儿的游戏可能会对科学有更好的理解。故选B。
5.D 推理判断题。纵观全文,尤其根据第一段最后一句,玩耍会更像科学研究,第二段中的
appear to,第四段中的have suggested(暗示表明了);perhaps; may have been adopted(很有可
能被采用)可知,作者步步为营,小心求证儿童的玩耍和科学家做实验的相似之处,论述的语气
比较谨慎,故答案选D。
Passage 11(2016江苏,B)
Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to
protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have
little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.
Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children, who are able
from a young age to gather their own food.
In the laboratory, chimps don't naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a
cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate
that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he will pull at random—he just
doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, on the other hand, are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages,
they desire to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common
goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of
experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an
unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to
help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not
taught,but naturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a
very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.
Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A
third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general
cognitive(认知的)skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by
Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests
but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core of what children's minds have and chimps' don't is what Tomasello calls
shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are
thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.
They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared
goal.
1.What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?
A.Chimps seldom care about others' interests.
B.Chimps tend to provide food for their children.
C.Chimps like to take in their neighbors' food.
D.Chimps naturally share food with each other.
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2.Michael Tomasello's tests on young children indicate that they .
A.have the instinct to help others
B.know how to offer help to adults
C.know the world better than chimps
D.trust adults with their hands full
3.The passage is mainly about .
A.the helping behaviors of young children
B.ways to train children's shared intentionality
C.cooperation as a distinctive human nature
D.the development of intelligence in children
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文。很小的孩子就会帮助别人,与人合作和分享,这是人的本性。
1.A 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的实验得知黑猩猩不关心、不在乎同类。故 A项正
确。其中C项干扰性较大,黑猩猩只是自私,而不是喜欢那么做。
2.A 推理判断题。根据文章第三段第一、二句得知小孩帮助他人是出于本能,故A项正确。
B项太片面;C、D两项文中没提到。
3.C 主旨要义题。通读全文可知,作者通过对黑猩猩和小孩进行实验证实了助人、与别人
合作是人独有的本能。A项干扰性较大,文章不是简单地介绍了小孩子的助人行为。
Passage 12(2016北京,C)
California Condor's Shocking Recovery
California condors are North America's largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3
meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to
dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these
big birds.
In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖).
Since 1992, there have been multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more
than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.
Electrical lines have been killing them off.“As they go in to rest for the night, they
just don't see the power lines,”says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can
bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at
once.
So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training
areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but
undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced,66% of set-free birds died of
electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.
Lead poisoning has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies
of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their
nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failure and
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death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are
treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several
days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has
dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.
Rideout's team thinks that the California condors' average survival time in the wild is
now just under eight years.“Although these measures are not effective forever, they are
vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put
into recovering them.”
1.California condors attract researchers' interest because they .
A.are active at night B.had to be bred in the wild
C.are found only in California D.almost died out in the 1980s
2.Researchers have found electrical lines are .
A.blocking condors' journey home
B.big killers of California condors
C.rest places for condors at night
D.used to keep condors away
3.According to Paragraph 5, lead poisoning .
A.makes condors too nervous to fly
B.has little effect on condors' kidneys
C.can hardly be gotten rid of from condors' blood
D.makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds
4.This passage shows that .
A.the average survival time of condors is satisfactory
B.Rideout's research interest lies in electric engineering
C.the efforts to protect condors have brought good results
D.researchers have found the final answers to the problem
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为动物保护类。文章介绍了科学家们采取措施拯救濒危鸟
类——California condor的情况。
1.D 细节理解题。由首段第二句可知,在20世纪80年代,由于电线和铅中毒,California
condor这种鸟濒临灭绝。故选D。
2.B 细节理解题。由第三段首句“一直以来电线在大量杀死这种鸟”可知答案选B。
3.D 推理判断题。由第五段第三句“这影响到它们的神经系统和它们繁育小鸟的能力”可
推知,答案选D。
4.C 主旨要义题。根据第五段中“This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate
for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.”可知答案为C项(保
护秃鹰的努力取得了良好的效果)。
高级词块 1.up to到达(某数量、程度等) 2.come up with想出;提出 3.survival /sə
ˈvaɪvl/ n.生存;存活
长难句 Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution if they
touch two lines at once.它们的翅膀能把电线之间的间隙连接起来,结果是如果它们同时接
触两根电线的话就会被电死。
本句为复合句。if引导条件状语从句;现在分词短语resulting...作结果状语。
Passage 13(2015课标全国Ⅱ,B)
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Your house may have an effect on your figure.Experts say the way you design your
home could play a role in whether you pack on the pounds or keep them off.You can
make your environment work for you instead of against you.Here are some ways to turn
your home into part of your diet plan.
Open the curtains and turn up the lights.Dark environments are more likely to
encourage overeating,for people are often less self-conscious(难为情)when they're in poorly
lit places—and so more likely to eat lots of food.If your home doesn't have enough
window light,get more lamps and flood the place with brightness.
Mind the colors.Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites.In one study,people
who ate meals in a blue room consumed 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red
room.Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing,while cold colors make
us feel less hungry.So when it's time to repaint,go blue.
Don't forget the clock—or the radio.People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70
fewer calories(卡路里)per meal than those who rush through their meals.Begin keeping
track of the time,and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes.And while you're at
it,actually sit down to eat.If you need some help slowing down,turn on relaxing music.It
makes you less likely to rush through a meal.
Downsize the dishes.Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat.We eat about 22
percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate.When we choose a
large spoon over a smaller one,total intake(摄入)jumps by 14 percent.And we'll pour about
30 percent more liquid into a short,wide glass than a tall,skinny glass.
1.The text is especially helpful for those who care about .
A.their home comforts B.their body shape
C.house buying D.healthy diets
2.A home environment in blue can help people .
A.digest food better B.reduce food intake
C.burn more calories D.regain their appetites
3.What are people advised to do at mealtimes?
A.Eat quickly. B.Play fast music.
C.Use smaller spoons. D.Turn down the lights.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Is Your House Making You Fat?
B.Ways of Serving Dinner
C.Effects of Self-Consciousness
D.Is Your Home Environment Relaxing?
答案
[语篇解读] 本文主要介绍了几种通过改变屋内环境进行饮食调节的方法。
1.B 细节理解题。根据文章第一句和第二句可知,本文的阅读对象主要是那些关心自己体
形的人。故选B项。
2.B 细节理解题。根据文章第三段第三句话可知,研究发现人在蓝色房间里比在黄色或红
色房间里吃饭时少摄入33%的食物。故选B。
3.C 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第四句话可知,我们使用大的汤匙时摄入食物的总量
比使用小的汤匙时摄入食物的总量多14%。故选C。
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4.A 主旨要义题。整篇文章主要介绍了几种通过改变屋内环境与设施进行饮食调节的方法。
故选A。
本题考查对文章主旨大意的把握能力。抓住文章主题句是破解此类题目的关键。第
一段中最后一句是本文的中心句,说明下文要介绍几种通过改变屋内环境与设施进行饮食调
节的方法,据此可迅速锁定正确答案。
Passage 14(2015安徽,B)
When her five daughters were young,Helene An always told them that there was
strength in unity( 团 结 ).To show this,she held up one chopstick,representing one
person.Then she easily broke it into two pieces.Next,she tied several chopsticks
together,representing a family.She showed the girls it was hard to break the tied
chopsticks.This lesson about family unity stayed with the daughters as they grew up.
Helene An and her family own a large restaurant business in California.However,when
Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in 1975,they didn't have much
money.They moved their family to San Francisco.There they joined Danny's
mother,Diana,who owned a small Italian sandwich shop.Soon afterwards,Helene and Diana
changed the sandwich shop into a small Vietnamese restaurant.The five daughters helped
in the restaurant when they were young.However,Helene did not want her daughters to
always work in the family business because she thought it was too hard.
Eventually the girls all graduated from college and went away to work for
themselves,but one by one,the daughters returned to work in the family business.They
opened new restaurants in San Francisco and Los Angeles.Even though family members
sometimes disagreed with each other,they worked together to make the business
successful.Daughter Elizabeth explains,“Our mother taught us that to succeed we must
have unity,and to have unity we must have peace.Without the strength of the family,there
is no business.”
Their expanding business became a large corporation in 1996,with three generations of
Ans working together.Now the Ans' corporation makes more than $20 million each
year.Although they began with a small restaurant,they had big dreams,and they worked
together.Now they are a big success.
1.Helene tied several chopsticks together to show .
A.the strength of family unity
B.the difficulty of growing up
C.the advantage of chopsticks
D.the best way of giving a lesson
2.We can learn from Paragraph 2 that the An family .
A.started a business in 1975
B.left Vietnam without much money
C.bought a restaurant in San Francisco
D.opened a sandwich shop in Los Angeles
3.What can we infer about the An daughters?
A.They did not finish their college education.
B.They could not bear to work in the family business.
C.They were influenced by what Helene taught them.
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D.They were troubled by disagreement among family members.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A.How to Run a Corporation
B.Strength Comes from Peace
C.How to Achieve a Big Dream
D.Family Unity Builds Success
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,题材为日常生活类。用一家人的故事证明了“团结就是力量”。
Helene An 带领她的五个女儿把一家小餐馆经营成了一个每年盈利两千多万美元的大型企
业。
1.A 细节理解题。由第一段最后一句话“This lesson about family unity stayed with the
daughters as they grew up.”可知答案。
2.B 细节理解题。由第二段第二句“However, when Helene and her husband Danny left
their home in Vietnam in 1975, they didn't have much money.”可知答案。
3.C 推理判断题。由第三段最后女儿Elizabeth 所讲的话可以看出妈妈对她们的影响很大。
4.D 主旨要义题。由文章首段故事的引入以及文章最后两句话的呼应可以看出,文章的最
佳标题是“家庭团结创造成功”。
Passage 15(2015重庆,A)
At thirteen,I was diagnosed(诊断)with a kind of attention disorder.It made school
difficult for me.When everyone else in the class was focusing on tasks,I could not.
In my first literature class,Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it,all
within 45 minutes.I raised my hand right away and said,“Mrs.Smith,you see,the doctor
said I have attention problems.I might not be able to do it.”
She glanced down at me through her glasses,“You are no different from your
classmates,young man.”
I tried,but I didn't finish the reading when the bell rang.I had to take it home.
In the quietness of my bedroom,the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was
about a blind person,Louis Braille.He lived in a time when the blind couldn't get much
education.But Louis didn't give up.Instead,he invented a reading system of raised dots(点),
which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.
Wasn't I the “blind”in my class,being made to learn like the“sighted”students?My
thoughts spilled out and my pen started to dance.I completed the task within 40
minutes.Indeed,I was no different from others;I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could
find his way out of his problems,why should I ever give up?
I didn't expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith,so it was quite a
surprise when it came back to me the next day—with an“A”on it.At the bottom of the
paper were these words:“See what you can do when you keep trying?”
1.The author didn't finish the reading in class because .
A.he was new to the class
B.he was tired of literature
C.he had an attention disorder
D.he wanted to take the task home
2.What do we know about Louis Braille from the passage?
A.He had good sight.
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B.He made a great invention.
C.He gave up reading.
D.He learned a lot from school.
3.What was Mrs.Smith's attitude to the author at the end of the story?
A.Angry. B.Impatient.
C.Sympathetic. D.Encouraging.
4.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.The disabled should be treated with respect.
B.A teacher can open up a new world to students.
C.One can find his way out of difficulties with efforts.
D.Everyone needs a hand when faced with challenges.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,题材为学校生活类。文章讲述了作者被诊断患有“注意力紊
乱”,导致作者在学校不能很好地完成各项学习任务,后来在Smith老师的帮助和引导下克服
了困难,很好地完成了阅读任务,让作者从故事和自身经历中明白了“努力就可以创造奇迹”。
1.C 细节理解题。由文章第一段第一句可知答案。
2.B 细节理解题。由Instead,he invented a reading system of raised dots(点),which opened
up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.可知B项正确。
3.D 推理判断题。由文章最后一段Smith老师给作者评定作业等级为A以及她所写下的
“See what you can do when you keep trying?”可知Smith老师对于作者的态度应该是
“鼓励的”。
4.C 主旨要义题。本文主要通过作者的亲身经历讲述“努力可以帮助一个人克服困难”。
Passage 16(2015重庆,B)
In ancient Egypt,a shopkeeper discovered that he could attract customers to his shop
simply by making changes to its environment.Modern businesses have been following his
lead,with more tactics(策略).
One tactic involves where to display the goods.For example,stores place fruits and
vegetables in the first section.They know that customers who buy the healthy food first
will feel happy so that they will buy more junk food(垃圾食品)later in their trip.In
department stores,the women's shoe section is generally next to the women's cosmetics(化
妆品)section:while the shop assistant is going back to find the right size shoe,bored
customers are likely to wander over and find some cosmetics they might want to try later.
Besides,businesses seek to appeal to customers' senses.Stores notice that the smell of
baked goods encourages shopping,so they make their own bread each morning and then
fan the bread smell into the store throughout the day.Music sells goods,too.Researchers in
Britain found that when French music was played,sales of French wines went up.
When it comes to the selling of houses,businesses also use highly rewarding
tactics.They find that customers make decisions in the first few seconds upon walking in
the door,and turn it into a business opportunity.A California builder designed the structure
of its houses smartly.When entering the house,the customer would see the Pacific Ocean
through the windows,and then the pool through an open stairway leading to the lower
level.The instant view of water on both levels helped sell these $10 million houses.
1.Why do stores usually display fruits and vegetables in the first section?
A.To save customers time.
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B.To show they are high quality foods.
C.To help sell junk food.
D.To sell them at discount prices.
2.According to Paragraph 3, which of the following encourages customers to buy?
A.Opening the store early in the morning.
B.Displaying British wines next to French ones.
C.Inviting customers to play music.
D.Filling the store with the smell of fresh bread.
3.What is the California builder's story intended to prove?
A.The house structure is a key factor customers consider.
B.The more costly the house is,the better it sells.
C.An ocean view is much to the customers' taste.
D.A good first impression increases sales.
4.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.To explain how businesses turn people into their customers.
B.To introduce how businesses have grown from the past.
C.To report researches on customer behavior.
D.To show dishonest business practices.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为历史与社会类。在古埃及,有位店主发现只需改变店铺的
环境就可以把顾客吸引过来,而现代的商界也追随他的脚步,采用了更多的销售策略。
1.C 细节理解题。由第二段中的 They know that customers who buy the healthy food
first will feel happy so that they will buy more junk food...可以看出商家首先展示水果、
蔬菜的真正目的是促销他们的垃圾食品。
2.D 细节理解题。第三段主要讲商家通过感官来吸引顾客。他们每天早上会烤好面包,让
面包的气味整整一天都弥漫在店铺里面,以此来刺激顾客的购买欲望。
3.D 推理判断题。最后一段指出,顾客往往在进入房间的最初几秒会作出决定,商人把这变
为商机。加利福尼亚的建筑师让顾客第一眼看到的是太平洋和游泳池,这帮他销售了1,000
万美元的房子,由此证明如果给顾客的第一印象好的话就有助于增加销量。
4.A 主旨要义题。概括全文可知,本文主要介绍了商家促销的几种策略,包括商品摆放、感
官影响和第一印象。A项“解释商家如何把人们变为自己的顾客”符合文章的写作目的。
Passage 17(2015天津,B)
Whether in the home or the workplace,social robots are going to become a lot more
common in the next few years.Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday
world in a more humanized way,said Cynthia Breazeal,chief scientist at the robot company
Jibo.
While household robots today do the normal housework,social robots will be much
more like companions than mere tools.For example,these robots will be able to distinguish
when someone is happy or sad.This allows them to respond more appropriately to the
user.
The Jibo robot,arranged to ship later this year,is designed to be a personalized
assistant.You can talk to the robot,ask it questions,and make requests for it to perform
different tasks.The robot doesn't just deliver general answers to questions;it responds based
on what it learns about each individual in the household.It can do things such as
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reminding an elderly family member to take medicine or taking family photos.
Social robots are not just finding their way into the home.They have potential
applications in everything from education to health care and are already finding their way
into some of these spaces.
Fellow Robots is one company bringing social robots to the market.The
company's“Oshbot”robot is built to assist customers in a store,which can help the
customers find items and help guide them to the product's location in the store.It can also
speak different languages and make recommendations for different items based on what
the customer is shopping for.
The more interaction the robot has with humans,the more it learns.But Oshbot,like
other social robots,is not intended to replace workers,but to work alongside other
employees.“We have technologies to train social robots to do things not for us,but with
us,”said Breazeal.
1.How are social robots different from household robots?
A.They can control their emotions.
B.They are more like humans.
C.They do the normal housework.
D.They respond to users more slowly.
2.What can a Jibo robot do according to Paragraph 3?
A.Communicate with you and perform operations.
B.Answer your questions and make requests.
C.Take your family pictures and deliver milk.
D.Obey your orders and remind you to take pills.
3.What can Oshbot work as?
A.A language teacher. B.A tour guide.
C.A shop assistant. D.A private nurse.
4.We can learn from the last paragraph that social robots will .
A.train employees B.be our workmates
C.improve technologies D.take the place of workers
5.What does the passage mainly present?
A.A new design idea of household robots.
B.Marketing strategies for social robots.
C.Information on household robots.
D.An introduction to social robots.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为科普知识类。过不了几年,社交类机器人就会以更加人性
化的服务方式进入人们的日常生活。它们不仅是一种工具,而且会成为人们的朋友,根据不同
的人群提供不同的服务。
1.B 推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知,如今家庭机器人可以做日常家务,但是社交类机器
人则更像是人类的朋友,而不仅仅是工具。例如,这些机器人可判断人的不同心情,从而做出
不同的反应。由此可推知与家庭机器人相比,这些机器人更像人类。
2.D 细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知,你可以和这种机器人说话,问它问题,要求它去执行
各种任务,这种机器人不仅可以给出问题的一般答案,而且还会根据不同的家庭成员作出不同
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的反应,如提醒老人吃药或者拍全家福等。D项中“服从命令”和“提醒吃药”都是这种机
器人可以胜任的。
3.C 细节理解题。由倒数第二段的“...is built to assist customers in a store...”可知,
Oshbot可以作为售货员,帮助顾客找到他们所需要的商品,并且还能根据顾客需要提出建议。
4.B 细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句可知,设计这种机器人不是用来替代工人的,而是和
其他工人一起工作的,因此它们会成为我们的同事。
5.D 主旨要义题。概括全文可知,本文主要介绍了社交类机器人,如为家庭提供人性化服务
的Jibo robot以及可作为售货员的Oshbot。
评析 本题难度适中。做主旨要义题时切不可“以偏概全”,应该从文章整体的角度进行概
括总结。本文第一段为主题段,social robots为文章中心词。注意C项中的household robots
不同于social robots。
Passage 18(2015四川,E)
No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo.But a new
study suggests they used a little rock‘n’roll.Long-ago builders could have attached
wooden poles to the stones and rolled them across the sand,the scientists say.
“Technically,I think what they're proposing is possible,”physicist Daniel Bonn said.
People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks.And there's
no obvious answer.On average,each of the two million big stones weighed about as much
as a large pickup truck.The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid
site from about one kilometer away.
The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth
paths.Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds(滑板).Then
they would have dragged them along paths.To make the work easier,workers may have
lubricated the paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle.Bonn has now tested
this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.
Evidence from the sand supports this idea.Researchers found small amounts of fat,as
well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.
However,physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way,who led
the new study.West said,“I was inspired while watching a television program showing
how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction.I thought,‘Why don't they just
try rolling the things?’”A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by
attaching wooden poles to its sides,he realized.That,he notes,should make a block of
stone“a lot easier to roll than a square”.
