ARTICLE · 1214644
初中英语语法精讲 ⑬:被动语态—10 个坑 + 4 道中考题
初中英语语法精讲 · 第 13 期
导语
批改作业时见过这样一句:
❌ The classroom cleans every day.
教室自己会打扫自己?意思大家都懂,但中考语法填空里,这个空必须填 is cleaned——主语 classroom 是"被打扫"的那个,不是动手的人。动作落在主语头上,动词就要换被动语态。今天用 10 个坑讲透它。
一、先建立地图:被动语态 = be + 过去分词
先看一对句子:
主动:We clean the classroom every day.(我们每天打扫教室。) 被动:The classroom is cleaned every day.(教室每天被打扫。)
被动语态各时态的"全家福",先铺在桌上:
一句话先记住:变被动,就是"宾语往前坐、动词换成 be + 过去分词"。
二、10 个高频易错点
1. 三步变被动:宾变主、动词换装、主变 by
主动:Farmers grow rice in the south. → 被动:Rice is grown by farmers in the south.(水稻由农民在南方种植。) 动作执行者不重要时,by 短语可以省:Rice is grown in the south.
口诀:宾语往前坐主位,动词换成 be+done,原主人搬进 by 家。
2. be 管时态,done 不动窝
被动语态里只有 be 在变:is → was → will be → has been。后面的过去分词永远不变:
The classroom is cleaned every day.(每天被打扫。) The classroom was cleaned yesterday.(昨天被打扫了。) The classroom has been cleaned already.(已经被打扫好了。)
判断时态,只看 be 长什么样。
口诀:时态全看 be 脸色,done 坐在后排不动窝。
3. 过去分词 ≠ 过去式:written 不是 wrote
规则动词的分词和过去式长得一样(cleaned/cleaned),不规则动词有三张脸,第三张才配 be:
| done | ||
| written | ||
| spoken | ||
❌ The letter was wrote by him. → ✅ The letter was written by him.(信是他写的。)
口诀:done 不是 did,written 不是 wrote;第三张脸才配 be。
4. 不及物动词没有被动
happen, take place, come true, arrive, die 这些词后面接不了宾语,"没有宾语可往前挪",就永远变不了被动:
❌ The accident was happened last night. → ✅ The accident happened last night.(事故发生在昨晚。) ❌ My dream has been come true. → ✅ My dream has come true.(我的梦想实现了。)
这是单选和改错的常客,看到 was happened 直接判错。
口诀:happen、take place、come true,天生主动,谁碰谁错。
5. sell / wash + 副词:主动也能表被动
This kind of pen sells well.(这种笔很好卖。) The shirt washes easily.(这件衬衫很好洗。)
笔不会自己卖,衬衫不会自己洗,但这里偏偏用主动形式——因为它说的是物品的性质。判断标志:主语是物,后面接 well / easily 这类副词。
口诀:好卖好洗好写,说的是性质,主动表被动。
6. 情态动词 + be + done,别丢 be
The library book must be returned on time.(图书馆的书必须按时归还。) Trees can be planted in spring.(树可以在春天栽。)
结构是"情态动词 + be + 过去分词":
❌ The work must finish today. → ✅ The work must be finished today.(工作必须今天完成。)
口诀:情态动词后,be 是必经之路。
7. 现在完成时的被动:have/has been done
The classroom has been cleaned.(教室已经打扫好了。) Over 100 trees have been planted since March.(自三月以来已经种了 100 多棵树。)
主语是三单用 has been done,复数用 have been done。这一结构常和"种树、建楼、修路"这类话题一起出现。
口诀:完成被动四连 have been done,三单换 has 就算完。
8. 一般将来时的被动:will be done
A new library will be built next year.(明年将建一座新图书馆。) The sports meeting will be held in May.(运动会将在五月举行。)
第 11 期讲过的"主将从现"在被动里照样成立:
When the bridge is built, we will go there easily.(桥建成以后,我们去那边就方便了。)——从句用 is built,主句才用将来。
口诀:将来自带 will be;主将从现,从句被动用 is/are done。
9. 主动省 to,被动把 to 还回来
主动:I saw him enter the room.(我看见他进了房间。) 被动:He was seen to enter the room.(有人看见他进了房间。)
see / hear / watch / make 后面省 to 的不定式,变被动后 to 必须请回来:
He was made to work all day.(他被迫干了一整天的活。)
口诀:主动省 to,被动还 to;make 变被动,to 必回来。
10. 怎么判断该不该用被动:看主语能不能"动手"
做题先问一句:主语自己能做这个动作吗?
Chinese people eat noodles.(人吃面 → 人能动嘴,主动。) Noodles are eaten by people.(面条不会自己吃 → 被动。)
中考语法填空常给提示词 write / build / speak,主语是物,就填 be + 过去分词,再按时态选 be 的形式。
口诀:主语是物动不了手,动词八成要被动。
三、中考风格演练(4 题)
1. — Our school ______ in 1985. — So it has a history of about forty years.
A. built B. was built C. is built D. has built
答案:B 解析:主语 school 是"被建"的,in 1985 是明确的过去时间,用一般过去时被动 was built。
2. The sports meeting ______ next month.
A. will hold B. will be held C. holds D. is held
答案:B 解析:运动会是"被举行",next month 表将来,用 will be held。
3. — What happened to the car? — It ______ by the river last night.
A. was happened B. happened C. is happened D. happens
答案:B 解析:happen 是不及物动词,没有被动语态,排除 A、C;last night 用过去式 happened。
4. 短文改错:The classroom must clean every day.
答案:clean → be cleaned 解析:classroom 是被打扫的对象,情态动词 must 后要用 be + 过去分词,不能只给原形。
四、随堂练习(5 题)
1. Rice ______ (grow) in the south of China.
2. The Great Wall ______ (build) thousands of years ago.
3. The new library ______ (finish) next year.
4. English ______ (speak) by more and more people around the world.
5. 短文改错:My dream has been come true.
参考答案
- is grown
。rice 是"被种植"的,一般现在时被动 is grown。 - was built
。ago 提示过去,长城是"被建"的,用 was built。 - will be finished
。next year 表将来,library 是"被建成"的,用 will be finished。 - is spoken
。English 是"被说"的,一般现在时被动 is spoken。 - 删去 been
(改为 has come true)。come true 是不及物动词短语,没有被动语态。
五、一句话总结
被动语态就记三条:
- 结构
:be + 过去分词;时态看 be(is / was / will be / has been),done 不变——written 别写成 wrote。 - 红线
:happen、take place、come true 等不及物动词没有被动;sell well、wash easily 用主动表被动。 - 判断
:主语是物、动作落在它头上 → 用被动;情态动词后别丢 be。
下期预告: 非谓语动词入门。"enjoy to play" 还是 "enjoy playing"?finish 后面跟什么,want 后面跟什么?下期把不定式和动名词的分工一次讲清。
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