高考专题复习集锦+英语+PDF版含解析_初高中资料库_高中资料库（转存避免链接过期失效）_高中英语

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目录
目录............................................................................................................................................................................... 1
专题01 语法填空....................................................................................................................................................... 3
专题02 完形填空..................................................................................................................................................... 44
专题03 阅读理解I...................................................................................................................................................86
专题04 阅读理解II............................................................................................................................................... 140
专题05 阅读理解III.............................................................................................................................................. 202
专题06 阅读理解IV..............................................................................................................................................303
专题07 阅读理解V............................................................................................................................................... 324
专题08 阅读填空................................................................................................................................................... 337
专题09 短文改错................................................................................................................................................... 357
专题10 书面表达（I、II、III 卷模式）..............................................................................................................372
专题11 新高考应用文写作................................................................................................................................... 398
专题12 读后续写................................................................................................................................................... 420
专题13 概要写作................................................................................................................................................... 437
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专题1
语法填空
考点1 冠词、代词、介词等小品词
【构建知识体系】
【命题解读】
新课标
要求
命题评价解读
《普通高中英语课程
标准(实验)》明确指出：高
中学生应该学习和掌握的
英语语言基础知识包括语
音、词汇、语法、功能和
话题等五个方面的内容(教
育部)。
考查考生对
语法、词汇和语
用知识的掌握情
况。
语篇型语法填空则更侧重考查考生语
法和词汇在语境中的运用，强调词汇的变
形。同时强调语篇分析能力，凸显交际性和
语境化特征。
【剖析全国高考真题】
考点一
冠词、代词、介词等小品词
（1）冠词
1. 【全国II】The plum trees are 70.
_____first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化). They represent the
promise of spring and a renewal of life.
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【答案】the
【解析】考查定冠词。序数词前用定冠词修饰。故填定冠词the。句意：即使雪正在融化，李树还是最先开花的。
2.【海南】The Digital World is a set of volumes to aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help
readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts. Each volume in the set explores _____
wide range of material, explains the basic concepts of major applications of digital systems, and discusses the
influences they have on everyday life.
【答案】a
【解析】考查冠词。句意：系列中的每卷探索了广泛的材料，解释数字系统的主要应用的基本概念，并讨论了
他们对日常生活的影响。a range of 一套；一系列。wide 是以辅音音素发音开头，所以用不定冠词a。故填a。
3.【新课标I】Of ______
nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations, three are declining, six are stable, one is
increasing, and nine lack enough data.
【答案】the
【解析】考查定冠词。此处为特指，意为“在已知的19 个北极熊亚种群中”，故填the。句意：在已知的19 个北
极熊亚种群中，3 个数量在下降，6 个稳定，1 个在增加，其他9 个没有充足数据。
4.【浙江】Everybody wears_____ same style of clothes.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。same 是形容词，意思是“相同的”，常与the 连用修饰名词。故填the。句意：每个人都穿相
同风格的衣服。
5.【全国Ⅱ】Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ___62___ past 25 years, while rice has increased only
7 percent.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。故特指在过去的25 年里。故填the。句意：玉米产量在过去25 年里增长了近125%，而大
米只增长了7%。
6.【全国Ⅲ】Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ____62____ top of her lungs.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。此处为固定短语at the top of，此处表示以最大的肺活量喊叫。故填the。句意：意想不到的
的是，我面对面地和大猩猩在一起，他们开始以最大的肺活量喊叫。
（2）代词
1.【山东】As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine
______
(they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
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【答案】themselves
【解析】考查反身代词。句意：除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史
时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处指代visitors，意为“他们自己”，应使用反身代词。故填themselves。
2. 【新课标I】Data about the moon’s composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help
China decide whether______ (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的) base are practical.
【答案】its
【解析】考查代词。此处指“它未来的月球基地计划是否可行”,plans 是名词,此处应该使用形容词性物主代词its
起限定作用。
3. 【海南】Readers are encouraged to continue exploring the digital world with the guidance of_______（we）Further
Resources section featured in each volume.
【答案】our
【解析】考查代词。句意：我们鼓励读者继续探索数字世界，并在每一卷的参考资料部分提供指导。修饰名词
Further Resources section，前用形容词性物主代词。故填our。
4.【北京】I know I will whisper to ______(I) the two simple words “Be yourself”.
【答案】myself
【解析】考查反身代词，此处用作宾语，表示对自己低声说，所以用“myself”。
5.【天津】3.A study shows the students who are engaged in after-school activities are happier than _________who are
not.
【答案】those/the ones
【解析】考查代词。句意：一项研究表明，参加课外活动的学生比不参加课外活动的学生更开心。空格处代词
与the students 是对应关系，可以用the ones 或者those 替代。故填those/the ones。
6. 【全国I】If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps
we should all give ______a try.
【答案】it 或running
【解析】考查代词或名词的用法。我们都应该试试跑步。此处give it a try 意为：试试。此处it 可以指running。
故填it 或running。
7 【全国III】When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ________(they) alive.
【答案】them
【解析】考查代词。此处做find 的宾语，所以用宾格them。
8. 【浙江】Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how
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cheap ______ can be to eat out.
【答案】it
【解析】考查it 用法。句子为感叹句，正常语序应该是it can be cheap to eat out.其中不定式to eat out 是真正主
语，用it 是形式主语。故填it。
（3）介词
1.【新课标II】Oranges: Orange trees are more ______decoration; they are a symbol of good fortune and wealth.
【答案】than
【解析】考查短语。句意：桔子树不仅仅是装饰品；more than 不仅仅，不只是。故填than。
2.【新课标II】Bamboo plants are associated______health, abundance and a happy home.
【答案】with
【解析】考查介词。associate…with… 意为“把……与……联系起来”,是固定搭配。故填with。
3.【新课标III】The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist ________ earth, Mother Nature.
【答案】on
【解析】考查介词。句意：这位艺术家最终被世界上最伟大的艺术家——大自然母亲所折服。结合句意表示“在
世界上”短语为on earth。故填on。
4.【山东】Museums must compete______people’s spare time and money with other amusements.
【答案】for
【解析】考查介词。句意:博物馆必须和其他娱乐活动竞争人们的业余时间和金钱。此处是固定短语:compete for，
意为“为了……竞争”。故填for。
5.【浙江】Some time after 10，000 BC，people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived _____，through
agriculture.
【答案】in
【解析】考查介词。句意：公元前10000 年以后，人们第一次真正尝试通过农业来控制他们所居住的世界。分
析可知，“they lived _____”应是之前名词the world 的定语从句，定语从句引导词被省略，可推知先行词应是在
从句中作宾语，即：they lived in the world. live in+名词，意为“居住在某地”。故填in。
6.【新课标I】Modem methods ______ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s,
and are expensive to perform
(perform) consistently over a large area.
【答案】of/for
【解析】考查介词用法。此处tracking polar bear populations 作Modern methods 的定语，用of 连接，“methods of
doing sth.”,意为“……的方法”，构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。
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7.【新课标III】We were first greeted with the barking by a pack ______ dogs，seven to be exact.
【答案】of
【解析】考查介词。“a pack of”意为“一群”。故填of。
8.【浙江8】But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer ______ this question is not clear.
【答案】to
【解析】考查介词。句意：这个问题的答案不清楚。the key/answer to ...这是固定搭配，“……的答案是……”。
故填to。
9. 【北京】First celebrated ___5___ 1970，the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions(地区).
【答案】
in
【解析】in
考查介词的用法，年份前面应该加介词in。
10. 【全国III】I was searching ______ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. No one had seen them
for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried.
【答案】for
【解析】考查动词短语搭配。search for 是固定搭配，表示“寻找”，表示“我”在寻找“我”研究的三只西部低地大
猩猩。
11. 【浙江】If you are not going to suffer this problem, then I suggest that the next time you go to your mum’s home
______ dinner, get a few cooking tips from her.
【答案】for
【解析】考查介词。表示去母亲家去吃饭，表示目的用介词for，故填for。
【精讲研法】
考点一
冠词、代词、介词等小品词
（1）冠词
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】My aunt Carmeleta was _____wife of my mother’s youngest brother Fred. Even though my uncle Fred died
many years ago and Aunt Carmeleta is now married to Ken, I still consider her my aunt.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。句意：我的舅妈Carmeleta 是我妈妈最小的弟弟Fred 的妻子。wife 此处特指“我妈妈最小的
弟弟Fred 的妻子”，前面应用定冠词。故填the。
【例2】In fact, they have become _______ particular threat: A study published in Pediatrics found that they are
responsible for 11 percent of pool drownings among children under 5.
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【答案】a
【解析】考查冠词。句意：事实上，它们已经成为一种特别的威胁:发表在《儿科学》(Pediatrics)上的一项研究
发现，在五岁以下儿童的泳池溺水事故中，有11%是由它们造成的。此处名词threat（威胁）表示泛指，应使
用不定冠词修饰，空后单词particular 为辅音音素开头，故填a。
【例3】Unlike our own breathing，which does not require any effort，marine mammals must consciously go to the
surface of the water to breathe through a blowhole on top of their heads. Because of this，they don't sleep for _______
solid 8 hours a night like we do.
【答案】a
【解析】考查冠词。句意：他们不会像我们一样每晚睡一个固定的8 个小时。可知，此处泛指睡8 个小时的固
定习惯，solid 首字母的发音为辅音音素。故填a。
下列情况很可能填不定冠词：
(1)________+可数名词(单数)；
(2)________+形容词+可数名词(单数)。
下列情况下很可能填定冠词：
(1)________ (+定语)+名词+ of 等介词短语(表示特指)；
(2)________ (+定语)+名词+定语从句(表示特指)；
(3)________ (+定语)+名词+不定式短语或分词短语(表示特指)。
【变式精讲】
【例1】Instead, it plays ______ important role when terrible disasters occur and ground-based communications are
blocked.
【答案】an
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：相反，当发生严重灾难以及地面通讯中断时，它发挥着重要的作用。固定短语“play
an important role…”意为“在……中扮演重要角色/在……上发挥重要作用”。故填an。
【例2】In fact, it is believed that our athletic skills and language learning skills are located in ______ same area of the
brain and indeed this is how children learn.
【答案】the
【解析】考查冠词。句意：事实上，据认为我们的运动技能和语言学习技能都处于大脑的同一个区域。the same
是固定搭配，“同样的.”。故填the。
（2）代词
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】The concept of the crossbow（弩）developed from animal traps. _______ is difficult to establish the date of the
first development of the crossbow as a weapon.
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【答案】It
【解析】考查it 作形式主语。句意：很难确定首先把弩发展成武器的日期。根据句意和句子结构可知，此处是
固定句型：It is + adj. + to do sth.“做某事是......”，其中it 是形式主语，不定式是真正的主语。故填It。
【例2】I learned not everyone is going to like you and that’s OK. Just be ______(you).
【答案】yourself
【解析】考查代词。句意：做你自己。此处用所给词的反身代词形式作be 的表语，表示“你自己”应用反身代词
yourself。故填yourself。
【例3】Being healthy people, we are so lucky that we should value what we own and try _________(we) best to live a
meaningful life. Don’t you think so?
【答案】our
【解析】考查代词。句意：作为一个健康的人，我们是如此的幸运，我们应该珍惜我们所拥有的，并尽最大努
力过上有意义的生活。“try one’s best to do sth.尽某人最大努力做某事”是固定短语。故填our。
规律方法2：如何判断空格处应填代词？
（1）无提示词。
（2）作主语用主格，作宾语用宾格，注意形容词词性和名词性物主代词的区别。
（3）指示代词（it 和this）,不定代词，it 用作引导词,反身代词等。
【变式精讲】
【例1】You give ______ (you) no choice but to learn it and every reason to learn it well!
【答案】yourself
【解析】考查代词。句意：你除了学它，并且学好它，别无选择。空处作give 的宾语，根据句意可知此处表示
“你自己”。故填yourself。
【例2】Scientists often compare coral reefs to underwater rainforests, yet unlike the leafy plant base of a forest, corals
are animals. The soft organs inside the hard parts of corals are naturally transparent and get ________(they) famously
brilliant color from algae(藻类）living inside them.
【答案】their
【解析】考查代词。句意：珊瑚中硬体部分中的软器官是天然透明的并且从生活在他们体内的藻类中得到著名
的绚烂颜色。根据句子结构可知，此处修饰名词color，故使用形容词性物主代词形式。故填their。
3、介词
【例1】When my husband Bill met Aunt Carmeleta ______the first time, he questioned, “How could anyone be so nice
and so real?”
【答案】for
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【解析】考查介词。句意：当我丈夫比尔第一次见到Carmeleta 阿姨时，他问：“怎么会有人这么善良，这么真
实呢？”结合句意表示“第一次”可知短语为for the first time。故填for。
【例2】It is the earliest traditional etiquette of the Han nationality in China to offer tea ________guests.
【答案】to
【解析】考查介词。句意：用茶水招待客人是中国汉族最早的传统美德和礼仪。offer sth. to sb.意为“给某人提供
某物”，为固定搭配。故填to。
【例3】Learning a foreign language can be fun, and the friendly atmosphere of a language class will also provide you
_______
the opportunity to meet new people with common interests.
【答案】with
【解析】考查介词/固定搭配。句意：语言课的友好氛围也会让你有机会结识志同道合的新朋友。短语provide sb
with sth 表示“给某人提供某物”，故填with。
规律方法3：如何判断空格处应填介词？
（1）无提示词：注意搭配问题。
（2）与名词相连构成介宾短语担任状语,补语等。
（3）与不及物动词构成动词短语接宾语。
【变式精讲】
【例1】Corals are still alive when they bleach(白化），but they're _______ risk-essentially immunocompromised(免疫
功能低下）－and many eventually starve and die, turning a dark brown.
【答案】at
【解析】考查介词。句意：珊瑚白化时还活着，但他们处于危险中——主要是免疫功能不全——许多最终饿死
和死掉，变成深棕色。固定搭配at risk，意为"处于危险中"。故填at 。
【例2】He made a poster to show his cause and couldn’t wait to get started on his walk the next day when he arrived
home _____ kindergarten.
【答案】from
【解析】考查介词。句意：他制作了一张海报来表达自己的诉求，第二天从幼儿园回到家时，他就迫不及待地
开始步行。根据句意，“从某地回来”用介词from。故填from。
考点2 连接词
【构建知识体系】
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【命题解读】
新课标
要求
命题评价解读
《普通高中英语课程
标准(实验)》明确指出：高
中学生应该学习和掌握的
英语语言基础知识包括语
音、词汇、语法、功能和
话题等五个方面的内容(教
育部)。
考查考生对
语法、词汇和语
用知识的掌握情
况。
语篇型语法填空则更侧重考查考生语
法和词汇在语境中的运用，强调词汇的变
形。同时强调语篇分析能力，凸显交际性和
语境化特征。
【剖析全国高考真题】
考点二
连接词
（1）并列连词
1.【山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷)】They kept their collection at home until it got too big _____ until they
died, and then it was given to a museum.
【答案】or
【解析】考查连词。句意:他们把自己的藏品留在家里，直到收藏变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品被捐给
一家博物馆。根据语境可知，前后陈述的是两者可能性，应使用连词or:或者。故填or。
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2.【海南省高考英语试卷（新高考全国II 卷)】Each volume in the set explores a wide range of material, explains the
basic concepts of major applications of digital systems, _______discusses the influences they have on everyday life.
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。句意：系列中的每卷探索了广泛的材料，解释数字系统的主要应用的基本概念，并讨论了
他们对日常生活的影响。前后句为并列关系，所以用连词and。故填and。
（2）状语从句的连接词
【全国III 卷】Filled with curiosity, the artist packed his bags and left. _____he asked the villagers on the banks of the
river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.
【答案】When/As
【解析】考查状语从句。此处是时间状语从句,意为“当……时候”,可用when 或as。位于句首时首字母需要大写。
（3）名词性从句的连接词
1.【新课标I 卷】While they are rare north of 88°,there is evidence ______ they range all the way across the Arctic, and
as far south as James Bay in Canada.
【答案】that
【解析】考查同位语从句。根据句子结构分析可知，主句为there be 句型，且结构完整，空格后为同位语从句，
解释说明中心词evidence的内容，故填that。
2.【北京卷】What students do at college seems to matter much more than ______ they go.
【答案】where
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里（哪所大学）更重要。这里表达去哪所大学，
表示地点，作状语。故用where。
3.【浙江】Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on _____could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and
more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.
【答案】what
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：在几千年的时间里，他们开始减少对我们从野外采集的猎物的依赖，而更多
地依赖他们饲养的动物和播种的庄稼。分析句子，宾语从句部分缺主语，所以引导词应为“连接代词”。根据句
意，此处缺“什么”之意。故填what。
（4）定语从句的关系词
1.【新高考I 卷山东卷】The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the
British Museum ______ opened in 1759.
【答案】which/that
【解析】考查定语从句。此处是which/that 引导的定语从句,修饰先行词the British Museum,并在定语从句中充当
主语。
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2.【新高考II 卷海南卷】The Digital World is a set of volumes _____aim to describe how digital systems influence
society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：《数字世界》是一套旨在描述数字系统如何影响社会并帮助读者理解数字系统的
本质及其众多交互部分的丛书。句中先行词为volumes，在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which 或that
引导。故填that/which。
3.【新课标Ⅲ卷】In ancient China lived an artist ______paintings were almost lifelike.
【答案】whose
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，
且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
4. 【新课标I 卷】Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a
satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot ______it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,此处是一个限制性定语从句,先行词是spot,且引导词在定语从句中
作地点状语,故填关系副词where。
5.【新课标II 卷】Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，______ she opened
with her late husband Les.
【答案】which
【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened
一词的宾语，故用which。
6.【新课标III 卷】They were well trained by their masters ______ had great experience with caring for these animals.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先
行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。
7.【浙江卷】On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ______gives off light in the dark.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that
或which 引导。故填that/which。
8.【北京卷】The students benefitting most from college are those ______ are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.
【答案】who/that
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【解析】考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。______ are totally
engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who 或that。
9. 【全国I】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014______showed a mere five to 10
minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
【答案】that \which
【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。此处a study 是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that 或which。
10.【全国II】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing
program ______ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million
tons.
【答案】that/which
【解析】考查定语从句关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives 可知，该空缺少主语，指代program 并且引导后面的
句子。指物用that/which，故填that 或者which。
11. 【浙江卷】Many westerners ______ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize
how cheap it can be to eat out.
【答案】who/that
【解析】考查关系代词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners 指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词who/that
引导，故填who/that。
（5）特殊句式中的连词
暂无
【精讲研法】
考点二
连接词
（1）并列连词
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】Grandpa Amu insists that he isn't an internet celebrity(名人) ______ just an ordinary farmer.
【答案】but
【解析】考查并列连词。句意：阿木爷爷坚持说他不是一个网红，而只是一个普通的农民。根据句意，此处是
并列结构not… but“不是……而是”。故填but。
【例2】When corals experience stress from hot temperatures or pollution, they end their interdependent relationship
with this algae, typically forcing them out ______turning white, though one recent study indicates some corals turn a
bright neon color when stressed. Corals are still alive when they bleach(白化），but they're at risk-essentially
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immunocompromised(免疫功能低下）－and many eventually starve and die, turning a dark brown.
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。句意：当珊瑚遭受到高温或污染，他们结束和藻类的共生关系，迫使藻类离开，珊瑚褪变
成白色。连接两个并列的现在分词形式forcing 和turning，且意义表顺接，应使用并列连词and。故填and。
【例3】In Southern China, people tend to eat longans on the day. They believe the fruit can bring good luck, make
people stay calm ______ cure some typical conditions.
【答案】and
【解析】考查连词。句意：他们相信水果可以带来好运，使人们保持冷静和治疗一些典型病症。结合前后文语
境可知上文“bring good luck, make people stay calm”与后文“cure some typical conditions”为并列关系，应用连词
and。故填and。
规律方法：下列情况很可能填并列连词（and；but；or）：
(1)前面一个句子________一个句子；
(2) 一个或多个句子成分________一个句子成分。
(3)句型both..and…;not…but…;either…or…;not only…but (also)…
【变式精讲】
【例1】The crossbow had the advantage of not only sending an arrow with enough force to cut through body armor（盔
甲）________its arrows, being short, could not be shot back by bowmen.
【答案】but
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：弩的优势不仅在于可以射出足够力量的箭来刺穿盔甲，而且还在于它的箭很短，
弓箭手无法反击。根据句意可知，此处是固定搭配not only ...but (also)...“不但......而且”，其中also 可省。故填
but。
【例2】"It definitely still seems to be unusual,______ at the same time it is not completely unexpected, "he added.
【答案】but
【解析】考查连词。句意：它看起来确实仍然不同寻常，但同时它不是完全不可意料。结合句意可知，空前后
是转折关系，应使用but 连接。故填but。
（2）状语从句的连接词
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】Wide-ranging in their scope, they include aspects such us: providing cycling training to children and adults
______ they want it, developing a network of protected bike routes, and creating "low-traffic neighborhoods."
【答案】if/ when
【解析】考查连词。句意：他们的范围很广，如果孩子和成年人想要的话，可以提供骑车训练。分析句子的成
分可知：设空处应为连词引导从句；结合句意，设空处可表示时间也可表示条件。故答案为if/ when。
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【例2】Your everyday life is lived in that language, _______ it is peeling the potatoes or feeding the cat! The exchange
is natural and meaningful.
【答案】whether
【解析】考查状语从句。句意：你的日常生活就是在这种语言中过的，无论是在削土豆还是在喂猫。句中
whether...or...是固定搭配，“无论是...还是...”，引导让步状语从句。故填whether。
【例3】It was a natural step to turn his skills into an opportunity to make all kinds of toys for his young grandson, and
it was not long _______ his son and daughter-in-law decided to video Wang's efforts.
【答案】before
【解析】考查从属连词。句意：不久之后，他的儿子和儿媳决定用视频记录王所付出的努力。此处是句型It was
not long before…“没过多久……”，before 引导时间状语从句。故填before。
规律方法：如何判断空格处应填状语从句的连词？
（1）无提示词。
（2）在从句中不作成分。
(3) 主从复合句的连接词：如果两个句子之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，那么一定是填引导从句的连接词。
（4）常根据句意填出连词。
【变式精讲】
1.______ we will be saying Farewell to our students, this is not the same as saying Goodbye.
【答案】Although/While/Though
【解析】考查状语从句。句意：虽然我们要与我们的学生告别，但这并不等同于说再见。根据句意以及句中“...this
is not the same as…”可知主从句存在让步关系，故此从句为让步状语从句且本句非倒装结构，故空格处可选的引
导让步状从的连词有“though/although/while”。故填Although/While/Though。
2.Pets add so much to people's lives ______you will not be disappointed to have a fur baby in your home.
【答案】that
【解析】考查状语从句。句意：宠物为人们的生活增添了如此多的东西，所以你应该不会因为家里有个毛茸茸
的小东西而感到失望。根据句意可知，此处考查so…that…“如此……以至于……”引导的结果状语从句，故填that。
（3）名词性从句的连接词
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】Another advantage of learning a language is
_______
it will help you understand the culture of the country
you are visiting.