So he tried it.
He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30-kilogram stone
block.That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel.Then they placed the block on
the ground.
They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled.The researchers found
they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths.They calculated that rolling
the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery(滑的)path.
West hasn't tested his idea on larger blocks,but he thinks rolling has clear advantages
over sliding.At least,workers wouldn't have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth
the paths.
1.It's widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by .
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A.rolling them on roads
B.pushing them over the sand
C.sliding them on smooth paths
D.dragging them on some poles
2.The underlined part“lubricated the paths”in Paragraph 4 means .
A.made the paths wet
B.made the paths hard
C.made the paths wide
D.made the paths slippery
3.What does the underlined word“it”in Paragraph 7 refer to?
A.Rolling the blocks with poles attached.
B.Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.
C.Rolling poles to move the blocks.
D.Rolling the blocks with fat.
4.Why is rolling better than sliding according to West?
A.Because more force is needed for sliding.
B.Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle.
C.Because sliding on smooth roads is more dangerous.
D.Because less preparation on paths is needed for rolling.
5.What is the text mainly about?
A.An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
B.An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
C.An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
D.An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为历史与社会类。没有人知道古代埃及人是如何建成金字
塔的。人们一直困惑于他们运送这些巨大的石块到达金字塔工地的方式。本文介绍了可能
的运送方式。
1.C 细节理解题。由文章第四段首句“The most popular view is that Egyptian workers
slid the blocks along smooth paths.”可知答案。
2.D 猜测词义题。根据“To make the work easier,workers may have...either with wet
clay or with the fat from cattle.”中的wet clay 和the fat from cattle可知,该画线部分为
“使路面滑”之意。
3.A 推理判断题。根据文章第六段中的“A square could be turned into a rough sort of
wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides...”可知A项正确。
4.D 推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的“At least,workers wouldn't have needed to carry
cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.”可知答案为D。
5.D 主旨要义题。本文主要介绍了运送巨大的石块到达金字塔工地的可能的方式。因此答
案为D。
Passage 19(2015陕西,B)
When the dog named Judy spotted the first sheep in her life,she did what comes
naturally.The four-year-old dog set off racing after the sheep across several fields
and,being a city animal,lost both her sheep and her sense of direction.Then she ran along
the edge of a cliff(悬崖)and fell 100 feet,bouncing off a rock into the sea.
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Her owner Mike Holden panicked and called the coastguard of Cornwall,who turned
up in seconds.Six volunteers slid down the cliff with the help of a rope but gave up all
hope of finding her alive after a 90-minute search.
Three days later,a hurricane hit the coast near Cornwall.Mr. Holden returned home
from his holiday upset and convinced his pet was dead.He comforted himself with the
thought she had died in the most beautiful part of the country.
For the next two weeks,the Holdens were heartbroken.Then,one day,the phone rang
and Steve Tregear,the coastguard of Cornwall,asked Holden if he would like his dog back.
A birdwatcher,armed with a telescope,found the pet sitting desperately on a rock.While
he sounded the alarm,a student from Leeds climbed down the cliff to collect Judy.
The dog had initially been knocked unconscious(失去知觉的)but had survived by
drinking water from a fresh stream at the base of the cliff.She may have fed on the body
of a sheep which had also fallen over the edge.“ The dog was very thin and
hungry,”Steve Tregear said.“It was a very lucky dog.She survived because of a plentiful
supply of fresh water,”he added.
It was,as Mr. Holden admitted,“a minor miracle(奇迹)”.
1.The dog Judy fell down the cliff when she was .
A.rescuing her owner B.caught in a hurricane
C.blocked by a rock D.running after a sheep
2.Who spotted Judy after the accident?
A.A birdwatcher.
B.A student from Leeds.
C.Six volunteers.
D.The coastguard of Cornwall.
3.What can we infer from the text?
A.People like to travel with their pets.
B.Judy was taken to the fields for hunting.
C.Luck plays a vital role in Judy's survival.
D.Holden cared little where Judy was buried.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Miracle of the Coastguard.
B.Surviving a Hurricane.
C.Dangers in the Wild.
D.Coming Back from the Dead.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,题材为生活故事类。主要讲述了一只名叫Judy的狗在掉下悬崖
后奇迹般死里逃生的故事。
1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段可知,Judy是在追逐一只绵羊的时候迷失方向而掉下悬崖的。
故选D。
2.A 细节理解题。根据第五段第一句话可知,一位带着望远镜的观鸟者发现了坐在岩石上
的Judy。故选A。
3.C 推理判断题。结合全文,尤其是最后一段中的“a minor miracle”可推断出,Judy能死
里逃生,运气起着很大的作用。故选C。
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4.D 主旨要义题。通读全文可知,本文讲了一只名叫Judy的狗在掉下悬崖后奇迹般死里逃
生的故事。故选D。
评析 本题考查考生把握文章主旨大意的能力。如果文章或段落没有主题句,在归纳主旨大
意时要通过梳理与写作对象有关的主要信息进行总结。本文的写作对象是 Judy,文章的结局
是Judy幸运地死里逃生,由此可确定正确答案。
Passage 20(2015江苏,B)
In the United States alone,over 100 million cell-phones are thrown away each
year.Cell-phones are part of a growing mountain of electronic waste like computers and
personal digital assistants.The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than
traditional garbage as a whole.
Electronic devices contain valuable metals such as gold and silver.A Swiss study
reported that while the weight of electronic goods represented by precious metals was
relatively small in comparison to total waste,the concentration(含量)of gold and other
precious metals was higher in so-called e-waste than in naturally occurring minerals.
Electronic wastes also contain many poisonous metals.Even when the machines are
recycled and the harmful metals removed,the recycling process often is carried out in poor
countries,in practically uncontrolled ways which allow many poisonous substances to
escape into the environment.
Creating products out of raw materials creates much more waste material, up to 100
times more, than the material contained in the finished products. Consider again the cell-
phone, and imagine the mines that produced those metals, the factories needed to make
the box and packaging (包装)it came in. Many wastes produced in the producing process
are harmful as well.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes that most waste is dangerous in that
“ the production, distribution, and use of products—as well as management of the
resulting waste— all result in greenhouse gas release.” Individuals can reduce their
contribution by creating less waste at the start—for instance, buying reusable products and
recycling.
In many countries the concept of extended producer responsibility is being considered
or has been put in place as an incentive(动机)for reducing waste. If producers are
required to take back packaging they use to sell their products, would they reduce the
packaging in the first place?
Governments' incentive to require producers to take responsibility for the packaging
they produce is usually based on money. Why, they ask, should cities or towns be
responsible for paying to deal with the bubble wrap(气泡垫)that encased your television?
From the governments' point of view, a primary goal of laws requiring extended
producer responsibility is to transfer both the costs and the physical responsibility of waste
management from the government and tax-payers back to the producers.
1.By mentioning the Swiss study, the author intends to tell us that .
A.the weight of e-goods is rather small
B.e-waste deserves to be made good use of
C.natural minerals contain more precious metals
D.the percentage of precious metals is heavy in e-waste
2. The responsibility of e-waste treatment should be extended .
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A.from producers to governments
B.from governments to producers
C.from individuals to distributors
D.from distributors to governments
3.What does the passage mainly talk about?
A.The increase in e-waste.
B.The creation of e-waste.
C.The seriousness of e-waste.
D.The management of e-waste.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为环境保护类。随着电子数码科技的进步,越来越多的电子
垃圾产生了,手机、电脑、个人电子器件等被扔掉的越来越多。这些被扔掉的电子垃圾中含
有一些像金银之类的贵重金属,当然也有很多有毒物质。那我们该如何处理这些电子垃圾呢?
1.B 推理判断题。第二段提到了瑞士的一项研究结果:电子垃圾中贵重金属的含量要比自
然界中矿石中贵重金属的含量还要高。由此推断作者旨在说明这些电子垃圾值得被充分利
用,故选B项。
2.B 推理判断题。文章最后一段描述了政府要制定相关法律,对制造商提出明确的责任要
求。由此推断出这份责任应该是从政府开始延伸到制造商,故选B项。
3.D 主旨要义题。本文第一段提出了越来越严重的电子垃圾污染问题,后面就如何处理这
些垃圾提出了一些建议,也明确了该问题所涉及各方应负的责任,由此推断出本文的主题应该
是D项:电子垃圾的处理。
Passage 21(2015广东,C)
Daniel Anderson,a famous psychologist,believes it's important to distinguish television's
influences on children from those of the family.We tend to blame TV,he says,for problems
it doesn't really cause,overlooking our own roles in shaping children's minds.
One traditional belief about television is that it reduces a child's ability to think and
to understand the world.While watching TV,children do not merely absorb words and
images( 影 像 ).Instead,they learn both explicit and hidden meanings from what they
see.Actually,children learn early the psychology of characters in TV shows.Furthermore,as
many teachers agree,children understand far more when parents watch TV with
them,explaining new words and ideas.Yet,most parents use an educational program as a
chance to park their kids in front of the set and do something in another room.
Another argument against television is that it replaces reading as a form of
entertainment.But according to Anderson,the amount of time spent watching television is
not related to reading ability.TV doesn't take the place of reading for most children;it
takes the place of similar sorts of recreation,such as listening to the radio and playing
sports.Things like parents' educational background have a stronger influence on a child's
reading.“ A child's reading ability is best predicted by how much a parent
reads,”Anderson says.
Traditional wisdom also has it that heavy television-watching lowers IQ(智商)scores
and affects school performance.But here,too,Anderson notes that no studies have proved
it.In fact,research suggests that it's the other way around.“If you're smart young,you'll
watch less TV when you're older,”Anderson says.Yet,people of lower IQ tend to be
lifelong television viewers.
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For years researchers have attempted to show that television is dangerous to
children.However,by showing that television promotes none of the dangerous effects as
conventionally believed,Anderson suggests that television cannot be condemned without
considering other influences.
1.By watching TV,children learn .
A.images through words
B.more than explicit meanings
C.more about images than words
D.little about people's psychology
2.An educational program is best watched by a child .
A.on his own B.with other kids
C.with his parents D.with his teachers
3.Which of the following is most related to children's reading ability?
A.Radio-listening.
B.Television-watching.
C.Parents' reading list.
D.Parents' educational background.
4.Anderson believes that .
A.the more a child watches TV,the smarter he is
B.the younger a child is,the more he watches TV
C.the smarter a child is,the less likely he gets addicted to TV
D.the less a child watches TV,the better he performs at school
5.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.To advise on the educational use of TV.
B.To describe TV's harmful effects on children.
C.To explain traditional views on TV influences.
D.To present Anderson's unconventional ideas.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为社会生活类。传统观念认为,看电视会对孩子思维能力的
培养产生负面的影响,还会让孩子远离阅读。而著名心理学家Daniel Anderson对此提出了
不同的看法。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第二段第三句“Instead, they learn both explicit and hidden
meanings from what they see.”可知答案。
2.C 推理判断题。根据文章第二段倒数第二句“Furthermore, as many teachers agree,
children understand far more when parents watch TV with them, explaining new words
and ideas.”可以推断出答案。
3.D 细节理解题。根据文章第三段倒数第二句“Things like parents' educational
background have a stronger influence on a child's reading.”可知答案。
4.C 推理判断题。根据文章第四段第四句 Anderson所说“If you're smart young, you'll
watch less TV when you're older,”可以推断出答案。
5.D 主旨要义题。整篇文章讲述的都是Anderson关于看电视对孩子的影响所提出的非传
统的观点。故选D。
Passage 22(2015福建,E)
Group exercise is one of the most effective ways to improve physical fitness and
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sustain(保持)a healthy lifestyle.Group exercise is challenging,yet fun and empowering!Of
course everyone knows that exercise is good for the body.However,studies have shown that
when exercise is performed in groups,it's not only great for improving physical health but
for psychological health.It's an opportunity to be social,release endorphins(内啡肽),and
improve your strength.Additionally,group exercise creates a community feel and the shared
common goal motivates participants to work hard.The instrumental support of taking on a
fitness journey with others proves more effective than going to the gym alone.
Another beneficial aspect of group exercise is the informational support participants
receive from the instructor.Many people fear the gym because they feel lost and don't
want to embarrass themselves.If you feel you can relate,then group training is an even
better option for you.It's a great opportunity to learn more about fitness through the clear
instruction and supervision(监管)of a fitness instructor.If you're tired of wandering around
the gym wasting time and becoming bored,you can attend an upbeat group fitness class
that'll keep your workout on track.Don't let fitness frighten you!
If you're serious about wanting to live a healthy lifestyle,it's extremely important to
surround yourself with people who'll provide you with the proper emotional support.I
wouldn't scold anyone for deciding to party on weekends and in turn I wouldn't expect
anyone to give offence to me for focusing on my health.Surround yourself with people
who uplift,encourage and understand you!Make fitness even more fun by trying something
new or any group fitness class,with a friend.Plan to go for a jog together.Then try a fun
healthy restaurant or fresh juice bar!Fitness can be both fun and social!
Surrounding yourself with people who'll provide you with respect support can be very
beneficial while working towards reaching health and fitness goals.First,decide to do it for
yourself and work towards staying positive.Then make sure the people you surround
yourself with are supportive.Don't let negativity ruin your motivation.
1.The first paragraph focuses on .
A.the greatest challenge of group exercise
B.the most effective way to improve physical fitness
C.the contribution of group exercise to psychological health
D.the shared common goal in performing exercise in groups
2.The underlined word“upbeat”in the second paragraph probably means“ ”.
A.cheerful B.average
C.serious D.temporary
3.When it comes to emotional support, the author thinks it necessary .
A.to sustain a colorful lifestyle
B.to party on weekends with positive people
C.to try a fun healthy restaurant regularly
D.to surround yourself with supportive people
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A.Seeking Support B.Supporting Health
C.Improving Your Strength D.Building Up Fitness
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为健康生活类。本文主要讲述了群体健身活动给人们身体、
心理方面带来的好处。
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1.C 主旨要义题。做此题时要注意第一段中 However后的内容,在该部分中出现了not
only...but...结构,该结构的重心在 but 部分,即本句的重心为 It is great for psychological
health,故本题答案为C项。
2.A 猜测词义题。根据画线词所在句子中的If you're tired of...及becoming bored可推知
upbeat意为“快乐的”,故答案为A项。
3.D 细节理解题。根据题干中的emotional support可知本题的答案在第三段第一句,即作
者认为:和为你提供精神支持的人在一起非常必要,故答案为D项。
4.B 主旨要义题。本文主要介绍了参加群体健身活动给人们身体带来的好处以及为了保持
健康在群体健身活动中的做法,故选B项。
Passage 23(2014陕西,C)
Why do Americans struggle with watching their weight,while the French,who consume
rich food,continue to stay thin?Now a research by Cornell University suggests how
lifestyle and decisions about eating may affect weight.Researchers conclude that the French
tend to stop eating when they feel full.However,Americans tend to stop when their plate is
empty or their favorite TV show is over.
According to Dr.Joseph Mercola,a health expert,the French see eating as an important
part of their lifestyle.They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the
table,while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the other daily
activities.Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually
full.So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped.In addition,he points
out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the
week.The French,instead,tend to shop daily,walking to small shops and farmers' markets
where they have a choice of fresh fruits,vegetables,and eggs as well as high-quality meats
for each meal.
After a visit to the United States,Mireille Guiliano,author of French Women Don't Get
Fat,decided to write about the importance of knowing when to stop rather than suggesting
how to avoid food.Today she continues to stay slim and rarely goes to the gym.
In spite of all these differences,evidence shows that recent lifestyle changes may be
affecting French eating habits.Today the rate of obesity—or extreme overweight—among
adults is only 6%.However,as American fast food gains acceptance and the young reject
older traditions,the obesity rate among French children has reached 17%—and is growing.
1.In what way are the French different from Americans according to Dr.Joseph Mercola?
A.They go shopping at supermarkets more frequently.
B.They squeeze eating between the other daily activities.
C.They regard eating as a key part of their lifestyle.
D.They usually eat too much canned and frozen food.
2.This text is mainly about the relationship between .
A.Americans and the French B.lifestyle and obesity
C.children and adults D.fast food and overweight
3.This text is mainly developed .
A.by contrast B.by space
C.by process D.by classification
4.Where does this text probably come from?
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A.A TV interview. B.A food advertisement.
C.A health report. D.A book review.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。题材为饮食健康类。通过一项对美国和法国饮食习惯的对比
研究,揭示出生活方式和肥胖之间的关系。
1.C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句可知:研究发现,法国人把饮食看作他们生活方式
中一个很重要的部分,而美国人则不重视饮食。故选C。
2.B 主旨要义题。本文主要讲述通过对美国和法国两国饮食习惯的对比,揭示生活方式和
肥胖有着密切的关系。故选B项。
3.A 推理判断题。本文主要是围绕美、法两国饮食习惯对比展开的,最终得出结论:生活方
式和肥胖有着密切的关系,故选A项。
4.C 推理判断题。本篇文章对美、法两国饮食习惯进行对比,很显然这和健康有关,故选C
项。
Passage 24(2014山东,D)
How fit are your teeth?Are you lazy about brushing them?Never fear:An inventor is
on the case.An electric toothbrush senses how long and how well you brush,and it lets
you track your performance on your phone.
The Kolibree toothbrush was exhibited at the International Consumer Electronics Show
in Las Vegas this week.It senses how it is moved and can send the information to an
Android phone or iPhone via a Bluetooth wireless connection.
The toothbrush will be able to teach you to brush right(Don't forget the insides of
the teeth!)and make sure you're brushing long enough.“It's kind of like having a dentist
actually watch your brushing on a day-to-day basis,”says Thomas Serval,the French
inventor.
The toothbrush will also be able to talk to other applications on your phone,so
developers could,for instance,create a game controlled by your toothbrush.You could score
points for beating monsters among your teeth.“ We try to make it smart but also
fun,”Serval says.
Serval says he was inspired by his experience as a father.He would come home from
work and ask his kids if they had brushed their teeth.They said “yes”,but Serval would
find their toothbrush heads dry.He decided he needed a brush that really told him how
well his children brushed.
The company says the Kolibree will go on sale this summer,for $99 to
$199,depending on features.The U.S.is the first target market.
Serval says that one day,it'll be possible to replace the brush on the handle with a
brushing unit that also has a camera.The camera can even examine holes in your teeth
while you brush.
1.Which is one of the features of the Kolibree toothbrush?
A.It can sense how users brush their teeth.
B.It can track users' school performance.
C.It can detect users' fear of seeing a dentist.
D.It can help users find their phones.
2.What can we learn from Serval's words in Paragraph 3?
A.You will find it enjoyable to see a dentist.
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B.You should see your dentist on a day-to-day basis.
C.You can brush with the Kolibree as if guided by a dentist.
D.You'd like a dentist to watch you brush your teeth every day.
3.Which of the following might make the Kolibree toothbrush fun?
A.It can be used to update mobile phones.
B.It can be used to play mobile phone games.
C.It can send messages to other users.
D.It can talk to its developers.
4.What is Paragraph 5 mainly about?
A.How Serval found out his kids lied to him.
B.Why Serval thought brushing teeth was necessary.
C.How Serval taught his kids to brush their teeth.
D.What inspired Serval to invent the toothbrush.
5.What can we infer about Serval's children?
A.They were unwilling to brush their teeth.
B.They often failed to clean their toothbrushes.
C.They preferred to use a toothbrush with a dry head.
D.They liked brushing their teeth after Serval came home.
6.What can we learn about the future development of the Kolibree?
A.The brush handle will be removed.
B.A mobile phone will be built into it.
C.It will be used to fill holes in teeth.
