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医学考博英语2020年真题精讲 | 阅读理解 (1/6)
本模块为2020年医学考博英语真题精讲，医学考博英语共五种题型：听力、词汇、完形填空、阅读理解、翻译与写作。整套真题精讲计划用时17天，本次是阅读理解部分精讲，计划用时六天，今天是第一天。
题量、分值及时间分配
阅读理解板块一共30道单选题，每题1分。试题由6篇短文组成，单篇文章字数区间为300–500词，每篇文章对应5道小题，考生需要阅读文章后，从四个选项中挑选最佳答案。整套医学考博英语统考总时长165分钟，答题分为两大板块：试卷一作答限时115分钟，试卷二写作部分安排50分钟。试卷一包含听力、词汇、完形填空、阅读理解。听力部分固定占用30分钟，剩余时间需要分配给其余题型。阅读理解建议预留65分钟作答，每篇约用时10分钟。这就要求考生加快词汇、完形填空的做题速度，防止最后没有充足时间完成阅读题目。
阅读理解部分计划
阅读理解部分共六篇文章，每篇文章有五道选择题。为保证阅读的连贯性与上下文的一致性，该部分每日精讲一篇文章，分六天完成。今日精讲第一篇文章。后附答案解析、解题技巧及高频考点总结。
Gianluca Vialli, manager of Chelsea Football Club, expressed it explicitly enough: “The foot is the tool of the trade of the footballer.” You might therefore expect footballers to talk particularly good care of their feet. But results presented at a recent conference of dermatologists in Amsterdam suggest otherwise. Professional footballers seem as likely to suffer from fungal infections of the foot as other people.
One study, called Achilles Project, looked at 76,475 pairs of feet belonging to people from 18 European countries. It found that 26% of the sample had Tinea pedis, better known as athlete’s foot, while 30% had Onychomycosis, an infection that causes toenails to become thickened, discolored and distorted. The results showed that East European countries have consistently higher rates of infection. On average, 30% of Britons, Germans and Belgians had some form of fungal infection, compared with 85% of Russians, and less than 10% of Spaniards.
Furthermore, adults under the age of 40 who took regular exercise had a 40% greater risk of fungal infection than those who did not. Leisure centers and swimming pools were identified as potential health hazards to the very people who visit them to stay fit. Communal showers and changing rooms are perfect breeding-grounds for the highly infectious fungi that spread foot and nail infection: up to 1,500 fungally-infected skin fragments per square meters have been found in some leisure facilities. Sweaty socks and warm, damp sports shoes provide equally hospitable environments.
All of which goes some way to explaining the footballers. No doubt all that time spent in showers and changing-rooms is partly responsible. But Dr. Caputo, a dermatologist, also found another factor: footballers are often reluctant, for superstitious reasons, to discard their old boots. He found that players get attached to particular boots; if they score a goal with one, they will wear it again and again. The risk of athlete’s foot may be a small price to pay for a goal.
61. What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A. Footballers do not care for their feet as expected.
B. Footballers’ feet are more sensitive to fungal infections.
C. Footballers usually care for their feet more than other people.
D. Footballers’ feet are more vulnerable than those of other people.
62. According to the passage, “Achilles Project” was designed to ______.
A. serve as a global screening for foot infections
B. collect a sample of infected athletes for research
C. look into the conditions of feet in European countries
D. find measures for reducing high rates of foot infections
63. From the description of Tinea pedis and Onychomycosis, we are sure that ______.
A. Tinea pedis affects athletes more than Onychomycosis
B. Tinea pedis and Onychomycosis are both fungal infections
C. Tinea pedis is a more serious infection than Onychomycosis
D. Tinea pedis is more sensitive to anti-fungal drugs than Onychomycosis
64. Which of the following can be safely inferred concerning the leisure centers and swimming pools?
A. They could help people in one way and harm them in another.
B. They do not spread infections as much as other public places.
C. They do not perform adequate check-ups for their visitors.
D. They are unlikely to spread fungal infection.
65. What did Dr. Caputo find about footballers?
A. They play too much to keep their feet clean.
B. They usually do not throw away comfortable boots.
C. They believe some shoes may bring them good luck.
D. They often stick to high-priced shoes for scoring goals.
答案速查：61.A 62.C 63.B 64.A 65.C
【参考译文】
切尔西足球俱乐部主教练詹卢卡·维亚利说得十分直白：“脚是足球运动员谋生的工具。”所以你可能会认为足球运动员会格外爱护自己的双脚。但阿姆斯特丹一场皮肤科医师近期会议上公布的研究结果却并非如此。职业足球运动员患上足部真菌感染的概率和普通人差不多。
一项名为“阿喀琉斯项目”的研究，调查了来自18个欧洲国家人群的76475双脚。研究发现，样本中有26%的人患有足癣，也就是大家熟知的脚气；还有30%的人患有甲癣，这种感染会造成趾甲增厚、变色、变形。结果显示，东欧国家的感染率一直偏高。平均来看，30%的英国人、德国人和比利时人患有某种真菌感染，俄罗斯人的这一比例高达85%，而西班牙人不足10%。
此外，40岁以下、经常锻炼的成年人，真菌感染风险比不常运动的人高出40%。休闲健身中心和游泳池，对于前来健身的人而言，暗藏健康隐患。公共淋浴间和更衣室极易滋生传染性极强、会引发足部和指甲感染的真菌：部分休闲场所内，每平方米最多能检测到1500片携带真菌的皮肤碎屑。出汗浸湿的袜子、温热潮湿的运动鞋，同样适合真菌生存繁殖。
以上这些因素，在一定程度上解释了球员患病的原因。毫无疑问，长时间待在淋浴间、更衣室是一部分原因。但皮肤科医生卡普托博士还发现了另一个因素：出于迷信心理，足球运动员往往不愿丢掉旧球鞋。他发现球员会对某一双球鞋产生情结；如果穿着这双鞋进过球，就会反复穿它。为一粒进球，染上脚气或许算是小小的代价。