【答案】that
【解析】考查表语从句引导词。句意：学习一门语言的另一个好处是它会帮助你了解你要去的国家的文化。分
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析句子可知这是系动词is 后接表语从句，从句内容、成分完整，使用that 引导从句不可省略，故填that。
【例2】That is_______we should learn from them.
【答案】what
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意：这是我们应该向他们学习的。分析句子结构可知，空格处缺关系词，引导表
语从句，从句中谓语动词learn 后面缺少宾语，应使用what，指代“学习的东西”。故填what。
【例3】Some people have expressed skepticism because it is unbelievable _______ she looks so perfect after a long
day of work in the fields.
【答案】that
【解析】考查主语从句。句意：有些人表示怀疑，因为在野外工作了一天之后，她看起来如此完美，这令人难
以置信。根据句意和句子结构可知，这里含有一个主语从句，it 为形式主语，真正的主语为空格处引导的从句，
从句不缺成分，且意义完整，故应用that 引导从句。故填that。
规律方法：如何判断空格处应填名词性从句的连接词？
（1）无提示词：注意that 和whether 在名词性从句中不作成分，whether 有“是否”的意思。
（2）注意what 在名词性从句中的选择，其在从句中作成分，通常作主语，宾语或表语。
【变式精讲】
【例1】They approved a report that appeared in the publication Bioscience earlier this month. It warns ______ the
world would face "untold human suffering" if it does not make deep and lasting shifts in human activities that influence
climate change.
【答案】that
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：它警告说，如果不对影响气候变化的人类活动做出深刻和持久的转变，世界将
面临“难以言表的人类痛苦”。________ the world would face "untold human suffering" if it does not make deep and
lasting shifts in human activities that influence climate change.是一个宾语从句，引导词在从句中不作任何成分，也
没有实际意义，用that 引导该从句，所以填that。
【例2】Some of the most famous scientists in history have shown that curiosity about the world around them. Charles
Darwin, for example, conducted _______he called “fool’s experiment.”
【答案】what
【解析】考查宾语从句连接词。句意：例如，查尔斯·达尔文进行了他所谓的“傻瓜实验”。根据句意和结构可知，
动词conducted 后面是宾语从句，从句中缺少宾语，用what 引导。故填what。
（4）定语从句的关系词
【做题实践中找规律】
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【例1】I’ve never forgotten Aunt Carmeleta’s advice “Just be yourself.” We need more people in this world
_______give great advice and are kind and caring like Aunt Carmeleta.
【答案】who
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：在这个世界上，我们需要更多像卡梅莱塔舅妈那样的人，他们能给我们好的建
议，又善良又有爱心。此处为定语从句修饰先行词people，且先行词在从句中作主语，指人，故用who 引导定
语从句。故填who。
【例2】The researchers wrote two versions of their letter, both of
_______ were asking for a donation to help with
community
activities. But the words were different.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：研究人员写了两个版本的信，都是请求捐款来资助社区活动。分析句子可知，
空格处引导定语从句，现行词是two versions of their letter，从句中作介词宾语，指物，用关系代词which，故填
which。
【例3】The saying “gentleman’s friendship is as light as water”, _______water refers to tea, indicates a kind of deep
friendship.
【答案】where
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：俗话说“君子之交淡如水”，在这里水指的是茶，表示一种深厚的友谊。分析句
子结构可知，该空引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词The saying为表示抽象地点的名词，且从句water refers
to tea 中缺乏状语，此处用关系副词where。故填where。
规律方法：什么时候填定语从句的关系词？
（1）先判断是定语从句。
（2）找准先行词，看先行词在定语从句中作什么成分，然后断定填关系词。
（3）注意which 引导的定语从句，常常指代前面整个句子的内容，没有确定的先行词。
（4）注意as 引导的定语从句。
【变式精讲】
【例1】Inside your home, be sure to empty containers with water, fix locks on toilets, and stay with your child during
bath time. Any body of water demands serious consideration, _______ must be brought to your attention.
【答案】which
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：任何水体都需要认真考虑，必须引起你的注意。分析句子可知这是一个非限制
性定语从句，先行词为前面整个句子所表示的内容“任何水体都需要认真考虑”，从句缺少主语，所以用which
引导从句。故填which。
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【例2】According to IBM, it is the first machine ______ can debate complicated topics with humans.
【答案】that
【解析】考查定语从句。句意：根据IBM 的说法，它是第一台可以与人类讨论复杂话题的机器。_____ can debate
complicated topics with humans 是定语从句，此处先行词在定语从句中做主语，而且先行词前有序数词“the fist”，
故此处只能用关系代词that。故填that。
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考点3 动词的时态、语态和语气
【构建知识体系】
【命题解读】
新课标
要求
命题评价解读
《普通高中英语课程
标准(实验)》明确指出：高
中学生应该学习和掌握的
英语语言基础知识包括语
音、词汇、语法、功能和
话题等五个方面的内容(教
育部)。
考查考生对
语法、词汇和语
用知识的掌握情
况。
语篇型语法填空则更侧重考查考生语
法和词汇在语境中的运用，强调词汇的变
形。同时强调语篇分析能力，凸显交际性和
语境化特征。
【剖析全国高考真题】
考点三
动词的时态、语态和语气
语法填空
1.（海南卷）Readers ______（encourage）to continue exploring the digital world with the guidance of our Further
Resources section featured in each volume.
【答案】are encouraged
【解析】考查语态。句意：我们鼓励读者继续探索数字世界，并在每一卷的参考资料部分提供指导。主语Readers
与encourage 之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。根据文章中的时态可知，用一般现在时。故填are encouraged。
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2.（新课标I 卷）The unmanned Chang’e-4 probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon
goddess ______ (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.
【答案】touched
【解析】考查时态。句意：无人月球探测器嫦娥四号——名字的灵感来源于古代的中国月亮女神——上周在南
极艾特肯盆地着陆。此处是句子的谓语，根据时间状语last week 可知应使用一般过去时，故填touched。
3.（新课标I 卷）＂This really excites scientists,＂Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, ＂because it
_______ (mean) we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon _____ (construct) .＂
【答案】means
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。句意：“这真的使科学家们激动，”布朗大学的一位科学家Carle Pieters 说：“因
为它意味着我们有机会获得月球是如何构造的信息。”根据上文“This really excites scientists”可知，此处也使用
一般现在时，主语是it，所以空处谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式means，故填means。
【答案】is constructed
【解析】考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意同上。分析句子可知，此处是宾语从句谓语动词，谓语construct 与
主语the moon 之间是被动关系，应使用被动语态，再由上下文可知此处应使用一般现在时，主语the moon 是单
数，故填is constructed。
4.（新课标II 卷）Chinese New Year is a celebration marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.
This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers _____ (carry) special significance.
【答案】carries
【解析】考查主谓一致和时态。分析句子结构可知,空处为从句谓语,且从句主语是动名词短语,故用单数形式,且
与主句的is 呼应,故用一般现在时。故填carries。
5．
（新课标III 卷）The artist was sure he would______(choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor’s
chief minister, the old man laughed.
【答案】be chosen
【解析】考查动词语态。句意：画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把他的杰作送给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑了。
本句中主语he 与谓语动词choose 构成被动关系，且would 后跟动词原形。故填be chosen。
6．（新课标III 卷）_When/As he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传
奇的) artist, they smiled and ______ (point) down the river.
【答案】pointed
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：当他问河岸上的村民，他在哪里可以找到这位传奇艺术家时，他们笑着指着河
的下游。根据上文they smiled and 可知此处应用一般过去时。故填pointed。
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7.（浙江卷）And，as more children were born，more food ______(need).
【答案】was needed
【解析】考查时态语态。句意：随着越多的小孩出生，越多的食物被需要。分析句子，逻辑主语和need 之间表
示被动逻辑。同时此处描述的是过去的时间，所以时态应用过去时。故此处应用过去时的被动语态。food 为不
可数名词。故填was needed。
8.（浙江卷）By about 6000 BC，people ____(discover)the best crops to grow and animals to raise.
【答案】had discovered
【解析】考查时态。句意：大约在公元前6000 年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。分
析句子，简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词，故此处需用动词的时态。逻辑主语和提示词之间表示主动逻辑。
by + 过去时间译为“到……为止”，后面的句子用过去完成时。故填had discovered.
9.（浙江卷）New methods ______ (mean)that fewer people worked in farming.
【答案】meant
【解析】考查时态。句意：新方法意味着更少的人从事农业。分析句子，主句部分无其他动词，故此处需填时
态。文章的整体时态是过去时，根据时态一致原则此处也应为过去时。逻辑主语和动词之间表示主动关系。所
以此处填过去时的主动形式。故填meant。
10.（山东卷）The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, _______ (form) the core collection of the
British Museum which/that opened in 1759.
【答案】formed
【解析】考查动词时态。句意:例如，汉斯•斯隆爵士的8 万件藏品构成了1759 年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。
此处是谓语动词，根据时间状语in1759 可知，应使用一般过去时。故填formed。
11.（山东卷）The parts of a museum open to the public ______ (call) galleries or rooms.
【答案】are called
【解析】考查动词时态及语态。句意:博物馆对公众开放的部分被称为画廊或展厅。此处描述的是客观使用，应
使用一般现在时；主语与call 是逻辑动宾关系，应使用被动语态，且主语是复数概念。故填are called。
12.（全国I 卷）In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut _____ (report) increases in bear sightings around human
settlements, leading to a belief that populations are increasing.
【答案】have reported
【解析】考查时态。根据上下文语境，尤其是时间状语in recent years 可知，主句用现在完成时态，故填have
reported。
13.（全国II 卷）Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award，proud Irene ______(declare) she had no plans to retire
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from her 36-year-old business.
【答案】declared
【解析】考查谓语动词。根据上下文可知，该句主语为Irene，此处为谓语成分，根据后文had 以及said 可知
用一般过去时态，故填declared。
14.（全国III 卷）Our hosts shared many of their experiences and _____(recommend)wonderful places to eat，shop，
and visit.
【答案】recommended
【解析】考查一般过去时态。句意：我们的主人跟我们分享了很多他们的经历并推荐了一些很好的吃饭、购物
和参观的地方。“and”前后两个动作“shared”与“recommended”是并列关系，时态一致。故填recommended。
15.（浙江卷）When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody ______ (have) to worry about fashion(时尚).
【答案】will have/has
【解析】考查时态。句意：当每个学生在校穿校服时，没有人会担心时尚问题。本句是when 引导的时间状语
从句，遵循主将从现原则，因此，主句可以使用将来时will do；根据语境可知，本文叙述的是客观事实，因此，
本句亦可用一般现在时，主语是nobody，谓语用has。故填will have/has。
16.（浙江卷）One study in America found that students' grades _____ (improve) a little after the school introduced
uniforms.
【答案】improved
【解析】考查时态。句意：美国的一项研究发现，在学校引入校服后，学生的成绩有所提高。本句是after 引导
的时间状语从句，前后时态保持一致，从句使用了一般过去式，主句用一般过去式。故填improved。
17.（全国I 卷）While running regularly can't make you live forever，the review says it ______(be) more effective at
lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.
【答案】
is
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。本文介绍了跑步的好处，通篇以一般现在时为主。本句中宾语从句与主句的时
态应保持一致，故用一般现在时；且宾语从句中的主语为it，故用is。
18.（全国II 卷）Since 2011, the country ______ (grow) more corn than rice.
【答案】has grown
【解析】考查时态。由句中的时间状语Since 2011 可知，此空应用现在完成时。
19. （全国II 卷）The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 －when the government
______(start) a soiltesting program which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers－and 2011, fertilizer
use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
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【答案】started
【解析】考查时态。根据语境可知，此处叙述发生在过去的情况，应用一般过去时，故填started。
20.（全国III 卷）I quickly lower myself，ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel
______(challenge)．
【答案】challenged
【解析】考查时态。此处表示“我迅速低下头避免和它直视，以便它不会感到受到挑战”，主语he 和challenge
构成被动关系，故填challenged。
21.（全国III 卷）True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature，the huge animal ______ (mean) me no real harm.
【答案】meant
【解析】考查时态。由于此处描述的动作已经发生，故用一般过去时。
22.（浙江卷）I still remember visiting a friend who'd lived here for five years and I _____(shock) when I learnt she
hadn't cooked once in all that time.
【答案】was shocked
【解析】考查时态和语态。根据语境可知，此处表示“我感到很震惊”，shock 与主语I 为被动关系，同时根据后
面的learnt 可知，时态为一般过去时，所以填was shocked。句意：我还记得访问过一个住在这里5 年的朋友，
当我知道她在这段时间里没有煮过一次饭的时候，我很震惊。
23. （浙江卷）While regularly eating out seems to ______(become) common for many young people in recent years,
it’s not without a cost.
【答案】have become
【解析】考查动词时态。根据时间状语in recent years 可知用现在完成时，seems to 后用动词原形，故填have
become。
【精讲研法】
考点三
动词的时态、语态和语气
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】On the other hand, a person who makes eye contact with another person _______(think)
to be confident and
bold and courage is always considered a good quality!
【答案】is thought
【解析】考查时态和语态。本文讲的是事实，时态用一般现在时，主语是a person（定语从句who makes eye contact
with another person 修饰名词a person），主语a person 和谓语动词think 是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语
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态（am/is/are done），主语是单数，谓语也用单数。故填is thought。
【例2】Historically, bamboo, wood or wire ______ (be) used for the frame. The shade was made from delicate paper or
silk. Lanterns were often decorated with Chinese calligraphy, painting and paper suiting.
【答案】was
【解析】考查动词时态和主谓一致。根据“Historically”可知，本句描述历史上的状况，谓语要用一般过去时时
态was/were，主语“bamboo, wood or wire”为or 连接的三个名词，谓语的数要遵循就近原则，wire 是单数形式，
所以谓语也需用was 体现单数。故填was。
【例3 】Since then, the Indian government ______ (declare) 16 no-selfie zones across Mumbai, warning people
themselves taking unnecessary risks.
【答案】has declared
【解析】考查时态。分析句子可知，设空处是句子谓语动词，根据上文的since then 判断为现在完成时，主语the
Indian government 是第三人称单数，谓语动词用单数，故填has declared。
【例4】For example in a 12-minute video, she, at first, pushed garlic parts into the farm land outside her home; in the
next few minutes, with the sprouts growing, they reached up towards the sky when she _______ (begin) to cook.
【答案】began
【解析】考查时态。句意：当她开始做饭时，蒜苗向天空伸展。空前的“reached”表明陈述的是过去的事情，应
该用一般过去时，故填began。
【例5】Healthy environment not only keeps the nature’s balance but ________ (help) in growing and developing all the
living things on the earth.
【答案】helps
【解析】考查时态。此处缺少谓语动词，讲的是客观事实，应用一般现在时，主语Healthy environment 是单数，
谓语也用单数，应用helps，本句由not only…but (also)连接两个谓语动词，keeps 和helps 是谓语。故填helps。
【例6】In 2017, a survey ______ (conduct) to find out how funding cuts affected museums. The survey stated that
“many publicly-funded museums are facing a funding crisis.”
【答案】was conducted
【解析】考查时态和语态。此处缺乏谓语动词，由时间状语In 2017 可知，该句使用过去时，而主语a survey
与谓语动词conduct 是被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语a survey 是单数，谓语应用单数形式。故填
was conducted。
规律方法：如何判断空格处应填时态、语态、语气？
(1) 寻找关键信息词。题干中的某些关键信息对于解答时态、语态、语气类的题目尤为重要。
(2) 利用上下文语境。利用上下文语境是解决时态、语态、语气类题目常用的最有效的方法，
(3) 判断是否是客观真理。如果句子所表达的是客观真理、寓言故事、谚语、格言等，通常用一般现在时。
【变式精讲】
【例1】So far, the master carpenter, ______(attract) over 1.18 million subscribers on YouTube. Grandpa·Amu insists
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that he is not an internet celebrity but just an ordinary farmer.
【答案】has attracted
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：到目前为止，这位木匠大师已经在YouTube 上吸引了超过118 万的订阅者。根
据时间状语“so far”可知，此句应用现在完成时，主语为“The master carpenter”，是单数，谓语动词用第三人称单
数形式。故填has attracted。
【例2】According to the schedule provided by NASA, the first took place on June 26th and the other ______ (happen)
on July 1st.
【答案】happened
【解析】考查时态。句意：根据NASA 提供的时间表，第一次太空行走发生在6 月26 日，另一次发生在7 月1
日。此处是and 连接的两个简单句，前一个分句使用的是一般过去时，结合“on July 1st”可知，此处也用一般过
去时，故填happened。
【例3】Described as a “left-behind girl” by Chinese media, Zhong ______ (raise) by her grandparents after her parents
left their hometown to work for years in Guangzhou.
【答案】was raised
【解析】考查被动语态和时态。句意：钟被中国媒体形容为“留守女孩”，在父母离开家乡到广州工作多年后，
她由祖父母抚养长大。主语Zhong 和raise 之间是被动关系，该句应用被动语态。且由上下文可知，该句描述的
是过去的事情，应用一般过去时态，主语Zhong 是第三人称单数。故填was raised。
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考点4 非谓语动词
【构建知识体系】
【命题解读】
新课标
要求
命题评价解读
《普通高中英语课程
标准(实验)》明确指出：高
中学生应该学习和掌握的
英语语言基础知识包括语
音、词汇、语法、功能和
话题等五个方面的内容(教
育部)。
考查考生对
语法、词汇和语
用知识的掌握情
况。
语篇型语法填空则更侧重考查考生语
法和词汇在语境中的运用，强调词汇的变
形。同时强调语篇分析能力，凸显交际性和
语境化特征。
【剖析全国高考真题】
考点四
非谓语动词
1.（新课标I 卷）Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e-4 _____ (find) and study areas of the
South Pole-Aitken basin.
【答案】to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：中国的研究者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。此
处表示目的，应使用不定式作目的状语。故填to find。
2. （新课标II 卷）They are easy _______ (care) for and make great presents.
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【答案】to care。
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：它们很容易照顾，也很适合作为礼物。这里考查“be +形容词+ to do”结构。
故填to care。
3. （新课标III 卷）The next morning he hired a boat and set out ______ (find) the well-known painter.
【答案】to find
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：第二天早上，他租了一条船，出发去找这位著名的画家。结合句意表示“出发
去做某事”短语为set out to do sth.，后跟不定式做目的状语。故填to find。
4. (浙江卷) Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology ______(change)lives.
【答案】to change
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：农业让人们第一次体验到技术改变生活的力量。分析句子，简单句中已有动
词gave 故提示词部分需用非谓语动词。分析句意，此处需用不定式表示目的。故填to change。
5.（新课标II 卷）They represent the earth
__________
(come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
【答案】coming
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。句中谓语动词为represent，
所以这里为非谓语动词。名词earth 与come back to 之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作后置定语。故填coming。
6. （新课标II 卷语法填空）They make great gifs and you see them many times ________ (decorate) with red
envelopes and messages of good fortune.
【答案】decorated
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：它们是很好的礼物，你会经常看到它们装饰着红包和好运的信息。句中them
指代前句中的orange trees，与decorate 之间为被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填decorated。
7. （新课标III 卷）And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds________ (surround) the
mountain tops, he was reduced to tears.
【答案】surrounding
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：当他看到雾气从河上升起，山顶上乌云环绕，他不禁流下了眼泪。分析句子
结构可知，the soft clouds
(surround) the mountain tops 是独立主格结构做状语，surround 在句中应用非谓语
动词形式，与逻辑主语clouds 构成主动关系，故应用现在分词。故填surrounding。
8.（山东新高考) As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine
themselves
living at a different time in history or _____(walk)through a rainforest.
【答案】walking
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【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史
时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处与living 是并列成分，共同做imagine 的宾补，imagine sb doing sth. “想象
某人做某事”。故填walking。
9. (浙江卷语)Later，they learned to work with the seasons，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，_________
(make)use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.
【答案】making
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的
洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子，make 所处的分句中无主语，故此处需用非谓语动词。make use of 和逻辑主语they
之间表示“主动”关系。所以此处用现在分词形式（doing）形式做状语。故填making。
10. （新课标II 卷）They represent the earth ______ (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings.
【答案】coming
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：它们代表着大地的复苏和对新开端的美好祝愿。句中谓语动词为represent，
所以这里为非谓语动词。名词earth 与come back to 之间为主动关系，所以动名词的复合结构。故填coming。
12.(山东新高考) As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine
themselves living at a different time in history or ______(walk)through a rainforest.
【答案】walking
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:除了观赏展品，游客还可以玩电脑模拟游戏，想象自己生活在一个不同的历史
时期，或者漫步在热带雨林中。此处与living 是并列成分，共同做imagine 的宾补，imagine sb doing sth. “想象
某人做某事”。故填walking。
13.（全国I 卷）Modem methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and
are expensive ______ (perform) consistently over a large area.
【答案】to perform
【解析】考查非谓语动词。主系表结构之后，常用不定式作原因或目的状语，句意：跟踪北极熊的现代方法只
是在二十世纪八十年代以来开始采用，并且在如此大区域内持续采用是昂贵的，故此处用to perform。
14.（全国III 卷）On our way to the house，it was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take
_____ (get)there.
【答案】to get
【解析】考查不定式。句中的would 提示我们作者还没有到达那座房子，wondering 后的句子不缺谓语，此处应
填非谓语动词，故填to get。
15.（浙江高考）But some students didn't want ______ (wear) the uniform.
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【答案】to wear
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：但是，有一些学生不想穿学生服。want to do sth 想要做某事，这是want 的固
定用法。故填to wear。
16. (北京卷)Nervously _____
(face) challenges, I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words “Be
yourself”.
【答案】facing
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：紧张地面对挑战，我知道我将轻声对自己说两个简单的字“做你自己”。分析
句式可知，此处是做句子的状语，要用非谓语动词，其逻辑主语是I，与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，用现在分
词作状语。故填facing。
17.（全国II 卷）When we got a call ______ (say)she was short-listed，we thought it was a joke.
【答案】saying
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其后所接的宾语从句可知，此处用现在分词形式saying 作后置定语，解释名词
call 的内容，call 与say 是主动关系，故填saying。
18.（全国III 卷）On the last day of our week-long stay，we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm
on the North Shore under the stars，_____ (listen)to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
【答案】listening
【解析】考查分词。本句谓语动词为“were invited”，所以70 题空格处动词listen 应用非谓语动词形式。听音乐
这个动作是由we 发出的，所以选用现在分词形式。也可由and 前后连接两个并列的结构这一规律解题，and 后
meeting interesting locals 为分词形式，故空格处填listening。
19.（浙江高考）When the children are walking or ______ (cycle) to school on dark mornings, car drivers can easily see
them.
【答案】cycling
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：当孩子们在黑暗的早晨步行或骑车上学时，汽车司机很容易看到它们。or 连
接两个并列成分，根据or 前的walking 可知，此处要用cycling。故填cycling。
20.（全国I卷）Scientists have responded by
_____ (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human
settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are higher than they actually are.