D.It will be able to check users' teeth.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文,题材为科普知识类。一位发明者发明了一种电子牙刷,它不
仅可以帮人们正确刷牙,而且还可以通过蓝牙和手机上的应用程序连接起来。
1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话可知,这种电子牙刷可以检测你刷牙的时间和刷
牙的质量,也能在手机上跟踪你的表现。故选A项。
2.C 推理判断题。在第三段中,那位法国发明者Serval说:“就好像有个牙医每天都在真正
看着你刷牙。”由此可知,用这种电子牙刷刷牙犹如得到专业牙医的指导,故选C项。
3.B 细节理解题。根据第四段可知,这种新发明的牙刷可以和手机上的程序连接,比如由牙
刷控制的一款游戏,不仅显得智能而且还有趣。故选B项。
4.D 主旨要义题。本段的中心句是第一句。Serval说他这个发明的灵感是自己做父亲的经
历激发出的。所以这一段具体介绍了是什么让他有发明这种牙刷的想法,故选D项。
5.A 推理判断题。第五段中 Serval下班回家问孩子们是否刷牙了,孩子们说刷过了,但是
Serval却发现牙刷头是干的。根据孩子们撒谎这件事可以推断出来他们不愿意刷牙,故选A
项。
6.D 细节理解题。最后一段Serval认为将来有一天有可能用带有摄像头的刷牙装置来代替
有手柄的传统的牙刷头,摄像头甚至可以在你刷牙的时候检查你的牙洞。所以答案应为D项。
Passage 25(2014江西,C)
Close your eyes for a minute and imagine what life would be like if you had a
hundred dollars less.Also imagine what it would be like spending the rest of your life
with your eyes closed.Imagine having to read this page,not with your eyes but with your
finger-tips.
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With existing medical knowledge and skills,two-thirds of the world's 42 million blind
should not have to suffer.Unfortunately,rich countries possess most of this knowledge,while
developing countries do not.
ORBIS is an international non-profit organization which operates the world's only
flying teaching eye hospital.ORBIS intends to help fight blindness worldwide.Inside a DC
— 8 aircraft,there is a fully-equipped teaching hospital with television studio and
classroom.Doctors are taught the latest techniques of bringing sight back to people
here.Project ORBIS also aims at promoting peaceful cooperation(合作)among countries.
ORBIS tries to help developing countries by providing training during three-week
medical programs.ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques to over 35,000 doctors and
nurses,who continue to cure tens of thousands of blind people every year.ORBIS has
conducted 17 plane programs in China so far.For the seven to ten million blind in
China,ORBIS is planning to do more for them.At the moment an ORBIS team is working
on a long-term plan to develop a training center and to provide eye care services to
Shanxi Province.ORBIS needs your help to continue their work and free people from
blindness.
For just US $38,you can help one person see;for $380 you can bring sight to 10
people;$1,300 helps teach a doctor new skills;and for $13,000 you can provide a training
program for a group of doctors who can make thousands of blind people see again.Your
money can open their eyes to the world.Please help ORBIS improve the quality of life
for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.
1.The first paragraph is intended to .
A.introduce a new way of reading
B.advise the public to lead a simple life
C.direct the public's attention to the blind
D.encourage the public to use imagination
2.What do we learn about existing medical knowledge and skills in the world?
A.They are adequate.
B.They have not been updated.
C.They are not equally distributed.
D.They have benefited most of the blind.
3.ORBIS aims to help the blind by .
A.teaching medical students
B.training doctors and nurses
C.running flying hospitals globally
D.setting up non-profit organizations
4.What does the author try to do in the last paragraph?
A.Appeal for donations.
B.Make an advertisement.
C.Promote training programs.
D.Show sympathy for the blind.
5.What can be the best title for the passage?
A.ORBIS in China B.Fighting Blindness
C.ORBIS Flying Hospital D.Sight-saving Techniques
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答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为社会生活类。在医疗知识和技术不均衡的社会背景下,一
个国际非营利组织——ORBIS 在全球范围对医生和护士进行技能培训,从而帮助盲人远离
失明。
1.C 推理判断题。根据第一段作者提到的Close your eyes 以及...read this page,not with
your eyes but with your finger-tips 可知,作者想把公众的注意力引向失明的人,故选C。
2.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中...rich countries possess most of this knowledge,while
developing countries do not.可知,医疗知识和技术的分配不均衡,故C为正确答案。A(它们
是充足的)、B(它们没有被更新)两项在文中没有提到,故被排除。D项(它们让大部分盲人受
益了)与第二段...two-thirds of the world's 42 million blind should not have to suffer.不符,
故排除D项。
3.B 细节理解题。根据第四段的 ORBIS tries to help developing countries by providing
training during three-week medical programs.ORBIS has taught sight-saving techniques to
over 35,000 doctors and nurses...可知,这个组织是想通过对医生和护士的培训来帮助盲人。
故正确答案为B项。
4.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段的Your money can open their eyes to the world.Please
help ORBIS improve the quality of life for so many people less fortunate than ourselves.
这两句话暗示了作者在呼吁人们捐款,因此A是正确答案。
5.C 主旨要义题。纵观全文,作者介绍了ORBIS对医生和护士进行医疗技能的培训来帮助
盲人远离失明。因此,C为最佳答案。A、B、D在文章中有所提及,但并不是文章的主旨,因
此作为本文的标题不合适。
Passage 26(2014江苏,C)
Most damagingly,anger weakens a person's ability to think clearly and keep control
over his behaviour.The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional
significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.
Not everyone experience anger in the same way;what angers one person may amuse
another.The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on
biological and cultural forces.In contemporary culture,physical expressions of anger are
generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated.We no longer regard duels(决斗)as
an appropriate expression of anger resulting from one person's awareness of insulting
behaviour on the part of another.
Anger can be identified in the brain,where the electrical activity changes.Under most
conditions,EEG(脑电图)measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the
right and left prefrontal(额叶前部)areas.Behaviourally this corresponds to the general even-
handed disposition(意向)that most of us possess most of the time.But when we are angry
the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas aren't balanced and,as a result of this,we're
likely to react.And our behavioural response to anger is different from our response to
other emotions,whether positive or negative.
Most positive emotions are associated with approach behaviour:we move closer to
people we like.Most negative emotions,in contrast,are associated with avoidance
behaviour:we move away from people and things that we dislike or that make us
anxious.But anger is an exception to this pattern.The angrier we are,the more likely we
are to move towards the object of our anger.This corresponds to what psychologists refer
to as offensive anger:the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the
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person or situation causing his anger.This approach-and-confront behaviour is accompanied
by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry(不对称)of EEG activity.Interestingly,this asymmetry
lessens if the angry person can experience empathy(同感)towards the individual who is
bringing forth the angry response.In defensive anger,in contrast,the EEG asymmetry is
directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring
situation.
1.The “duels” example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger .
A.usually has a biological basis
B.varies among people
C.is socially and culturally shaped
D.influences one's thinking and evaluation
2.What changes can be found in an angry brain?
A.Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.
B.Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.
C.Electrical activity corresponds to one's behaviour.
D.Electrical activity agrees with one's disposition.
3.Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?
A.Approaching the source of anger.
B.Trying to control what is disliked.
C.Moving away from what is disliked.
D.Feeling helpless in the face of anger.
4.What is the key message of the last paragraph?
A.How anger differs from other emotions.
B.How anger relates to other emotions.
C.Behavioural responses to anger.
D.Behavioural patterns of anger.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文是说明文,题材为科普知识。愤怒是人经常会表现出来的情绪,这种情绪对
我们本人会带来什么影响呢?本文对此进行了分析。
1.C 推理判断题。根据该段中关于“决斗”的描述:在当代文化背景下,愤怒的情绪通过肢
体去表达通常被认为对社会有害而不被容忍。由此我们推断出“决斗”这种发泄愤怒的方
式是一种特定文化下的产物,同时也是在某一种社会环境下出现的。由此可知“愤怒”的表
达方式是在一定文化和社会背景下形成的,答案为C项。
2.B 细节理解题。根据第三段的But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left
prefrontal areas aren't balanced...可知:当我们愤怒的时候,脑电图就会显示我们额叶前部的左
右部分不再平衡。所以答案为B项。
3.A 细节理解题。根据第四段中的The angrier we are,the more likely we are to move
towards the object of our anger.即我们越愤怒就越有可能去接近让我们愤怒的目标,可知答
案为A项。
4.D 主旨要义题。根据该段的前两句话中的approach behaviour和avoidance behaviour可
知最后一段就是描述了人们在愤怒时的不同行为表现形式,所以答案为D项。
[温馨提示] 1.most damagingly 最为严重的
2.The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the
person or situation that arouses his anger.愤怒的人在情感意义方面对使之愤怒的人或情况
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作出判断时会有失客观。
Passage 27(2014安徽,D)
Should we allow modern buildings to be built next to older buildings in a historic
area of a city?In order to answer this question,we must first examine whether people
really want to preserve the historic feel of an area.Not all historical buildings are
attractive.However,there may be other reasons—for example,economic(经济的)reasons—why
they should be preserved.So,let us assume that historical buildings are both attractive and
important to the majority of people.What should we do then if a new building is needed?
In my view,new architectural styles can exist perfectly well alongside an older
style.Indeed,there are many examples in my own home town of Tours where modern
designs have been placed very successfully next to old buildings.As long as the building
in question is pleasing and does not dominate(影响)its surroundings too much,it often
improves the attractiveness of the area.
It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt(破坏)the area
they are in,but the same can be said of some old buildings too.Yet people still speak
against new buildings in historic areas.I think this is simply because people are naturally
conservative(保守的)and do not like change.
Although we have to respect people's feelings as fellow users of the buildings,I
believe that it is the duty of the architect and planner to move things forward .If we
always reproduced what was there before,we would all still be living in caves.Thus,I
would argue against copying previous architectural styles and choose something fresh and
different,even though that might be the more risky choice.
1.What does the author say about historical buildings in the first paragraph?
A.Some of them are not attractive.
B.Most of them are too expensive to preserve.
C.They are more pleasing than modern buildings.
D.They have nothing to do with the historic feel of an area.
2.Which of the following is true according to the author?
A.We should reproduce the same old buildings.
B.Buildings should not dominate their surroundings.
C.Some old buildings have spoilt the area they are in.
D.No one understands why people speak against new buildings.
3.By“move things forward”in the last paragraph, the author probably means“ .”
A.destroy old buildings
B.put things in a different place
C.choose new architectural styles
D.respect people's feelings for historical buildings
4.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.To explain why people dislike change.
B.To warn that we could end up living in caves.
C.To admit how new buildings have ruined their surroundings.
D.To argue that modern buildings can be built in historic areas.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文,讨论了现代建筑如何与古建筑和谐共存。在作者看来,既要保证
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城市的发展,又要保护古建筑不被破坏,两者是可以和谐共存的。
1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段第三句Not all historical buildings are attractive.可知选A。
2.C 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句可知古建筑有时候也会与其所处的环境不协调。故选
C。
3.C 猜测词义题。根据画线部分后面的两句话,特别是关键词“choose something fresh and
different”可知答案选C。
4.D 主旨要义题。根据全文可知作者认为:在有历史意义的地区,既要保证城市的发展又要
保护古建筑不被破坏,两者是可以和谐共存的。所以D项正确。
[温馨提示] 1.As long as the building in question is pleasing and does not dominate(影
响)its surroundings too much,...只要所说的建筑漂亮,对周围环境影响不大……。
in question:that is being discussed讨论(或议论)中的。又如:The woman in question is
sitting over there.所说的那个女的就在那边坐着呢。
2.It is true that there are examples of new buildings which have spoilt(破坏)the area
they are in,but the same can be said of some old buildings too.的确有一些新建筑破坏了
当地的风貌,但是一些老建筑也是如此。
Passage 28(2014四川,D)
With around 100 students scheduled to be in that 9 am Monday morning lecture,it is
no surprise that almost 20 people actually make it to the class and only 10 of them are
still awake after the first 15 minutes;it is not even a surprise that most of them are still
in their pyjamas(睡衣).Obviously,students are terrible at adjusting their sleep cycles to their
daily schedule.
All human beings possess a body clock.Along with other alerting(警报)systems,this
governs the sleep/wake cycle and is therefore one of the main processes which govern
sleep behaviour.Typically,the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents,which
leads to many students not feeling sleepy until much later in the evenings.This typical
sleep pattern is usually referred to as the“night owl”schedule of sleep.
This is opposed to the“early bird”schedule,and is a kind of disorder where the
individual tends to stay up much past midnight.Such a person has great difficulty in
waking up in the mornings.Research suggests that night owls feel most alert and function
best in the evenings and at night.Research findings have shown that about 20 percent of
people can be classified as“night owls”and only 10 percent can be classified as “early
birds”—the other 70 percent are in the middle.Although this is clearly not true for all
students,for the ones who are true night owls this gives them an excellent excuse for
missing their lectures which unfortunately fall before midday.
1.What does the author stress in Paragraph 1?
A.Many students are absent from class.
B.Students are very tired on Monday mornings.
C.Students do not adjust their sleep patterns well.
D.Students are not well prepared for class on Mondays.
2.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2?
A.Most students prefer to get up late in the morning.
B.Students don't sleep well because of alerting systems.
C.One's body clock governs the sleep/wake cycle independently.
D.Adolescents' delayed sleep/wake cycle isn't the preferred pattern.
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3.Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word“classified”?
A.Criticised. B.Grouped.
C.Organised. D.Named.
4.What does the text mainly talk about?
A.Functions of the body clock.
B.The“night owl”phenomenon.
C.Human beings' sleep behaviour.
D.The school schedule of “early birds”.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为科普知识类。每个人的体内都有一个生物钟,有的人习惯
了熬夜,但是他们早上醒来是一件很困难的事情,这叫“夜猫子”型。有的人习惯早睡早起,
这叫“早起鸟”型。也有的人属于中间类型。那么你属于哪个类型呢?
1.C 主旨要义题。第一段最后一句话总结了该段的主题:很显然,学生们很难调节自己的睡
眠模式来适应学校的课程安排,所以答案为C项。
2.D 推理判断题。根据第二段的 Typically,the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in
adolescents...可知人们喜欢的那种睡眠和醒来的模式在青少年身上被推迟了。由此我们推断
出青少年的这种推迟了的作息模式不是人们更喜欢的那种,所以答案为D项。
3.B 猜测词义题。研究结果表明大约20%的人可以划分为“夜猫子”型。由此可知画线单
词的含义是:分类到、归于某一类中;所以答案为B项。
4.B 主旨要义题。第一段作者描述了周一上课时学生的各种因睡不醒带来的具体表现,后
面分析了造成这一现象的原因是“夜猫子”型的作息模式。由此推断出本文主要是描述青
少年身上的那种“夜猫子”型作息现象。所以答案为B项。
[温馨提示] 1....it is no surprise that almost 20 people actually make it to the class
and...……实际上几乎有20人去上课了,这不足为奇……
2.Typically,the preferred sleep/wake cycle is delayed in adolescents...通常,青少年的首
选作息规律往往被推迟……
3.Although this is clearly not true for all students, for the ones who are true night
owls this gives them an excellent excuse for missing their lectures which unfortunately
fall before midday.尽管显然并非所有的学生都是如此,但是对于那些夜猫子型的学生来说,这
给了他们一个在上午逃课的绝好借口。
Passage 29(2014湖南,B)
In the mid-1950s,I was a somewhat bored early-adolescent male student who believed
that doing any more than necessary was wasted effort .One day,this approach threw me
into embarrassment.
In Mrs.Totten's eighth-grade math class at Central Avenue School in
Anderson,Indiana,we were learning to add and subtract decimals(小数).
Our teacher typically assigned daily homework,which would be recited in class the
following day.On most days,our grades were based on our oral answers to homework
questions.
Mrs.Totten usually walked up and down the rows of desks requesting answers from
student after student in the order the questions had appeared on our homework sheets.She
would start either at the front or the back of the classroom and work toward the other
end.
Since I was seated near the middle of about 35 students,it was easy to figure out
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which questions I might have to answer.This particular time,I had completed my usual two
or three problems according to my calculations.
What I failed to expect was that several students were absent,which threw off my
estimate.As Mrs.Totten made her way from the beginning of the class,I desperately tried to
determine which math problem I would get.I tried to work it out before she got to me,but
I had brain freeze and couldn't function.
When Mrs.Totten reached my desk,she asked what answer I'd got for problem
No.14.“I...I didn't get anything,”I answered,and my face felt warm.
“Correct,”she said.
It turned out that the correct answer was zero.
What did I learn that day?First,always do all your homework.Second,in real life it
isn't always what you say but how you say it that matters.Third,I would never make it as
a mathematician.
If I could choose one school day that taught me the most,it would be that one.
1.What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 indicate?
A.It is wise to value one's time.
B.It is important to make an effort.
C.It is right to stick to one's belief.
D.It is enough to do the necessary.
2.Usually,Mrs.Totten asked her students to .
A.recite their homework together
B.grade their homework themselves
C.answer their homework questions orally
D.check the answers to their homework questions
3.The author could work out which questions to answer since the teacher always .
A.asked questions in a regular way
B.walked up and down when asking questions
C.chose two or three questions for the students
D.requested her students to finish their usual questions
4.The author failed to get the questions he had expected because .
A.the class didn't begin as usual
B.several students didn't come to school
C.he didn't try hard to make his estimate
D.Mrs.Totten didn't start from the back of the class
5.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A.An Unforgettable Teacher
B.A Future Mathematician
C.An Effective Approach
D.A Valuable Lesson
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,题材为学校生活。“我”曾经自以为是地认为做自己认为必要
的事情就够了,然而在八年级的一节数学课上,“我”所遇到的尴尬让“我”明白了“我”所
付出的努力还不够。
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1.D 猜测词义题。此句话可直译为“做任何超出必要的事都是浪费精力”,通过阅读下文
能够知道作者刚开始只做自己认为有必要做的事情,因此D项符合题意。
2.C 细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句可知本题应选择C项。
3.A 细节理解题。根据文章第四段可知老师通常提问的方式是有规律的,故选择A项。
4.B 细节理解题。根据文章第六段的第一句“What I failed to expect was that several
students were absent...”可知本题选择B项。
5.D 主旨要义题。通读全文可知作者通过上这节数学课得到了教训,文章的最后一段也提
到“If I could choose one school day that taught me the most,it would be that one.”,因
此本题选择D项。
Passage 30(2014湖北,C)
Working with a group of baboons(狒狒)in the Namibian desert,Dr.Alecia Carter of the
Department of Zoology,Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel
food and a familiar food hidden in a box.Some baboons were given the chance to watch
another baboon who already knew how to solve the task,while others had to learn for
themselves.To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were,Dr.Carter presented them
either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.
She found that personality had a major impact on learning.The braver baboons
learnt,but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform
the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did.In effect,despite
being made aware of what to do,they were still too shy to do what the experienced
baboon did.
The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones.The anxious
individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not,even
though they spent more time watching.
This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that
personality plays a key role in social learning in animals,something that has previously
been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things.The findings are significant
because they suggest that animals may perform poorly in cognitive(认知的)tasks not
because they aren't clever enough to solve them,but because they are too shy or nervous
to use the social information.
The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies
through social learning.If some individuals are unable to get information from others
because they don't associate with the knowledgeable individuals,or they are too shy to use
the information once they have it,information may not travel between all group
members,preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning.
1.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A.The significance of Dr.Carter's research.
B.The purpose of Dr.Carter's research.
C.The design of Dr.Carter's research.
D.The results of Dr.Carter's research.
2.According to the research, which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning
task?
A.Those that feel anxious about learning.
B.Those that like to work independently.
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C.Those that can avoid potential risks.
D.Those that have more experience.
3.Which best illustrates the “mismatch” mentioned in Paragraph 4?
