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考点 28 非应用文写作:
说明文(原卷版)
【命题解读】
短文类写作包括通知、倡议书、演讲稿、新闻报道、日记、约稿、宣传稿等类别。
以下对观点类、说明文等提供对应的模板和基本写作技巧。
说明文
【 布局思维导图 】
说明文用来解释或探讨各种问题,如机器的制造过程,自然现象或社会现象产生的原
因,工程的规划或问题的解决方案等等。【说明事物的顺序】
我们可以按以下三类顺序说明事物:
1、时间顺序,即按事物的发生、发展的先后顺序进行说明。
2、空间顺序,即按事物空间位置的顺序,由上至下,由近及远或由里至外地说明。
3、逻辑顺序,即按人们认识事物的规律进行说明,如由概括到具体,由整体到部分,
由现象到本质,由表及里,由原因到结果,由主要到次要,由特点到用途等。
【说明事物的方法】
1、定义法。定义法的目的是让不知此事物的人对此物有一个起码的了解,以利于下文的
展开。如:A thermometer is an instrument used for measuring temperature. 就是对
thermometer下了一个定义。有些事物也许不好下个明确定义,但我们可以交待这个事物的
背景,来源,或列举出它的一些典型特征,以便让读者明白。这类事物可以是术语,也可
以是外国人所不了 的中国的传统事物,如龙舟节等。
2、举例说明法。举出具有代表性的例子,能够真切地说明事物,化抽象为具体,使段落变
得有血有肉,丰富起来。举例时常用的表达有:for example(例如),for instance(例如),as
an example of (作为……的例子),take… for example (以……为例)等。
3、比较法。为了突出事物鲜明的特点,我们常把它与其他事物进行比较。比方说我们想向
读者介绍什么是“电脑”,我们可以说“It’s a kind of electrical or artificial (人工的)brain.”这
样把电脑和人脑进行了比较,从而使人们对“电脑”有更清晰的认识。[来源:学科网]4、细节描述法。介绍一种事物,仅用概述性的词语如beautiful, friendly, boring, good 或
bad 是不够的。作者要提供一些细节,使被描述的对象更加形象具体,从而加深读者的印
象。
除上述几种方法外,我们还可以通过引经据典 (即引用专家、名人等的话语)、列举数字等
其他方法说明一件事物,从而使文章更加严密,内容更具有科学性,更有说服力。也可以
综合运用多种方法。
【写作模板】
模板01(主题型)
①________ is a most effective _______to _______. ②For most people, it’s almost
impossible to ______. ③________is really _________.④With the functions of _______,it enables
us to _______.⑤It can even ______. ⑥Just imagine, all this can be done with _______. ⑦A
convenient tool can certainly make _______, but it doesn’t always help _______.⑧Too much
_________.⑨Too many ________.⑩Relying too much on _______ makes ________.
①点明要介绍的事物的必要性 ②介绍该事物对多数人的重要意义 ③该事物优势或显著特
点 ④该事物的作用 ⑤进一步说明该事物的作用 ⑥说明该事物的重要性 ⑦承上启下,
介绍事物的另一方面 ⑧该事物的负面影响一 ⑨该事物的负面影响二 ⑩总结说明过分使
用该物品给我们带来的负面影响。
模板02(说明原因型)
Nowadays, there are more and more in some big cities. It is estimated
that ____________________.(用具体数据说明某现象)
Why have there been so many ? Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. The first reason
is that __________________.(原因一)Besides, __________________.(原因二)The third
reason is __________________. ( 原 因 三 ) To sum up, the main cause of is due
to__________________ .(指出主要原因)
It is high time that something should be done. For one thing, __________________.(解决
建议一)
For another thing, . All these measures will certainly __________________.(解决建议二)模板03(描述事物型)
What I have known about is that _________________.(具体描述某事物)
Firstly, __________________.(描述要点一)__________________.(具体阐述要点一)
Secondly, __________________.(描述要点二)(具体阐述要点二)__________________.
As a college student, __________________.(结合自身描述要点三)
All in all, __________________.(做出总结)Therefore, we should __________________.
(提出建议)
模板04(问题解决型)
In recent days, there has been a problem , which is becoming more and more serious.(说明
问题及其现状)First, __________________. Second, __________________.(进一步阐释现
状)
We should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing,
________. For another thing, ________. Finally, ________.(列举解决该问题的方法)
Personally, I believe that ________/Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting
us because ________.(结尾段,指出"我"的信心及理由)
模板05(说明利弊题型)
Nowadays, many people prefer A because it is playing a more and more important role in our
daily life. Generally/Generally speaking/On the whole, its advantages can be seen as follows./it
has the following advantages. First of all, _________________ (A的优点之一).
Besides,/What’s more, _________________A的优点之二).