【答案】noting
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词by 可知，此处用动名词主动形式，故填noting。
21.（全国II 卷）A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for ______ (be)Britain's oldest full-time
employee-still working 40 hours a week.
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【答案】being
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词for 可知，此处用动名词形式作宾语，故填being。
22.（浙江高考）When the children are walking or ______ (cycle) to school on dark mornings, car drivers can easily see
them.
【答案】cycling
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：当孩子们在黑暗的早晨步行或骑车上学时，汽车司机很容易看到它们。or 连
接两个并列成分，根据or 前的walking 可知，此处要用cycling。故填cycling。
23. 【全国II】Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ______
(improve) water quality.
【答案】to improve
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词可以且谓语动词
是encourages，故improve 应该用非谓语动词。此处表示目的，故用不定式。故填to improve。
24. 【全国III】
Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ________ (stay)and watch.
【答案】to stay
【解析】考查非谓语动词。固定短语allow sb to do 允许某人做某事，应该用to stay。
25.【全国II】That prevented the emission(排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. China's approach to protecting
its environment while ______ (feed) its citizens "offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers
worldwide." says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
【答案】feeding
【解析】考查省略句。句意：中国在养活了中国人民的同时又保护了环境。这一做法为全世界的农业和粮食政
策制定人提供了很有用的经验。空格处表示正在进行的动作，while 后面省略掉了China is，省略句的原则：在
时间状语从句、条件状语从句、，让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致且含有be 动词时，那么
可以把主语和be 动词一块省略。故填feeding。
26. 【全国III】I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ________(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't
feel________(challenge).
【答案】looking
【解析】考查动词。动词avoid 后要加doing。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛。用looking。
【答案】challenged
【解析】考查非谓语。根据语境可知，此处表示不直视他的眼睛，他就不会感到被挑战性。feel 为系动词，表
示“被挑战”，用过去分词challenged。
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27. 【全国I】You don't have to run fast or for long to see the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still
reduce your risk of ______ (die) early by running.
【答案】dying
【解析】考查动名词。你也许喝酒、吸烟或超重，但仍然通过跑步会减少早亡的风险。此处of 是介词，其后用
动名词。故填dying。
28. 【全国III】I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ________(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't
feel challenged.
【答案】looking
【解析】考查动名词。动词avoid 后要加doing 作宾语。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛。用looking。
29. 【浙江】I still remember ______ (visit) a friend who’d lived here for five years and I was shocked when I learnt
she hadn’t cooked once in all that time.
【答案】visiting
【解析】考查动名词。此处指我记得去拜访一个在这里住了五年的朋友，表示记得做过某事用remember doing
sth.，故填visiting。
【精讲研法】
考点四
非谓语动词
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】Following the Japanese surrender in 1945, Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist Government reoccupied the
Headquarters-Presidential Palace for ______ (govern) the Republic of China.
【答案】governing
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：1945 年日本投降后，蒋介石的国民政府重新占领了中华民国国民政府总部
——总统府，为了统治中华民国。分析句子可知，句子的谓语是reoccupied，govern 作介词for 的宾语，用动名
词，故填governing。
【例2】The World Health Organization (WHO) says that 80% of the world’s teens don’t get enough exercise to live
healthy lives. The report, which was published in The Lancet in , was based on research done with students ______(age)
11 to 17 in 146 different countries.
【答案】aged
【解析】考查过去分词。句意：基于对146 个国家11 至17 岁学生的研究，该报告于年发表在《柳叶刀》上。
根据句意和句子结构，这里用age 的过去分词，形成分词短语aged 11 to17，作后置定语表示：来自146 个不同
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国家的年龄11 至17 岁的生。故填aged。
【例3】A Weibo user remarked, “Li’s success lies in her passion for life.” Another Weibo user wrote, “Thank you for
giving me an opportunity_____ (appreciate) the landscape in the countryside.”
【答案】to appreciate
【解析】考查固定短语。句意：谢谢你给我一个欣赏乡村风景的机会。句中涉及固定短语“an opportunity to do
sth.”，意为“一个做某事的机会”，appreciate 意为“欣赏”，动词词性，to 后接动词原形。故填to appreciate。
【例4】Food items themselves have meaning _____(attach) to them. In many Western countries, a box of chocolate
would be viewed as an appropriate gift.
【答案】attached
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：食物本身也有其自身的意义。attach 与其逻辑主语meaning 构成被动关系，
应用其过去分词作宾补。故填attached。
【例5 】Because people and food are mobile, _____(try) to define a country’s culture by what they eat is often
inaccurate.
【答案】trying
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：因为人和食物都是流动的，试图通过人们吃什么来定义一个国家的文化往往
是不准确的。分析句子结构可知，此处应用动名词短语作主语。故填trying。
【例6 】The Chinese master carpenter, Wang Dewen, ______ (know) as “Grandpa Amu” on YouTube, has been
considered as the modern-day Lu Ban.
【答案】known
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：在YouTube 上人称“阿木爷爷”的中国木工大师王德文被认为是现代鲁班。短
语be known as“作为……而为人所知”；句子主语Wang Dewen 和know 之间是逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分
词短语作后置定语；know 是不规则变化动词，过去分词为known。故填known。
【例7】His most popular video, which shows him making a fantastic wooden arch bridge, rose to fame on the platform,
_______ (gain) more than 42 million views.
【答案】gaining
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：他最受欢迎的视频是展示他在制作一座奇妙的木拱桥的视频，该视频在该平
台上一举成名，获得了超过4200 万次的点击量。His most popular video 与gain 在逻辑上是主动关系，此处用现
在分词gaining 作状语，表示补充说明。故填gaining。
【例8】China has named 24,126 primary and middle schools across the country specialist football schools ______(lead)
youth football development, according to the Ministry of Education (MOE).
【答案】to lead
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句中主谓宾结构完整，所填词为非谓语动词，此处表示目的，用动词不定式，故填
to lead。
【例9】This is the first time a large group of scientists have jointly(共同地) used the word "emergency" when ______
(talk) about climate change."
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【答案】talking
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：这是第一次一大群科学家在谈论气候变化时联合使用“紧急情况”一词。分析
句子结构，when ________ (talk) about climate change.是分词作时间状语，talk 与其逻辑主语a large group of
scientists 之间是主动关系，用现在分词，所以填talking。
【例10】Scientists around the world are looking for all kinds of ways to protect and maybe even revive corals. One
option is _______ (create) more marine protected areas-essentially national parks in the ocean.
【答案】to create/creating
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：一种选择是创造更多的海洋保护区。此处非谓动词作表语，是对主语option
的解释说明，用不定式或动名词均可。故填to create/creating。
规律方法：如何判断空格处应填非谓语动词？
(1) 正确判断非谓语动词。句子按照结构可分为三类，即简单句、并列句和复合句。并列句和复合句都需要连
词来引导，如果句子中出现了连词，应选谓语动词形式；如果两个结构中未出现连词，则考虑用非谓语动词。
(2) 正确判断非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间的关系。
确定要选非谓语动词之后，第二步要分析其逻辑主语。非谓语动词虽不能作谓语，但仍具有动词特点，其逻辑
上的动作执行者就叫作逻辑主语。判断非谓语动词与逻辑主语的关系是主动还是被动。非谓语动词作状语时，
其逻辑主语须和句子的真正主语一致，找不到其逻辑主语时，整个句子或句子的主语就是非谓语动词的逻辑主
语。正确判断非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的关系是正确选择非谓语动词形式的保证，不管是作什么成分的非
谓语动词都具有以下特点：
1．如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，可用现在分词；
2．如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是动宾关系，可用过去分词。
(3)正确判断非谓语动词和谓语动词发生的时间先后顺序
非谓语动词具备动词的一些特点，也可以有动作发生的时间。对于谓语动词，我们用时态来表示动词发生的时
间；对于非谓语动词不能用时态来表示动作发生的时间。非谓语动词所表示的时间是一个相对时间，即相对于
谓语动词的时间而言。同时也需要了解非谓语动词的不同形式所指时间的含义。如to have done，having done
表示该动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生；to be doing，doing 强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生。
【变式精讲】
【例1】The scientists appealed to nations _______ (use) energy more efficiently and cut their use of fossil fuels.
【答案】to use
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：科学家们呼吁各国提高能源使用效率，减少化石燃料的使用。表示“为了提高
能源使用效率”，用不定式作目的状语，所以填to use。
【例2】I got tired of studying and finally I refused to attend class, _______(shut) myself in my room for hours.
【答案】shutting
【解析】考查现在分词。分析句子可知，句子的谓语动词是refused，shut 用非谓语动词形式，作状语，句子主
语和shut 之间是主动关系，应使用现在分词作状语，故填shutting。
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【例3】The crossbow had the advantage of not only______（send）an arrow with enough force to cut through body
armor（盔甲）but its arrows, being short, could not be shot back by bowmen.
【答案】sending
【解析】考查动名词。句意：弩的优势不仅在于可以射出足够力量的箭来刺穿盔甲，而且还在于它的箭很短，
弓箭手无法反击。分析句子可知，此处应用send 的动名词sending 作为介词of 的宾语。故填sending。
考点5 形容词、副词的等级及利用构词法进行词类转换
【构建知识体系】
【命题解读】
新课标
要求
命题评价解读
《普通高中英语课程
标准(实验)》明确指出：高
中学生应该学习和掌握的
英语语言基础知识包括语
音、词汇、语法、功能和
话题等五个方面的内容(教
育部)。
考查考生对
语法、词汇和语
用知识的掌握情
况。
语篇型语法填空则更侧重考查考生语
法和词汇在语境中的运用，强调词汇的变
形。同时强调语篇分析能力，凸显交际性和
语境化特征。
【剖析全国高考真题】
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考点五
形容词、副词的等级及利用构词法进行词类转换
1.（新课标I 卷）The far side of the moon is of particular ______(interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep
craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side.
【答案】interest
【解析】考查名词。句意：月球背面让科学家尤其感兴趣。根据空前的形容词particular 可知，空处应填名词，
interest 是不可数名词，be of interest to sb.意为“(某物)使某人感兴趣”。故填interest。
2.（新课标II 卷）Chinese New Year is a ______(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of
spring.
【答案】celebration
【解析】考查名词。句意：中国新年是一个庆祝冬天的结束和春天的开始。不定冠词a 后接名词形式。故填
celebration。
3.（新课标I 卷）Landing on the moon’s far side is ______(extreme) challenging.
【答案】extremely
【解析】考查副词。句意：登录月球的背面是极其有挑战性的。空处修饰形容词challenging，应使用extreme
的副词形式，故填extremely。
4.（新课标II 卷）Bamboo: Chinese love their “Lucky Bamboo” plants and you will see them often in their homes and
office._______(certain) during the holiday period, this plant is a must.
【答案】Certainly
【解析】考查副词。句意：当然在假期期间，这种植物是绝对必要的事物。介词短语做时间状语，因此只有改
变成副词才能复合句子结构，用副词形式做状语。故填Certainly。
5. （新课标II 卷）The_______ (beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds ( 蓓蕾) make fantastic
decorations.
【答案】beautiful
【解析】考查形容词。句意：美丽的长枝上覆盖着粉红色的花蕾，做成漂亮的装饰。修饰名词branches，用形
容词形式。故填beautiful。
6.（新课标III 卷）One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and
present their _________ (fine) work, so that he could choose the best.
【答案】finest
【解析】考查最高级。句意：一天，皇帝想让人给他画一幅肖像，于是他把所有伟大的画家都请来，展示他们
最好的作品，以便他挑选最好的。结合句意，皇帝想要画家最好的作品，表示“最好的”此处应用形容词最高级
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finest。故填finest。
7.（新课标III 卷）As the small boat moved, _______ (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains
being silently reflected in the water.
【答案】gently
【解析】考查副词。句意：当小船缓缓地沿着江面移动时，山在水中的倒影使他说不出话来。此处修饰动词moved
应用副词gently 作状语，表示“缓缓地”。故填gently。
8.（山东卷）In the 18th and 19th centuries, _________ (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects
and works of art.
【答案】wealthy
【解析】考查形容词。句意:在18 和19 世纪，富人旅行并收集植物、历史物品和艺术品。此处修饰名词people，
应使用形容词，做定语。故填wealthy。
9. 【全国III】When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting
______(compete)to watch，together with the story behind it.
【答案】competition
【解析】考查词性转换。形容词interesting 应该修饰名词，而且空前有不定冠词an，故填单数名词competition。
10. 【浙江6】Other American studies showed no ______(connect) between uniforms and school performance.
【答案】connection/connections
【解析】考查名词。根据no 可知，后面需要connect 的名词形式，语意表示“联系、连接”，故填
connection/connections。
11.【北京】No matter what you like to do，there is a way to get involved in various ______(activity) on Earth Day. You
can plant a tree，make a meal with locally grown vegetables，or save power—the possibilities are endless.
【答案】activities
【解析】考查名词的复数形式，因为前面的形容词是various“各种各样的”，因此用名词的复数形式activities。
12.【新课标I 卷】It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been
______
(poor) studied; however, biologists calculate that there are about 20,000-25,000 polar bears worldwide.
【答案】poorly
【解析】考查副词用法。根据句意和结构分析可知，此处用副词poorly 修饰谓语动词has been studied，意为“研
究很少”。故填poorly。
13.【新课标II 卷】Her years of hard work have ______(final)been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名)her
to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year.
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【答案】finally
【解析】考查副词用法。根据空格所处位置可知，此处应用副词形式作状语，修饰谓语动词have been
acknowledged，意为“最终得以认可”，故填finally。
14. 【全国I】Scientists have responded by noting that hungry bears may be congregating( 聚集) around human
settlements, leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are ______ (high) than they actually are.
【答案】higher
【解析】考查形容词比较级。根据其后than they actually are 可知，此处需用形容词的比较级，故填higher。
15. 【全国II】We are so proud of her. It's ______ (wonder).
【答案】wonderful
【解析】考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。根据前面的We are so proud of her.我们为她感到骄傲和自豪，分析本句
空格前面是系动词is，后面跟形容词作表语，故填wonderful。
16.【全国III】On our way to the house，it was raining ______ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would
take to get there. It was in the middle of Pearl City.
【答案】so
【解析】考查固定句型。分析结构可知，此处是结果状语从句，修饰副词hard 应该填so。“so …that”句型，表
示“如此……以至于”。
17. 【全国III】They also shared with us many ______(tradition)stories about Hawaii that were ______ (huge)popular
with tourists.
【答案】traditional
【解析】考查词性转换空格处于名词stories 前，判断应该用形容词作定语。故填traditional。
【答案】hugely
【解析】考查词性转换。空格在句中位于形容词前，所以判断用副词作状语。故填hugely。
18. 【浙江6】When the children are walking or cycling to school on dark mornings, car drivers can ______ (easy) see
them.
【答案】easily
【解析】考查副词。根据句中can see them 可知，需要easy 的副词形式来修饰动词，故填easily。【易错点拨】
注意easy 的副词是easily，而不是easely 或写成easyly。
19. 【浙江6】School uniforms are ______ (tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them. Some
very good schools don't have a uniform policy. However, uniforms are still popular. Pupils at about 90 percent of
British secondary schools wear uniforms.
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【答案】traditional
【解析】考查形容词。分析句子结构可知，空处作are 后面的表语，所以需要tradition 的形容词形式traditional，
表示“传统的”。
20. 【北京】Taking full advantage of the college’s chances and resources(资源)，Students should have a proper attitude
towards college before thinking about which college to attend, and it’s never too early to make necessary preparations
for a healthy and ______(meaning)college experience.
【答案】meaningful
【解析】考查词性转换，因and 前为形容词healthy，此处也应该用形容词形式meaningful。
21.【全国I】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10
minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ______(cause).
【答案】causes
【解析】考查名词复数。一项研究表明，仅仅每天5 到10 分钟的跑步，就能减少各种原因的心脏病和早亡。根
据句意用复数形式。故填causes。
22.【全国II】This switch has decreased ______ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking
water safer for people.
【答案】pollution
【解析】考查词性转换。句意：这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染，使人们的饮用水更加安全。has
decreased 后跟名词作宾语，故填pollution。
23. 【全国III】My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ______(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
【答案】scientist
【解析】考查名词。根据语境可知，我是一名科学家。scientist 科学家。
24. 【浙江】Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese _____(dish) is seen as
especially troublesome.
【答案】dishes
【解析】考查名词。此处指中国菜，表示泛指应该用名词复数，故填dishes。
25. 【浙江】Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and
the rise in ______(weigh) problems.
【答案】weight
【解析】考查名词。此处指体重问题，用名词修饰problems，故填weight。
26. 【全国I】According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years ______(long) than
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non-runners.
【答案】longer
【解析】考查副词的比较级。医学报告显示：经常跑步的人比不跑步的人多活3 年。根据than 可知用比较级，
故填longer。
27. 【全国I】Running is cheap, easy and it's always______(energy).
【答案】energetic
【解析】考查词形变化。跑步总是让人充满活力的。根据it’s 可知，系动词后用形容词作表语。故填energetic。
28. 【全国II】A taste for meat is ______ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed
chickens, pigs, and cattle.
【答案】actually
【解析】考查副词。句意：对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整，用副词修饰句子。故填
actually。
29. 【全国II】According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total ______ (globe)fertilizer
consumption.
【答案】global
【解析】考查词性转换。句意：中国约占全球化肥总消费量的30%。fertilizer consumption 是名词短语，故应该
用形容词修饰。故填global。
30. 【全国III】______(loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me.
【答案】loudest
【解析】考查最高级。根据后面的of all 可知，他声音最大，所以用最高级loudest。
31.【浙江】The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ______(afford) but doing this most days
adds up. There could be an even ______ (high) cost on your health.
【答案】affordable
【解析】考查形容词。此处表示一周一两次外出吃饭是负担得起的，系动词be 后用形容词作表语，表示“负担
得起的”故填affordable。
【答案】higher
【解析】考查形容词比较级。此处修饰名词cost 用形容词，由even 表示程度修饰比较级，故填higher。
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【精讲研法】
考点五
形容词、副词的等级及利用构词法进行词类转换
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】When corals experience stress from hot temperatures or _______ (pollute),they end their interdependent
relationship with this algae, typically forcing them out and turning white, though one recent study indicates some corals
turn a bright neon color when stressed.
【答案】pollution
【解析】考查名词。句意：当珊瑚遭受到高温或污染，他们结束和藻类的共生关系，迫使藻类离开，珊瑚褪变
成白色。根据并列连词or 和前面的名词temperatures 可知，此处应用名词与temperatures 并列，故填其名词形
式。故填pollution。
【例2】As he walked around the block, A．J.’s neighbors friends, and family came up and asked what he was doing, and
he was ______ (pleasant) surprised when they started to join in and donate to the cause.
【答案】pleasantly
【解析】考查副词。句意：当A.J.走在街区的时候，他的邻居和家人都过来问他在做什么，当他们开始加入并
为这项事业捐款时，A.J.感到很惊喜。分析句子成分可知，此处pleasantly 是副词，用作状语，修饰surprised。
故填pleasantly。
【例3 】“I hope it is just the ______ (begin) for him in understanding on how one person can really make a
_______(different),” said A．J. ‘s grandmother, Kathy Ladd.
【答案】beginning
【解析】考查名词。句意：我希望这只是他理解一个人如何能真正发挥作用的开始。根据前面的定冠词可知，
这里需要一个名词作表语。故填beginning。
【答案】difference
【解析】考查固定短语。句意见上。根据其前的冠词a 可知，此处应用different 的名词形式，作make 的宾语，
make a difference 为固定短语，意为“有影响，起作用”。故填difference。
【例4】Lying on the city wall of the west gate of the ancient city in Yueyang City, Hunan province, China, Yueyang
Tower faces Junshan Island and overlooks Dongting Lake, being extremely beautiful and _______ (impress).
【答案】impressive
【解析】考查词形转换。句意：岳阳楼面向君山岛，俯瞰洞庭湖，及其漂亮，给人留下深刻印象。分析该句结
构可知，所填词与beautiful 并列，作动词being 的表语，故用所给词的形容词形式impressive。故填impressive。
【例5】Since ancient times, it has enjoyed the good reputation that Dongting Lake is the ______ (good)among lakes,
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and Yueyang Tower is incomparable among towers. Yueyang Tower’s roof covered with yellow glazed tiles (黄色琉璃
瓦)looks like a general’s helmet in ancient China.
【答案】best
【解析】考查形容词最高级。句意：自从古代，它就一直享负盛名—洞庭湖是最多湖泊中最好的。根据空前的
the 及后面的among lakes 可知，该处需用所给词的最高级形式best。故填best。
【例6】It is the only ancient ________ (build) with a helmet roof structure (构造) in China.
【答案】building
【解析】考查词形转换。句意：它是中国唯一一个盔式构造的古建筑。根据前面的修饰语the only ancient 可知，
此处需用所给词的名词形式building。故填building。
【例7】After the Tang Dynasty, it _______ (gradual) became a famous scenic spot in which men of letters chanted
poetry and wrote fu.
【答案】gradually
【解析】考查词形转换。句意：唐朝之后，它逐渐成为一个著名景点，在这里文人雅士们吟诗写赋。分析该句
成分可知，所填词在此处修饰动词became，作状语，故用所给词的副词形式gradually。故填gradually。
【例8 】When asked about the most important effects of having
healthy confidence, many would likely state
"success," "respect from others," and " _______ (appreciate)."
【答案】appreciation
【解析】考查名词。句意：当被问及拥有健康自信最重要的影响时，很多人可能会说是“成功”、“受到他人的尊
重”和“欣赏”。根据“success（成功）”和“respect from others（受到他人的尊重）”可知此处应使用名词形式，
appreciation 不可数名词，意为：欣赏。故填appreciation。
【例9】"Happiness, on the other hand, is a feeling that we tend to associate with life satisfaction and well-being, feeling
_____ (health), and having good friends, relationships, and
fulfilling careers.
【答案】healthy
【解析】考查形容词。句意：另一方面，幸福是一种感觉，我们倾向于把生活满意度和幸福、感觉健康、拥有
好朋友、人际关系和令人满意的事业联系起来。根据空前的系动词feeling 可知此处要填入形容词作表语，health
（健康）的形容词为healthy，故填healthy。
【例10】All of us here, including our fellows, our staff members and the students of the future will treasure and nurture
them, so that they _______(strong) and develop further with the passage of time.
【答案】strengthen
【解析】考查时态。句意：在座的各位，包括我们的同事、教职员工和未来的学生，都会珍惜它们，让它们随
着时间的推移而不断加深。分析句子结构可知句子主语为“they”，空格处需填动词和and 后的develop 同作谓语
动词且时态一致。故空格处动词时态为一般现在时，strong 的动词形式为strengthen“加强，巩固”。故填strengthen。
规律方法：如何判断空格处应填容词、副词的等级及利用构词法进行词类转换？
(1) 正确判断形容词、副词的等级。通过语境或特殊句式确定形容词或副词的等级。
(2) 根据所给词的语法功能（即在句子中作什么成分）确定词的正确形式。
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【变式精讲】
【例1】We certainly hope to maintain our ______(connect),not only with our former student alumni but also with you,
as their proud parents.