A.Some baboons perform new tasks but don't concentrate.
B.Some baboons observe others but don't follow them.
C.Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.
D.Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.
4.Dr. Carter's findings indicate that our culture might be formed through .
A.travelling between social groups
B.understanding different people
C.learning from each other
D.storing information
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为科普知识类。Alecia Carter博士对狒狒的学习行为进行
研究后发现:性格对动物的社会学习行为有很重要的影响。
1.C 主旨要义题。第一段主要介绍了Alecia Carter博士是如何对狒狒进行研究的。故选C
项。
2.A 细节理解题。根据第三段内容可知,对学习感到焦虑的狒狒能通过观察其他狒狒的行
为而进行学习。故选A项。
3.B 推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句可知:一些动物在完成认知任务时可能会表现不佳,
这不是因为它们不够聪明而不能完成任务,而是因为它们太害羞或太紧张而不去使用社交信
息。故选B项。
4.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句可知社会文化可以通过相互学习而形成。故选C项。
[温馨提示] 1.The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones.与平静
的狒狒相比,那些焦虑的狒狒也是如此。
hold true for...:be still correct for...对于……仍然是正确的。又如:
The results appear to hold true for other countries.
这些结果似乎也适用于其他国家。
2.This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that
personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously
been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things.在收集和使用社交信息间存在
的不一致表现出性格在动物的社会学习方面起着关键的作用,而这一点从过去研究动物是如
何学习时就被忽略了。
长难句 The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform
poorly in cognitive tasks not because they aren't clever enough to solve them, but because
they are too shy or nervous to use the social information.这些发现非常重要,因为它们表明
动物在完成认知任务时可能会表现不佳,这不是因为它们不够聪明而不能完成任务,而是因为
它们太害羞或太紧张而不去使用社交信息。
本句是一个复合句,because they suggest...information为原因状语从句,在此原因状语从
句中含有一个that引导的宾语从句,在宾语从句中又含有由not...but结构连接的两个并列的
由because引导的原因状语从句。
Passage 31(2014福建,D)
Perhaps you think you could easily add to your happiness with more money.Strange
as it may seem,if you're unsatisfied,the issue is not a lack of means to meet your desires
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but a lack of desires—not that you cannot satisfy your tastes but that you don't have
enough tastes.
Real riches consist of well-developed and hearty capacities(能力)to enjoy life.Most
people are already swamped(淹没)with things.They eat,wear,go and talk too much. They live
in too big a house with too many rooms , yet their house of life is a hut .
Your house of life ought to be a mansion(豪宅),a royal palace.Every new taste,every
additional interest,every fresh enthusiasm adds a room.Here are several rooms your house
of life should have.
Art should be a desire for you to develop simply because the world is full of
beautiful things.If you only understood how to enjoy them and feed your spirit on
them,they would make you as happy as to find plenty of ham and eggs when you're
hungry.
Literature,classic literature,is a beautiful,richly furnished room where you might find
many an hour of rest and refreshment.To gain that love would go toward making you a
rich person,for a rich person is not someone who has a library but who likes a library.
Music like Mozart's and Bach's shouldn't be absent.Real riches are of the spirit.And
when you've brought that spirit up to where classical music feeds it and makes you a
little drunk,you have increased your thrills and bettered them.And life is a matter of
thrills.
Sports,without which you remain poor,mean a lot in life.No matter who you are,you
would be more human,and your house of life would be better supported against the bad
days,if you could,and did,play a bit.
Whatever rooms you might add to your house of life,the secret of enjoying life is to
keep adding.
1.The author intends to tell us that .
A.true happiness lies in achieving wealth by fair means
B.big houses are people's most valued possessions
C.big houses can in a sense bring richness of life
D.true happiness comes from spiritual riches
2.The underlined sentence in the second paragraph probably implies that .
A.however materially rich,they never seem to be satisfied
B.however materially rich,they remain spiritually poor
C.though their house is big,they prefer a simple life
D.though their house is big,it seems to be a cage
3.It can be learned from the passage that .
A.more money brings more happiness
B.art is needed to make your house beautiful
C.literature can enrich your spiritual life
D.sports contribute mainly to your physical fitness
4.What would be the best title for the passage?
A.House of Life
B.Secret of Wealth
C.Rest and Refreshment
D.Interest and Enthusiasm
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答案
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文,题材是社会生活类。作者认为一个人要想快乐和幸福,要让自己
的心灵之“墅”富有。文章诠释了“真正的幸福源于精神富有”的道理。
1.D 推理判断题。文章的主要目的就是告诉人们真正的幸福和快乐来自精神上的富有,所
以正确答案为D项。
2.B 猜测词义题。画线部分句子的意思是“人们住太大的房子,有太多的房间,然而他们的
生命之家依然是个简陋的小房子”和 B项 “不管物质上多富有,他们在精神上仍然很贫
穷” 的内容接近。故选B项。
3.C 推理判断题。根据文章第五段可以推断 “文学能丰富你的精神生活”,故答案为C项。
A项为无关信息。从文章中的信息可以看出,art可以丰富你的精神生活,而不是美化你的房
子,所以B项错误。sports也可以丰富精神生活,而不仅仅是使身体健康,所以D项错误。
4.A 主旨要义题。本文主要讲述精神生活的心灵之“墅”,关键词就是“house of life”,故
答案为A项。
Passage 32(2014重庆,E)
It's generally believed that people act the way they do because of their personalities
and attitudes.They recycle their garbage because they care about the environment.They pay
$5 for a caramel brulée latte because they like expensive coffee drinks.
It's undeniable that behavior comes from our inner dispositions(性情),but in many
instances we also draw inferences about who we are,as suggested by the social
psychologist Daryl Bem,by observing our own behavior.We can be strangers to ourselves.If
we knew our own minds,why would we need to guess what our preferences are from our
behavior?If our minds were an open book,we would know exactly how much we care
about the environment or like lattes.Actually,we often need to look to our behavior to
figure out who we are.
Moreover,we don't just use our behavior to learn about our particular types of
character—we infer characters that weren't there before.Our behavior is often shaped by
little pressures around us,which we fail to recognize. Maybe we recycle because our wives
and neighbors would disapprove if we didn ' t .Maybe we buy lattes in order to impress the
people around us.We should not mistakenly believe that we always behave as a result of
some inner disposition.
Whatever pressures there can be or inferences one can make,people become what they
do,though it may not be in compliance(符合)with their true desires.Therefore,we should all
bear in mind Kurt Vonnegut's advice:“We are what we pretend to be,so we must be
careful about what we pretend to be.”
1.According to the passage,personalities and attitudes are commonly believed to .
A.determine one's behavior
B.reflect one's taste
C.influence one's surroundings
D.result from one's habits
2.Which of the following would Daryl Bem most probably agree with?
A.The return of a wallet can indicate one's honesty.
B.A kind person will offer his seat to the old.
C.One recycles plastics to protect the environment.
D.One buys latte out of true love of coffee.
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3.What can be inferred from the underlined sentence in the passage?
A.We fail to realize our inner dispositions.
B.We can be influenced by outside pressures.
C.Our behavior is the result of our true desires.
D.Our characters can shape our social relationships.
4.What does the author mainly discuss in the passage?
A.Personalities and attitudes.
B.Preferences and habits.
C.Behavior and personalities.
D.Attitudes and preferences.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文,题材为社会生活类。作者对人的行为和性格之间的关系进行了
探讨。最后用Kurt Vonnegut的一句话进行了总结:我们将自己伪装成什么,我们就是什么。
所以,当我们伪装时,一定要谨慎呀!
1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段第一句可知,通常认为人们的行为方式取决于他们的性格和
态度。那反过来说就是:一个人的性格和态度决定了他的行为方式。故选A。
2.A 推理判断题。根据第二段第一句可知,正如社会心理学家Daryl Bem所说的,毋庸置疑,
人的行为来自我们的内在性情,但是在很多例子中我们是通过观察我们自己的行为来推断出
我们是怎样的人的结论。四个选项中只有A项表示的是一种行为暗示出人的性格,而其他三
个选项均不符合。
3.B 推理判断题。画线的这一句是对上一句话的举例说明,画线处前面一句话是说:我们的
行为经常受到我们周围小的压力的影响,这一点我们认识不到。B项与画线句意义一致,故选
B。
4.C 主旨要义题。从第一段第一句阐述大家通常认为行为和性格的关系,到第二段Daryl
Bem提出通过一个人的行为也能看出他的性格,第三段提到我们的行为也受到周围压力的影
响,第四段通过Kurt Vonnegut的一句话强调了两者之间的关系,所以本篇文章主要讲的是行
为和性格,故选C。
长难句 It's undeniable that behavior comes from our inner dispositions(性情),but in many
instances we also draw inferences about who we are,as suggested by the social
psychologist Daryl Bem,by observing our own behavior.毋庸置疑,人的行为来自我们的内在
性情,但是正如社会心理学家Daryl Bem所说的,在很多例子中我们是通过观察我们自己的行
为来推断出我们是怎样的人的。
该句是由表示转折的but连接的一个并列句。前一个并列分句中it为形式主语,that
behavior comes from our inner dispositions(性情)为真正的主语;后一个并列分句中who we
are是介词about的宾语。
Passage 33(2014四川,B)
In 1943,when I was 4,my parents moved from Coeur d'Alene,Idaho,to
Fairbanks,Alaska,where adventure was never very far away.
We arrived in the summer,just in time to enjoy the midnight sun.All that sunlight was
fantastic for Mom's vegetable garden.Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw
her timing off,so she didn't care much about my bedtime.
Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mom was his clerk.That left me in a mess.I
usually managed to find some trouble to get into.Once I had a little fire going in the dirt
basement of a hotel.I had tried to light a barrel(桶)of paint but couldn't really get a good
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fire going.The smoke got pretty bad,though,and when I made my exit,a crowd and the
police were there to greet me.The policemen took my matches and drove me home.
Mom and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me,and
they did!I had a tour of the prison before Mom rescued me.I hadn't turned 5 yet.
As I entered kindergarten,the serious cold began to set in.Would it surprise you to
know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school?
As for Leonhard Seppala,famous as a dog sledder(驾雪橇者),I think I knew him well
because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday.At the time I didn't
realize what a superstar he was,but I do remember the ride well.I was wrapped(包
裹)heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.
In 1950,we moved back to Coeur d'Alene,but we got one more Alaskan adventure
when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a
gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.
1.What can be inferred about the author's family?
A.His father was a cruel man.
B.His parents didn't love him.
C.His parents used to be very busy.
D.His mother didn't have any jobs.
2.What happened when the author was 4?
A.He learned to smoke.
B.He was locked in a basement.
C.He was arrested by the police.
D.He nearly caused a fire accident.
3.Which of the following is true?
A.Leonhard was good at driving dog sleds.
B.The author spent his whole childhood in Alaska.
C.Leonhard often visited the author's family after 1950.
D.The author suffered a lot while taking the dog sled in Alaska.
4.What is the author's purpose of writing the text?
A.To look back on his childhood with adventures.
B.To describe the extreme weather of Alaska.
C.To express how much he misses Leonhard.
D.To show off his pride in making trouble.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,题材为个人成长经历。在我很小的时候就随着父母来到了阿拉
斯加,我在这儿有过很多次的冒险经历。4岁的时候因为放火差点“蹲监狱”,上幼儿园后坐
Leonhard的狗拉着的雪橇。离开那儿8年后我们又回到那儿参加了一次老邻居的聚会。
1.C 推理判断题。根据第三段的描述“爸妈忙于工作没时间管我,于是我就自己去找一些
麻烦”可推断出作者的父母当时很忙,所以答案为C项。A、B两项文中没有提及;D项与原
文意思不符。
2.D 细节理解题。根据第三段的描述“我试图点燃一桶油漆,可是火没有真的着起来,倒是
冒出了很多的烟,就连警察都到了现场”可知在作者4岁那年差点酿成一场火灾,所以答案为
D项。A、B两项文中没有提及;而C项与原文意思不符。
3.A 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的描述“那个时候我不知道他到底是多大的一个超级
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明星,但是我分明记得他驾驶雪橇的技术很好”可知答案为 A项。1950年也就是作者11岁
的时候就搬离了阿拉斯加,排除B项;1950年后作者又回了那儿一次而不是经常回去,排除C
项;文中没有提及那次坐雪橇给作者带来了什么伤害,排除D项。
4.A 主旨要义题。作者写本文是在回忆自己在阿拉斯加度过的那段充满冒险的童年时光,
通过几个印象深刻的例子突出了作者对那段时光的留恋,所以答案为A项。B项:描写阿拉斯
加的极端天气;C项:表达自己是多么想念Leonhard;D项:为了炫耀自己惹事带来的自豪感。
这些都是其中回忆的几个细节,综合起来才是真正的写作目的。
Passage 34(2014四川,C)
A schoolgirl saved her father's life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a
serious allergic(过敏的)reaction which stopped his heart.
Izzy,nine,restarted father Colm's heart by stamping(踩)on his chest after he fell down
at home and stopped breathing.
Izzy's mother,Debbie,immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive
in time to save her father,so decided to use CPR.
However,she quickly discovered her arms weren't strong enough,so she stamped on
her father's chest instead.
Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions(按压)until the
ambulance arrived.
Izzy,who has been given a bravery award by her school,said:“I just kicked him
really hard.My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn't strong enough to use hands.I
was quite scared.The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse.My mum said
that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”
“She's a little star,”said Debbie.“I was really upset but Izzy just took over.I just
can't believe what she did.I really think all children should be taught first aid.Izzy did
CPR then the doctor turned up.Colm had to have more treatment on the way to the
hospital and we've got to see an expert.”
Truck driver Colm,35,suffered a mystery allergic reaction on Saturday and was taken
to hospital,but was sent home only for it to happen again the next day.The second attack
was so serious that his airway swelled,preventing him from breathing,his blood pressure
dropped suddenly,and his heart stopped for a moment.
He has now made a full recovery from his suffering.
1.Izzy kicked her father in the chest .
A.to express her helplessness B.to practise CPR on him
C.to keep him awake D.to restart his heart
2.What's the right order of the events?
①Izzy kicked Colm.
②Debbie called 999.
③Izzy learned CPR.
④Colm's heart stopped.
A.③①②④ B.④②③① C.③④②① D.④③①②
3.What does Paragraph 8 mainly talk about?
A.What Colm suffered.
B.Colm's present condition.
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C.What caused Colm's allergy.
D.Symptoms of Colm's allergic reaction.
4.Why does the author write the news?
A.To describe a serious accident.
B.To prove the importance of CPR.
C.To report a 9-year-old girl's brave act.
D.To call people's attention to allergic reaction.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,题材是人物故事类。35岁的卡车司机Colm在家中因为过敏而
心跳骤停,挽救他生命的不是随后赶来的救护车,也不是他的妻子,而是他还在上小学的9岁的
女儿。你知道这个小女孩是怎么挽救了自己爸爸的生命的吗?是靠她那双小脚丫。
1.D 细节理解题。根据第二段的 restarted father Colm's heart by stamping(踩) on his
chest可知答案为D项,她这么做是为了让爸爸的心脏重新跳动。
2.C 细节理解题。首先应该是女儿Izzy学会了急救知识CPR③,某一天Colm的心脏突然停
止了跳动④;看到这一突发状况,妻子Debbie立即拨打急救电话999②;女儿Izzy开始用脚丫
踩爸爸的胸膛进行急救①。由此可知答案为C项。
3.A 主旨要义题。由第八段的suffered a mystery allergic reaction...The second attack was
so serious that...可知这一段主要是描述Colm到底患了什么病,所以答案为A项。B、D两项
是该段的细节而不是主题;该段没有介绍是什么导致他过敏,故排除C项。
4.C 主旨要义题。作者一开始描述这个小女孩用自己的急救知识来挽救父亲生命的经过,
接下来是小女孩的妈妈对此事的描述。所以作者写这篇文章就是为了向读者报道这样的一
件事,所以答案为C项。
Passage 35(2014浙江,C)
Last summer,two nineteenth-century cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in
Montana,to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco.The houses were made of
wood.These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil;now
they hold Twitter engineers.
The cottages could be an example of the industry's odd love affair with “low
technology” ,a concept associated with the natural world,and with old-school
craftsmanship(手艺)that exists long before the Internet era.Low technology is not virtual(虚
拟的)—so,to take advantage of it,Internet companies have had to get creative.The rescued
wood cottages,fitted by hand in the late eighteen-hundreds,are an obvious example,but
Twitter's designs lie on the extreme end.Other companies are using a broader
interpretation(阐释)of low technology that focuses on nature.
Amazon is building three glass spheres filled with trees,so that employees can “work
and socialize in a more natural,park-like setting”.At Google's office,an entire floor is
carpeted in grass.Facebook's second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a
walking trail.
Olle Lundberg,the founder of Lundberg Design,has worked with many tech companies
over the years.“We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives,and our tech
engineers are the ones who feel most impoverished(贫乏的),because they're surrounded by
the digital world,” he says.“ They're looking for a way to regain their individual
identity,and we've found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that.”
This craft-based theory is rooted in history.William Morris,the English artist and
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writer,turned back to pre-indu-strial arts in the eighteen-sixties,just after the Industrial
Revolution.The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines.“ Without
creative human occupation,people became disconnected from life,”Morris said.
Research has shown that natural environments can restore( 恢 复 )our mental
capacities.In Japan,patients are encouraged to “forest-bathe”,taking walks through woods
to lower their blood pressure.
These health benefits apply to the workplace as well.Rachel Kaplan,a professor of
environmental psychology,has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural
environments.Her research found that workers with access to nature at the office—even
simple views of trees and flowers— felt their jobs were less stressful and more
satisfying.If low-tech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental
health of employees then,fine,bring on the cottages.
1.The writer mentions the two nineteenth-century cottages to show that .
A.Twitter is having a hard time
B.old cottages are in need of protection
C.early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in Montana
D.Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology
2.Low technology is regarded as something that .
A.is related to nature
B.is out of date today
C.consumes too much energy
D.exists in the virtual world
3.The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that human beings .
A.have destroyed many pre-industrial arts
B.have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts
C.can become intelligent by learning history
D.can regain their individual identity by using machines
4.The writer's attitude to “low technology” can best be described as .
A.positive B.defensive C.cautious D.doubtful
5.What might be the best title for the passage?
A.Past Glories,Future Dreams.
B.The Virtual World,the Real Challenge.
C.High-tech Companies,Low-tech Offices.
D.The More Craftsmanship,the Less Creativity.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文,题材是科普知识类。文章由Twitter公司将19世纪的小木屋改造
成工程师的办公室引入,介绍了当今一些高科技公司采用“低科技的”(实则亲近自然的)技
术和理念来打造办公场所,指出这样的办公场所有助于减轻压力和提高效率。
1.D 推理判断题。结合本文主旨以及后文内容可以推出D为正确选项。作者提及这个信
息就是为了引出主旨benefits of low technology。其他选项与文章主旨无直接关系。
2.A 细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“associated with the natural world”,可知A为正
确选项。
3.B 主旨要义题。第五段第一句为主题句,即这种工艺理念在人类历史上是根深蒂固的,故
B为正确选项。
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4.A 推理判断题。由文章主旨,尤其是文章后两段可以看出,作者赞同“自然化的环境有助
于病人恢复健康,有助于员工改善工作状态”的观点,故A选项“赞成的”为正确选项。B选
项为“怀有戒心的”;C选项为“谨慎的”;D选项为“怀疑的”,均为错误选项。
5.C 主旨要义题。结合文章主旨内容,其核心词就是 high-tech,low-tech,所以C项正确。
[温馨提示] 1.These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana
soil...早期的移民在蒙大拿州开荒时曾在这些小屋里住过……
2.Other companies are using a broader interpretation(阐释)of low technology that
focuses on nature.其他公司正在使用更广义的、注重自然的低端技术。
Passage 36(2013北京,C)
Does Fame Drive You Crazy?