【题目精讲】
61. What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A. Footballers do not care for their feet as expected.
B. Footballers’ feet are more sensitive to fungal infections.
C. Footballers usually care for their feet more than other people.
D. Footballers’ feet are more vulnerable than those of other people.
细节理解题
【句意】我们从第一段可以得知什么？
【解析】原文第一段说，按理脚是球员吃饭的工具，大家会以为球员会好好护脚，但研究结果和预想相反，球员真菌感染概率和普通人一样。A选项“球员并没有像大家预想的那样爱护双脚”符合文意。B错误，文中没有说球员脚部对真菌更敏感；C只是大众猜想，并不是事实；D错误，原文明确说明患病概率和普通人相近，并非更容易受感染。
62. According to the passage, “Achilles Project” was designed to ______.
A. serve as a global screening for foot infections
B. collect a sample of infected athletes for research
C. look into the conditions of feet in European countries
D. find measures for reducing high rates of foot infections
细节理解题
【句意】根据文章，“阿喀琉斯项目”设立的目的是？
【解析】原文第二段提到该项目调查18个欧洲国家人群的双脚，统计足癣、甲癣感染情况，也就是调查欧洲民众的足部健康状况，对应C。A错误，范围只是欧洲，不是全球筛查；B错误，样本是普通民众，不只是受感染运动员；D错误，该项目只是调研现状，并不是为了寻找降低感染率的办法。
63. From the description of Tinea pedis and Onychomycosis, we are sure that ______.
A. Tinea pedis affects athletes more than Onychomycosis
B. Tinea pedis and Onychomycosis are both fungal infections
C. Tinea pedis is a more serious infection than Onychomycosis
D. Tinea pedis is more sensitive to anti-fungal drugs than Onychomycosis
推理判断题
【句意】根据对足癣和甲癣的描述，我们可以确定？
【解析】文章通篇都把二者归类为fungal infection真菌感染，B选项“足癣和甲癣都属于真菌感染”正确。A错误，原文没有对比两种病对运动员的影响程度；C错误，文中只说明甲癣会让指甲增厚变形，没有对比二者严重程度；D错误，全文没有提到抗真菌药物相关内容。
64. Which of the following can be safely inferred concerning the leisure centers and swimming pools?
A. They could help people in one way and harm them in another.
B. They do not spread infections as much as other public places.
C. They do not perform adequate check-ups for their visitors.
D. They are unlikely to spread fungal infection.
推理判断题
【句意】关于健身中心和游泳池，以下哪一项推论成立？
【解析】原文说明人们去这里是为了健身（有益），但这里同时容易滋生真菌、带来感染风险（有害），对应A选项：它们一方面有益于人们，另一方面又会带来伤害。B错误，原文表明这里是真菌高危场所，没有和其他公共场所对比；C错误，文中没有提及场所对访客做检查这件事；D和原文完全相反，这里极易传播真菌感染。
65. What did Dr. Caputo find about footballers?
A. They play too much to keep their feet clean.
B. They usually do not throw away comfortable boots.
C. They believe some shoes may bring them good luck.
D. They often stick to high-priced shoes for scoring goals.
细节理解题
【句意】卡普托博士发现球员有什么特点？
【解析】原文说明球员出于迷信，进球的球鞋会反复穿，舍不得丢掉，也就是相信特定球鞋可以带来好运，选C。A错误，不是因为踢球太多没法保持脚部洁净；B错误，不扔鞋子的原因是迷信，不只是鞋子舒服；D错误，原文没有提到球鞋价格高昂。
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阅读理解中的常见题型总结
细节理解题
该题型考查考生分析、理解文章事实细节的能力，在阅读考题里占很大比重，出题形式没有固定模板。文章内能够支撑主题的事例、数据、事实片段，都可以拿来设置题目。做阅读理解里的细节理解题时，切记不要主观臆断、不要过度解读，所选答案务必要回到文本，找到对应的词句或者段落作为依据。
它主要分为两类：一类是直接信息题，正确答案几乎能直接从原文摘取，选项和原文句子表述基本一致；另一类难度偏大，属于间接细节题，原文找不到和选项相近的表达，答案来源于原文事实背后的原因、前提或者结果。阅读文章的时候，可以对 who、what、when、where、why、how 这些高频考点做好标记，方便后续快速解题定位。
【词汇积累】