【答案】connections
【解析】考查名词。句意：我们当然希望保持我们的联系。作动词maintain 的宾语用名词，表示具体的联系时，
connection 为可数名词，此处用复数表泛指。故填connections。
【例2】There is still a need for pet fosters across the US, so if you are_______(interest), you should contact an animal
shelter or rescue near you without________(hesitate).
【答案】interested
【解析】考查形容词。句意：美国各地仍有宠物寄养的需求，所以如果感兴趣的话，你应该毫不犹豫地联系身
边的动物收容所或救援组织。分析句子结构可知，此处应用形容词作为表语，修饰主语you，且意为“感兴趣的”，
应用v-ed 形式的形容词，故填interested。
【答案】hesitation
【解析】考查名词。句意：美国各地仍有宠物寄养的需求，所以如果感兴趣的话，你应该毫不犹豫地联系身边
的动物收容所或救援组织。分析句子可知，设空处应用名词作为介词without 的宾语，hesitation“犹豫”不可数，
故填hesitation。
【例3】Life in her hometown, Shenhou town, in Yuzhou City, is much _________
(happy) for Fan,
who quit her job
in Beijing and started her own studio with her husband. Jun porcelain is one of the
top
five
Chinese
porcelains,
dating
back
to
the
Song
Dynasty, which is famous for its change of colors when heated in kilns.
【答案】happier
【解析】考查形容词比较级。句意：辞去了在北京的工作，和丈夫一起创办了自己的工作室，在她的家乡禹州
市的神垕镇生活，对于范玉佩来说更开心了。根据句意可知，用形容词的比较级形式，much 修饰比较级。故填
happier。
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专题02
完形填空
考点1
词汇复现
【构建知识体系】
完型填空
考点1 词汇复现
考点2 习惯搭配
考点3 行文逻辑
考点4 生活常识和文化背景
考点5 瞻前顾后揣摩语境
【命题解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
在一篇约250 词的短
文中留出20 个空白，要求
考生从每题的给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项，使补
足的短文意思通顺、前后
连贯、结构完整。
既考
查考生的
英语基础
知识，又考
查考生综
合运用语
言的能力，
主要测验学生的语言综合运用能力，包括词语
辨析能力、语法结构分析能力、语篇理解能力、逻
辑推理能力、文化背景透析能力、作者意图剖析能
力和生活常识综合运用能力。该题型分值高（30 分，
占整个卷面总分的45%）、区分度强，是考生最容易
“拉开距离”的一项测试。
【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向
考点1
词汇复现
1. 【山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷)】Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some
wetlands which became his second
21
.
21．A．dream
B．job
C．home
D．choice
21．考查名词词义辨析。句意:这个村庄位于一些湿地附近，那里成了他的第二个家。A. dream 梦想；B. job 工
作；C. home 家；D. choice 选择。根据空前的second 可知，他出生的村庄是他的家，村庄附近的一些”湿地”成
为了他的第二个”家”。故选C。
复现的文章内容：
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something disturbing happening around his home.
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2.【浙江卷】The lamb had become separated from its
37
, so I jumped out of the tractor to tend to it while Don
stayed in his scat.
37．A．kids
B．friends
C．owner
D．mother
37．考查名词词义辨析。句意：小羊和它的妈妈走散了，所以我跳下拖拉机去照看它，而Don 还坐在它的座位
上。A. kids 小孩；B. friends 朋友；C. owner 主人；D. mother 妈妈。根据下文Lamb and mother，可知小羊是和
它的妈妈走散了。故选D。
复现的文章内容：
3. (新课标全国卷II)He bought a book and was surprised to find a picture of the artist Pierre Bonnard sitting on the
same chair in the same
54
as his father’s painting.
54．A．room
B．kitchen
C．hall
D．garden
54. D 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他买了一本书，非常吃惊的发现里面有一幅艺术家Pierre Bonnard 的画，他坐
在和父亲画里面一样的花园里，一样的椅子上。A. room 房间；B. kitchen 餐厅；C. hall 大厅；D. garden 花园。
根据上文的with a young girl sitting on a garden chair 可知此处用“花园”符合语境，garden 是原词复现，故选D 项。
复现的文章内容：
4. (新课标全国卷II)
It was signed(签名) “Bonnato” or so he thought, but when he researched it, he only found “Bonnard,” a French
52
he had never heard of.
52．A．painter
B．designer
C．author
D．actor
52. A 考查名词词义辨析。句意：画上署名Bonnato或者他认为是这样，但当他仔细研究它时，他只发现了Bonnard，
一个他从未听说过的法国画家。A. painter 画家；B. designer 设计师；C. author 作家；D. actor 演员。根据下文
的a picture of the artist Pierre Bonnard 可知，此处用画家符合语境，故选A 项。
复现的文章内容：
5. (新课标全国卷I)I have a very strong
51
that the lie we’re telling is doing spiritual damage to our
children.
51．A．demand
B．fear
C．desire
D．doubt
51. B 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我有一种强烈的害怕，害怕我们正在说的谎言会对孩子们造成心灵上的伤害。
A. demand 要求；B. fear 害怕；C. desire 欲望；D. doubt 怀疑。根据that the lie we're telling is doing
52
damage
to our children.和Maybe it's an unreasonable fear.可知这是让我强烈害怕的事情。故选B。
Lamb and mother reunited, I turned back to the tractor only to see it move suddenly away from me.
the one with a young girl sitting on a garden chair. It was signed(签名) “Bonnato” or so
he thought,
a picture of the artist Pierre Bonnard
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复现的文章内容：
6.【全国新课标III】As s businesswoman, I care deeply about my customers. But like anyone for whom you feel
affection,
41
can also drive you mad.
41. A. shopkeepers
B. customers
C. salespersons
D. receptionists
41.考查名词词义辨析。句意：但就像任何一个你喜欢的人一样，顾客也会让你抓狂。A. shopkeepers
店主；B. customers 顾客；C. salespersons 售货员；D. receptionist 接待员。根据上文I care deeply about
my customers 可知作者是生意人，因此此处指的是顾客让自己抓狂。故选B。
复现的文章内容：
7. (新课标全国卷I)Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa.
They bring with them lots of waste. The ___42___ might damage the beauty of the place.
42. A. stories
B. buildings
C. crowds
D. reporters
42.C 考查名词辨析。A. stories 故事；B. buildings 建筑物；C. crowds 人群；D. reporters 记者。句意：人群可能
会破坏这个地方的美。由“40,000”可知，这是一个庞大的群体。故选C。
复现的文章内容：
8. ( 新课标全国卷I)However, I soon discover that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of
___46___ among tons of rubbish.
46. A. equipment
B. grass
C. camps
D. stones
46. C 考查名词辨析。A. equipment 装备；B. grass 草C. camps 营地；D. stone 石头。句意：我很快发现，自从
那些令人不安的关于营地周围有成吨的垃圾的报道出现以来，情况发生了很大的变化。由下文“at camps ”可知，
本句属于原词再现。故选C。
复现的文章内容：
9. ( 全国卷III)But that changed when a system of high-tech ___46___ was introduced to reflect sunlight from
neighboring peaks(山峰)into the valley below.
46. A. computers
B. telescopes
C. mirrors
D. cameras
46.C 考查名词词义辨析。A. computers 电脑；B. telescopes 望远镜；C. mirrors 镜子；D. cameras 相机。根据后文
to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks 可知，从附近的山顶上反射太阳光，故可知，为一枚镜子，故选C。
Maybe it’s an unreasonable fear
I care deeply about my customers
Every year about 40,000 people
with toilets at camps and along the paths.
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复现的文章内容：
10. (全国卷III)They reflect a concentrated beam(束)of light onto the town’s central ___51___, creating an area of
sunlight roughly 600 square meters.
51. A. library
B. hall
C. square
D. street
51.C 考查名词词义辨析。A. library 图书馆；B. hall 大厅；C. square 广场；D. street 街道。根据后文The town square
可知，镜子反射聚集的光会照在小镇的中心广场上，故选C。
复现的文章内容：
11. 【全国I】And, even if I weren’t excited enough about free credits, news about our___44___
was appealing
enough to me.
44. A. title
B. competitor
C. textbook
D. instructor
44. 考查名词辨析。我总是想学象棋，即便是我对免费的学分不激动，单是我们导师的消息就足以吸引我。A. title
头衔；题目；B. competitor 竞赛者；C. textbook 教科书；D. instructor 导师。故选D。
复现的文章内容：
【精讲研法】——课堂讲解突破核心考点
考点1
词汇复现
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】Images of her childhood flashed past her eyes. There she was, aged three, building a sandcastle on the beach.
Time flew by as those small little
22
changed into stronger ones which were trying to make a castle out of Lego
blocks. Moving on, those hands were suddenly covered with sweat, as she held
a pen tightly, while taking her first
major exam.
22．A．hands
B．eyes
C．legs
D．feet
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：时光飞逝，那些小小的小手变成了更结实的小手，它们正在用乐高积木搭
一座城堡。A. hands 手；B. eyes 眼睛；C. legs 腿；D. feet 脚。根据下文中的“those hands”可知，此处描述的是
随着时间的流逝这双手的变化。故选A。
【例2】How fast time goes by, she thought. We all come into this world with a set of
28
, hopes and aspiration.
We are eager to grow up to achieve these dreams and take over the world. But maybe sometimes in this process, we
He was an international grandmaster
此处grandmaster 和instructor 是近义词
The mirrors are controlled by a computer
The town square was totally flat.
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forget to enjoy the journey.
28．A．conditions
B．glories
C．dreams
D．rules
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们都带着梦想、希望和抱负来到这个世界上。A. conditions 条件；B. glories
荣誉；C. dreams 梦想；D. rules 规则。根据下文中的“hopes and aspirations”和“achieve these dreams”可知，人生
来就带着梦想、希望和抱负。故选C。
【例3】
Years ago, there was a heated debate about what belongings people lacked most. Like those who often made a list
of the belongings they wanted to possess, I also created a
42
of my desirables: well-being, care, gift, power,
wealth and reputation.
I eagerly brought it to a wise elder, the spiritual model of my youth, the moment I completed the catalogue.
42．A．boundary
B．regulation
C．catalogue
D．prejudice
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：像那些经常列出自己想要拥有的物品清单的人一样，我也列出了自己想要
的东西：幸福、关怀、礼物、权力、财富和声誉。A. boundary 边界；B. regulation 管理；C. catalogue 目录；D. prejudice
偏见。根据“ the moment I completed the catalogue.”可知，作者列了一份自己想要东西的目录。故选C。
【例4】Using a pencil, he crossed out (划掉) all the items I had written down. Afterwards, he wrote down three words,
53
of mind. “It is the present from God for His special followers,” he explained.
“He gives well-being, care and gift to many. Power and wealth are common and reputation is not rare, but peace of
mind is the best of His love, given with great caution.
53．A．magic
B．peace
C．heaven
D．hope
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：后来，他写下了三个字：心安宁。A. magic 魔法；B. peace 平静，安宁；C.
heaven 天堂；D. hope 希望。根据下文“but peace of mind is the best of His love, given with great caution.”可知，长
者认为心灵的安宁最为重要。故选B。
【例5】
“Mum, what does it mean when someone tells you that they have a skeleton (骨骼) in the closet(衣橱)?” Jessica asked.
“A skeleton in the closet?” her mother paused thoughtfully. “Well, it’s something that you would rather not have
21
know about. For example, if in the past, someone in Dad’s family had been arrested for stealing a horse, it would be ‘a
skeleton in his family’s closet’. He really wouldn’t want any neighbor to know about it.”
21．A．yourself
B．nobody else
C．anyone else
D．someone else
【答案】C
【解析】考查代词辨析。句意：这件事你可不想让其他人知道。A. yourself 你自己；B. nobody else 没有其他人；
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C. anyone else 其他人；D. someone else 其他人。此处表示除了自己以外的其他人，且根据下文“He really wouldn’t
want any neighbor to know about it.”可知这件事你可不想让其他人知道。故选C。
【例6】“Why pick on my family?” Jessica’s father said with anger. “Your family history isn’t so good, you know.
Wasn’t your great-great-grandfather a prisoner who was transported to Australia for his
25
?” “Yes. but people
these days say that you are not a real Australian unless your
26
arrived as prisoners.” “Gosh, sorry I asked. I
think I understand now,” Jessica cut in before things grew worse.
25．A．contributions
B．passion
C．crimes
D．errors
26．A．parents
B．family
C．younger generation D．ancestors
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：你的高曾祖父不是因为他的罪行被流放到澳大利亚的囚犯吗？A. contributions
贡献；B. passion 热情；C. crimes 犯罪；D. errors 错误。根据上文“great-great-grandfather a prisoner”可知此处指
杰西卡父亲的高曾祖父是一个因为犯罪被流放的囚犯，故选C。
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：是的，但是现在人们说，除非你的祖先是作为囚犯来到澳洲的，否则你就
不是真正的澳大利亚人。A. parents 父母；B. family 家人；C. younger generation 年轻一代；D. ancestors 祖先。
上文提到“great-great-grandfather”可见是指祖先是作为囚犯来到澳洲的。故选D。
规律方法：完形填空技巧之词汇复现
词汇复现包括原词复现、同义词复现、同根词复现、概括词复现以及结构复现等。完形填空所选的文章都是具
有逻辑关系、意义相连的语篇，因此，在行文中不可避免地会出现词语的复现、前后同义或反义、相互照应等
现象。所以，解题时应联系上下文寻找相关线索，如某一个词的原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下
义词和概括词等。但由于我们在做题时不可能总是重复地阅读文章，因此，在做完形填空时要培养一种捕捉并
记忆相关信息的能力。
（1）原词或同根词复现
原词或同根词复现是指相同的单词或同根词在原文中反复出现，达到衔接文章的目的。
（2）同义词或近义词复现
同义词或近义词复现是指意义相同或相近的单词在原文中反复出现，以达到衔接文章的目的。在做完形填空试
题时，就可以利用这种衔接方式找到要填入单词的同义词或者近义词，从而也就找到了试题的答案。这也包括
了同源词复现，即相同词根构成的不同词性的单词在文章中反复出现。
（3）)反义词复现
反义词复现是指和前文中词义相反的单词在原文中出现，以达到衔接文章的目的。我们可以利用这一衔接手段
在文章中寻找要填入单词的反义词。
（4）结构复现
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有时空格处的信息并不局限于与前一句中某个信息点的重复，可能是与前几句中的某个信息点的重复，也不局
限于同词复现或同义复现，甚至连句式结构都非常类似。
【变式精讲】
【例1】
Chelsie Hill had dreamed of becoming a dancer since the age of three. That ambition nearly ended one night in
2010. Hill，then a 17-year-old high school student，was in a car accident ，which left her paralyzed(瘫痪) from the
waist down. For most people，that would have ruined any hope of a dancing career. For Hill ,her wheelchair encouraged
her and she wanted to prove that she was still normal .
Hill did it in her
25
right with her non-disabled high school dance team. After graduation，Hill wanted to
expand her dance network to include women like her.
25．A．courtyard
B．classroom
C．wheelchair
D．club
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：希尔坐在轮椅上和她的非残障高中舞蹈队一起表演。A.courtyard 庭院；B.classroom
教室；C.wheelchair 轮椅；D.club 俱乐部。根据前文讲她在一场车祸中腰部以下瘫痪，从此坐上了轮椅可知，
她是在轮椅上和她的非残障高中舞蹈队一起表演。故选C。
【例2】As I realized not too late, “Strong-willed children are a
33
, not a curse (诅咒)!”（反义复现）
33．A．wish
B．blessing
C．choice
D．fate
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：当我还不是太晚地意识到“意志坚定的”孩子是幸事而不是祸事时。A. wish
愿望；B. blessing 祝福，幸事；C. choice 选择；D. fate 命运。blessing 与not a curse 意义相对。故选B。
【例3】I realized this recently while traveling in Italy, where clotheslines are everywhere.“Try to think of it as an art
exhibition ,”I said.“I doubt if our
24
will consider it to be art, ”he said. He had a point . Americans have a
reputation for being anti-clothesline. No one else has a clothesline in my neighborhood.
24．A．children
B．parents
C．friends
D．neighbors
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：“我怀疑我们的邻居是否会认为这是艺术，”他说。A. children 孩子；B. parents
父母；C. friends 朋友；D. neighbors 邻居。根据后文“Americans have a reputation for being anti-clothesline. No one
else has a clothesline in my neighborhood.”可知丈夫在担心邻居会反对晾衣绳。故选D。
【例4】By six p. m., she was already exhausted, but she usually felt it her duty to stay late or go out for or drinks with
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coworkers. Susan wanted to start her own business, and was taking steps to prepare herself financially and
professionally. However, most evenings she was too
26
to make much progress on her own business plan, and
she feared that she’d be stuck in her present job forever.
26．A．nervous
B．sad
C．excited
D．tired
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，大多数晚上她都太累了，无法在自己的商业计划上取得进展，她
担心自己会永远困在目前的工作中。A. nervous 紧张的；B. sad 悲伤的；C. excited 激动的；D. tired 疲惫的。根
据上文“she was already exhausted”可知苏珊每天工作完都太累了。故选D。
【例5】This was a smart move for Susan. It also demonstrates an important willpower rule: if you never seem to have
the time and energy for your “I will” challenge, schedule it for when you have the most
35
.
35．A．strength
B．interest
C．influence
D．progress
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这也示范了一个重要的意志力法则：如果你似乎从来没有为你的“I will”挑
战付出过时间和精力，就把它安排在你最有力量的时候。A. strength 力量；B. interest 兴趣；C. influence 影响；
D. progress 进步。结合上文中“to have the time and energy”可知此处表示如果没有为挑战付出过时间和经历，那
么就把它安排在你最有力量（strength）的时候，其他选项不符合语境。故选A。
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考点2
习惯搭配
【构建知识体系】
完型填空
考点1 词汇复现
考点2 习惯搭配
考点3 行文逻辑
考点4 生活常识和文化背景
考点5 瞻前顾后揣摩语境
【命题解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
在一篇约250 词的短
文中留出20 个空白，要求
考生从每题的给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项，使补
足的短文意思通顺、前后
连贯、结构完整。
既考
查考生的
英语基础
知识，又考
查考生综
合运用语
言的能力，
主要测验学生的语言综合运用能力，包括词语
辨析能力、语法结构分析能力、语篇理解能力、逻
辑推理能力、文化背景透析能力、作者意图剖析能
力和生活常识综合运用能力。该题型分值高（30 分，
占整个卷面总分的45%）、区分度强，是考生最容易
“拉开距离”的一项测试。
考点2
习惯搭配
1. 【全国新课标I】I hate lying to the kids. One day they’ll
47
and discover that everything they’ve always
known about windows is a lie.
47．A．win out
B．give up
C．wake up
D．stand out
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：有一天，他们会开始了解真相，并且发现，一直以来，他们所知道的关于
窗户的一切，是一个谎言。A. win out 最后获得成功；B. give up 放弃；C. wake up 开始了解真相；D. stand out
站出来。根据and discover that everything they've always known about windows is a
48.可知有一天，孩子们会开
始了解真相。故选C。
2. 【全国新课标I】Windows and doors have important metaphorical(比喻) meanings. I’m telling them they can’t open
what they absolutely know is a door. What if later in life they come to a metaphorical(比喻) door, like an
opportunity(机会) of some sort, and
55
opening the door and taking the opportunity, they just
56
it
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and wonder, ＂What if it isn’t a door?＂That is, ＂What if it isn’t a real opportunity?＂
Maybe it’s an unreasonable fear. But the
58
is that I shouldn’t lie to my kids.
55．A．by comparison with
B．in addition to
C．regardless of
D．instead of
56．A．get hold of
B．stare at
C．knock on
D．make use of
58．A．safety rule
B．comfort zone
C．bottom line
D．top secret
【答案】D
【解析】考查短语辨析。句意：假如他们将来在生活中遇到比喻的门，将会怎么样，就像某种机会，他们不是
打开门，抓住机会，而是凝视着它，想知道“假如它不是一扇门，将会怎么样”。A. by comparison with 与……
相比；B. in addition to 除……之外；C. regardless of 不管；D. instead of 而不是。对孩子们撒谎，今后，孩子们
面对生活中的“门”时，会观望，而不是打开“门”。故选D。
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：假如他们将来在生活中遇到比喻的门，将会怎么样，就像某种机会，他们
不是打开门，抓住机会，而是凝视着它，想知道“假如它不是一扇门，将会怎么样”。A. get hold of 抓住；B. stare
at 凝视；C. knock on 敲击（门、窗）；D. make use of 利用。孩子们遇到机会，不是马上抓住它，而是在考虑很
多问题。由此可知，孩子们在凝视着“机会”。故选B。
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词短语词义辨析。句意：但是，底线是我不应该对我的孩子们撒谎。A safety rule 安全守则；B.
comfort zone 舒适带; C. bottom line 底线；D. top secret 绝密的。根据I shouldn't lie to my kids.可知这是我的底线。
故选C。
3.【全国新课标II】It was just after sunrise on a June morning. “Nicolo,” whose real name cannot be
41
to the
public because of Italy’s privacy laws, finished working the whole night at a factory in Turin. As he often did, he
stopped by the “after work auction(拍卖)” run by the Italian police where things found on the trains were sold to the
highest bidder.
41．A．attached
B．allocated C．exposed
D．submitted
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：Nicolo 完成了一整夜在Turin 一家工厂的工作，他的真实名字因意大利的
隐私法不能暴露给公众。A. attached 参加；B. allocated 分配；C. exposed 暴露；D. submitted 上交。根据下文的
because of Italy's privacy 可知此处用be exposed to“暴露”符合语境，故选C。
4. 【全国新课标II】His son, age 15, who had
49
an art appreciation class, thought that there was something
unusual about the one with a young girl sitting on a garden chair.
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49．A．missed
B．failed
C．taken
D．led
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他15 岁的儿子在上一门艺术欣赏课，他认为那幅有一个年轻女孩坐在花园
椅子上的画是不寻常的。A. missed 错过；B. failed 失败；C. taken 拿；D. led 导致。根据句意可知，此处考查固
定短语take classes“上课”，故选C。
5. 【全国新课标II】I remember the first really difficult customer we had at Covent Garden. She was.
49
absolutely everything, nothing was right and I was rather surprised that she became a “regular". After a while, she
51
for the way she behaved at the beginning. She had split up with her husband the week before, was living in a flat
52
, and since she’d found it too much to cope with (应对), she’d taken it out on other people.