Although being famous might sound like a dream come true,today's stars,feeling like
zoo animals,face pressures that few of us can imagine.They are at the center of much of
the world's attention.Paparazzi(狗仔队)camp outside their homes,cameras ready.Tabloids(小
报)publish thrilling stories about their personal lives.Just imagine not being able to do
anything without being photographed or interrupted for a signature!
According to psychologist Christina Villarreal,celebrities— famous people— worry
constantly about their public appearance.Eventually,they start to lose track of who they
really are,seeing themselves the way their fans imagine them,not as the people they were
before everyone knew their names.“Over time,”Villarreal says,“they feel separated and
alone.”
The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages.In the 4th century
B.C.,painters followed Alexander the Great into battle,hoping to picture his victories for
his admirers.When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century,his sold-out
readings attracted thousands of fans,leading him to complain(抱怨)about his lack of
privacy.Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same
way that modern tabloids and websites do.
Being a public figure today,however,is a lot more difficult than it used to
be.Superstars cannot move about without worrying about photographers with modern
cameras.When they say something silly or do something ridiculous,there is always the
Internet to spread the news in minutes and keep their “story”alive forever.
If fame is so troublesome,why aren't all celebrities running away from it?The answer
is there are still ways to deal with it.Some stars stay calm by surrounding themselves
with trusted friends and family or by escaping to remote places away from big cities.They
focus not on how famous they are but on what they love to do or whatever made them
famous in the first place.
Sometimes a few celebrities can get a little justice.Still,even stars who enjoy full
justice often complain about how hard their lives are.They are tired of being famous
already.
1.It can be learned from the passage that stars today .
A.are often misunderstood by the public
B.can no longer have their privacy protected
C.spend too much on their public appearance
D.care little about how they have come into fame
2.What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?
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A.Great heroes of the past were generally admired.
B.The problem faced by celebrities has a long history.
C.Well-known actors are usually targets of tabloids.
D.Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.
3.What makes it much harder to be a celebrity today?
A.Availability of modern media.
B.Inadequate social recognition.
C.Lack of favorable chances.
D.Huge population of fans.
4.What is the author's attitude toward modern celebrity?
A.Sincere. B.Sceptical.
C.Disapproving. D.Sympathetic.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文。作者主要对现在的名人没有隐私的问题发表了自己的看法。
1.B 推理判断题。根据文章第一段第二、三、四句“They are at the center of much of
the world's attention. Paparazzi camp outside their homes, cameras ready. Tabloids publish
thrilling stories about their personal lives.”可知现在的明星没有隐私,故选择B项。
2.B 主旨要义题。此段通过列举历史上的名人所遇到的麻烦来证明名人所遇到的问题由来
已久,故选择B项。
3.A 细节理解题。根据第四段所描述内容可知以Internet为代表的现代媒介令名人们的处
境更加不易,故此题选择A项。
4.D 推理判断题。通读全文可以发现,作者对现代名人没有批判、怀疑或是大加鼓励,倒是
同情他们没有隐私、体谅他们难处的句子频繁出现,故此题应选择D项sympathetic同情的。
sincere真诚的;sceptical怀疑的;disapproving不赞同的。
长难句 Although being famous might sound like a dream come true, today's stars,
feeling like zoo animals,face pressures that few of us can imagine.尽管成名或许听起来就
像梦想实现了一样,可如今的明星感觉就像动物园的动物,承受着少有人能够想象的压力。
本句是复合句,although引导让步状语从句;feeling like zoo animals是现在分词短语作
状语,主句为today's stars face pressures that few of us can imagine。
Passage 37(2013湖南,B)
In my living room,there is a plaque(匾)that advises me to“Bloom(开花)where you are
planted.”It reminds me of Dorothy.I got to know Dorothy in the early 1980s,when I was
teaching Early Childhood Development through a program with Union College in
Barbourville,Kentucky.The job responsibilities required occasional visits to the classroom of
each teacher in the program.Dorothy stands out in my memory as one who “bloomed”
in her remote area.
Dorothy taught in a school in Harlan County,Kentucky,Appalachian Mountain area.To
get to her school from the town of Harlan,I followed a road winding around the
mountain.In the eight-mile journey,I crossed the same railroad track five times,giving the
possibility of getting caught by the same train five times.Rather than feeling excited by
this drive through the mountains,I found it depressing.The poverty level was shocking and
the small shabby houses gave me the greatest feeling of hopelessness.
From the moment of my arrival at the little school,all gloom(忧郁)disappeared.Upon
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arriving at Dorothy's classroom,I was greeted with smiling faces and treated like a
queen.The children had been prepared to show me their latest projects.Dorothy told me
with a big smile that they were serving poke greens salad and cornbread for
“dinner”(lunch).In case you don't know,poke greens are a weed-type plant that grows
wild,especially on poor ground.
Dorothy never ran out of reports of exciting activities of her students.Her enthusiasm
never cooled down.When it came time to sit for the testing and interviewing required to
receive her Child Development Associate Certification,Dorothy was ready.She came to the
assessment and passed in all areas.Afterward,she invited me to the one-and-only steak
house in the area to celebrate her victory,as if she had received her Ph.D.degree.After the
meal,she placed a little box containing an old pen in my hand.She said it was a family
heirloom(传家宝),but to me it is a treasured symbol of appreciation and pride that cannot
be matched with things.
1.“Early Childhood Development”in Paragraph 1 refers to .
A.a program directed by Dorothy
B.a course given by the author
C.an activity held by the students
D.an organization sponsored by Union College
2.In the journey, the author was most disappointed at seeing .
A.the long track B.the poor houses
C.the same train D.the winding road
3.Upon arriving at the classroom, the author was cheered up by .
A.a warm welcome B.the sight of poke greens
C.Dorothy's latest projects D.a big dinner made for her
4.What can we know about Dorothy from the last paragraph?
A.She was invited to a celebration at a restaurant.
B.She got a pen as a gift from the author.
C.She passed the required assessment.
D.She received her Ph.D.degree.
5.What does the author mainly intend to tell us?
A.Whatever you do,you must do it carefully.
B.Whoever you are,you deserve equal treatment.
C.However poor you are,you have the right to education.
D.Wherever you are,you can accomplish your achievement.
答案
[语篇解读] 我在20世纪80年代的时候通过一项教育工程认识了 Dorothy。我来到了
Dorothy的家乡,看到那里人们的生活条件很艰苦但人却很热情和努力。Dorothy的热情和努
力也感染了我,使我对生活有了更深的认识。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的when I was teaching Early Childhood Development可
知Early Childhood Development指的是作者教授的一门课程。
2.B 细节理解题。根据第二段中“贫困水平令人震惊,破旧的房屋给了作者一种无比绝望
的感觉(The poverty level was shocking and the small shabby houses gave me the greatest
feeling of hopelessness.)”得知“作者感到失望是因为看见了破旧的房屋”。
3.A 细节理解题。第三段中提到“从到达那所小学校的第一刻起,我所有的忧郁都消失了
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(From the moment of my arrival at the little school, all gloom disappeared),我受到了热情
的欢迎并得到了女王般的待遇(I was greeted with smiling faces and treated like a
queen)”,由此可知选A项。
4.C 细节理解题。由She came to the assessment and passed in all areas.可知选C项“她
通过了要求的评定条件”。
5.D 主旨要义题。在这篇文章中,作者主要想告诉我们的是“无论你在哪儿,你都可以取得
成就”。根据第一句In my living room, there is a plaque that advises me to “Bloom
where you are planted.”“哪里扎根,哪里开花”,即无论你人在哪儿,只要努力就会取得成就。
Passage 38(2013江苏,B)
We've considered several ways of paying to cut in line:hiring line standers, buying
tickets from scalpers(票贩子), or purchasing line-cutting privileges directly from, say, an
airline or an amusement park. Each of these deals replaces the morals of the
queue(waiting your turn)with the morals of the market(paying a price for faster service).
Markets and queues—paying and waiting—are two different ways of allocating things,
and each is appropriate to different activities. The morals of the queue, “First come, first
served”have an egalitarian(平等主义的)appeal. They tell us to ignore privilege, power, and
deep pockets.
The principle seems right on playgrounds and at bus stops. But the morals of the
queue do not govern all occasions. If I put my house up for sale, I have no duty to
accept the first offer that comes along,simply because it's the first. Selling my house and
waiting for a bus are different activities, properly governed by different standards.
Sometimes standards change, and it is unclear which principle should apply. Think of
the recorded message you hear, played over and over, as you wait on hold when calling
your bank:“Your call will be answered in the order in which it was received.”This is
essential for the morals of the queue.It's as if the company is trying to ease our
impatience with fairness.
But don't take the recorded message too seriously. Today, some people's calls are
answered faster than others.Call center technology enables companies to “score”incoming
calls and to give faster service to those that come from rich places.You might call this
telephonic queue jumping.
Of course, markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things. Some
goods we distribute by merit, others by need, still others by chance. However, the
tendency of markets to replace queues, and other non-market ways of allocating goods is
so common in modern life that we scarcely notice it anymore.It is striking that most of
the paid queue-jumping schemes we've considered—at airports and amusement parks, in
call centers, doctors' offices, and national parks— are recent developments, scarcely
imaginable three decades ago. The disappearance of the queues in these places may seem
an unusual concern,but these are not the only places that markets have entered.
1.According to the author, which of the following seems governed by the principle“First
come,first served”?
A.Taking buses.
B.Buying houses.
C.Flying with an airline.
D.Visiting amusement parks.
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2.The example of the recorded message in Paragraphs 4 and 5 illustrates .
A.the necessity of patience in queuing
B.the advantage of modern technology
C.the uncertainty of allocation principle
D.the fairness of telephonic services
3.The passage is meant to .
A.justify paying for faster services
B.discuss the morals of allocating things
C.analyze the reason for standing in line
D.criticize the behavior of queue jumping
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文,题材属于社会生活类。文章阐述了社会分配的方式问题。
1.A 细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一、二句可知,这种法则适用于乘公共汽车,但不适用
于所有场合,故选A。
2.C 细节理解题。第四、五段的例子是为了论证第四段第一句,即分配原则是不确定的,标
准是可变的,故选C。
3.B 主旨要义题。文章前五段论述了两种不同的分配方式,即market和queue,最后一段还
论述了除上述两种分配方式以外的其他分配方式。故B项最贴近文章主旨。
Passage 39(2013课标全国Ⅰ,A)
Some people will do just about anything to save money.And I am one of them.Take
my family's last vacation.It was my six-year-old son's winter break from school,and we
were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a week-long trip.The flight was
overbooked,and Delta,the airline,offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats
and leave the next day.I had meetings in New York,so I had to get back.But that didn't
mean my husband and my son couldn't stay.I took my nine-month-old and took off for
home.
The next day,my husband and son were offered more credits to take an even later
flight.Yes,I encouraged—okay,ordered—them to wait it out at the airport to “earn” more
Delta Dollars.Our total take:$1,600.Not bad,huh?
Now some people may think I'm a bad mother and not such a great wife either.But
as a big-time bargain hunter,I know the value of a dollar.And these days,a good deal is
something few of us can afford to pass up.
I've made a living looking for the best deals and exposing(揭露)the worst tricks.I
have been the consumer reporter of NBC's Today show for over a decade.I have written a
couple of books including one titled Tricks of the Trade:A Consumer Survival Guide.And I
really do what I believe in.
I tell you this because there is no shame in getting your money's worth.I'm also
tightfisted when it comes to shoes,clothes for my children,and expensive restaurants.But I
wouldn't hesitate to spend on a good haircut.It keeps its shape longer,and it's the first
thing people notice.And I will also spend on a classic piece of furniture.Quality lasts.
1.Why did Delta give the author's family credits?
A.They took a later flight.
B.They had early bookings.
C.Their flight had been delayed.
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D.Their flight had been cancelled.
2.What can we learn about the author?
A.She rarely misses a good deal.
B.She seldom makes a compromise.
C.She is very strict with her children.
D.She is interested in cheap products.
3.What does the author do?
A.She's a teacher.
B.She's a housewife.
C.She's a media person.
D.She's a businesswoman.
4.What does the author want to tell us?
A.How to expose bad tricks.
B.How to reserve airline seats.
C.How to spend money wisely.
D.How to make a business deal.
答案
[语篇解读] 作者通过讲述自己的亲身经历来阐明观点,即如何获取金钱的最大利用价值,理
性消费。
1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段第五句可知,因为航班机票超额预订,航空公司(Delta)补偿我
们每人400美金,要我们放弃座位,第二天再离开。故选A(他们乘坐了较晚的航班)。
2.A 推理判断题。根据第三段第二句可知,作为一名一流的讨价还价高手,我知道每一美元
的价值。由此推断,A项(她几乎不会错过任何一笔能获利的交易)符合文意。
3.C 细节理解题。根据第四段中I have been the consumer reporter以及I have written a
couple of books可知,作者是一个媒体人,而非教师、家庭主妇和女商人。
4.C 主旨要义题。根据最后一段第一句(我告诉你们这个是因为得到金钱的价值并不是一
件让人羞愧的事)可推断出,作者想要告诉我们如何明智地花费金钱。
高级词块 ① pass up 拒绝 ② there is no shame in doing sth.做某事不丢人
③tightfisted adj.吝啬的
Passage 40(2013课标全国Ⅱ,A)
Doctors are known to be terrible pilots.They don't listen because they already know it
all.I was lucky:I became a pilot in 1970,almost ten years before I graduated from medical
school.I didn't realize then,but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon.I loved
flying.As I flew bigger,faster planes,and in worse weather,I learned about crew resource
management(机组资源管理),or CRM,a new idea to make flying safer.It means that crew
members should listen and speak up for a good result,regardless of positions.
I first read about CRM in 1980.Not long after that,an attending doctor and I were
flying in bad weather.The controller had us turn too late to get our landing ready.The
attending doctor was flying;I was safety pilot.He was so busy because of the bad turn,he
had forgotten to put the landing gear(起落架)down.He was a better pilot—and my boss—
so it felt unusual to speak up.But I had to:Our lives were in danger.I put aside my
uneasiness and said,“We need to put the landing gear down now!”That was my first
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real lesson in the power of CRM,and I've used it in the operating room ever since.
CRM requires that the pilot/surgeon encourage others to speak up.It further requires
that when opinions are from the opposite,the doctor doesn't overreact,which might prevent
fellow doctors from voicing opinions again.So when I'm in the operating room,I ask for
ideas and help from others.Sometimes they're not willing to speak up.But I hope that if I
continue to encourage them,someday someone will keep me from “ landing gear up ”.
1.What does the author say about doctors in general?
A.They like flying by themselves.
B.They are unwilling to take advice.
C.They pretend to be good pilots.
D.They are quick learners of CRM.
2.The author deepened his understanding of the power of CRM when .
A.he saved the plane by speaking up
B.he was in charge of a flying task
C.his boss landed the plane too late
D.his boss operated on a patient
3.In the last paragraph “landing gear up”probably means .
A.following flying requirements
B.overreacting to different opinions
C.listening to what fellow doctors say
D.making a mistake that may cost lives
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.CRM:A New Way to Make Flying Safe
B.Flying Makes Me a Better Doctor
C.The Making of a Good Pilot
D.A Pilot-Turned Doctor
答案
[语篇解读] 日常工作中医生往往听不进别人的观点和建议,这一点很糟糕。“我”通过自
己的一次经历深深理解了一种工作原理——CRM的重要性,那什么是CRM呢?
1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段的They don't listen because they already know it all.可知
作者认为医生们总是认为自己什么都知道所以就不听别人的意见,故选B项。
2.A 细节理解题。根据第二段倒数第二句I put aside my uneasiness and said,“We need
to put the landing gear down now!”可知是我在紧要关头勇敢说出自己的建议而挽救了我
俩的性命,故选A项。
3.D 推理判断题。最后一段作者描述自己在给病人做手术的时候总是鼓励别人发表意见,
但有时候他们不愿意说,我还是继续鼓励。这样做是为了某一天有人会让我避免犯下致命的
错误,就像当初我提醒我的老板及时放下起落架一样,故选D项。其他三项与该句中的keep
me from搭配不符合文章要表达的意思。
4.B 主旨要义题。根据第一段中的but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon以及
第二段用自己的一次亲身经历来证明这一点和最后一段我在自己的工作中坚持 CRM工作
法可知本文的主题是:飞行让我变成了一个更好的医生。
长难句 It further requires that when opinions are from the opposite, the doctor doesn't
overreact, which might prevent fellow doctors from voicing opinions again.这就进一步要求
医生们在听到相反观点的时候,不要反应过激。这么做会使得同事们再也不发表他们的观点
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了。
It further requires that...这进一步要求……。which引导非限制性定语从句。
Passage 41(2013辽宁,B)
Going green seems to be a fad(时尚)for a lot of people these days.Whether that is
good or bad,we can't really say,but for the two of us,going green is not a fad but a
lifestyle.
On April 22,2011,we decided to go green every single day for an entire year.This
meant doing 365 different green things,and it also meant challenging ourselves to go green
beyond the easy things.Rather than recycle and reduce our energy,we had to think of 365
different green things to do and this was no easy task.
With the idea of going green every single day for a year,Our Green Year started.My
wife and I decided to educate people about how they could go green in their lives and
hoped we could show people all the green things that could be done to help the
environment.We wanted to push the message that every little bit helps.
Over the course of Our Green Year,we completely changed our lifestyles.We now
shop at organic(有机的)stores.We consume less meat,choosing green food.We have greatly
reduced our buying we don't need.We have given away half of what we owned through
websites.Our home is kept clean by vinegar and lemon juice,with no chemical cleaners.We
make our own butter,enjoying the smell of home-made fresh bread.In our home office
anyone caught doing something ungreen might be punished.
Our minds have been changed by Our Green Year.We are grateful for the chance to
have been able to go green and educate others.We believe that we do have the power to
change things and help our planet.
1.What might be the best title for the passage?
A.Going Green
B.Protecting the Planet
C.Keeping Open-Minded
D.Celebrating Our Green Year
2.It was difficult for the couple to live a green life for the whole year because .
A.they were expected to follow the green fad
B.they didn't know how to educate other people
C.they were unwilling to reduce their energy
D.they needed to perform unusual green tasks
3.What did the couple do over the course of Our Green Year?
A.They tried to get out of their ungreen habits.
B.They ignored others' ungreen behavior.
C.They chose better chemical cleaners.
D.They sold their home-made food.
4.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A.The government will give support to the green project.
B.The couple may continue their project in the future.
C.Some people disagree with the couple's green ideas.
D.Our Green Year is becoming a national campaign.
答案
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[语篇解读] 本文主要讲述“我”和妻子一年的环保行为。
1.A 主旨要义题。通读全文,并根据关键句 “but for the two of us,going green is not a
fad but a lifestyle”和“Our minds have been changed by Our Green Year.”可知文章主
要讲述“我”和妻子一年的环保行为,故选A项。
2.D 推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句话可知一年365天每天都做一件不同的环保事情绝
非易事,故选D项。
3.A 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句至第七句的描述可知“我”和妻子在那一年的时间里
在试图改掉以前的不环保习惯,故选A项。
4.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可推知选B项。
Passage 42(2013山东,A)
Jimmy is an automotive mechanic,but he lost his job a few months ago.He has a
good heart,but always feared applying for a new job.