However, every coin has two sides./Everything has both advantages and disadvantages. The
negative aspects are also apparent./Its disadvantages are also obvious. One of the important
disadvantages is that _________________ (A的第一个缺点).To make matters worse,/To
make the matter worse,/To make things worse/What’s worse, _________________(A的第二个
缺点).Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative
ones./The above analysis shows us that it has more advantages than disadvantages. Therefore, I
would like to _________________ (我的看法).
(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it
reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only in this way can
we_________________(对前景的预测).)
【高频词句】
1简要说明图表内容的句型: 从图表可以看出
The table/chart shows that …
As can be seen from the chart…
From the table/chart/forms we can see…
The table tells us that…
2表示变化/比较的句型:
There was a great / slight increase/rise in …
There has been a sudden /slow/rapid fall/ drop in… It is 20% lower /higher than…
The number/rate has nearly doubled, as against that of last year.
The number is … times as much as that of…
It increases/rises/decreases/reduces by … times/ … percent/ 2/3.
3说明原因的句型:
The reason for …is that…
One may think of the change as a result of…
The change in… largely results from the fact that…
There are several causes for this significant growth in … First…
This brings out the important fact that…
4 结尾句型:
In summary, it is important….
From what has been discussed above, we may draw the conclusion that…
Obviously, if we want to…, it is necessary ….
There is no doubt that attention must be paid…【真题1】 (2016·浙江卷)“Planning is good ,but doing is better”是一句英国名言。请以此
为题用英语写一篇100~120词的短文。
要求如下:
1.简述你对这句名言的理解;2.用一个具体事例加以说明;3.给出恰当的结尾。
注意:1.文章的标题已给出(不计词数):
2.文中不得以任何形式透露地区、学校、老师或同学姓名等真实信息,否则按作弊行
为认定。
Planning Is Good,But Doing Is Better
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【真题2】(2017·江苏)请认真阅读下面有关我国电影票房收入(box-office income)的柱
状图及相关文字,并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。
Saturday Afternoon. In a Shopping Centre.
Li Jiang: Hi, Su Hua. Which movie shall we see?
Su Hua: Whatever. We’ve got so many choices, Kung Fu Yoga, Journey
to the West…Each sounds great!
Li Jiang: Yeah! And some movie stars are fantastic.
Su Hua: And the high-tech!...
Li Jiang: Perfect! Let’s get some food first. We only have 20 minutes
left.
Su Hua: No hurry. The cinema is on the same floor.One Day in 2016. At Home.
Son: Mum, shall we go and see a film tonight?
Mother: Why bother? We can stay at home and watch films online. It’s convenient with our new and faster network
Son: But it feels good in a cinema.
Mother: And the price… We have to pay 50 yuan a ticket.
Son: Only 10 yuan more than last year.
Mother: But still we cannot get the money’s worth. Some films are just boring…
【写作内容】
1. 用约30个单词概述柱状图信息的主要内容;
2. 我国电影票房收入变化的原因有哪些,简要谈谈你的看法(上述对话仅供参考,原因不
少于两点);
3. 谈谈你对我国电影票房收入走向的看法,并简要说明理由。
【写作要求】
1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句;
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称;
3. 不必写标题。
【评分标准】
内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当。
【真题3】(2015·江苏)请阅读下面文字及图表,并按照要求用英语写一篇 150 词左右的文
章.[写作内容]
1. 用约 30 个单词概述上述信息的主要内容;
2. 结合上述信息,简要分析导致交通问题的主要原因;
3. 根据你的分析,从社会规范(rules and regulations)和个人行为两方面谈谈你得到的启示
(不少于两点)。
[写作要求]
1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句;
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称;
3. 不必写标题。
[评分标准]
内容完整,语言规范,语篇连贯,词数适当。
【真题4】(2015·广东)Sally walked onto the platform, picked up a piece of chalk and wrote
on the blackboard: “Rule 1: We are family! “ All students stopped to look at her. And she
continued with Rule 2, Rule 3… In the following weeks, Sally worked out 10 class rules and
posted them on the walls of the classroom. She patiently explained all the rules to the students and
require everyone to follow them.
Surprisingly, Sally was not driven out like the former teachers; instead, she won respect fromthe students. Over the year, she witnessed gradual change in the class. At the graduation ceremony,
just as she expected, she was very proud to stand with a class of care, manners and confidence.
[写作内容]
1. 用约30个词概括上文的主要内容。2. 用约120个词就班规谈谈你的想法,内容包
括:
(1) 你们班最突出的问题是什么?
(2) 针对该问题你会设计一条什么班规?
(3)你认为班规会带来什么影响?