49. A. curious about
B. displeased with
C. patient with
D. uncertain about
51. A. searched
B. argued
C. prayed
D. apologized
52. A. by chance
B. by herself
C. on purpose
D. on duty
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：她对每件事都很不满意，没有什么是对的，令我相当惊讶的是，她居然成
了“常客”。A. curious about 好奇；B. displeased with 对……不满意；C. patient with 对……有耐心；D. uncert
ain about 对……不能肯定。结合后文nothing was right 可知这个顾客对一切都不满意。故选B。
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：不久，她为自己一开始的行为道歉。A. searched 搜索；B. argued 争论；C.
prayed 祈祷；D. apologized 道歉。顾客一开始很难缠，对一切都不满，结果后来成了常客，她开始为自己一
开始的行为道歉。apologize for“为某事道歉”。故选D。
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意：她一周前和丈夫分居了，现在一个人住在一套公寓里，因为她觉得实在难
以应付，就把气撒在别人身上。A. by chance 偶然；B. by herself 她独自地；C. on purpose 故意地；D. on du
ty 值班。结合上文She had split up with her husband the week before, was living in a flat 可知女顾客和丈夫
分居了，因此现在是独自住在一套公寓里。故选B。
6. 【全国新课标II】Always water it down and don’t let your ego (自我) get
58
. If you do, you won’ be able to
handle it and the whole thing develops into an unpleasant scene and that ruins everyone’s day.
58. A. out of sight
B. in the way
C. behind the scene
D. above the law
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意：一定要淡化它，不要让你的自我妨碍你。A. out of sight 看不见；B. in the way
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妨碍，挡道；C. behind the scene 幕后；D. above the law 凌驾于法律之上。上文作者提到不要太在意这些顾客，
要淡化这种不好的情绪，不要让自己的自我妨碍了自己。故选B。
7. 【浙江卷】
I’ve been farming sheep on a hillside for 54 years. I use a small tractor to get about. My dog Don always sits
beside me in the passenger scat.
One morning I spotted a lost lamb when I was in the top field，near where a motorway cuts through my land. The
lamb had become separated from its mother, so I jumped out of the tractor to_____38____ it while Don stayed in his
scat.
38．A．ask about
B．play with
C．tend to
D．run into
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：小羊和它的妈妈走散了，所以我跳下拖拉机去照看它，而Don 还坐在它的
座位上。A. ask about 询问；B. play with 同……一起玩；C. tend to 照看；D. run into 撞上。上文说小羊和它的妈
妈走散了，所以可以推测出我跳下拖拉机去照看它。故选C。
8. 【浙江卷】My heart froze in my chest as I saw the tractor heading towards the motorway. I ran desperately but failed
to
45
. It crashed through a wooden fence and disappeared. The last thing I saw was Don’s face, looking calmly
back at me.
45．A．take off
B．catch up
C．hold back
D．get out
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：我拼命地跑，但没能追上。A. take off
起飞；B. catch up 追上；
C.
hold back 阻止；D. get out 出去。根据I ran desperately 以及下文It crashed through a wooden fence and disappeared.
可知我没有追上拖拉机。故选B。
9. 【全国II】
It’s about 250 miles from the hills of west-central lowa to Ehlers’ home in Minnesota. During the long trip home,
following a weekend of hunting. Ehlers ___41___about the small dog he had seen trembling alongside the road. He had
tried to coax(哄)the dog to him but, frightened, it had ___44___.
41. A. read
B. forgot
C. thought
D. heard
44. A. calmed down
B. stood up
C. rolled over
D. run off
【答案】C
【解析】根据空格前面的During the long trip home, following a weekend of hunting 可知，Ehlers 打猎一周，正驱
车回家。再根据后面的the small dog he had seen….frightened, it had
44
.可知，他本想哄劝那条他遇见的狗，
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但是由于受到了惊吓，那条狗跑了，因此他在开车回家的路上一直想着这条狗。此处固定短语think about 想着。
故选C。
【答案】D
【解析】与前面的but 构成转折的意思，虽然Ehlers 想哄劝狗，到他身边，帮助它，但是由于害怕，它跑掉了，
也与下文的lost 等呼应。故选D。
10. 【全国II】Jeff had hunted in Iowa before Thanksgiving with his dog, Rosie, but the gun shots had scared the dog
off. Jeff searched ___55___ for Rosie in the next four days.
55. A. on purpose
B. on time
C. in turn
D. in vain
【答案】D
【解析】结合上文Ethers 发现了Rosie 和本句的Jeff searched
55
for Rosie in the next four days 语境，说明
Jeff 找了四天，也没有找到他的狗。即徒劳无功。故选D。
11.【全国I】The environmental challenges are significant but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority
seem to be ___49___.
The best of a Kilimanjaro experience, in my opinion, isn’t reaching the top. Mountains are ___51___ as spiritual places
by many cultures.
49. A. paying off
B. spreading out
C. blowing up
D. fading away
51. A. studied
B. observed
C. explored
D. regarded
【答案】A
【解析】由“but”可知，前后表示转折关系，说明坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局所做的努力似乎正在得到回报。pay off
得到回报；spread out 伸展；blow up 爆炸；fade away；逐渐消退。故选A。
【答案】D
【解析】由“spiritual space ”,可知，山被许多文化视为精神场所。study 学习，研究；observed 观察；explore 探
索；regard 认为。be regarded as 意为“被视为......”符合句意。故选D。
12. 【全国卷III】Wednesday, residents(居民)of Rjukan received their very first ray of winter sunshine: A row of
reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to ___48___. The mirrors are controlled by a computer that directs
them to turn along with the sun throughout the day and to close during windy weather.
48. A. repair
B. risk
C. rest
D. use
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A. repair 修理；B. risk 风险；C. rest
休息；D. use 使用。根据前一句their very
first ray of winter sunshine 可知，获得了冬天的第一缕阳光，是由于反射板投入使用了，故选D。put sth to use
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把某物投入使用。
13. 【全国II】“Something’s not right !” I took off my T-shirt and ___49___ into the water.
49. A. stared
B. sank
C. dived
D. fell
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据上文皮划艇有麻烦和下文我去帮忙救人可知，我脱掉我的T 恤衫，跳入水中。
A. stared 盯着看，目不转睛地看，凝视；B. sank 下沉，沉没；C. dived 潜水，跳水；D. fell 打倒；击倒。故选C。
此处是固定短语：dive into the water：纵身跳入水中。
14.【全国II】I helped carry the young man out of the water. He was unconscious and as I looked at his face, something
___52___ to me.
52. A. happened
B. occurred
C. applied
D. appealed
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据句意可知，当我看着他的脸时，我想到了一些事情。occur 跟to 短语时，表
示“想到”，而不是“发生”，happen 后接不定式，是"碰巧"的意思。故选B。
15. 【全国II】I still can’t believe what a coincidence it was. I’m just so glad I was there ___60___ to help my son.
60. A. on board
B. in time
C. for sure
D. on purpose
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词词组词义辨析。我高兴的是我在那儿及时帮助了我的儿子。A. on board 在船上；B. in time 及
时；C. for sure 肯定；D. on purpose 目的。故选B。
【精讲研法】
考点2
习惯搭配
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】Carnegie was popular and always drew favorable attention. He was good at taking
46
of the connections
he made through his business and the social events he attended.
46．A．charge
B．advantage
C．possession
D．notice
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：他善于利用自己通过生意和参加的社交活动建立人脉关系。A charge 充电；B
advantage 优势；C possession 财产；D notice 通告。根据“Carnegie took every opportunity”得知，卡内基善于利
生意和社交活动建立人脉关系。take advantage of 是固定短语，表示“利用”，故选B。
【例2】As I checked out, the owner of the motel
26
me for staying with him and gave me a fresh red apple to
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eat as I drove on my way.
26．A．assisted
B．convinced C．praised
D．thanked
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在我退房的时候，汽车旅馆的老板感谢我和他待在一起，并给了我一个新
鲜的红苹果让我在开车回家时吃。A. assisted 帮助；B. convinced 信服；C. praised 赞扬；D. thanked 感谢。thank
sb. for doing sth.因做某事而感谢某人。根据下文的“gave me a fresh red apple to eat as I drove on my way.”可推知，
汽车旅馆的老板感谢作者和他待在一起。故选D。
【例3】At nearly all of these conferences, I have told my story about how the great service at the Central Motel and the
little extra touch of the fresh red apple on my departure
30
me to stay again.
30．A．insisted
B．accepted
C．encouraged
D．left
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：几乎在所有这些会议上，我都讲述了自己的故事，讲述了中央汽车旅馆的
优质服务，以及临行时新鲜的红苹果给我的一点额外的感动，是如何鼓励我再次入住的。A. insisted 坚持；B.
accepted 结束；C. encouraged 鼓励；D. left 离开。encourage sb. to do 鼓励某人做某事。汽车旅馆的服务和细节
鼓励了作者再次入住。故选C。
【例4】But when I think about the danger,
36
the road is far more dangerous, and also it's something where I'm
not in control.
36．A．crossing
B．paving
C．mending
D．cleaning
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词辨析。句意：但是当我想到危险的时候，过马路要危险得多，而且这是我无法控制的事情。
A. crossing 穿过，越过；B. paving 铺路；C. mending 修理；D. cleaning 打扫。作者对人们的问题，很淡定的回
答，提及危险的话，其实盲人过马路可能会更加危险，这个是他们无法掌控的。cross the road“过马路”，故选A。
【例5】Mr. Henry
30
through the streets and drove through red lights. Soon there was a police car behind him.
Mr. Henry raced on until he reached the station. He stopped in front of the station at two minutes to three, and the
young man quickly jumped out of the taxi.
30．A．walked
B．flew
C．raced
D．looked
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：Henry 在大街上疾驰，并且闯红灯。10. A. walked 走；B. flew 飞；C. raced
赛跑；D. looked 看。由下文“drove through red lights. ”可知，司机开的飞快，race through“疾驰”。故选C。
【例6】These experiences taught Aidan that age is only a number and that anyone can make a difference. And he is
determined to
35
his experiences with other kids.
35．A．share
B．save
C．follow
D．ignore
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【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他决定和其他孩子分享他的经历。A. share 分享；B. save 拯救；C. follow
跟随；D. ignore 忽略。share sth. with sb.和某人分享某物。根据"his experiences with other kids"得知，Aidan 决定
和更多的孩子分享(share)他的经历。故选A。
规律方法：完形填空技巧之习惯搭配
英语语言中的很多词汇均以短语搭配的形式出现，完形填空中的词汇也不例外。很多时候，在分析语境、
理清空白处含义的基础上，利用对词汇前后搭配的分析可以快速、准确地推断完形填空的未知信息。所谓前后
搭配主要是指动词(名词、形容词等)与介词的搭配、动词与其宾语的搭配、句式结构和各种习惯搭配。在解答
完形填空题时，充分考虑这些搭配关系，有助于我们做出正确选择。
一、动介搭配
During this period Dale was slowly developing an inferiority complex (自卑感), which his mother knew could
________him from achieving his real potential.
A. prevent
B. protect
C. save
D. free
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A. prevent 阻止；B. protect 保护；C. save 拯救；D. free 释放。这里考查短语
prevent sb. from doing sth.阻止某人做某事。他的母亲知道这能够阻止他获得他的真正的潜能。故选A。
二、动宾搭配
The squirrels had no __12__ coming up right to me for them.
12．A. business
B．fun
C．problem
D．privilege
【答案】C
【解析】have no problem (in) doing sth 做某事没问题。松鼠没什么问题，它们直接就过来吃。business 商业，
事情；fun 快乐；problem 问题；privilege 特权。
三、介词搭配
1.
____ me, Simon had become a different person.
A. Because of
B. In spite of
C. Apart from
D. As for
【答案】A
【解析】考查短语辨析以及对语境的理解。因为我的原因，Simon 完全变了一个人。此处A.因为；B.尽管；
C.除了……之外；D.至于。根据文意可知选A。
2.who then showed us a poster she had painted
the talent show.
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A. at
B. after
C. for
D. around
【答案】C
【解析】考查介词。根据文章内容，这里是老师拿出一张“才艺秀”做的海报。for 意为“为…的；供…的。”。
四、句式搭配
__28__she had a slice to eat，she never __29__ the one on her head. It was a fair __30__—I got a pleasure，and she
had yet another tasty treat.
28．A. Even if
B．Ever since
C．As far as
D．So long as
29．A. welcomed
B．required
C．bothered
D．expected
30．A. trade
B．competition
C．task
D．affair
【答案】28-30DCA
【解析】28. D
只要“她”有胡萝卜片吃着，“她”从来就不会为头顶上的东西感到烦恼。even if 即使；ever
since 自从；as far as 就……而言；so long as 只要。
29. C
参考上题解析。welcome 欢迎；require 要求；bother 操心，烦恼；expect 期待。
30. A
这是一场公平交易——“我”获得了快乐，而“她”也得到另一份美味佳肴。trade 贸易，交易；
competition 比赛，竞争；task 任务；affair 事情，事务。
五、句型搭配
It was then 25
I started to appreciate the tough choices she had to make on balancing family and work.
A. when
B. where
C. which
D. that
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查的是“it is … that”强调句型，意为“到那时我才开始感激妈妈在权衡家庭和工作时所面临
的艰难的抉择。”。
六、习语搭配
“You should mind your own ________！” Diane replied and walked into the gentle waves.
A．business
B．swimsuit
C．friends
D．parents
【答案】A
【解析】由前文信息可知，她应该是说“你少管闲事”。mind one's own business 意为“少管闲事”，符合语境。
【变式精讲】
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【例1】
“What's all this tree-planting for? " I was asked when I began writing about restoring(修复) a piece of land I had
purchased in Somerset. The truth is, I just love trees. And I am not alone “As I get older, all I really
38
is to
plant trees ,” Prince Charles says in a BBC programme in which he is filmed in the wood he planted on the day Prince
George was born.
38．A．object to
B．give away
C．take up
D．long for
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：在BBC 的一档节目中，查尔斯王子说:“随着年龄的增长，我真正渴望的就
是种树。”查尔斯王子在乔治王子出生的那天种下树，该节目就是在那片林地里拍摄的。A. object to 反对；B. give
away 赠送，泄露；C. take up 拿起，占据，开始从事；D. long for 渴望。根据下文“in the wood he planted…”可知，
查尔斯王子渴望种树。故选D。
【例2】
In order to save the environment, everybody has a role to play. The perfect example of someone who knows this well
enough is a 70-year-old grandmother, Pat Smith.
42
with bags, rubber gloves and a rubbish picker, she spent an
entire year collecting rubbish and caring for 52 British beaches after she made it her
New Year’s resolution to clean
one beach each week. She even spent her Christmas Day picking up plastic bottles on Trevone Beach.
42．A．Associated
B．Armed
C．Combined D．Rewarded
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：Pat Smith 带着垃圾袋、橡胶手套和捡破烂机，在她年的新年决心之后，她
花了整整一年的时间来捡垃圾，并照顾52 个英国海滩。A. Associated 联系；B. Armed 武装；C. Combined 将……
结合起来；D. Rewarded 奖励。分析可知，armed with…武装/装备……，这里用比较形象的方式来描述Pat Smith
当时的形象，她以这些东西来武装自己，故选B。
【例3】I hope my efforts will help people be more
55
of their plastic consumption and recycling habits.”
55．A．proud
B．curious
C．skeptical D．aware
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我希望我的努力能帮助人们意识到对塑料的消费和回收的习惯。A. proud
骄傲的；B. curious 好奇的；C. skeptical 怀疑的；D. aware 意识到的。这里指帮助人们也形成保护环境的意识，
be aware of sth...意识到某事，符合题意，故选D。
【例4】
Molly’s spare bedroom is filled with decades of classroom memories. The school yearbooks pile up on the shelf. Even
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more shelves are full of old lesson plans. “I really need to clear them out,” she admits. But there’s one book Molly will
never
43
. It’s a big book with a striking orange cover, sitting proudly on a table.
43．A．pay for
B．put off
C．throw away
D．hand in
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：但有一本书莫莉永远不会扔掉。A. pay for 支付；B. put off 推迟；C. throw away
丢弃；D. hand in 上交。结合后文可知，这本书里有学生写给她的信，莫莉永远不会扔掉，but 表示转折。故选
C。
【例5】My legs gave
28
as I reached the other side of the road. I should have followed up my “wait” with a
hand on her shoulder, or a(n) explanation of why we were ignoring the green man this time, especially as I had in effect
taught her to cross the road
32
the green flash.
I beat myself up for months, and still do, with flashbacks and horrible assumption about what might have been.
33
your sounding your horn, seeing what I hadn’t seen, I would have been left a mother on the other side of the road,
totally broken.
28．A．in
B．up
C．way
D．life
32．A．regardless of
B．at the sight of
C．in terms of
D．in spite of
33．A．But for
B．Thanks to
C．Instead of
D．In return for
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：当我走到路的另一边时，我的腿都软了。A. give in 屈服，让步；B. give up
放弃；C. give way 倒塌，失去控制；D. give life 给予生命。根据最后一段中“horrible assumption”可知，作者当
时吓坏了。故选C。
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意：实际上我已经教会她看到绿灯闪烁就过马路了。A. regardless of 不管，不
顾；B. at the sight of 一看见；C. in terms of 在……方面；D. in spite of 尽管。根据第二段中“as the green man flashed,
that my daughter had begun to run into the road.”可推测，女儿之所以会跑向马路，是因为作者曾经教她一看到绿
灯就过马路。故选B。
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意：要不是你按响了喇叭，看到了我所没有看到的，我可能会被遗弃在路的另
一边，一个彻底崩溃的母亲。A. But for 要不是；B. Thanks to 幸亏C. Instead of 而不是；D. In return for 作为……
的回报。根据上文可知，“your sounding your horn, seeing what I hadn’t seen”是实际情况，又根据“horrible
assumption”可知，此处只是作者的一种假设。故选A。
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考点3
行文逻辑
【构建知识体系】
完型填空
考点1 词汇复现
考点2 习惯搭配
考点3 行文逻辑
考点4 生活常识和文化背景
考点5 瞻前顾后揣摩语境
【命题解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
在一篇约250 词的短
文中留出20 个空白，要求
考生从每题的给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项，使补
足的短文意思通顺、前后
连贯、结构完整。
既考
查考生的
英语基础
知识，又考
查考生综
合运用语
言的能力，
主要测验学生的语言综合运用能力，包括词语
辨析能力、语法结构分析能力、语篇理解能力、逻
辑推理能力、文化背景透析能力、作者意图剖析能
力和生活常识综合运用能力。该题型分值高（30 分，
占整个卷面总分的45%）、区分度强，是考生最容易
“拉开距离”的一项测试。
【剖析全国高考真题】
考点3
行文逻辑
1. 【浙江省高考英语试卷】Everyone was so
20
and like-minded that it was very
21
to feel at home.
20．A．confident
B．friendly
C．energetic
D．curious
21．A．funny
B．good
C．lucky
D．easy
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：每个人都如此友好和志趣相投以至于很容易有宾至如家的感觉。A. confident
自信的；B. friendly 友好的；C. energetic 活力的；D. curious 好奇的。根据后文“and like-minded”可推断，作者感
觉大家都很友好。故选B。同类关系
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：每个人都如此友好和志趣相投以至于很容易有宾至如家的感觉。A. funny
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搞笑的；B. good 好的；C. lucky 幸运的；D. easy 容易的。根据“that like-minded”和“feel at home”得知大家都很
友好并且志趣相投，感觉到家的温暖很容易。故选D。同类关系
2. 【浙江卷】My job was to build a stairway out of rock. This meant climbing up and down the side of a mountain
inhabited (栖息) by mountain lions, although I should say they were only heard, never
27
.
27．A．hunted
B．trained
C．seen
D．fed
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然我应该说他们只被听说过，从没被亲眼见过。A. hunted 捕猎；B. trained
训练；C. seen 看到；D. fed 喂养。根据前文“although I should say they were only heard”可知，作者以前没有见过。
故选C。转折关系
3. 【·山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷)】A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the damage it caused had
driven away a number of birds.
25
, the number of snakes had declined as well.
25．A．Besides
B．However
C．Therefore
D．Otherwise
25．考查副词词义辨析。句意:此外，蛇的数量也减少了。A. Besides 此外，另外；B. However 但是；C. Therefore
因此；D. Otherwise 否则。根据as well 可知，洪水不仅导致很多鸟儿离开。而且，它还导致蛇的数量减少。故
选A。并列关系
4. 【·天津卷】Jones got the idea after he had talked with an elderly lady who had been cheated of her money. The lady
would get a call from a stranger every morning who eventually made her believe that he was her friend, and then she
lent him about “￡31,000 . Jones was
21
when she said that she didn’t actually mind being cheated. “Otherwise,
I would never speak to another person for weeks on end,” she said.
21．A．ashamed
B．shocked
C．excited
D．amused
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:当这位老妇人说她实际上并不介意被骗时，琼斯很震惊。A. ashamed 羞愧
的；B. shocked 震惊的；C. excited 兴奋的；D. amused 愉悦的。按照正常的逻辑，一个人被骗了很多钱，她一定
会很生气。然而，这位老妇人却说她不介意。所以琼斯很震惊。故选B。因果关系
5. 【·江苏卷】When Wilson heated it, the container
43
, leaving Wilson blinded in both eyes.
43．A．erupted
B．exploded
C．emptied
D．exposed
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：当威尔逊把它加热时，容器爆炸了，导致威尔逊失明。A. erupted 爆发，喷
出；B. exploded 爆炸；C. emptied 腾空，掏空；D. exposed 揭露，使暴露。因为容器内装的不是水，而是更容易
挥发的物质，所以，当威尔逊把它加热时，容器“爆炸”了，导致Wilson 失明。故选B。（因果关系，爆炸是失
明的原因）
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6.【·江苏卷】He learned braille (盲文) quickly and continued his education at Worcester College for the Blind. There,
he not only did well as a student but also became a(n)
47
public speaker.
47．A．accomplished B．crucial
C．specific
D．innocent
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在那里，他不仅是一名出色的学生，而且成为了一名出色的演说家。A.
accomplished 才华高的，有成就的；B. crucial 至关重要的，关键性的；C. specific 特定的，具体的；D. innocent
无辜的，天真的。前一句提到威尔逊很快学会了盲文，并在伍斯特盲人学院继续接受教育。结合该句中的not
only…but also…可以推知，他不仅是个好学生，而且是个非常好的公共演说家。故选A。递进关系
7. 【·江苏卷】Wilson received several international awards for his great contributions. He lost his sight but found a
54
. He proved that it’s not what happens to us that
55
our lives-it’s what we make of what happens.
54．A．fortune
B．recipe
C．dream
D．vision
55．A．distinguishes
B．determines
C．claims
D．limits
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他失明了，但找到了视野。A. fortune 运气，财富；B. recipe 食谱，秘诀；
C. dream 梦，梦想；D. vision 视野。根据前文叙述可知，虽然威尔逊失明了，但是他却通过努力，帮助了很多
人，为世界做出了巨大贡献。由此推知，他虽然看不见，但是他的“眼界”开阔，做到了很多人都做不到的事情。
故选D。（转折关系）
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他证明了并不是发生在我们身上的事情决定了我们的生活，而是我们如何
看待发生的事情。A. distinguishes 区分，辨别；B. determines 决定；C. claims 宣称；D. limits 限制。结合第一段
中的“Success
fundamentally on our view of ourselves and of the
in our lives”可知，成功从根本上取决
于我们对自己和对生活中发生的事情的看法。即：并不是发生的事情“决定”我们的生活，而是我们对发生的事
情的看法“决定”了我们的生活。故选B。（并列关系）
8.【·全国新课标II】It was just after sunrise on a June morning. “Nicolo,” whose real name cannot be
41
to the
public because of Italy’s privacy laws, finished working the whole night at a factory in Turin.