One day,he gathered up all his strength and decided to attend a job interview.His
appointment was at 10 am and it was already 8:30.While waiting for a bus to the office
where he was supposed to be interviewed,he saw an elderly man wildly kicking the tyre
of his car.Obviously there was something wrong with the car.Jimmy immediately went up
to lend him a hand.When Jimmy finished working on the car,the old man asked him how
much he should pay for the service.Jimmy said there was no need to pay him;he just
helped someone in need,and he had to rush for an interview.Then the old man
said,“ Well,I could take you to the office for your interview.It's the least I could
do.Please,I insist.”Jimmy agreed.
Upon arrival,Jimmy found a long line of applicants waiting to be interviewed.Jimmy
still had some grease on him after the car repair,but he did not have much time to wash
it off or have a change of shirt.One by one,the applicants left the interviewer's office with
disappointed looks on their faces.Finally his name was called.The interviewer was sitting
on a large chair facing the office window.Rocking the chair back and forth,he asked,“Do
you really need to be interviewed?”Jimmy's heart sank.“With the way I look now,how
could I possibly pass this interview?”he thought to himself.
Then the interviewer turned the chair and to Jimmy's surprise,it was the old man he
helped earlier in the morning.It turned out he was the General Manager of the company.
“Sorry I had to keep you waiting,but I was pretty sure I made the right decision to
have you as part of our workforce before you even stepped into this office.I just know
you'd be a trustworthy worker.Congratulations!”Jimmy sat down and they shared a cup of
well-deserved coffee as he landed himself a new job.
1.Why did Jimmy apply for a new job?
A.He was out of work.
B.He was bored with his job.
C.He wanted a higher position.
D.He hoped to find a better boss.
2.What did Jimmy see on the way to the interview?
A.A friend's car had a flat tyre.
B.A wild man was pushing a car.
C.A terrible car accident happened.
D.An old man's car broke down.
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3.Why did the old man offer Jimmy a ride?
A.He was also to be interviewed.
B.He needed a travelling companion.
C.He always helped people in need.
D.He was thankful to Jimmy.
4.How did Jimmy feel on hearing the interviewer's question?
A.He was sorry for the other applicants.
B.There was no hope for him to get the job.
C.He regretted helping the old man.
D.The interviewer was very rude.
5.What can we learn from Jimmy's experience?
A.Where there's a will,there's a way.
B.A friend in need is a friend indeed.
C.Good is rewarded with good.
D.Two heads are better than one.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为记叙文,题材是个人情感与人际关系。Jimmy在去参加工作面试途中发
现一位老人的车子抛锚了,于是就帮助老人修好了车,却弄脏了自己。他能顺利通过面试吗?
善良的行为会得到什么回报呢?
1.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的but he lost his job a few months ago可知答案为A项。
2.D 细节理解题。根据第二段的...he saw an elderly man wildly kicking the tyre of his
car. Obviously there was something wrong with the car.可知答案为D项。
3.D 推理判断题。由第二段内容可知,Jimmy帮老人修好了车,又没有收老人钱。当老人得
知Jimmy要急着去参加工作面试时,老人坚持开车把他送到面试地点。由此推断出老人这么
做是出自对Jimmy的感激之情,故选D项。
4.B 推理判断题。根据Jimmy听到面试官的问题后心里所想“我现在的样子怎么可能通过
面试呢?”可推断出Jimmy认为自己这次面试没有一点希望了,故选B项。
5.C 主旨要义题。本文的主人公Jimmy因为自己的善良顺利通过了面试,由此可知:善有善
报。A:有志者事竟成;B:患难见真情;C:善有善报;D:三个臭皮匠赛过诸葛亮。故选C项。
Passage 43(2013天津,C)
Poet William Stafford once said that we are defined more by the detours(绕行路)in
life than by the narrow road toward goals.I like this image.But it was quite by accident
that I discovered the deep meaning of his words.
For years we made the long drive from our home in Seattle to my parents' home in
Boise in nine hours.We traveled the way most people do:the fastest,shortest,easiest
road,especially when I was alone with four noisy,restless kids who hate confinement(限
制)and have strong opinions about everything.
Road trips felt risky,so I would drive fast,stopping only when I had to.We would
stick to the freeways and arrive tired.
But then Banner,our lamb was born.He was rejected by his mama days before our
planned trip to Boise.I had two choices:leave Banner with my husband,or take him with
me.My husband made the decision for me.
That is how I found myself on the road with four kids,a baby lamb and nothing but
my everlasting optimism to see me through.We took the country roads out of necessity.We
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had to stop every hour,let Banner shake out his legs and feed him.The kids chased him
and one another.They'd get back in the car breathless and energized,smelling fresh from
the cold air.
We explored side roads,catching grasshoppers in waist-high grass.Even if we simply
looked out of the car windows at baby pigs following their mother,or fish leaping out of
the water,it was better than the best ride down the freeway.Here was life.And new
horizons(见识).
We eventually arrived at my parents' doorstep astonishingly fresh and full of stories.
I grew brave with the trip back home and creative with my disciplining technique.On
an empty section of road,everyone started quarreling.I stopped the car,ordered all kids out
and told them to meet me up ahead.I parked my car half a mile away and read my book
in sweet silence.
Some road trips are by necessity fast and straight.But that trip with Banner opened
our eyes to a world available to anyone adventurous enough to wander around and made
me realize that a detour may uncover the best part of a journey—and the best part of
yourself.
1.Why did the author use to take freeways to her parents' home?
A.It was less tiring.
B.It would be faster and safer.
C.Her kids would feel less confined.
D.She felt better with other drivers nearby.
2.The author stopped regularly on the country roads to .
A.relax in the fresh air
B.take a deep breath
C.take care of the lamb
D.let the kids play with Banner
3.What does the author discover from the trip according to Paragraph 6?
A.Freeways are where beauty hides.
B.Getting close to nature adds to the joy of life.
C.Enjoying the beauty of nature benefits one's health.
D.One should follow side roads to watch wild animals.
4.Why did the author ask the kids to get out of the car on their way back home?
A.To give herself some time to read.
B.To order some food for them.
C.To play a game with them.
D.To let them cool down.
5.What could be the best title for the passage?
A.Charm of the Detour B.The Road to Bravery
C.Creativity out of Necessity D.Road Trip and Country Life
答案
[语篇解读] 作者通过自己亲身的旅行经历,更深刻地理解了绕行道的意义——虽然会比较
慢,但是我们能近距离地接近自然,感受到生活更大的乐趣。
1.B 细节理解题。第三段最后一句提到作者坚持走高速公路,到达的时候会比较累。A项与
此相反,故排除。C和D项文中没有涉及。
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2.C 细节理解题。从第五段中的第二、三句得知:作者出于需要要走乡间小路。他们不得
不每小时停下让Banner伸伸腿并且喂它。故选C项(停车去照顾小羊羔)。
3.B 推理判断题。作者通过看到的自然景象得出感慨:这样的旅行要比高速公路上最好的
旅行还要好,因为这才是生活,而且增长了见识。故选B项(接近自然可以增加生活的乐趣)。
4.D 细节理解题。第八段中提到,在回去的路上,孩子们在车上争吵,所以作者就命令他们下
车到前面会合,也就是要孩子们冷静下来不要争吵。故选D项。
5.A 主旨要义题。作者以诗人William Stafford对绕行道的理解引题,加上自己的亲身经历,
进一步理解了绕行道更深刻的意义——它会让你发现旅行中最好的部分,也发现最好的自己。
故选A项——绕行道的魅力。
Passage 44(2013浙江,C)
The baby monkey is much more developed at birth than the human baby.Almost from
the moment it is born,the baby monkey can move around and hold tightly to its
mother.During the first few days of its life the baby will approach and hold onto almost
any large,warm,and soft object in its environment,particularly if that object also gives it
milk.After a week or so,however,the baby monkey begins to avoid newcomers and focuses
its attentions on “mother”—the real mother or the mother-substitute(母亲替代物).
During the first two weeks of its life warmth is perhaps the most important
psychological(心理的)thing that a monkey mother has to give to its baby.The Harlows,a
couple who are both psychologists,discovered this fact by offering baby monkeys a choice
of two types of mother-substitutes—one covered with cloth and one made of bare wire.If
the two artificial mothers were both the same temperature,the little monkeys always
preferred the cloth mother.However,if the wire model was heated,while the cloth model
was cool,for the first two weeks after birth the baby monkeys picked the warm wire
mother-substitutes as their favorites.Thereafter they switched and spent most of their time
on the more comfortable cloth mother.
Why is cloth preferable to bare wire?Something that the Harlows called contact(接
触)comfort seems to be the answer,and a most powerful influence it is.Baby monkeys
spend much of their time rubbing against their mothers' skins,putting themselves in as
close contact with the parent as they can.Whenever the young animal is
frightened,disturbed,or annoyed,it typically rushes to its mother and rubs itself against her
body.Wire doesn't “ rub”as well as does soft cloth.Prolonged(长时间的 )“contact
comfort”with a cloth mother appears to give the babies confidence and is much more
rewarding to them than is either warmth or milk.
According to the Harlows,the basic quality of a baby's love for its mother is trust.If
the baby is put into an unfamiliar playroom without its mother,the baby ignores the toys
no matter how interesting they might be.It screams in terror and curls up into a furry
little ball.If its cloth mother is now introduced into the playroom,the baby rushes to it and
holds onto it for dear life.After a few minutes of contact comfort,it obviously begins to
feel more secure.It then climbs down from the mother-substitute and begins to explore the
toys,but often rushes back for a deep embrace(拥抱)as if to make sure that its mother is
still there and that all is well.Bit by bit its fears of the new environment are gone and it
spends more and more time playing with the toys and less and less time holding onto
its“mother”.
1.Psychologically, what does the baby monkey desire most during the first two weeks of
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its life?
A.Warmth. B.Milk. C.Contact. D.Trust.
2.After the first two weeks of their life, baby monkeys prefer the cloth mother to the
wire mother because the former is .
A.larger in size
B.closer to them
C.less frightening and less disturbing
D.more comfortable to rub against
3.What does the baby monkey probably gain from prolonged “contact comfort”?
A.Attention. B.Softness.
C.Confidence. D.Interest.
4.It can be inferred that when the baby monkey feels secure, .
A.it frequently rushes back for a deep embrace when exploring the toys
B.it spends more time screaming to get rewards
C.it is less attracted to the toys though they are interesting
D.it cares less about whether its mother is still around
5.The main purpose of the passage is to .
A.give the reasons for the experiment
B.present the findings of the experiment
C.introduce the method of the experiment
D.describe the process of the experiment
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文,题材为动物研究。作者通过具体实验结果来说明幼猴比婴儿智
商更发达。
1.A 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句话During the first two weeks of its life warmth is...
可知答案。
2.D 细节理解题。根据第三段可知两周后,小猴子最需要的是与母性接触获得安慰,而电线
的触感不及布料。故D项正确。
3.C 推理判断题。由第三段可知小猴子在与“母亲”的接触中获得的是自信。
4.D 推理判断题。从文章的最后一段的描述可以看出,当小猴子被放在一个陌生的环境中,
它就会因为害怕而对玩具没有任何兴趣,但是,当它确信它“妈妈”在场的时候,它就会cares
less它的“妈妈”了。
5.B 主旨要义题。从通篇内容来看,文章主要是为了呈现实验发现。B项符合。
Passage 45(2013重庆,E)
It is widely known that any English conversation begins with The Weather.Such a
fixation with the weather finds expression in Dr.Johnson's famous comment that“When
two English meet,their first talk is of weather.”Though Johnson's observation is as
accurate now as it was over two hundred years ago,most commentators fail to come up
with a convincing explanation for this English weather-speak.
Bill Bryson,for example,concludes that,as the English weather is not at all exciting,the
obsession with it can hardly be understood.He argues that“To an outsider,the most
striking thing about the English weather is that there is not very much of it.”Simply,the
reason is that the unusual and unpredictable weather is almost unknown in the British
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Isles.
Jeremy Paxman,however,disagrees with Bryson,arguing that the English weather is by
nature attractive.Bryson is wrong,he says,because the English preference for the weather
has nothing to do with the natural phenomena.“The interest is less in the phenomena
themselves,but in uncertainty.” According to him,the weather in England is very
changeable and uncertain and it attracts the English as well as the outsider.
Bryson and Paxman stand for common misconceptions about the weather-speak among
the English.Both commentators,somehow,are missing the point.The English weather
conversation is not really about the weather at all.English weather-speak is a system of
signs,which is developed to help the speakers overcome the natural reserve and actually
talk to each other.Everyone knows conversations starting with weather-speak are not
requests for weather data.Rather,they are routine greetings,conversation starters or the
blank“fillers”.In other words,English weather-speak is a means of social bonding.
1.The author mentions Dr. Johnson's comment to show that .
A.most commentators agree with Dr. Johnson
B.Dr.Johnson is famous for his weather observation
C.the comment was accurate two hundred years ago
D.English conversations usually start with the weather
2.What does the underlined word“obsession”most probably refer to?
A.A social trend.
B.An emotional state.
C.A historical concept.
D.An unknown phenomenon.
3.According to the passage, Jeremy Paxman believes that .
A.Bill Bryson has little knowledge of the weather
B.there is nothing special about the English weather
C.the English weather attracts people to the British Isles
D.English people talk about the weather for its uncertainty
4.What is the author's main purpose of writing the passage?
A.To explain what English weather-speak is about.
B.To analyse misconceptions about the English weather.
C.To find fault with both Bill Bryson and Jeremy Paxman.
D.To convince people that the English weather is changeable.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为议论文,题材为社会文化类,主要介绍了对英国人见面谈论天气的不同看
法。
1.D 推理判断题。第一段作者首先提出英国人见面谈论天气这一现象,接着就给出了
Dr.Johnson的评论,由此可判断引用Dr.Johnson评论的目的是说明这一现象的普遍,故选D项。
2.B 猜测词义题。第二段提到Bill Bryson认为由于英国的天气一点也不让人兴奋,所以人
们见面就谈天气的这种痴迷令人费解。可推断obsession的意思是“痴迷”,是一种情感状态,
故选B。A:社会趋势;B:情感状态;C:历史概念;D:未知现象。
3.D 推理判断题。根据第三段中“The interest is less in the phenomena themselves,but in
uncertainty.”可知人们见面谈论天气的兴趣不在天气本身,而在于天气的不确定性,故选D。
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4.A 主旨要义题。文章第一段首先引出英国人见面爱谈天气的现象,第二段和第三段分别
阐述了Bill Bryson和Jeremy Paxman对这一现象的两种相反观点,最后一段提出了自己的观
点:英国人见面谈论天气是社交的一种手段,可判断文章的写作目的是剖析英国人见面谈天气
的原因。
长难句 Jeremy Paxman,however,disagrees with Bryson,arguing that the English weather is
by nature attractive.然而,Jeremy Paxman和Bryson持有相反的观点。Jeremy争辩说英国的
天气在本质上是吸引人的。
句中arguing...作伴随状语,that引导的从句作及物动词argue的宾语。
Passage 46(2012课标全国,D)
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as
children but have never practiced ever since.A man who has not had a chance to go
swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He
can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a
ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can
teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle,twinkle,little star”or remember the
story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning,which can be stated as follows:Once we
have learned something,additional learning trials increase the length of time we will
remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming,bicycle
riding,and playing baseball long after we have learned them.We continue to listen to and
remind ourselves of words such as “Twinkle,twinkle,little star”and childhood tales such
as Cinderella and Goldilocks.We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to the general rule that we
forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school,because they are another of the
things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination,though
it may result in a passing grade,is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.By
cramming,a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination,but
he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.A little overlearning,on the other
hand,is really necessary for one's future development.
1.What is the main idea of Paragraph 1?
A.People remember well what they learned in childhood.
B.Children have a better memory than grown-ups.
C.Poem reading is a good way to learn words.
D.Stories for children are easy to remember.
2.The author explains the law of overlearning by .
A.presenting research findings
B.setting down general rules
C.making a comparison
D.using examples
3.According to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is .
A.a result of overlearning
B.a special case of cramming
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C.a skill to deal with math problems
D.a basic step towards advanced studies
4.What is the author's opinion on cramming?
A.It leads to failure in college exams.
B.It's helpful only in a limited way.
C.It's possible to result in poor memory.
D.It increases students' learning interest.
答案
[语篇解读] 本文为说明文。为什么我们儿时学到的东西在间隔了多年后仍然记忆犹新?这
也许是由“过度学习法则”所决定的。
1.A 主旨要义题。本段的第一句话为主题句,可以概括本段主题,即人们通常会记得儿时学
到的一些东西,下文主要对此进行举例说明。
2.D 推理判断题。文章第三段列举了很多例子来解释说明the law of overlearning,如游泳、
骑自行车、打棒球等。
3.A 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“...because they are another of the things we
overlearn in childhood.”可知,能运用乘法口诀也是因为在儿时的“过度学习”。
4.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,突击学习对于考试虽然有帮助,但却不利于大学的学
习。由此可知,突击学习的帮助是有限的。
长难句 A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as
well as ever when he gets back in the water.当多年没有机会游泳的人重新回到水里时,依
然能和过去一样游得非常好。
who引导定语从句,修饰先行词man;when引导时间状语从句。as well as在句中意为
“和……一样好”。
— 三年模拟 —
A组 考点基础题组
Passage 1(2021安徽安庆4月联考,C)
Unicycles are one-wheeled vehicles that developed from the original bicycle, the
Penny Farthing, which consisted of a large front wheel and a much smaller back wheel.
When this bike hit bumps(凸块)or suddenly slowed down, the back wheel came off the
ground, so many riders learned to balance on just the front wheel. Thus, bicycle makers
began making vehicles with just one wheel.
Some of the benefits of riding a unicycle include burning calories, and increasing
your levels of coordination (协调), concentration and balance. Because unicycles don't have
any handlebars, riders must balance using only their abdominal (腹部的)muscles and leg
muscles. This helps you build a healthier core. Long cycling sessions also increase your
heart rate, which can lead to a healthier cardiovascular (心血管的)system. Riding a
unicycle is an effective way to get in a low-impact workout for those with damaged
knees and legs.
Unicycling is a fun activity regardless of your ability level. Riding a unicycle is self-
motivating and psychologically stimulating because you will notice improvements each
time you ride. Some people find that it gives them feelings of control when they can
achieve balancing and riding on just one wheel.
Some riders use their unicycles as their primary mode of transportation for work or
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school. Because unicycles don't require any type of fuel, you can save money at the
pump. Unicycles also have only a few moving parts that might break. This means that
you typically don't have to spend much money on repairs. You also won't need to spend
money on storing or transporting your unicycle.
Unicycling is a somewhat uncommon activity. Because of this, a sense of unity tends
to grow among unicycle riders. Many riders travel significant distances just to go on rides
and spend time with other unicyclists. Unicycling is often a family activity, and riding
together can bring family members closer.
1.Why was the one-wheeled vehicle created?
A.Because it was more beneficial to one's health.
B.Because it was more likely to avoid road bumps.
C.Because the front wheel only could also be used for balancing.
D.Because a bicycle's back wheel wasn't fixed well.
2.What does the underlined word “This” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Having a handlebar. B.Stopping a unicycle.
C.Increasing strength. D.Balancing a unicycle.
3.What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A.Typical features of cycling.
B.Basic modes of transportation.
C.Economic benefits of unicycling.
D.Ways to store and transport unicycles.
4.The text is mainly written to .
A.introduce benefits of unicycling
B.show how unicycles are spread
C.display varieties of unicycles
D.advocate teenagers cycling
答案
1.C
2.D
3.C
4.A
Passage 2(2021宁夏银川4月质检,C)
Chinese cuisine is widely known and enjoyed all around the world. Who doesn't long
for a favorite Chinese dish? But there is one interesting concept concerning Chinese food
which is almost unheard of in the West, and which is becoming increasingly ignored by
the youth of the East—the ancient custom of “tonic food”.