【写作要求】
1. 作文中可以使用亲身经历或虚构的故事,也可以参照阅读材料的内容,但不得直接
引用原文的句子。2. 作文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称。
【评分标准】概括准确,语言规范,内容合适,篇章连贯。
【真题5】(2015·浙江)在班级活动中,当你的想法与大多数同学不一致时,你是坚持自
己的观点并说服别人,还是尊重大多数同学的意见?请你以“When I Have a Different
Opinion”为题,用英文写一篇100~120个词“短文。要求如下:
1.从以上两种做法中选择一种;2.以具体事例阐述你选择的理由。
注意:短文中,不得以任何形式透露地区、学校、同学姓名等真实信息。否则,按考
试作弊行为认定。
When I Have a Different Opinion
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【真题6】(2015·重庆)请就以下话题,按要求用英文写作。If you could give your younger self one piece of advice, what would you say?
要求:
(1)作出回答并说出理由;(2)词数不少于60;(3)在答题卡上做答。
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【真题7】[2014·福建卷] 如何理解“成功”,不同的人有不同的看法。请认真阅读下面的
引语(quotation),按要求用英语写一篇短文。
“Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm.”
—Sir Winston Churchill
内容要求:
1.你对该引语的理解;2.你的相关经历;3.恰当的结尾。
注意:
1.短文开头已给出,不计入总词数;2.文中不能出现考生的具体信息;3.词数120
左右。
This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that
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【真题8】[2013·福建卷]
孩子的成长和教育是社会热议的话题,现今父母包揽一切、孩子过度依赖等现象十分
严重。请阅读下面的漫画,按要求用英文写一篇短文。
内容要求:1. 描述漫画内容;2. 分析漫画所揭示的问题; 3. 提出你的看法。
注意:
1. 短文开头已给出,不计入总词数; 2. 考生可适当发挥,使文章内容充实、连贯;
3. 词数120左右;4. 文中不能出现考生的具体信息。
参考词汇:铺路 pave the way
From the picture we can see a family of three walking on a long red carpet.
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【真题9】[2012·浙江卷]
你校正在进行“英语读书周”活动。该活动要求学生摘录名言佳句(quote)并相互交流。
以下是某同学摘录的句子:“Your future depends on many things, but mostly on you”。请按
下列要求用英语写一篇100-120个词的短文:
1. 针对摘录句中的观点谈谈你的看法;2. 举例说明理由。
注意:短文的开头已给出(不计词数)。
In_the_English_Reading_Week,_one_of_my_classmates_recommended_a_quote_to_us,_whi
ch_goes_like_ this :“ Your _future_depends_on_many_things,_but_mostly_on_you.”_
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【真题10】[2012·湖北卷] 请根据以下提示,并结合事例,用英语写一篇短文。
You cannot choose what you are given, but you can choose how you make use of it.
注意: ①无须写标题,不得照抄英语提示语;
②除诗歌外,文体不限;③文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称;④词数为120左右。
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【真题11】2021.3天津卷:假设你是晨光中学的李津。我市为外国友人提供生活信息的某
英文网站新增了《最美中华》栏目,请你给该栏目投稿,介绍一个国内你喜欢或去过的地
方。内容包括:
(1)该地方的基本情况(如名称、地理位置等);
(2)该地方的特色(如文化、景点等);
(3)你对该地方的印象和感受。
注意:
(1)词数不少于100;
(2)可适当加入细节,使内容充实、行文连贯。
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_______________________________________________________________________________【真题12】2018全国3卷
假定你是李华,你的英国朋友Peter来信询问你校学生体育运动情况。请给他回信
内容包括:
1. 学校的体育场馆;
2. 主要的运动项目;
3. 你喜欢的项目。
注意:
1. 词数100左右;
2. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
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【真题13】2016年四川卷
某中学生英文报正举办"The Season I Like Best"的征文活动,请用英文写一篇短文投稿,
内容应包括:
1. 你最喜欢的季节;
2. 你喜欢该季节的两条理由(如:气候、景色、活动、感受……)。
注意:
1. 词数100左右;
2. 题目已为你写好;
3. 行文连贯,语篇完整;
4. 文中不得透露个人真实信息。
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【真题14】2020.7全国二卷
上周末,你和同学参加了一次采摘活动。请你为班级英语角写一篇短文,介绍这次活动,
内容包括:
1. 农场情况; 2. 采摘过程; 3. 个人感受。
注意:
1. 词数100左右;2. 题目已为你写好。
题目:My Weekend
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【模拟检测 1】(2022·天津河西·一模)假设你是晨光中学的学生李津。你正在参加与英国
友好校以“畅想奥运盛事”为主题的线上交流活动。友好校的学生Chris得知2022年北京
冬奥会的主题口号是“一起向未来”,非常赞成。请你根据以下提示进行线上发言交流。
(1)向Chris表示感谢并赞同他的看法;
(2)你对口号的理解(奥运精神、同享共创未来、中国发出邀请等);
(3)表达期望。
要求:不少于100词:开头已给出, 不计入总词数。
参考词汇:主题口号official motto一起向未来Together for a Shared Future
Hi, Chris,
I want to express my most sincere appreciation to you.
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