41．A．attached
B．allocated
C．exposed
D．submitted
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：Nicolo 完成了一整夜在Turin 一家工厂的工作，他的真实名字因意大利的
隐私法不能暴露给公众。A. attached 参加；B. allocated 分配；C. exposed 暴露；D. submitted 上交。根据下文的
because of Italy's privacy 可知此处用be exposed to“暴露”符合语境，故选C。（因果关系）
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9. 【·全国II】He had tried to coax(哄)the dog to him but, frightened, it had ___44___.
44. A. calmed down
B. stood up
C. rolled over
D. run off
【答案】D
【解析】与前面的but 构成转折的意思，虽然Ehlers 想哄劝狗，到他身边，帮助它，但是由于害怕，它跑掉了。
故选D。（转折关系；因果关系）
10. (·江苏) Born at an international crane foundation, Emma was raised by human caretakers. This led to an unexpected
consequence, though she had a wonderful time there. Emma had never taken herself as a crane and become deeply
attached to humans. She refused to live with male cranes, and even had a reputation for killing some of them, which
made it impossible for her to become a mother.
___46___, the two zookeepers didn’t want to see the extinction(灭绝)of this precious species. With their patience and
efforts, they successfully developed a combination of artificial breeding(人工繁殖)and natural reproduction.
46. A. Therefore
B. Moreover
C. However
D. Instead
【答案】C
【解析】根据前文可知，Emma 拒绝和雄鹤一起生活，甚至想要杀死它们，据此可以判断，这很难能让她成为
母亲；根据该句可知，这两位动物园员工不想看到这个珍稀物种绝迹，据此可知，空处前后文之间为转折关系，
However 然而，表示转折，故选C。（转折关系）
11.【·全国卷III】The 3,500 residents cannot all enjoy the sunshine at the same time. ___57___, the new light feels like
more than enough for the town’s sun-starved residents.
57. A. Instead
B. However
C. Gradually
D. Similarly
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。A. Instead 代替；B. However 然而；C. Gradually 逐渐地；D. Similarly 相似地。前
一句意思为并不是3500 名居民都能同时享受到太阳光，后一句，新的光线为小镇人们的意义不仅仅提供光线，
故可知前后句属于转折关系，故选B。（转折关系）
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【精讲研法】
考点3
行文逻辑
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】Blue interrupted: “You only think about the earth,
44
consider the sky and the sea.
44．A．and
B．so
C．or
D．but
【答案】D
【解析】考查连词词义辨析。句意：蓝色打断他的话:“你只考虑了地上，但想想天空和海洋吧。”A. and 和；B. so
所以；C. or 或者；D. but 但是。根据前后文逻辑可知，其他颜色只从大地的角度考虑，未想到天空和大海，前
后逻辑为转折关系，故用but。故选D。
【例2】The incident reminded me that
34
minor complaints, we have a wonderful life. Even when
Thanksgiving is past, I still plan to continue this thankfulness journey. I think it can change an attitude to gratitude
.
34．A．in spite of
B．in terms of
C．in case of
D．in place of
【答案】A
【解析】考查介词短语辨析。句意：这件事提醒我，尽管有一些小抱怨，我们的生活还是很美好的。A. in spite
of 尽管……；B. in terms of 从……角度看；C. in case of 万一……；D. in place of 代替……。根据“minor complaints”
以及“a wonderful life”可知，前后部分存在对立关系，本句意在表示，尽管生活中有些微不如意之处，但整体而
言我们的生活很美好。故选A 项。
【例3】
Sometimes we get lucky when we do something wrong.
53
, sometimes we don’t. I often wonder what
became of those who didn’t make it to graduation. The surest way to stay out of trouble is to avoid it in the first place.
53．A．Anyhow
B．Furthermore
C．Still
D．Therefore
【答案】C
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：有时候我们做错事是很幸运的。但，有时我们却不是。A. Anyhow 总之，
无论怎样；B. Furthermore 此外，而且；C. Still 但；D. Therefore 因此。根据句意“有时候我们做错事是
很幸运的”和“有时我们不是”可知前后文为转折关系，所以应用still(但)连接，故选C。
【例4】I wanted him to experience his freedom, along with feeling playing in the snow,
27
I didn't let him out
often.
27．A．when
B．after
C．until
D．since
【答案】D
【解析】考查连词词义辨析。句意：我想让他体验一下他的自由，感受一下在雪里玩耍的感觉，因为我不经常
让他出去。A. when 当……时候；B. after 在……之后；C. until 直到；D. since 自从，因为。引导原因状语从句，
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表示“因为”应用since。故选D。
【例5】
The farmer was tempted to fire him on the spot.
50
, he hurried outside to prepare for the storm. To his
amazement, he discovered everything had been tied down. The cows were in the barn, the chickens were in the coops,
and the doors were barred.
50．A．Therefore
B．Instead
C．Meanwhile
D．Moreover
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他急忙跑到外面去准备迎接风暴来袭。A. Therefore 因此；B. Instead
反而；C. Meanwhile 同时；D. Moreover 而且。上文提到农场主本来想立即解雇这个人，结果相反，他自己跑到
外面为风暴做好准备去了。故选B。（相对关系）
【例6】Thanks to her mom's influence，Loida grew up to become a doctor, which was her mom's childhood dream.
After working for 10 years and saving some money，she thought it was her turn to make her mom proud!
50
, she
began to study for a doctor's degree. But Loida decided to keep it a secret from her mom---for nearly three years !
50．A．Still
B．Even
C．Again
D．Then
【答案】D
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：后来，她开始攻读博士学位。A. Still 仍然; B. Even 甚至; C. Again 又一次; D.
Then 然后。前面谈到她下决心要让妈妈为她感到骄傲，因此这里在谈：然后，就开始攻读博士学位。故选D。
（先后关系）
规律方法：完形填空技巧之行文逻辑
完形填空首先考查的就是考生对文章的理解能力。因此考生在做完形填空时，应把它看作一个意思连贯、
结构完整的语篇，而不是单项填空。做题时要善于利用段首句或首段最大限度地获取信息。完形填空的首句或
前几句话一般都是完整的，为考生提供足够的信息去挖掘文章的思路，而且，这里往往包含主题句，为理解文
章大意和主要内容提供必要的线索。此外，完形填空是具有完整内容且按照一定思路发展的文章，各段及各句
之间都有逻辑上的必然联系，因此还要注意把握文章发展的基本线索，搞清段与段、句与句之间的逻辑关系。
答题时，考生首先要树立起语篇概念，抓住文章主题思想，理清其结构布局，明辨句子之间以及段落之间的
关系，利用句与句、句群与句群之间的逻辑关系解题。句子之间的逻辑关系主要包括：并列关系(连接词有and，
while 等)；转折关系(连接词有but，however，whereas，nevertheless 等)；因果关系(连接词有so，therefore，
thus，because, for，since，as 等)；让步关系(连接词或短语有though，although，despite, in spite of 等)；条件
关系(连接词或短语有if，unless, once，provided that，in case of 等)；解释关系(连接词或短语有i.e.，that is to
say, in other words 等)；顺序关系(连接词有before，after，and，first，second，then，next, finally 等)。
一、因果关系
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(节选) I'd always thought，while slicing up carrots，that the end looked like a cap.__25__one day，just to see what
she would do，I gently placed one on top of the groundhog's head.
25．A. While
B．Or
C．So
D．For
【答案】C
【解析】因此，有一天，想看看“她”会怎么做，“我”就轻轻地放了一个在那只土拨鼠的头顶上。前后两句为因
果关系。
二、同类关系
(节选)On the other hand, teenagers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for
5
the
towel in the bathroom, not cleaning up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket.
A. washing
B. using
C. dropping
D. replacing
【答案】C
【解析】文中not cleaning up 和refusing to do 与选项中dropping 存在同类关系。另一方面，青少年认为父母因
为仅仅是把浴室里的毛巾掉在地上、不清扫房间和拒绝去超市买东西，这些小事而责怪他们而不耐烦。该空要
根据连词or 和其所连接的“not cleaning up”和“refusing”判断。“乱丢”和“不清扫” 、“拒绝买东西”并列，故选C。
三、相对关系
( 节选)Although I would sure carry the pain of 26_______ with me along, Ahmed reminded me of the abundant
27_______ in the world.
26. A. loss
B. failure
C. fear
D. regret
27. A. friendship
B. devotion
C. kindness
D. justice
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义及语境运用。作者虽然还会因为丧夫而悲痛，但心灵得到了慰藉。A. loss 丧失；B. failure
失败；C. fear 恐惧；D. regret 后悔。故选A。
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义及语境运用。修理工的举动让作者感觉到了人间的关爱。A. friendship 友谊；B. devotion
奉献、专注；C. kindness 关爱、仁爱；D. justice 正义、公正。故选C。
此处26. A. loss 与27.C. kindness 存在相对关系。
四、转折关系
(节选) He couldn’t read his own handwriting.
____ he was a bright student.
30. A. so
B. or
C. for
D. but
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【答案】D
【解析】“我们”知道，但是不得不试试。前后是转折的关系，故用but。故选D。
【变式精讲】
【例1】
In a 2015 study, researchers in Israel filmed handshakes between hundreds of strangers and found nearly a quarter
of participants sniffed their hands unconsciously afterwards.
31
, they concluded that a handshake may be used to
detect chemical signals, and possibly as a means of communication – just as other animals do by smelling each other.
31．A．Besides
B．Therefore
C．Meanwhile
D．However
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词辨析。句意：因此，他们得出结论，握手可以用来检测化学信号，也可能是一种交流的手段
——就像其他动物通过嗅觉互相交流一样。A. Besides 另外；B. Therefore 因此；C. Meanwhile 与此同时；D.
However 但是。前文讲研究人员发现近四分之一的参与者在握手后会无意识地闻自己的手，因此得出了握手可
以用来检测化学信号，也可能是一种交流的手段的结论。故选B。（因果关系）
【例2】The fact that his kids have both grown up and left the house left him thinking how he might offer help to
other kids. Quarantine （隔离）was actually the perfect time for him to finally
decide to share some basic essentials
（要点）with other kids who might be growing up in difficult circumstances. Maybe they've lost a parent or have
parents who are absent.
32
, the devoted dad set up a heart-warming YouTube channel called “Dad, How Do I?" In this channel, he
shares basic skills, from tying a perfect tie knot（结）to repairing a sink.
32．A．Therefore
B．Otherwise
C．However
D．Instead
【答案】A
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，这位热心的爸爸在YouTube 上建立了一个温暖人心的频道——“爸
爸，我该怎么做？”在这个频道里，他分享了一些基本的生活技能，从打一个完美的结到修理水槽。A. Therefore
因此；B. Otherwise 否则；C. However 然而；D. Instead 相反。结合前后文语境，可知为因果关系，应用therefore。
故选A。
【例3】
36
animals are your things you like，talk to your local animal shelter, distribute (分发)staples（主食）
like pet food to low-income pet owners over the holidays. If you miss a grandparent and would like to spend time with
the elderly, help out at a nursing home over the holidays.
36．A．While
B．Because
C．Though
D．If
【答案】D
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【解析】考查连词词义辨析。句意：如果你喜欢小动物，和你当地的动物收容所谈谈，在节日期间向低收入的
宠物主人分发宠物食品等主食。A. While 当……时候；B. Because 因为；C. Though 尽管；D. If 如果。根据“If you
love children，buy a present for a child in need.”可知，此处和上文中的“If”对应。故选D。（条件关系）
【例4】
34
Addy hopes to get close to gorillas in the wild, usually a person needs to be at least 15 years old to
visit where the gorillas live.
34．A．Though
B．Unless
C．Since
D．When
【答案】A
【解析】考查连词词义辨析。句意：虽然艾迪希望能在野外接近大猩猩，但通常一个人需要至少15 岁才能参观
大猩猩生活的地方。A. Though 虽然；B. Unless 除非；C. Since 既然；D. When 当……时。根据句意可知，此处
上下句为转折关系。故选A。
【例5】Recently, she was named a winner of the
Gloria Barron Prize for Young Heroes
27
her hard work to
raise $7,000 for animal groups aiming at protecting the animals in danger.
27．A．as for
B．owing to
C．regardless of
D．apart from
【答案】B
【解析】考查短语词义辨析。句意：最近，她获得了年格洛里亚·巴伦青年英雄奖(Gloria Barron Prize for Young
Heroes)，因为她努力为保护濒危动物的动物组织筹集了7000 美元。A. as for 至于；B. owing to 因为；C. regardless
of 不管；D. apart from 缺少。分析句意可知，此处Addy 被授予奖项的原因是她为保护濒危动物的动物组织筹集
了较多的钱。故选B。（因果关系）
考点4
生活常识和文化背景
【构建知识体系】
完型填空
考点1 词汇复现
考点2 习惯搭配
考点3 行文逻辑
考点4 生活常识和文化背景
考点5 瞻前顾后揣摩语境
【命题解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
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在一篇约250 词的短
文中留出20 个空白，要求
考生从每题的给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项，使补
足的短文意思通顺、前后
连贯、结构完整。
既考
查考生的
英语基础
知识，又考
查考生综
合运用语
言的能力，
主要测验学生的语言综合运用能力，包括词语
辨析能力、语法结构分析能力、语篇理解能力、逻
辑推理能力、文化背景透析能力、作者意图剖析能
力和生活常识综合运用能力。该题型分值高（30 分，
占整个卷面总分的45%）、区分度强，是考生最容易
“拉开距离”的一项测试。
【剖析全国高考真题】
考点4
生活常识和文化背景
1. 【浙江高考】But on the last night we were caught in a thunderstorm. I woke up at midnight to find a swimming pool
in my tent. The temperature was close to
31
. I had to spend the rest of the night trembling in the only dry part of
my tent.
31．A．boiling
B．average
C．normal
D．freezing
【答案】D
【解析】考查形容词短语辨析。句意：温度接近零度。A. boiling 煮沸的的；B. average 平均的；C. normal 正常
的；D. freezing 冰冻的。根据下文“trembling”得知温度很低。故选D。
2. 【·海南卷】Pulling up to the building, Grant saw flames（火焰）shooting out of a second-floor window. Not seeing
or hearing any fire engines approaching Grant rushed to a side entrance and ran up the stairs.
On the second floor, he
45
every apartment door. "Get out!" Grant shouted, No one responded and he assumed
that people had already escaped.
45. A. locked
B. kicked
C. counted
D. repaired
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：在二楼，他踢了每个公寓的门。A. locked 锁；B. kicked 踢；C. counted 计
算；D. repaired 修。根据上文可知，大楼着火了。格兰特冲上楼去救火，所以踢门符合题意，是为了看里面是
否有人。故选B。
3. 【·山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷)】The solution, of course, was to plant trees so the animals could seek
shelter during the daytime. He turned to the
29
department for help but was told that nothing would grow
there.
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29．A．labor
B．police
C．forest
D．finance
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:他向森林部门求助，但被告知那里什么也不长。A. labor 劳动；B. police 警
察；C. forest 森林；D. finance 财政，金融。根据前一句中的”The solution, of course, was to plant trees”可知，Molai
想要种树，所以他应该向”森林”部门求助。故选C。
4. 【·浙江卷】
Lamb and mother reunited , I turned back to the tractor only to see it move suddenly away from me. This was so
unexpected because I had put the handbrake on when I jumped out. Obviously Don had somehow made the
42
move.
42．A．lamb
B．vehicle
C．seat
D．fence
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：显然，Don 以某种方式使车子动了起来。A. lamb 小羊；B. vehicle 车辆；C.
seat 座位；D. fence 栅栏。根据I turned back to the tractor only to see it move suddenly away from me.可知我转过身
去看拖拉机，却看见它突然离开了我。所以这里指的是Don 开走了我的车。故选B。
5.【·全国新课标II】It was just after sunrise on a June morning. “Nicolo,” whose real name cannot be
41
to the
public because of Italy’s privacy laws, finished working the whole night at a factory in Turin.
41．A．attached
B．allocated
C．exposed
D．submitted
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：Nicolo 完成了一整夜在Turin 一家工厂的工作，他的真实名字因意大利的
隐私法不能暴露给公众。A. attached 参加；B. allocated 分配；C. exposed 暴露；D. submitted 上交。根据下文的
because of Italy's privacy 可知此处用be exposed to“暴露”符合语境，故选C。
6. 【·全国新课标III】They’ll have out half the
45
in the shop, and want the only style you don’t have left in a
particular colour. I do know how upset the shop staff can get, but I try to persuade them（售货员）to keep smiling.
45. A. foods
B. catalogues
C. belongings
D. goods
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们会试用商店里一半的商品，只想要一种你没有那种特别颜色的存货。
A. foods 食物；B. catalogues 目录；C. belongings 所有物；D. goods 商品。结合后文in the shops 可知此处指的是
商店里的商品。其它选项不符合语境。故选D。
7.【·全国II】Ehlers eventually succeeded in coaxing the animal（the dog）to him. Nervousness and fear were replaced
with ___49___. It（the dog）just started licking(舔)Ehlers’ face.
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49. A. surprise
B. joy
C. hesitation
D. anxiety
【答案】B
【解析】根据空格前面的Nervousness and fear were replaced 紧张不安和恐惧被取代了，以及后面的It just started
licking (舔)Ehlers’ face 这条狗添着Ehlers 的脸，因此说明它感到了快乐。hesitation 犹豫；anxiety 焦虑。
8. 【全国II】Two weeks earlier.
my son . Ben ,had got in touch , he’d moved to England with his mum when he was
three and it had been 13 years since I’d last seen him . So imagine my ___42___ when he emailed me saying he wanted
to come to visit me.
42. A. delight
B. relief
C. anger
D. worry
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据上下文可知，13 年没有见到自己的儿子，突然收到儿子的电子邮件，并且说
要来看自己。由此可以推知，我很快乐、开心。A. delight 高兴，愉快；B. relief (痛苦、忧虑等的)解除，减轻；
C. anger 怒，忿怒；D. worry 担心。故选A。
9. 【·全国卷III】Of course, we notice it when the sun is shining," says Karin Ro, who works for the town’s tourism
office. “We see the sky is ___43___, but down in the valley it’s darker — it’s like on a cloudy day.”
43. A. empty
B. blue
C. high
D. wide
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。A. empty 空的；B. blue 蓝色的；C. high 搞得；D. wide 宽的。根据常识可知，
有太阳的时候，天空是蓝色的，故选B。
10.【·全国卷III】The mirrors are controlled by a computer that directs them to turn along with the sun throughout the
___50___ and to close during windy weather.
50. A. day
B. night
C. month
D. year
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A. day 白天；B. night 夜晚；C. month 月；D. year 年。根据文章可知，太阳光出现
在白天，故选A。
【精讲研法】
考点4
生活常识和文化背景
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】The farmer was tempted to fire him on the spot.
Instead, he hurried outside to prepare for the storm. To his amazement, he discovered everything had been tied down.
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The cows were in the barn, the chickens were in the coops, and the doors were
52
. The shutters were tightly
secured.
Nothing could blow away.
52．A．blocked
B．handled
C．stuck
D．barred
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：牛在牲口棚里，鸡在鸡笼里，门都上了闩。A. blocked 阻塞；B. handled 处
理；C. stuck 卡住；D. barred 上门闩，阻挡。根据上文“the doors were”可知指门上了门闩应用bar。故选D。
【例2】She told me that her husband died and her pay as a cleaner was
28
enough for her kids. I didn't know
what to say. Looking into her eyes, I tried to remember the lessons from a communication skills class a few years
earlier, but my mind was blank.
28．A．awfully
B．merely
C．properly
D．purely
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：她告诉我，她的丈夫去世了，她当清洁工的工资只够养活她的孩子。A. awfully
可怕地；B. merely 仅仅；C. properly 适当地；D. purely 纯粹地。根据上文“her pay as a cleaner was”结合常识可
知，A 女士作为清洁工的工资只够养活她的孩子。故选B。
【例3】
They are able to pay house rent only because they get a free
28
each weekday. Others are
homeless.Although noisy and busy,the kitchen is run efficiently,and rules are gently enforced.
28．A．meal
B．ride
C．time
D．gift
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们能够支付房子租金仅仅是因为他们每个工作日能得到一份免费的饭。
A. meal 饭；B. ride 搭车；C. time 时间；D. gift 礼物。结合常识可知，在施粥场能得到免费的饭，故选A。
【例4】Once Stephen handed out vouchers(抵用券）for haircuts and make-up to help people have a sense of dignity
and go to job interviews
32
.Through the jobs,Stephen deepened his understanding of the city and life.
32．A．personally
B．frequently
C．successfully
D．confidently
【答案】D
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：Stephen 曾经发放理发和化妆品的代金券，帮助人们树立尊严，自信地去面
试。A. personally 亲自；B. frequently 频繁地；C. successfully 成功地；D. confidently 自信地。结合常识可知，此
处指让无家可归者整洁地去面试，这样他们也会更有自信。故选D。
【例5】
A new family moved in next door and I got to meet the mother of the family, Lydia. Lydia is a (an)
Korean. We started talking, and she was apologetic about how bad her English was, but I didn’t care. I knew how hard
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it was to
38
a second language. I enjoyed chatting with Lydia as we watched our kids play.
38．A．resist
B．adore
C．reform
D．master
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我知道掌握第二语言有多难。A. resist 抵制；B. adore 热爱；C. reform 告知；
D. master 精通，掌握。根据“a second language.”并结合常识可知，掌握第二语言是很难的。故选D。
规律方法：完形填空技巧之生活常识和文化背景
跨文化思考意识是中学英语《新课程标准》中要求的基本准则之一。因此在备考过程中，应该有意识地利
用有关资料，了解一些有关中西方文化差异的知识来完善自己的知识系统。完形填空题中有时就渗透着相关的，
如科学、历史、文化、风俗民情等方面的知识。如果考生掌握了丰富的文化背景知识和生活常识，就具备了一
定的判断能力，可以大大简化复杂的分析过程和判断过程。这就要求考生平时既要多体验生活，又要扩大阅读
面，增强自己这方面的知识储备，避免常识性错误。同时，还要注意中西方文化的差异，避免出现汉语式表达
或理解。
完形填空题所选的文章多是具有一定故事情节和教育意义的记叙文，这些语篇都非常贴近学生的生活，涉
及日常生活常识的试题就在所难免。所以考生在解题时，可以根据这些常识做出正确选择。
完形填空的语篇信息常交织渗透着各类相关的文化背景知识：有些选项的设置与文化背景有关，这就要求
考生有较宽的知识面，同时具备一定的文化意识，特别要有对英语国家文化的敏感性和鉴别力，只有这样才能
既快又准确地解题。
【变式精讲】
【例1】
If a child is unable to attend school, they can
31
log on to their tablet or laptop and call in the robot. They
can walk up and down the school paths, and go to lunch with their friends. But the real magic happens between classes.