Tonic food is food which is consumed to improve one's well-being or avoid sickness.
For instance, it was once the custom for new mothers to eat a sesame oil (麻油) hot pot
every day for the first month after giving birth. It was believed that this dish would
benefit the muscles, reduce pain, improve circulation, stimulate sweating, and warm the
body. Some foods, such as goat meat and spinach, are seen as “hot”, while others, such
as Chinese cabbage and radish, are seen as “cold”. One should be careful not to eat
too much of either “hot” or “cold” food. However, how much “hot” or “cold”
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food one should eat depends on the time of the year, how the food is prepared and what
it is prepared with, and the individual's health.
The custom of employing tonic foods for a healthier life also influences the catering
industry. Chinese herbal medicine, such as wolfberry (枸杞), can be found on many a
restaurant menu, either added to fruit tea or as a beneficial addition to a dish. These
herbs attract customers, such as over-worked office staff, in need of a modest pick-me-up.
So, whether you need to boost your strength with a large helping of chicken soup, or
increase your mental powers with a serving of pigs' brain soup, you may find that this
ancient Chinese custom could be just the tonic you were looking for.
1.What is the present situation of tonic food?
A.It is catching less attention.
B.It is enjoyed by many young people.
C.It is well known worldwide.
D.It is becoming increasingly popular.
2.What is believed to benefit new mothers?
A.Chinese cabbage. B.Fruit tea.
C.A sesame oil hot pot. D.Pigs' brain soup.
3.Which of the following best explains “catering” underlined in Paragraph 3?
A.Medicine. B.Restaurant. C.Education. D.Fashion.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.The Charm of Chinese Cuisine
B.The Popularity of Tonic Food
C.An Introduction to Chinese Tonic Food
D.Differences between Hot Food and Cold Food
答案
1.A
2.C
3.B
4.C
Passage 3(2021安徽芜湖质量监控,D)
From the moon to Mars, scientists have been hunting for alien life in the solar
system for decades. However, Venus was not regarded as an ideal place because of its hot
temperature and dry atmosphere. But a recent discovery of traces of a gas in the clouds
of Venus has excited astronomers, as it may serve as a potential sign of life.
On Sept. 14, the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada announced that scientists
have detected phosphine (磷化氢) in the clouds of Venus. Phosphine is a colorless, toxic
gas that has a smell of garlic. Though it contains poison, it is viewed as a possible sign
of life because on Earth the gas is made by micro-organisms(微生物) that live in oxygen-
free environments.
“I was very surprised—stunned, in fact,” astronomer Jane Greaves of Cardiff
University in Wales and lead author of the research told MSN.“There is a chance that
we have detected some kind of living organism in the clouds of Venus.”
This layer of clouds is about 48 kilometers above the Venus surface with its
temperature ranging from 30 to 200 degrees Fahrenheit (about -1 to 93°C). Scientists have
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assumed that if life exists on Venus, this cloud deck(云盖) is likely the only place where
it would survive.
Scientists went through every possibility that could have led to the formation of
phosphine gas in Venus clouds, including volcanoes, lightning strikes, and small
meteorites(陨石) falling into the atmosphere. But they ruled all of them out. It was
concluded that there is no explanation for the existence of this gas in Venus clouds, other
than the presence of life, USA Today reported. Although the detection of phosphine is not
strong evidence for life, this finding is great enough to change scientists' view on Venus,
which is thought to be a completely inhospitable(不适合居住的) planet.
1.What does the underlined word “toxic” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A.Waste. B.Poisonous.
C.Useful. D.Clean.
2.What can we learn from the text?
A.The cloud deck is rich in phosphine.
B.The higher the cloud is above Venus, the warmer it is.
C.Various living organisms have been detected on Venus.
D.If life exists on Venus, it is likely in the cloud deck.
3.What did scientists conclude about the phosphine gas detected on Venus?
A.It could be formed as a result of the falling of meteorites.
B.It could be a sign that there is life in Venus clouds.
C.It could be caused by volcanoes and lightning strikes.
D.It proves that Venus is another hospitable planet.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.A newly detected gas may indicate possible existence of life on Venus.
B.Scientists found the most hospitable place on Venus.
C.Phosphine that has been formed on Venus means alien life is present.
D.The environment on Venus changed in favor of life.
答案
1.B
2.D
3.B
4.A
Passage 4(2021内蒙古乌兰察布3月模拟,D)
It takes just four minutes for brain cells to be permanently damaged due to a severe
lack of oxygen in cases of sudden cardiac arrest(心脏停搏). If medical workers do not
arrive at the scene of such emergencies within 10 minutes, the chances of a victim
surviving are minimal.
In September, a 45-year-old man fell unconscious at Huoying Station on Line 13 of
the Beijing Subway. He died later in the hospital, despite attempts by two passengers to
revive him by using cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR. However, if an automated
external defibrillator, or AED, had been available at the scene, the man's chances of
survival would have been greatly improved.
An AED can recognize an abnormal heart rhythm and quickly correct it through an
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electric shock. The devices are viewed in medical circles as a more efficient and effective
method of saving lives in emergencies than using CPR. After a brief training period,
people with no medical knowledge can master the basic skills needed to use an AED.
In May last year, a student at Tsinghua University in Beijing fainted in a dormitory
after experiencing head sweats. Several students began to perform CPR and also used a
newly installed AED to help the stricken freshman. After two electric shocks were
administered, the student's heart beat was restored and he was sent to the hospital for
further treatment. An emergency doctor from the hospital who attended the scene said it
was highly likely the student would have died, had not a series of the correct first-aid
measures been applied, along with the AED.
Pei Zheng, a staff member from Tsinghua University's Policy Research Office, said it
was “really cool” that AEDs were available at the institution. “It's so good that we
have these life-saving machines on campus, otherwise we would have heard tragic news,”
she said. The devices have been installed around the campus in stages.
1.What can we infer about the AED?
A.It is quite easy to learn to use it.
B.It is available nationwide.
C.It has saved many lives.
D.It is invented by medical workers.
2.A 45-year-old man and a student are mentioned in the text to .
A.make comparisons in age
B.stress the function of CPR
C.show the efficiency of the AED
D.raise the awareness of heart attacks
3.Why have AEDs been installed around the campus of Tsinghua University?
A.To safeguard students' health.
B.To make the campus more beautiful.
C.To apply knowledge to practice.
D.To make it convenient to learn to use AEDs.
4.What is the main idea of the text?
A.Heart attacks can be prevented.
B.First aid should be learned widely.
C.Universities are equipped with new devices.
D.Life-saving devices come to the rescue.
答案
1.A
2.C
3.A
4.D
Passage 5(2020广西南宁第一次适应性考试,C)
We've known that sitting for long periods of time every day has countless health
consequences, like a higher risk of heart disease. But now a new study has found that
sitting is also bad for your brain.
A study published last week, conducted by Dr. Prabha Siddarth at the University of
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California, showed that sedentary(久坐的)behavior is associated with reduced thickness of
the medial temporal lobe(内颞叶), a brain area that is critical to learning and memory.
The researchers asked a group of 35 healthy people between ages 45 and 70, about
their activity levels and the average number of hours each day spent sitting and then
scanned their brains. They found that the subjects who reported sitting for longer periods
had the thinnest medial temporal lobes. It means that the more time you spend in a chair,
the worse it is for your brain health, resulting in possible damage to learning and
memory.
What is also interesting is that this study did no find a significant association
between the level of physical activity and thickness of this brain area, suggesting that
exercise, even severe exercise, may not be enough to protect you from the harmful effects
of sitting.
It then surprisingly turned out that you don't even have to move much to enhance
cognition(认知);just standing will do the trick. For example, two groups of subjects were
asked to complete a test while either sitting or standing. Participants are presented with
conflicting stimuli(刺激), like the word “green” in blue ink, and asked to name the
color. Subjects thinking on their feet beat those who sat by a 32-millisecond margin.
The cognitive effects of severe physical exercise are well known,but the possibility
that standing more and sitting less improves brain health could lower the bar for
everyone.
I know, this all runs counter to received ideas about deep thought, from our grade
school teachers,who told us to sit down and focus, and to Rodin's famous “Thinker,”
seated with his chin on one hand.
They were wrong. You can now all stand up.
1.What can we infer from Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A.Severe exercise can lessen the damage of sitting.
B.Severe exercise can greatly improve our brain health.
C.Sedentary behavior will possibly damage our brain.
D.Brain health has nothing to do with sedentary behavior.
2.What does the underlined word “margin” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A.Blank. B.Edge.
C.Decrease. D.Difference.
3.What is the received idea about deep thought?
A.Sitting more is good for our mental health.
B.Sitting is better when we think.
C.Exercising more can improve our cognition.
D.We should stand while thinking.
4.The passage mainly tells us .
A.people tend to sit while thinking
B.standing more can make our brain healthier
C.physical exercise can improve our brain health
D.sedentary behavior leads to countless health problems
答案
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1.C
2.D
3.B
4.B
Passage 6(2020安徽六校教育研究会二次素质测试,B)
The famous Spanish painter Pablo Picasso once said, “Every child is an artist. The
problem he has is how to remain an artist once he grows up.”
This is both encouraging and discouraging. The fact that we were all born to be
artists is certainly exciting, and yet the reality has proven that remaining one is a task
that many of us have failed.
Fortunately, some people have seen the problem and want to solve it.
Western educators have suggested that we introduce the concept of “STEAM”
instead of “ STEM” — traditional “ core majors” including science, technology,
engineering, and math —since the “A”, which stands for “art”, is just as important.
And on April 11, China's Ministry of Education issued a guideline. Colleges and
universities are required to provide more art-related courses and students need to earn a
certain number of art credits in order to graduate.
These efforts came after many scientific studies had found that art education helps
students develop self-confidence and teamwork skills, as well as habits of mind such as
problem solving and critical thinking, according to The Washington Post.
It's true that none of these skills target specific jobs. But as former US ballet
dancer Damian Woetzel told The Atlantic, the purpose of art is “to give kids the tools to
become adults who are creative, adaptable, and expressive—capable of having their eyes
and ears and senses alive”. And we can now see how we lost track of our born “artist
self” on our way to growing up: We failed to keep our capabilities to see, hear and feel,
and became blind, deaf and insensitive adults.
Hopefully, art education can help turn things around.
1.What is the function of the first paragraph?
A.To introduce a famous artist.
B.To summarize the whole passage.
C.To lead in the topic.
D.To encourage us to be artists.
2.Why should the concept of “STEAM” be introduced according to western educators?
A.Art is as important as traditional “core majors”.
B.All of us should learn art in college.
C.Traditional “core majors” are out of date.
D.Western education is more helpful.
3.What can we predict from the guideline issued by China's Ministry of Education?
A.More art-related courses will appear in all schools.
B.College students will have to gain enough art credits to graduate.
C.More students will major in art at colleges and universities.
D.Art will become much more important than science.
4.What is the best title of the passage?
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A.Every child is an artist B.Bringing art to life
C.Learning from the artists D.Life is art
答案
1.C
2.A
3.B
4.B
Passage 7(2020安徽江南十校4月综合素质检测,D)
A new device(设备)works like a solar panel, except it doesn't harvest energy from the
sun to produce electricity. Instead, it uses energy from the cold night sky.
In the center of this device is a thermoelectric generator(热电发电机), which uses the
temperature difference between Earth and outer space to create electricity.
As long as one side of it is cooler than the other, the generator can produce
electricity. The cooler side faces the sky and is attached to an aluminum plate. That plate
is sealed under a transparent cover and surrounded with materials that keep heat out. It
stays cooler than the surrounding air by getting rid of any heat it absorbs as infrared (红
外线的) radiation. That radiation can zip up through the transparent cover and on toward
outer space.
The bottom of the generator is attached to an exposed aluminum plate, which is
warmed by the local air. At night, the top plate can get several degrees centigrade cooler
than the bottom of the generator.
Researchers tested the device one clear December night in Stanford, California. The
generator produced up to about 25 milliwatts of power per square meter of the device.
That was just enough power to light a small electric lamp. Further improvements might
boost its production to at least 500 milliwatts per square meter.
“It's a very clever idea,”says Yuan Yang, a materials scientist who works at
Columbia University in New York City. “The device still needs improving,”he notes.
“But this new device may be useful for backup power,” Yang says. “It might also
provide a bit of energy to people living in areas that lack electricity.”
“The device could help power remote weather stations or other environmental
devices,”says Aaswath Raman, a materials scientist who worked on the device at the
University of California, Los Angeles. What's more, this may be useful in areas that don't
see sunlight for months at a time, Raman adds.
1.How is the device designed?
A.It includes two aluminum plates with different functions.
B.It is equipped with a heat-resistant generator in the center.
C.Its two aluminum plates are exposed to air to keep heat out.
D.Its generator is sealed by a transparent cover to remain cool.
2.What is the limitation of the tested device?
A.It won't be expanded to be much larger.
B.It fails to produce electricity fast enough.
C.It is unable to power small electric lamps.
D.It produces a limited amount of electricity.
3.In Paragraph 6, Yuan Yang mainly intends to .
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A.evaluate the device on a positive basis
B.point out the problems with the device
C.explain the research work for the device
D.comment on Aaswath Raman's prediction
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Lamps Are Powered by the Energy from the Cold Night Sky
B.A Generator Producing Electricity Has Been Applied in Many Areas
C.Scientists Have Made a Breakthrough in Harvesting Green Energy
D.A Device Uses Energy from the Cold Night Sky to Produce Electricity
答案
1.A
2.D
3.A
4.D
Passage 8(2019云南曲靖一中三检,B)
My friend and I were at a restaurant in Berkeley for an evening snack when
suddenly we decided to do a small act of kindness—to use the smile card to make
someone's day.
Being at the restaurant, we decided to pay for someone else anonymously. We both
got excited about the idea and decided to do that. We looked around for which table we
should pay for, and then settled on this table—it seemed like an immigrant family with a
few children, enjoying their cocktails at that time. I could sense a family bond between
them and that they were having a nice time together. We called in the waitress to explain
the idea to her.
As soon as we told her we wanted to pay for another table and showed her the
smile card, she got super excited! She said she already had goosebumps! It made us
further enthusiastic. Next, she came and told us that the waitress for that table was moved
to tears when she heard about this!
Soon after, we left—feeling excited, energized and grateful to get an opportunity to
spread smiles. It is hard to explain how it felt at that moment, but it definitely felt
special—not because I was “helping” someone, but because I felt connected to various
people whom I didn't even know—the waitresses and the family. It also, in some form,
melted me, to see how people respond to generosity, which has become so rare in today's
commercial lifestyle. I felt like something inside me changed.
I don't know what happened next, how the family felt and reacted or how the
waitresses experienced the situation, but I am sure it brought a few smiles to a few
people.
1.Why did my friend and I decide to pay for someone else anonymously?
A.Because we had a lot of money.
B.Because we wanted other people to pay for us in return.
C.Because we made up our mind to show kindness to others.
D.Because we felt it was necessary to help others.
2.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A.The waitress was as excited as us after hearing our idea of paying for others
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anonymously.
B.I was certain that the small act of kindness brought a few smiles to a few people.
C.The idea occurred to my friend and me when we had an evening snack at a restaurant.
D.The family whose meal we paid for was moved to tears.
3.After we paid for the family, I had the following special feelings except that .
A.I felt I was a great person and I was helping someone
B.I felt associated with diverse strangers
C.I felt it was a rare chance to see generosity in today's commercial lifestyle
D.I felt the inner part of myself changed
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Pay for Others
B.A Small Act of Kindness
C.Connections Made through a Random Act
D.Bring a Few Smiles to a Few People
答案
1.C
2.D
3.A
4.C
B组 综合应用题组
Passage 1(2021四川成都高新区二次质检,B)
Sarah Moore rushed her two-year-old daughter Lacie Moore to hospital after she was
hurt. The worried mum from Morecambe, Lancashire, left her car on a double yellow line
outside the Lancaster hospital and raced inside with her daughter. When Sarah returned to
her car, rather than finding a parking ticket, she surprisedly discovered a hand-written
note, saying that they had “sweet-talked” the traffic warden( 交通管理员) into not
giving her a ticket.
“They didn't have to do that—it made things a lot easier,”the grateful mum said.
“I was fully expecting to come out of the hospital and to have a parking ticket, and I
had come to terms with that.”
The dramatic evening began on the evening of July 2 when Lacie split her head
open on the hinge (铰链) of a door. Lacie ripped on the carpet and hit the hinge. When
Sarah picked her up there was blood everywhere. It terrified Sarah, who quickly switched
to action mode. There was no time to call for an ambulance so Sarah just put her in the
car and got her there in 15 minutes. It was scary.
When she arrived at the hospital Sarah ignored the warnings of ambulance staff about
potential traffic wardens and raced inside. The note she found on her car when she
returned made sure a difficult day was made just a little bit easier. It read:“Good
afternoon, we noticed you left your car here as you rushed your child into A&E. (We
tried to warn you about getting a ticket.) We spoke with the traffic warden and told him
about your situation and managed to sweet-talk him into letting you off under the
circumstances. He wanted us to let you know that you can leave it in the ambulance bay
across the road. We hope your little one is okay. Kindest regards.”
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1.What does the underlined word “sweet-talked” in Paragraph 1 mean?
A.Trick somebody with some sweets.
B.Persuade somebody in a pleasant way.
C.Confuse somebody with sweet words.
D.Convince somebody with solid evidence.
2.What do we know about Sarah?
A.She injured her daughter at home.
B.She was punished for breaking traffic rules.
C.She thought she would pay a parking fine.
D.No one noticed her when she parked her car.
3.Who wrote the note for Sarah?
A.Passers-by. B.Traffic wardens.
C.Doctors in A&E. D.Ambulance staff.
4.What can be the best title for this text?
A.A Sweet Surprise
B.A Lucky Mother
C.A Generous Warden
D.A Thoughtful Parking Ticket
答案
1.B
2.C
3.D
4.A
Passage 2(2021河南九师联盟4月联考,D)
Most of us have something about us that we're not 100% in love with, such as an
impulsive streak or a short temper. What if those personality traits(个性特征)could be
improved with daily use of a smartphone app? That was the focus of a new study from
an international research team led by the University of Zurich.
“Personality traits predict several important aspects of life such as success at work,
health and even a long life,”says first author Mirjam Stieger, PhD, of Brandeis University
in Waltham, Massachusetts. “So we wanted to test whether people can actively shape
their personality traits with the help of a digital intervention(干预)within a relatively short
period of time.”
Around 1,500 participants were provided with a specially developed smartphone app
called PEACH for three months. On the app, a virtual companion communicated with the
participants daily and provided support to help them make the changes they desired. And
participants were divided into two groups—an intervention group and a waitlist control
group. Participants in the waitlist control group selected and indicated their change goals
before a one-month waiting period, and then they received the same three-month
intervention as the intervention group.
The researchers found that participants in the waitlist control group didn't change their
personality traits during the one-month waiting period, but participants who received the
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intervention reported changes in the desired direction. “We also found that friends and
family members were able to detect personality changes,” Stieger says. “ Another
surprising finding was that most participants were able to maintain(维持)their personality
trait changes until three months after the end of the intervention.”
While apps could be used to promote personality change, mental health expert Karen
Peters warns, it's important to remember they are there for support and not as a substitute
for an individual's change. “The use of an app itself isn't going to influence change—
change is influenced by internal motivation,” she says. “The new study demonstrates
this point by determining that change outcomes were in agreement with the individual's
desire to change.”
1.Why does the author ask the question in Paragraph 1?
A.To put forward a problem.
B.To recommend a method.
C.To lead in the recent study.
D.To come up with a new concept.
2.What were participants asked to do in the new study?
A.Set their change goals. B.Detect others' changes.