31．A．hardly
B．randomly
C．mostly
D．simply
【答案】D
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：他们可以简单地登录他们的平板电脑或笔记本电脑。A. hardly 几乎没有；
B. randomly 随机地；C. mostly 大部分；D. simply 简单地。根据常识可知，登录平板或笔记本只需要账号密码
便可以，因此比较便捷易操作。故选D。
【例2】We arrived at a pedestrian crossing and she pressed the
17
. In the distance, I heard alarms, told my
daughter to wait and
18
the police car approach.
17．A．man
B．phone
C．button
D．bag
【答案】C
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【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们到了一个人行横道，她按下了按钮。A. man 人；B. phone 电话；C. button
按钮；D. bag 包。根据常识，在英美国家，有些人行横道路口会有一个杆子，上面有红绿灯按钮，行人想过马
路需要先按一下按钮，等待交通灯变成绿灯时方可通过。故选C。
【例3】A few years ago, I was conducting a string of customer service conferences in New England. And once again,
my client had
21
a motel(汽车旅馆) for me to stay at in Glen Innes.
21．A．visited
B．booked
C．joined
D．bought
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的客户又一次为我在Glen Innes 订了一家汽车旅馆。A. visited 参观；B.
booked 预订；C. joined 加入；D. bought 买。根据“A few years ago, I was conducting a string of customer service
conferences in New England.”可知，作者在新英格兰组织客户服务会议，客户为作者订的汽车旅馆。故选B。
【例4】
Mr. Henry, a London taxi driver, has a new black taxi. He hurries through the busy
21
every day.
21．A．stations
B．shops
C．buildings
D．streets
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他每天穿梭在繁忙的大街上。A. stations 车站；B. shops 商店；C. buildings
建筑大楼；D. streets 大街。根据“Mr. Henry, a London taxi driver”可知，出租车司机应该是每天穿梭在繁忙的大
街上，故选D。
【例5】We take them for granted, ignore the creatures living among them, remain in ignorance of the
42
trees
are doing us (cleaning the air, for example) and cut them down for development.
42．A．honor
B．good
C．harm
D．justice
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们认为它们是理所当然的，忽视了生活在它们之中的生物，也忽视了树
木给我们带来的好处(例如，净化空气)，并为了发展而砍伐它们。A. honor 荣誉；B. good 好处；C. harm 害处；
D. justice 正义。根据“cleaning the air”可知，树木给我们带来了好处。故选B。
考点5
瞻前顾后揣摩语境
【构建知识体系】
完型填空
考点1 词汇复现
考点2 习惯搭配
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考点3 行文逻辑
考点4 生活常识和文化背景
考点5 瞻前顾后揣摩语境
【命题解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
在一篇约250 词的短
文中留出20 个空白，要求
考生从每题的给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项，使补
足的短文意思通顺、前后
连贯、结构完整。
既考
查考生的
英语基础
知识，又考
查考生综
合运用语
言的能力，
主要测验学生的语言综合运用能力，包括词语
辨析能力、语法结构分析能力、语篇理解能力、逻
辑推理能力、文化背景透析能力、作者意图剖析能
力和生活常识综合运用能力。该题型分值高（30 分，
占整个卷面总分的45%）、区分度强，是考生最容易
“拉开距离”的一项测试。
【剖析全国高考真题】
【高考预测】
考点5
瞻前顾后揣摩语境
1. 【·山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷)】When he was 16, Molai began to notice something
23
happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the
24
it caused had driven away a
number of birds. Beside, the number of snakes had declined as well.
23．A．precious
B．interesting
C．disturbing
D．awkward
24．A．waste
B．tension
C．pain
D．damage
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意:16 岁时，Molai 开始注意到他的家周围发生了一些令人不安的事情。A.
precious 宝贵的；B. interesting 有趣的；C. disturbing 令人不安的，引起烦恼的；D. awkward 尴尬的，笨拙的。
该段后半部分提到:洪水侵袭，很多鸟儿离开，蛇的数量减少。这些情况都不正常，令人不安。故选C。
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意:那年早些时候，一场洪水袭击了这个地区，洪水造成的损害赶走了很多鸟类。
A. waste 废物；B. tension 紧张；C. pain 疼痛，痛苦；D. damage 损害，伤害。洪水侵袭这个地区，它会”损害”
庄稼、树木，这些都会导致鸟儿们离开。故选D。
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2. 【·海南省高考英语试卷（新高考全国II 卷)】Pulling up to the building, Grant saw flames（火焰）shooting out of
a second-floor window. Not seeing or hearing any fire engines
43
Grant rushed to a side
44
and ran up the
stairs.
43. A. burning
B. leaving
C. approaching
D. waiting
44. A. entrance
B. road
C. building
D. window
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：格兰特把车停到大楼前，看见火焰从二楼的窗户里喷出来。没有看到或听
到任何消防车接近。格兰特冲到一个侧门跑上楼梯。A. burning 燃烧；B. leaving 离开；C. approaching 接近；D.
waiting 等待。分析可知，火焰都已经从二楼喷出来，并且可以看出格兰特跑上楼梯去救火，可以推测是因为消
防车没来，此处approaching 表示接近，符合题意，故选C。
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：格兰特把车停到大楼前，看见火焰从二楼的窗户里喷出来。没有看到或听
到任何消防车接近。格兰特冲到一个侧门跑上楼梯。A. entrance 入口；B. road 路；C. building 楼；D. window 窗
户。根据语境可知，二楼窗户喷火并且消防车没来所以格兰特冲到侧门是为了救火，符合题意，side entrance
侧门。故选A。
3.【·海南省高考英语试卷（新高考全国II 卷)】On the second floor, he kicked every apartment door. "Get out!" Grant
shouted, No one
46
and he assumed that people had already
47
.
46. A. agreed
B. cared
C. responded
D. understood
47. A. arrived
B. returned
C. hidden
D. escaped
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：没有人回应，他以为人们已经逃走了。A. agreed 同意；B. cared 照顾；C.
responded 回应；D. understood 理解。分析可知，格兰特踢门问里面是否有人，再结合后面他认为人已经逃走了
可以判断出是没有人回应他。故选C。
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：没有人回应，他以为人们已经逃走了。A. arrived 到达；B. returned 返回；
C. hidden 藏；D. escaped 逃离。分析可知，格兰特踢门但没有人回应，所以他以为人们已经逃走（escaped）符
合题意，故选D。
4. 【·山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷)】Molai
35
to plant trees for the next 37 years. His efforts have
resulted in 1,360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals.
35．A．returned
B．learned
C．failedD．continued
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【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意:在接下来的37 年里，Molai 继续种树。A. returned 返回；B. learned 学会；C.
failed 失败；D. continued 继续。根据后一句可知，他的努力使1360 英亩的天然土地成为许多动植物的家园。由
此推知，在接下来的37 年里，他”继续”种树。故选D。
5.【·浙江省卷】One morning I spotted a lost lamb when I was in the top field，near where a motorway cuts through my
land. The lamb had become separated from its mother, so I jumped out of the tractor to ___38___it while Don stayed in
his scat.
38．A．ask about
B．play with
C．tend to
D．run into
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：小羊和它的妈妈走散了，所以我跳下拖拉机去照看它，而Don 还坐在它的
座位上。A. ask about 询问；B. play with 同……一起玩；C. tend to 照看；D. run into 撞上。上文说小羊和它的妈
妈走散了，所以可以推测出我跳下拖拉机去照看它。故选C。
6.【·全国新课标I】Since our twins began learning to walk, my wife and I have kept telling them that our sliding glass
door is just a window. The
41
is obvious. If we admit it is a door, they’ll want to go outside constantly. It will
drive us crazy.
41．A．relief
B．target
C．reason
D．case
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：原因是明显的。A. relief 安慰；B. target 目标；C. reason 原因；D. case 情
况。根据下文If we admit it is a door, they’ll want to go outside constantly.可知这里作者在解释把门说成窗户的原
因。所以这里意思是“原因是明显的”。故选C。
7.【·全国新课标II】As he often did, he stopped by the “after work auction(拍卖)” run by the Italian police where things
found on the trains were sold to the highest bidder. There, among many other things, Nicolo spotted two paintings he
thought would look nice above his dining room table. Nicolo and another bidder
46
until Nicolo finally won
the paintings for $32.
46．A．battled
B．debated
C．discussed D．bargain
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：Nicolo 和另外一个竞标人竞争，直到Nicolo 最终以32 美元的价格赢得了
这两幅画。A. battled 竞争；B. debated 辩论；C. discussed 讨论；D. bargained 讨价还价。根据上文的were sold to
the highest bidder 可知此处用“竞争”符合语境，故选A。
8. 【·全国新课标III】As s businesswoman, I care deeply about my customers. But like anyone for whom you feel
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affection,
41
can also drive you mad.
41. A. shopkeepers
B. customers
C. salespersons
D. receptionists
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：但就像任何一个你喜欢的人一样，顾客也会让你抓狂。A. shopkeepers 店主；
B. customers 顾客；C. salespersons 售货员；D. receptionist 接待员。根据上文I care deeply about my customers 可
知作者是生意人，因此此处指的是顾客让自己抓狂。故选B。
9. 【·全国新课标III】They’ll come rushing in, saying their handbag’s been stolen. They’ll
43
that they left it in
the changing room, create havoe (混乱) and then
44
it had been in their car all the time.
43. A. agree
B. promise
C. imagine
D. swear
44. A. forget
B. decide
C. discover
D. assume
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们会发誓说他们把它忘在更衣室里了，搞得一团糟，然后发现它一直在
他们的车里。A. agree 同意；B. promise 承诺；C. imagine 想象；D. swear 发誓。顾客冲进作者的店里，信誓
旦旦地说自己的包是忘在了更衣室里。故选D。
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们会发誓说他们把它忘在更衣室里了，搞得一团糟，然后发现它一直在
他们的车里。A. forget 忘记；B. decide 决定；C. discover 发现；D. assume 假设。结合后文it had been in the
ir car all the time 可知顾客一开始说包忘在了更衣室，结果最后发现包一直在他们自己的车里。故选C。
10. 【·全国新课标III】If a customer is rude or difficult, just think "Maybe she’s had a row with her husband. Maybe
her child’s not well.” Always water it down and don’t let your ego (自我) get in the way. If you do, you won’ be able
to
59
it and the whole thing develops into an unpleasant scene and that
60
everyone’s day.
59. A. stress
B. expect
C. handle
D. blame
60. A. ruins
B. makes
C. starts
D. saves
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你这样做了，你将无法处理它，整个事情发展成一个不愉快的场面，
毁了每个人的一天。A. stress 强调；B. expect 期待；C. handle 处理；D. blame 责备。结合本段内容主要是在
说明如何处理粗鲁难缠的顾客的问题。故选C。
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果你这样做了，你将无法处理它，整个事情发展成一个不愉快的场面，
毁了每个人的一天。A. ruins 毁灭；B. makes 制作；C. starts 开始；D. saves 拯救。结合上文the whole thing develops
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into an unpleasant scene and that 可知一旦事情发展成不愉快的场面，那么最终只会毁了每一个人的一天。故选A。
【精讲研法】
考点5
瞻前顾后揣摩语境
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】【（八省联考）】This happened when I was ten. On a normal Sunday, I went to the barber shop where I always
went. That day, along with the barber there was an assistant, who had recently
21
the shop.
So I sat for the haircut. The uncle asked me how
22
I wanted it. I answered, “Just do as my dad had
23
you
the last time.”
21．A．left
B．opened
C．joined
D．
visited
22．A．much
B．long
C．often
D．soon
23．A．instructed
B．invited
C．promised
D．convinced
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：那天，除了理发师还有一个助手，最近刚加入这个商店。A. left 离开；B. opened
打开；C. joined 加入；D. visited 拜访。根据“who had recently …the shop”得知，我经常去的理发店新来了一位
助手。故选C。
【答案】B
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：这位叔叔问我剪多长的头发。A .much 很多；B. long 长；C. often 经常；D.
soon 很快。根据“So I sat for the haircut.”得知，我去理发店，理发店叔叔问我剪多长的头发。故选B。
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我回答：“和上次我爸爸告诉你的一样长就行”。A. instructed 指导；B. invited
邀请；C. promised 答应；D. convinced 确信。根据“the last time”得知，上次来剪发时，作者爸爸给理发师指导
过要给作者理发的长度。故选A。
【例2】【（八省联考）】I
25
he was joking. So I joked too. I said, “I can't
Guarantee what would happen to your shop then!”
25．A．agreed
B．heard
C．hoped
D．knew
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我知道他是在开玩笑。A. agreed 同意；B. heard 听到；C. hoped 希望；D.
knew 知道。根据“So I joked too. ”得知，我知道理发师说那句话是在开玩笑。故选D。
【例3】Kipp's been working as a UPS delivery man for 28 years. He
21
what he does. “It's not merely a job. It's
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an extension of my life,” he says.
21．A．keeps track of B．plays safe with
C．has enough of
D．takes pride in
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：他为自己的工作感到自豪。A. keeps track of 跟上……的进展；B. plays safe
with 谨慎行事；C. has enough of 有足够的；D. takes pride in 以……为傲。由下文的“It's not merely a job. It's an
extension of my life”可知，基普认为送货员不仅仅是一份工作，这是他生命的延伸，说明他喜爱这份工作并以
此为傲。故选D。
【例4】However small, any act of kindness can have a huge impact. So never
35
the difference you can make.
35．A．recognize
B．underestimate
C．emphasize
D．misunderstand
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：所以永远不要低估你能带来的不同。A. recognize 认出；B. underestimate 低
估；C. emphasize 强调；D. misunderstand 误解。由上文的“However small, any act of kindness can have a huge
impact.”可知，无论善举多么微小，都会产生巨大的影响，说明小行动也有大力量，基普经常与自闭症孩子马
克斯互动，在基普看来是件小事，但这事对马克斯的影响是巨大的，所以我们不能低估/小看自己做的事情带来
的影响。故选B。
【例5】
Muhammad Yunus, a professor of economics in Chittagong University, is the founder of Grameen Bank. His bank
21
people to borrow small amounts of money to start business. He and the bank were
22
awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize for their efforts to help bring millions of people, especially women, out of
23
.
21．A．agrees
B．allows
C．attracts
D．wishes
22．A．hopefully
B．actually
C．luckily
D．jointly
23．A．balance
B．loss
C．poverty
D．home
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他的银行允许人们借少量的钱来创业。A. agrees 同意；B. allows 允许；C. attracts
吸引；D. wishes 希望。根据后文“people to borrow small amounts of money to start business”可知这家银行允许
人们小额贷款来创业。故选B。
【答案】D
【解析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：他和这家银行共同被授予诺贝尔和平奖，以表彰他们为帮助数百万人，特
别是妇女摆脱贫困所做的努力。A. hopefully 有希望地；B. actually 实际上；C. luckily 幸运地；D. jointly 共同地。
根据前后文“He and the bank were … awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts”可知，Yunus 和这家银行共
同被授予诺贝尔和平奖，故选D。
【答案】C
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【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：他和世界银行共同被授予诺贝尔和平奖，以表彰他们为帮助数百万人，特
别是为妇女摆脱贫困所做的努力。A. balance 平衡；B. loss 损失；C. poverty 贫困；D. home 家。对应后文中“who
suffer from poverty”Yunus 帮助的都是穷人，故此处指为妇女摆脱贫困所做的努力。故选C。
规律方法：完形填空技巧之瞻前顾后揣摩语境
利用语境选词旨在考查考生在语境中熟练运用所学语言的实践技能。完形填空的每一个空白的设置并不是
随心所欲的，命题人主要通过上下文暗示出某种信息来保证答案的正确性和唯一性，因此考生应该通过上下文
的暗示获取解题信息，因此做完形填空题时一定要“瞻前顾后，前引后联”，充分利用文章所有可能提供的信息
解题。在做题时考生还可以利用褒贬性语境及一些语言结构来判定正确答案。任何完形填空文章的语境都具有
一定的褒贬性，它反映了作者或主人公特定的情绪状态，并支撑着文意的发展，因此利用褒贬性语境的情感性
可以巧妙进行完形填空信息推断。所以考生要在读懂原文、掌握大意的基础上，选语气与文章一致的选项。
通过“顾后信息”解题
众所周知，完形填空的命题不是“天马行空”，更不是“独来独往”，所以正确领会和下文情节的发展发生这
样或那样的关系，这就成为寻找正确项的根据。因此，考生需要“顾及”空后的相关信息，从而做出正确的选择。
[典例]Joe Simpson and Simon Yates were the first people to climb the West Face of the Siula Grande in the Andes
mountains. They reached the top__21__，but on their way back conditions were very__22__(difficult)．Joe fell and
broke his leg. They both knew that if Simon__23__(continued) alone，he would probably get back__24__(safely)．
21．A. hurriedly
B．carefully
C．successfully
D．early
[剖析]从空后信息寻找解题根据是完形填空题中最常用的解题方法之一。该题空前谈到他们登山，特别是
空后谈到他们返回，只有他们成功地到达山顶才有返回的可能。另外考生需要注意，利用空后信息解题通常指
偏靠前面的题目。
[答案]C
通过“瞻前信息”解题
这种情况多出现在文章展开之后，这时前文已经含有丰富的语境信息，设空和前文有逻辑或语境的联系，
这样空前的信息就成为解题的根据。解题时一定要善于捕捉这些重要的信息，以达到解题的目的。
[典例][全国Ⅰ]Once fire and emergency people arrived，Larry and the other man __56__(backed off) and let them
go to work. Then，Larry asked the __57__ if he was needed or __58__(free) to go. They let him and the other man go.
57．A. woman
B．police
C．man
D．driver
[剖析]在完形填空的解题中，运用空前信息解题是最常用的解题方法之一。从上文“Once fire and emergency
people arrived”可知警察赶到现场。
[答案]B
【变式精讲】
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【例1】
During his visit to the poorest households in the village of Jobra near his university, Yunus met a woman who made
bamboo stools. To
25
her business going, she had to take out usurious loans to buy the bamboo. He went
around the village and found 42 women who were in the same situation.
25．A．keep
B．catch
C．run
D．find
【答案】A
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了维持生意，她不得不借高利贷来买竹子。A. keep 保持，维持；B. catch
抓住；C. run 奔跑；D. find 找到。根据后文“she had to take out usurious loans to buy the bamboo”可知妇女借高
利贷来买竹子是为了维持生意运转。故选A。
【例2】
Once I started working after graduating from Wilfrid Laurier University, I decided to stay in the workforce and go
to school part-time. I began my journey as an adult
21
in the Business Administration program at Wilfrid
Laurier University.
21．A．designer
B．teacher
C．reporter
D．learner
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为一名成年学习者，我开始了自己的求学之旅，在劳里埃大学(Wilfrid Laurier
University)学习工商管理课程。A. designer 设计师；B. teacher 老师；C. reporter 记者；D. learner 学习者。作者从
大学毕业后一边工作，一边学习。故选D。
【例3】Some might call me a learning
28
. I honestly can't imagine a time when I want to stop learning.
Sometimes people ask me why I continue to take courses when I am getting close to “retirement’’.
28．A．celebrity
B．master
C．consultant
D．addict
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：有些人可能会说我是一个学习成瘾者。A. celebrity 名人；B. master 大师，
高手；C. consultant 顾问；D. addict 痴迷者，上瘾的人。根据下一句“I honestly can't imagine a time when I want to
stop learning”作者不愿停止学习。由此可知，他痴迷于通过学习来不断提高自己。故选D。
【例4】
An earthquake with a magnitude of 5.7 had struck the mountain．Matrone couldn't
41
it any longer．"Let's
get out of here," he told his wife, dressing quickly．They headed to the parking lot, where others were digging their
cars．Fifteen minutes after the first earthquake, another earthquake hit, this one measuring 5.6．
41．A．forecast
B．express
C．stand
D．determine
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【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：Matrone 再也受不了了。A. forecast 预测；B. express 表达；C. stand 忍受；
D. determine 决定。由上文的“An earthquake with a magnitude of 5.7 had struck the mountain．”可知，由于可怕
的地震，Matrone 再也不能忍受（stand）待在这里了。故选C。
【例5】
When I was a teenager, I travelled with my friends in Europe. One night when we arrived in Berlin, my friends were
tired and stayed in the hotel while I chose to
1
this city. However, I got lost in Berlin.
1．A．inspect
B．search
C．explore
D．observe
【答案】C
【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：一天晚上，当我们到达柏林的时候，我的朋友们都累了，就住在酒店里，
而我选择了探索这个城市。A. inspect 检查；B. search 寻找；C. explore 探索；D. observe 观察。根据“However,
I got lost in Berlin.”和转折连词while 可知，作者选择探索这个陌生的城市。故选C。
专题03 阅读理解I：主旨大意
考点1 精确归纳标题
主旨大意题
考点1 精确归纳标题
考点2 概括文章大意
考点3 总结段落大意
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
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主。
【剖析全国高考真题】
考点1 精确归纳标题
D【·全国I】
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have
found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city
experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were
decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual
composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have
sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in
groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every
day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables.
Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of
the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or
even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a
one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂
where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed
from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of
energy is lost during transmission(传输).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.316
35．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Can we grow more glowing plants?
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B．How do we live with glowing plants?
C．Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D．How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
【答案】35．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一
种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取
代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since
lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote
highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save
energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路灯的距离，在
传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章主要说明了绿色植
物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，
以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。由此可知，C 选项“发
光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。
2. D【·全国新课标II】
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic
reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played
ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did everything
from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had
several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to
the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It
was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library
lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, I’ve found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when
they can’t afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps
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put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers
should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library
announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.335
35．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B．My Idea about writing
C．Library: A Haven for the Young
D．My Love of the Library
【答案】35．D
【解析】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者是一个热情的读者，孩提时热衷读书，第一份工作在图书馆。有
了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去。作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，
宣传图书馆。
35．主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，文章讲述了作者是一名热情地读者，孩提时喜欢阅读，工作在图书馆。有了
孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去，作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，宣
传图书馆。因此推断全文围绕“作者对图书馆的爱”展开讲述。故D 项“我对图书馆的爱”为最佳标题。故选D。
3. D【·全国新课标III】
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look
deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People
in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern
Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or
to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau,
as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have
traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are
simply a stranger to the land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers,
spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local
islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea."
In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau.