C.Help their companions. D.Get rid of daily apps.
3.What is the finding of the new study?
A.Most of the participants' personalities were unstable.
B.Digital intervention made no difference to personalities.
C.The use of an app alone could shape personality traits.
D.The participants' personality changes were noticeable.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Are Your Personality Traits Out of Control?
B.Are You in Love with Your Personality Traits?
C.Can a Smartphone App Change Your Personality?
D.Can Digital Intervention Determine Personal Desire?
答案
1.C
2.A
3.D
4.C
Passage 3(2021四川成都二次诊断,C)
A robot with a sense of touch may one day“feel”pain, both its own physical pain
and sympathy for the pain of its human companions. Such touchy-feely robots are still
far-off,but advances in robotic touch-sensing are bringing that possibility closer to reality.
Sensors set in soft, artificial skin that can detect both a gentle touch and a painful
strike have been hooked up to a robot that can then signal emotions, Asada reported on
February 15 at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science. This artificial “pain nervous system”, as Asada calls it, may be a small
building block for a machine that could ultimately experience pain. Such a feeling might
also allow a robot to“sympathize”with a human companion's suffering.
Asada, an engineer at Osaka University, and his colleagues have designed touch
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sensors that reliably pick up a range of touches. In a robot system named Affetto, a
realistic-looking child's head, these touch and pain signals can be converted to emotional
facial expressions.
A touch-sensitive, soft material, as opposed to a rigid metal surface, allows richer
interactions between a machine and the world, says neuroscientist Kingson Man of the
University of Southern California. Artificial skin“allows the possibility of engagement in
truly intelligent ways”.
Such a system, Asada says, might ultimately lead to robots that can recognize the
pain of others, a valuable skill for robots designed to help care for people in need, the
elderly, for instance.
But there is an important distinction between a robot that responds in a predictable
way to a painful strike and a robot that's able to compute an internal feeling accurately,
says Damasio, a neuroscientist also at the University of Southern California. A robot with
sensors which can detect touch and pain is “along the lines of having a robot, for
example, that smiles when you talk to it,” Damasio says. “ It's a device for
communication of the machine to a human.” While that's an interesting development,
“it's not the same thing” as a robot designed to compute some sort of internal
experience, he says.
1.What do we know about the “pain nervous system”?
A.It is named Affetto by scientists.
B.It is a set of complicated sensors.
C.It is able to signal different emotions.
D.It combines sensors and artificial skin.
2.What does the underlined word “converted” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A.Delivered. B.Translated. C.Attached. D.Adapted.
3.What does Damasio consider as an interesting development?
A.Robots can smile when talked to.
B.Robots can talk to human beings.
C.Robots can compute internal feelings.
D.Robots can detect pains and respond accordingly.
4.What can be the best title of the text?
A.Machines Become Emotional
B.Robots Inch to Feeling Pain
C.Human Feelings Can Be Felt
D.New Devices Touch Your Heart
答案
1.D
2.B
3.D
4.B
Passage 4(2021宁夏银川4月质检,D)
Now many countries work towards a carbon-neutral future, hoping to achieve the real
green growth and change. The current UK government had originally set out plans to
become carbon-zero by 2050.And in a new announcement regarding the UK's green
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economic recovery, the Prime Minister has committed to accelerating offshore wind by
2030.
In a recent speech, Britain's Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced that the
government will invest in clean energy, promising that ￡160 m will be dedicated to
building wind turbines (涡轮机)to help the country “build back greener”. It'll create
2,000 jobs in construction, and support 60,000 more, by upgrading ports and factories to
build the turbines. He announced that “we believe that in 10 years' time offshore wind
will be powering every home in the country.”
In Boris Johnson's speech, he said the UK would become “the world leader in clean
wind energy” and perhaps also in its further green recovery plans. Attention has been
paid to wind, as it is a limitless resource on the island that is Britain. Plans included
employing new floating offshore technology, where large farms could be placed further out
to sea.
Before this announcement climate activists and organizations have been urging world
governments to include climate change concerns in their economic recoveries.
Organizations such as the International Energy Agency worked out a sustainable energy
plan that provided a blueprint on how governments could encourage economic growth with
climate change in mind, by moving towards areas such as clean energy and creating jobs
within this area. In the UK's economic recovery plan, the government rolled out a scheme
which allowed home owners to access a grant that would enable them to upgrade their
homes with energy-saving improvements.
Reported in The Guardian, executive director of the environmental NGO Greenpeace
UK, John Sauven, said:“If carried through, the commitment would help strengthen the
UK's global leadership in this key technology. We now need to see the Prime Minister's
newly-found enthusiasm is followed through by knocking down all the barriers that the
offshore wind industry faces in delivering its ambition.”
1.What is the benefit of building the turbines besides providing the new energy?
A.Developing the technology.
B.Having more people employed.
C.Getting many large farms built.
D.Making all homes powered cleanly.
2.What measure does Britain take when carrying out its economic recovery plan?
A.Cooperate with other foreign governments.
B.Build a blueprint on fighting climate change.
C.Encourage the use of energy-saving equipment.
D.Seek the support of the international organizations.
3.Why is John Sauven mentioned in the last paragraph?
A.To predict the future of Britain's energy.
B.To get people to support the government.
C.To think highly of the use of wind energy.
D.To comment on the new announcement.
4.What might be the best title for the text?
A.Britain hopes to power homes by wind farms by 2030.
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B.Britain takes the lead in using sustainable new energy.
C.Britain calls on the world to accelerate offshore energy.
D.Britain is expected to mainly use wind energy by 2030.
答案
1.B
2.C
3.D
4.A
Passage 5(2020广西玉林第一次适应性考试,B)
One of the most important things that have happened to me occurred long before I
was aware of it. As the story goes, I was three days old and Mom was singing “The
Name Game”song to me:“Christine-Bo-Bean-Banana-Fanna-Fo-Feen.”By day four, I was
given a new name—Christine-Bo-Bean, or just Bo-Bee to my mother. Now, I am Bo to
her and close friends.
Why is this nickname(昵称) so important to me? I once read a book with a passage
about True Names which explains that when a person's true name is spoken, she has a
distinct aura(光环)around her. Although I have been Bo to my mother all my life, I
recently discovered that my true name is not on my birth certificate; it's the name that is
as unique and memorable as I am.
People usually know me as Christine. They still see me as a quiet, bookish child.
They don't know who I am now. My most recent hopes, fears, goals, dreams and opinions
escape their notice; it is easier to think of me as I was. In their minds, they have a box
labeled “Christine”in which I fit neatly, and as Christine, I was content with the perfect
packaging.
Those who call me Bo or Bo-Bee really know me. They remember who I was and
realize I have changed. Bo is a tight squeeze in the old “Christine”boxes. The Bo I am
is ever-changing, ever-growing and ever-learning.
When I was Christine, I was quiet, and easily scared. I feared groups, meeting new
people and sharing my opinions. I was more comfortable with a book than with my best
friend. As Christine, I thought everyone was better than I was.
As Bo, I still love my books, but I want to discuss them. As Bo, my dream is to
live where I can experience new things and meet new people. I dream about being alone
on a stage lit by a single spotlight; I have that confidence now. I am equal to those I
once saw as better than me.
A name shouldn't make such a difference, but sometimes, when a person finds his or
her True Name, they develop a new shine visible to friends, family and especially
themselves.
I can't always be Bo. Sometimes exposing myself is still scary and I feel too
nervous; I want to hide in those old boxes. Mostly, however, I am ready for the world.
So, just call me Bo.
1.When was the author given a nickname?
A.When she was three years old.
B.On the fourth day after she was born.
C.Seven days after she was born.
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D.When she received the old “Christine” box.
2.What kind of person was the author in the past?
A.She showed no interest in reading.
B.She took pleasure in finding new things.
C.She loved reading and sharing books with friends.
D.She lacked confidence and preferred to be alone.
3.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Bo—the True Name
B.A Unique Name
C.Remember the Past
D.The Meaning of Nickname
答案
1.B
2.D
3.A
Passage 6(2020河南六市一联,C)
We've known for years that plants can see, hear, smell and communicate with
chemicals. Now, reported in New Scientist, they have been recorded making sounds when
stressed.
In a yet-to-be-published study, Itzhak Khait and his team at Tel Aviv University, in
Israel, found that tomato and tobacco plants can make ultrasonic (超声的) noises. The
plants “cry out” due to lack of water, or when their stems(茎) are cut. It's just too
high-pitched (音调高的) for humans to hear.
Microphones placed 10 centimeters away from the plants picked up sounds in the
ultrasonic range of 20 to 100 kilohertz (千赫兹). Human hearing usually ranges from 20
hertz to 20 kilohertz. “These findings can alter the way we think about the plant
kingdom,” they wrote.
On average, “thirsty” tomato plants made 35 sounds an hour, while tobacco plants
made 11. When plant stems were cut, tomato plants made an average of 25 sounds in the
following hour, and tobacco plants 15. Unstressed plants produced fewer than one sound
per hour, on average.
Perhaps most interestingly, different types of stress led to different sounds. The
researchers trained a machine-learning model to separate the plants' sounds from those of
the wind, rain and other noises of the greenhouse. In most cases, it correctly identified
whether the stress was caused by dryness or a cut, based on the sound's intensity and
frequency. Water-hungry tobacco appears to make louder sounds than cut tobacco, for
example. Although Khait and his colleagues only looked at tomato and tobacco plants,they
think other plants also make sounds when stressed.
If farmers could hear the sounds, said the team, they could give water to the plants
that need it most. As climate change causes more droughts, they said this would be
important information for farmers. “The sounds that drought-stressed plants make could
be used in precision agriculture(精准农业),” said Anne Visscher at the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, in the UK.
Khait's report also suggests that insects and mammals can hear the sound up to 5
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meters away and respond. For example, a moth (蛾子) may decide not to lay eggs on a
water-stressed plant. Edward Farmer, at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, is
doubtful. He said that the idea of moths listening to plants is “a little too speculative”.
If plants are screaming for fear of their survival, should we be thankful we can't hear
them?
1.What did Khait and his team find from their research?
A.Plants made low-pitched sounds when in danger.
B.Plants were able to produce sounds in response to stresses.
C.Plants picked up a wider range of sounds when stressed.
D.Plants made ultrasonic noises to communicate with each other.
2.How did tomato and tobacco plants react to different stresses according to the text?
A.A plant reacted to different stresses with the same sound.
B.Cut tomato plants produced more sounds per hour than water-hungry ones.
C.Cut tobacco plants seemed to make weaker sounds than drought-stressed ones.
D.Tobacco plants might make louder sounds than tomato plants when short of water.
3.What's the main idea of Paragraph 6?
A.The potential applications of the research.
B.Challenges faced by farmers in the future.
C.Farmers' contributions to the research.
D.What the future agriculture will be like.
4.The underlined word “speculative” in the second-to-last paragraph has the closest
meaning to “ ”.
A.practical
B.unsuspected
C.unsupported
D.complicated
答案
1.B
2.C
3.A
4.C
Passage 7(2020黑龙江大庆实验中学复学考试,C)
Have you ever felt so tired after staying up for a night that even coffee doesn't give
you the energy that you need? You may have an energy drink, but the benefits of
drinking one are heavily outweighed by the risks.
In the past years, more and more studies have found the deadly effects of energy
drinks on our bodies. The sugar, caffeine and energy supplements (添加物) in energy
drinks make up a deadly mixture of ingredients that can affect your heart function and
send you to the hospital!
A study by the University of Bonn, Germany found that frequent consumption of
energy drinks can greatly change the way our heart functions. The study went on to say
that consuming energy drinks often causes significantly increased heart contractions in
adults, which has the potential of putting you at risk of irregular heartbeats.
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It is possible that many people are unconscious of the alarming side effects of energy
drinks because of the way they are labeled. Most energy drinks contain between 80
milligrams to over 350 milligrams of caffeine, sugar and energy supplements. When an
energy drink is marketed as a diet supplement, it may be distributed without a “nutrition
facts” label, which would show the harmful supplements that are in the drink. However,
even if energy drinks are Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved, they don't have
to show the number of supplements.
Energy drinks may be widely available but they aren't the healthiest or safest choice
for your body. To stay naturally energized, get organized and stay on top of your work so
that you aren't having to stay up all night to complete assigned tasks. If you'd like a
natural energy boost, you could make time for a short workout, which will give you all
of the energy you need!
1.Which of the following is the side effect of the energy drinks?
A.Making people thinner.
B.Making people's heart bigger.
C.Making people run a risk of falling ill.
D.Making people suffer from heart attacks.
2.Why are many people unaware of the harmful effects of energy drinks?
A.Because they don't read the label carefully.
B.Because FDA thinks they are healthy drinks.
C.Because the harmful materials are not labeled.
D.Because factories of energy drinks lie to drinkers.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A.The benefits of doing exercise.
B.The better choice of right drinks.
C.The way to have enough energy.
D.The effects of energy drinks.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Don't Drink Energy Drinks
B.Many People Enjoy Energy Drinks
C.The Materials Energy Drinks Contain
D.Energy Drinks Could Send You to Hospital
答案
1.C
2.C
3.C
4.D
Passage 8(2019贵州凯里一中期末,D)
Getting too much sleep has been linked to a greater risk of disease and death,
according to a study published Wednesday.
Sleeping just two hours more than the recommended six to eight hours a night was
associated with an increase in the risk of strokes or heart failure by up to 41 percent,
according to the researchers, whose paper appears in the European Heart Journal.
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The team, led by Chuangshi Wang, a Ph.D. student at McMaster and Peking Union
Medical College in China, also found that some daytime nappers were at risk. “Daytime
napping was associated with increased risks of major cardiovascular(心血管的) events and
deaths in those with more than six hours of nighttime sleep but not in those sleeping less
than 6 hours a night,” Wang said. But in those who underslept, “a daytime nap seemed
to compensate for the lack of sleep at night and to reduce the risks.”
A possible reason for the rising risk could be that people already have underlying
conditions that are causing them to sleep longer—and could, in turn, raise the risk of
cardiovascular diseases or mortality(死亡率), the authors of the study explained.
“The general public should ensure that they get about six to eight hours of sleep a
day. On the other hand, if you sleep too much regularly, say more than nine hours a day,
then you may want to visit a doctor to check your overall health,”said Professor Salim
Yusuf, one of the researchers.
1.How does the author tell us this opinion?
A.By using examples.
B.By asking questions.
C.By making a comparison.
D.By showing research findings.
2.How long a night are people recommended to sleep?
A.Six to eight hours.
B.Two hours.
C.More than nine hours.
D.Less than six hours.
3.What's the meaning of the underlined word “compensate for” in Paragraph 3?
A.Make use of. B.Bring up.
C.Make up for. D.Stand out.
4.Which is the best title for the passage?
A.Sleep More than Eight Hours a Night:Study
B.Too Much Sleep May Be Bad for Your Health:Study
C.Sleep Less than Six Hours a Night:Study
D.Too Much Sleep May Cause Death:Study
答案
1.D
2.A
3.C
4.B
— 一年原创 —
Passage 1(2021 5·3原创题)
Many diseases and medical conditions are caused by things out of our control. Yet
experts say you can control and even prevent many of the factors that increase your
chances of dying. Experts note that an unhealthy lifestyle can put you at great risk of
heart disease and strokes. Poor diet, having too much body fat and a lack of physical
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exercise all increase your risk of heart disease—so can using tobacco products and
drinking too much alcohol. So doctors urge us to eat healthy foods, get exercise, stop
smoking and limit our alcohol intake. But there is something else you can do. And it is
free and easy. Smile!
Anand Chockalingam is a heart disease specialist at University of Missouri Health
Care in Columbia, Missouri. He advises his patients to smile.“When we smile, the brain
wiring gets altered. The chemicals that are released are more positive.”He says smiling is
a first step in fighting physical and emotional stress and sometimes the stress has harmful
effects on human health. This is not just New Age advice. Several studies support Dr.
Chockalingam's prescription—smile more.
Disorders of the heart and blood vessels(血管) are the number one cause of death
around the world. The main causes of heart attacks and strokes are blockages in blood
vessels. These prevent blood from flowing to the heart or the brain. When you feel
stressed or under pressure, your body releases many natural hormones(激素) that increase
your heart rate and blood pressure. Cortisol is the body's main stress hormone. It
increases sugar in the bloodstream. If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help
you. They are part of what we call our fight-or-flight response. However, when you are
stressed for a long period, these stress hormones may lead to health problems.
Dr. Chockalingam says a smile may be one way to help. He tells his patients to
smile 20 times an hour. To some, that might seem like a lot of smiling. Or some might
even feel foolish...smiling for seemingly no reason. But a smile does not involve drugs. It
is free and it has no bad side effects.
“Once people smile, they are relaxed. This relaxation directly lowers blood pressure,
and improves sugar levels in the blood. If we are smiling, we are breaking that link
between stress and health.”
1.The author aims to through the first paragraph.
A.show some factors that can increase the chance of dying
B.introduce a free and easy way to control the factors of dying
C.show the importance of leading a healthy lifestyle
D.stop people from drinking too much alcohol
2.According to Anand Chockalingam, .
A.the patients who smile can get altered
B.smiling can add to physical and emotional stress
C.physical and emotional stress must have bad effects
D.when people smile, there will be positive chemicals produced
3.Which of the following statements is reasonable?
A.When you feel stressed, the body releases many beneficial hormones.
B.The stress hormones may lead to different results, good or bad.
C.Heart attacks and strokes cause death.
D.The smiling patients are foolish.
4.The best title for the passage is .
A.Smiling Makes You Relaxed
B.Stop Leading the Unhealthy Life
C.One Way That Can Prevent You from Heart Attacks
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D.One Thing You Can Do Right Now to Help Your Heart—Smile
答案
1.B
2.D
3.B
4.D
Passage 2(2021 5·3原创题)
If you have ever felt sick at the back of a bus or after a boat cruise, then you
might have experienced motion sickness. The condition's most common symptoms are
dizziness, headaches, sweating and vomiting.
Humans haven't always experienced this reaction. According to Fred Mast, a professor
at the University of Bern, motion sickness began to affect us when we created vehicles
for getting to places faster. “Our bodies were not prepared for it,” he says, explaining
that human-made acceleration creates a disturbance between our vestibular system(前庭系
统), which is responsible for controlling balance, and our vision. While travelling on a
boat or in a car, you may not be watching the movement of the vehicle, but your
vestibular system registers it. Since the human brain has not evolved enough yet to
resolve that conflict, it leads to motion sickness. Motion sickness can also strike when
there is simulated acceleration, such as in some video games or movie scenes in the
theatre that make the viewer's brain think it's moving when it's not.
While one in three people experiences motion sickness at some time, certain people
are more easily affected. These include: children and young adults (according to a German
survey, half of those under the age of 30 report being affected); patients; and women.
Sufferers can avoid motion sickness by making changes to how they travel. For
instance, sitting facing forward at the front of a bus allows you to see the movement.
Sitting in the middle of a boat or next to the wing of an airplane will reduce the amount
of movement you feel. Staying away from alcohol and heavy meals ahead of car, boat or
plane trips can also be helpful.
1. What does the underlined word“simulated” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A.Fake. B.Sudden. C.Frequent. D.Visible.
2.What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A.The symptoms of motion sickness.
B.The cause of motion sickness.
C.The function of the vestibular system.
D.The evolution of humans' brains.
3.Who are more likely to suffer motion sickness?
A.The old. B.The young.
C.The male. D.The hungry.
4.What can be done to avoid motion sickness while travelling?
A.Closing eyes to feel the movement.
B.Sitting close to the bus driver.
C.Filling the stomach before a boat trip.
D.Choosing a middle seat in the airplane.
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答案
1.A
2.B
3.B
4.B
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