She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier
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for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said
there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.299
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea
B. Highlanders' Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research
D. The World's Best Divers
【答案】35.A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿
年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau 人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
35.主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team
of researchers reported a new kind of adaption-not to air or to food, but to the ocean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志
上发表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，
本文主要讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau 人的身体进化成
更适应海洋生活。A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标
题，故选A 项。
4. D【·全国I】
During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to
keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and
cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on
others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts
the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities
strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life
and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable
behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who
were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从
事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the
most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had
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become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed
that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness,
openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to
positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning
and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
【答案】
35. A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，对人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的积极影响。生活
中，与人为善，待人慷慨，定会受到欢迎和回报。
35. A 主旨大意题。通过全文内容可知，文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影
响。这些人可爱，慷慨大方，适应能力强，A 项指出“对人好一点，——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”符合本文中
心。故选A。
5. D【·全国II】
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our bodies grow
uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.
How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids.
It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg
lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years, Gordon’s
students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案).
“We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project
manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than‘Are you
working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to
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NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at time. It’s a hard business
review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These kids
are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students
are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.
D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.
【答案】35. B
【解析】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH 项目就是通过Gordon 的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一技
术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。
35. B 主旨大意题。本文介绍了HUNCH 项目把如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术引入Gordon 学校的课堂，
参与宇航员航天课题研究的情况，因此《太空：最后的作业前沿》能全面概括文章的意思，故选B。
6. B【·全国III】
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers," says Amanda Hill, chief
creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚)shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of
China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese
aesthetics(美学)on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition
had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that
sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are
central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China-some of the best
designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on
Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The most famous
designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another market;
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in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China-its influences, its
direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
【答案】
27. D
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。本文分析了A+E Networks 公司的CCO（首席文化官）Amanda Hil1 对近期纽约举
办的中国元素服装设计展举世瞩目这一事件的评论，以此展现出中国流行文化在设计领域引领世界潮流的现状。
27. D 主旨大意题。从整篇文章来看，本文是通过A+E Networks 公司的CCO（首席文化官）Amanda Hil1 对近
期在纽约举办的中国元素时尚服装展览盛况空前的评论，得到中国的时尚设计力量正在引起世界注意并逐渐成
为主力的结论。故选D。
7. B【全国I】
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning，but she is cooking up a
storm in her latest role－showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money：Good Food，she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top
tips on how to reduce food waste，while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning
Britain presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home，preparing meals for
sons，Sam，14，Finn，13，and Jack，11.
“We love Mexican churros，so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，”she explains.
“I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份)，but Matt makes them for 26p a portion，because they are flour，water，sugar and oil.
Everybody can buy takeaway food，but sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight part series (系列节目)，Save Money：Good Food，follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money：Good
Health，which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense，Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In
tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team
transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
【文章大意】本文介绍了在英国的一档名为Save Money：Good Food 的电视节目。主持人Susanna Reid 和厨师
Matt Tebbutt 向观众介绍如何少花钱便做出营养丰富的、可口的食物。
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27．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B．Balancing Our Daily Diet
C．Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D．Cooking Well for Less
【答案】D
【解析】考查标题判断。本文介绍了由Susanna Reid 主持的一档电视节目，给观众介绍如何少花钱便做出好吃
的又有营养的饭菜，因此本文的最佳标题应为Cooking Well for Less。
8. D【·全国II】
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply
focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely that
none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and unnecessary. But
the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it’s an
invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t
even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says
Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every great
love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂he explains. ＂The key to successful small talk is
learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a
coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when
necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings
and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,＂says
Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.＂
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others.
Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis of good
manners,＂he says.
35．What is the best title for the text?
A．Conversation Counts
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B．Ways of Making Small Talk
C．Benefits of Small Talk
D．Uncomfortable Silence
【答案】C。
【解析】考查标题判断。通读全文可知，文章主要讨论了闲聊在人际交往中的重要作用。故C 项作本文标题最
佳。
【干扰项分析】B 项干扰性很强，但是B 项是片面的，文章的主旨并不是介绍如何进行闲聊。
9. D【·全国III】
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it
comes to kids and their belongings？The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live
more with less.
I found the pre-holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less used things，and it worked. Because
of our efforts，our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl whose mother was unable to
pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few larger objects that were less often used when we promised to
put the money into her school fund (基金) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor．
For weeks，I've been thinking of bigger，deeper questions：How do we make it a habit for them？And how do we
train ourselves to help them live with，need，and use less？Yesterday，I sat with my son，Shepherd，determined to test
my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected
that one toy would keep his attention for about five minutes，ten minutes，max. I chose a red rubber ball－simple，
universally available. We passed it，he tried to put it in his mouth，he tried bouncing it，rolling it，sitting on it，throwing
it. It was totally，completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move on to lunch.
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I had his. My little
experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.
【文章大意】本文作者通过引导孩子主动捐献或变卖玩具以及与儿子玩球的事例说明了简单物品能够使我们获
得快乐。
35．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Take It or Leave It
B．A Lesson from Kids
C．Live More with Less
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D．The Pleasure of Giving
【答案】C。
【解析】考查文章标题。全文围绕“Live More with Less”提出论点，逐层展开论述，最后得出论点的正确性。
A 项“Take It or Leave It”(要么接受，要么放弃)，文章并未讨论两种非此即彼的选择，故错误。B 项“A Lesson
from Kids”(从孩子那里获得的教训)属过度概括。D 项“The Pleasure of Giving”(给予的乐趣)，属曲解文意，
语篇的重点并非是给予。
【精讲研法】
考点一
精确归纳标题
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】
C
Do you like the woolly mammoths from the movie Ice Age? Too bad they're extinct? Thanks to recent
developments in biotechnology, the stuff of science fiction may soon become a reality through an attractive process
called "de-extinction", which aims to bring the extinct species back. The resurrected species are functionally equal to
the original extinct species, but they are not exact copies.
There are three primary techniques of de-extinction. One of them is that scientists deliberately select existing
species with similar characters to the extinct species to produce later generation. This is a natural method. Another is
cloning. A cloned animal is created by obtaining the DNA of the extinct animal. The later generation will be an
identical copy of the extinct species. This is only applied to animals that are either endangered or have recently gone
extinct, as it requires well-preserved eggs. The third is the newest technique, genetic engineering. It uses gene-editing
tools to place selected genes from extinct animals in place of those present in its closest living relative.
If we refer to Jurassic Park , resurrecting extinct animals is a terrible idea. Thankfully, we don't have to worry
about dinosaurs running wildly, as their DNA has disintegrated
over the 65 million years since their extinction.
DNA can survive for several million years at best under certain rare conditions, but does that mean we should do that?
De-extinction is more for ecology than for tourism. Ecologist Ben Novak said, “All animals perform critical roles
in their ecosystem. Woolly mammoths, for example, were excellent gardeners. Their disappearance was followed by a
loss in diversity and the Arctic grassland became a cold, ice field. If a resurrected animal is always going to be a zoo
animal then it shouldn't be brought back.”
11．What would be the best title for the text?
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A．Can we bring extinct animals back?
B．Do you like the woolly mammoths?
C．Will dinosaurs be seen in the zoos?
D．Should we promote cloning skills?
【答案】11．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。由于最近生物技术的发展，科幻小说中的东西可能很快会变成现实，通过一个吸引
人的过程，称为“反灭绝”，旨在让灭绝的物种回来。文章介绍了三种主要的反灭绝技术，但是恐龙因为其DNA
已经分解，无法被复活了，最后文章指出反灭绝更多的是为了生态，而不是为了旅游。
11．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Thanks to recent developments in biotechnology, the stuff of science fiction may soon
become a reality through an attractive process called "de-extinction", which aims to bring the extinct species back.(由
于最近生物技术的发展，科幻小说中的东西可能很快会变成现实，通过一个吸引人的过程，称为“反灭绝”，旨
在让灭绝的物种回来)”结合文章介绍了三种主要的反灭绝技术，但是恐龙因为其DNA 已经分解，无法被复活了，
最后文章指出反灭绝更多的是为了生态，而不是为了旅游。可知，A 选项“我们能让灭绝的动物复活吗？”最适
合作文章标题。故选A。
2.
Experts have long predicted that 3D printing will revolutionize (变革) the construction industry. The world's first
two-story home printed in a single piece emerged in Antwerp, Belgium.
“What makes this house so unique is that we printed it with a fixed 3D concrete printer,” said Emiel Ascione,
project manager at Kamp Construction Company, which pioneered the project. “Other houses that were printed around
the world only have one floor. In many cases, the components were printed in a factory and were fitted together on-site.
We, however, printed the entire building envelope in one piece on-site.”
The construction process began in November
and took only 3 weeks, with the delivery of a massive 32-foot x
32-foot cement (水泥) 3D printer, known as BOD2. While it needed some human help to set up, once in operation,
BOD2 was fully autonomous, requiring just one person to monitor the work from a nearby computer.
The two-story, 986-square-foot home, which has a small kitchen, two living rooms and a bathroom, as well as
many human-installed eco-friendly features, such as underfloor heating and solar panels, was open from July
to the
end of September. It is aimed to encourage the construction industry to adopt emerging 3D printing technologies in its
construction techniques.
“The 3D printed structure cost about 60 percent less than a typical brick home and was also much stronger,”
Ascione said. “It shows the construction industry the accessibility and potential of this technique.”
This is not the only 3D printed housing project in the works. In Tabasco, Mexico, the world's first 3D printed
neighborhood has been built. The two-bedroom homes, designed to accommodate the homeless, are strong enough to
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withstand natural disasters like hurricanes and earthquakes. At this rate, 3D printers may soon become a fixture at
construction sites worldwide.
7．What can be the best title for the text?
A．3D Printing: A Solution to Housing Problems
B．BOD2: New Trend of the Construction Industry
C．Mexico's 3D Printed Neighborhood Is Well Received
D．World's First Two story Home Was Wholly-printed in Belgium
【答案】7．D
7．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Experts have long predicted that 3D printing will revolutionize (变革) the
construction industry. The world's first two-story home printed in a single piece emerged in Antwerp, Belgium.” 专家
们早就预测3D 打印将给建筑业带来一场革命。在比利时安特卫普，世界上第一个两层楼的住宅被打印成一件
作品。由此引出下文，对世界上第一个两层楼的住宅被打印成一件作品这个项目进行了描述以及3D 打印技术
在建筑行业的推广和应用。因此D 选项World's First Two story Home Was Wholly-printed in Belgium 世界上第一
个两层楼的住宅在比利时被打印，符合文章主题，适合作标题，故选D。
3.
My 7-year-old daughter Leeny always has her nose in a book. She even took to reading in the car on the long drive
to summer camp, which was where she lost the book. This is the first lost library book in my life. My family has always
been overeducated, but we were poor. I didn’t own books. I borrowed books. However, my daughters have more books
now than I owned my whole childhood, and I knowingly contribute to it by adding to the stacks(堆).So it's probably my
fault that when Leeny realized she had lost the book, she shrugged(耸肩). “Sorry. I can't find it,” she said. “It’s only
$ 20, right? What’s the big deal?”
I felt the need to make her feel responsible for the book. She agreed to help me clean the chicken coop (笼子)in
trade for my paying the library fine. I thought this idea was very clever because cleaning the coop is some work I had
been avoiding for months. It was summertime and dust floated in the air. But my girl, my animal-loving mini-me,
thought shoveling chicken poop(铲鸡粪)was the most fun she'd had on a Saturday morning in a long time. She didn't
feel any of the emotions that punishment is supposed to introduce. In fact, she looked as if she might lose another on
purpose in order to clean the coop again. I stood, somewhat dumbfounded, watching her.
It took me a while to realize what had happened, why my punishment had failed so completely and why I didn't
care. The fact is that I had Leeny help me clean the chicken coop. I was there, too, shoveling chicken poop, fetching the
clean straw and feed. Leeny's little sister, Vicki, was inside watching a cartoon while my husband paid bills. Only
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Leeny and I were outside. She had me all to herself for the first time since Vicki was born, and she was enjoying all the
attention for once. I don't know what she learned about responsibility, but I found that I didn't care about the book any
more. We bonded over that unpleasant job and spent quality time together: mother, daughter, and chicken poop.
7．What's the best title for the passage?
A．What I owe to Leeny: more attention
B．My daughter drove me crazy, but I felt grateful
C．Surprise: my daughter loves cleaning chicken coops
D．My punishment failed, but I didn't care
【答案】7．D
【解析】本文是记叙文。文章主要讲述作者以打扫鸡笼作为对女儿丢书的惩罚的故事。通过这次“惩罚”使作者
和女儿共享了一次美妙的亲子时光。
7．标题判断题。根据最后一段“I don't know what she learned about responsibility, but I found that I didn't care about
the book any more.”（我不知道关于责任，她学到了什么。但是我发现我不再在意书了。）可知，文章讲述了女
儿丢书后，作者本想以打扫鸡笼作为惩罚，没想到女儿却乐在其中。作者对这件事进行了有益反思，打扫鸡笼
让作者和女儿共享了一次美妙的亲子时光。虽然惩罚的计划落空了，但作者已不在意了。故选D 项。
4.
What makes a person become an Olympic champion? In reality, a combination of biological environmental, and
psychological factors as well as training and practice, all go into making a super athlete.
Perhaps the most important factor involved in becoming a super athlete is genetics. Most Olympic competitors are
equipped with certain unique physical characteristics. Take a super athlete's muscles, for example. In most human
skeletal muscles, there are fast-twitch fibers and slow-twitch fibers. Fast-twitch fibers help us move quickly. They allow
weightlifters to lift hundreds of kilos from the ground and over their heads in seconds. The legs of a super marathon
runner, on the other hand, might contain up to 90 percent slow-twitch muscle fibers, which generate energy efficiently
and enable people to control tiredness and keep moving for a longer period of time when they exercise long or hard.
Some athletes' abilities are naturally enhanced by their environment. Those raised at high altitudes have blood that
is rich in hemoglobin, which enables these athletes to run better, Cultural factors also help Tegla Loroupe, a young
woman from northern Kenya, won several marathons. She attributes some of her success to her country's high altitude
and her cultural background. As a child, she had to run ten kilometers to school every day.
Although genetics, environment, and even culture play a part in becoming a super athlete, training and practice are
needed to succeed. Weightlifters and gymnasts perfect their skills by repeating the same motions again and again until
they are automatic. Training this way requires an athlete to be not only physically fit but psychologically healthy as
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well.
How do athletes adjust to such intense pressure? Louganis explains how he learned to control his anxiety during a
competition: "Most divers think too much…," he says. "They're too much in their heads. What worked for me was
humor. I remember thinking about what my mother would say if she saw me do a bad dive. She'd probably just
compliment me on the beautiful splash."
11．Which of the following can be the best title of the text?
A．Healthy Olympic Champions.
B．Olympic Champions in the Making.
C．Factors in Becoming Physically and Psychologically Healthy.
D．Difference between an Athlete and an Average Person.
【答案】11．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文简要介绍了成就奥运冠军的几个因素，在现实中，生物环境、心理因素以及训
练和实践的结合，都是造就超级运动员的因素，而尽管基因、环境甚至文化都在成为超级运动员的过程中起着
一定的作用，但要想成功，训练和实践是必不可少的。最后以Louganis 为例，说明了运动员适应巨大压力的方
式。
11．主旨大意题。根据第一段“What makes a person become an Olympic champion? In reality, a combination of
biological environmental, and psychological factors as well as training and practice, all go into making a super
athlete.(是什么让一个人成为奥运冠军？在现实中，生物环境、心理因素以及训练和实践的结合，都是造就超级
运动员的因素)”结合本文简要介绍了成就奥运冠军的几个因素，指出而尽管基因、环境甚至文化都在成为超级
运动员的过程中起着一定的作用，但要想成功，训练和实践是必不可少的。最后以Louganis 为例，说明了运动
员适应巨大压力的方式。可知B 选项“成为奥运冠军的因素”最符合文章标题。故选B。
5.
Young Chinese are increasingly making their voices heard and influencing world opinion as they take on more
important roles in international organizations and global projects, at a ceremony in Beijing in April, singer and actor
Karry Wang was made the national goodwill ambassador for the United Nations Environment Programme by Eric
Solheim, the organization’s executive director.
“The youth are no longer merely onlookers when it comes to environmental action, nor should they be. I will spare
no effort in doing everything I can to take care of our Earth, and I invite everyone to join me in generating a wave of
positive action,” Wang said in his speech after the appointment. In 2016, Wang widely shared the online Wild for Life
campaign, which gained 400 million views. A year later, he publicly spoke out on the urgent need to protect endangered
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wildlife, calling the animals the “superstars of the planet.”
Beyond drawing attention to wildlife, he called on his followers to pledge to reduce their electronic waste, using
the hashtag BEATPOLLUTION to highlight the issue. Within 24 hours, his post was retweeted 1.67 million times and
more than 400,000 followers had pledged to reduce waste.
“Our actions will soon be the leverage to change the world,” Wang says, calling on the younger generation in
China and around the world to raise their awareness of environmental issues.
Erik Solheim, head of UN Environment says, “It is inspiring to see the strong and determined voice of Chinese
youth when it comes to the environment. When young people set their minds to change, it is incredible to see the great
things that can be accomplished, We are very excited to work with Wang Junkai to create even more awareness about
the environmental problems and solutions for these times.”
According to the UN report Youth in the Core of Sustainability in Asia Pacific published in March 2016, young
people’s participation will help achieve the sustainable development goals in the Asia-Pacific region set for 2030.
Besides Wang, other UNEP goodwill ambassadors include actress Li Bingbing, actor Li Chen, Ellie Goulding,
Bertrand Piccard and celebrities from all walks of life both from China and abroad.
27．Which of the following best serves as the title?
A．Karry Wang’s contribution to environmental action
B．The strong and determined voice of Chinese youth
C．Safeguarding our earth by the new generation
D．Making waves on the global stage
【答案】27．D
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述了中国有越来越多的青年积极坚定地参与进了国际组织和全球项目，发
出自己的声音并影响世界舆论，文中列举了王俊凯为代表，他成为了国际亲善大使。
27．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Young Chinese are increasingly making their voices heard and influencing world
opinion as they take on more important roles in international organizations and global projects (随着中国年轻人在国
际组织和全球项目中扮演越来越重要的角色，他们越来越多地发出自己的声音，并影响世界舆论)”以及第五段
中“Erik Solheim, head of UN Environment says, “It is inspiring to see the strong and determined voice of Chinese
youth when it comes to the environment. When young people set their minds to change, it is incredible to see the great
things that can be accomplished, We are very excited to work with Wang Junkai to create even more awareness about
the environmental problems and solutions for these times.”(联合国环境署署长Erik Solheim 说：“看到中国青年在环
境问题上发出的坚定而坚定的声音，令人鼓舞。当年轻人下定决心去改变的时候，看到他们可以完成伟大的事
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情是令人难以置信的。我们很高兴能够与王俊凯合作，为这个时代创造更多关于环境问题和解决方案的意识。”)”
可知，本文主要讲述了中国有越来越多的青年积极坚定地参与进了国际组织和全球项目，发出自己的声音并影
响世界舆论，文中列举了王俊凯为代表，他成为了国际亲善大使，因此本文的最佳标题选项D“在全球舞台上掀
起波澜”符合题意。故选D 项。
规律方法1：如何精确归纳标题？
1、利用主题段来概括标题
主题段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般来说第一段经常提出文章的主题或最后一段总结文章的主题，
知道了文章的主题也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句话或一个短语——文章的标题。
2、利用主题句来概括标题
解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句
进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。
做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误：
(1)概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)；
(2)过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；
(3)以事实、细节替代文章大意。
【变式精讲】
1.
I was invited to give a speech at an educators, conference. I happened to sit next to Clay Parker, the CEO of a
technology company that makes micro electronics devices.
For the last few years, I’d been reading about the rapidly changing world of work and was increasingly concerned
that students are not prepared for today’s workplace. Buried in book knowledge, university students talk like a book and
always pass exams with flying colours. However, when facing HR staff instead of their teachers, what they have
learned seems useless. So I asked Parker what qualities he most wanted in a potential new employee. I expected a list of
technical skills - especially since Parker is an engineer himself- but I was way off the mark.
“First, I look for someone who asks good questions,” Parker responded. “Our business is changing, and so are the
skills of our engineers. We can teach them the technical stuff. But for employees willing to solve problems or to learn
new things, they have to know what questions to ask. And we can’t teach them how to ask good questions - how to
think. The ability to ask the right questions reflects good thinking ability, the most important quality.”
Indeed, the ability to ask good questions has been a repeated theme in almost all of my conversations about core
competences and skills for success in today’s workplace. It turns out that asking good questions goes hand in hand with
problem solving ability in the minds of most employers.
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The students have always been brought up to live up to a certain standard and so much emphasis has been put on
fixed rules and giving the expected answer of their teachers instead of raising a question. We teachers are always
blaming the students for giving wrong answers. Perhaps we should ask ourselves whether we are always asking the
right questions.
7．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．How to Hunt for a Job
B．Asking Questions Matters
C．An Encounter with a CEO
D．Problem-solving Makes a Difference
【答案】7．B
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。本文主要讲述了在职场中最重要的能力是具有提出问题的能力，这反映了其良
好的思考能力。
7．主旨大意题。根据第三段中“ The ability to ask the right questions reflects good thinking ability, the most important
quality. (提出正确问题的能力反映了良好的思考能力，这是最重要的品质。)”和第四段中“Indeed, the ability to ask
good questions has been a repeated theme in almost all of my conversations about core competences and skills for
success in today’s workplace.
(事实上，在我的几乎所有关于在当今职场中取得成功的核心能力和技能的谈话
中，提出好问题的能力一直是一个反复出现的主题。)”可知，本文主要讲述了在职场中最重要的能力是具有提
出问题的能力，这反映了其良好的思考能力，因此本文的最佳标题选项B“提出问题最重要”符合题意。故选B
项。
2.
There are many reasons to skip deep-fried fast food, one of which is the challenge of dealing with used cooking oil.
But researchers at the University of Toronto have discovered amusing method of transforming this useless waste
product into an affordable plastic ink for 3D printers. And there’s more good news! The ink can breakdown naturally,
unlike conventional 3D printing resins (树脂).
Professor Andre Simpson is director of the Department of Chemistry at the University of Toronto. He first became
interested in the idea when he got a 3D printer around three years ago. After noticing that the molecules (分子) used in
commercial resins resembled fats found in cooking oil, he wondered whether such a molecule could be created using
waste cooking oil.
Using old cooking oil from a local McDonalds restaurant close to a campus, Professor Simpson and his research
team applied a one-step chemical process in the lab, using about one liter of used cooking oil to make just under half of
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that amount in resins. The resin was then used to print a plastic butterfly that was structurally and thermally (热地)
stable. This means that it won’t crumble or melt above room temperature.
Speaking to Goodnet, Professor Simpson outlined his high hopes for the creative and cheaper route to recycling
that waste cooking oil: “Normally 3D printing resins come from fossil fuels, but by recycling used cooking oil into a
high value product, we hope it will reduce the financial barriers, which should be a win-win for the environment.
Professor Simpson is also excited that the new lower cost of this 3D printing material will open up access to the
near-limitless creative opportunities. “We hope that as the resin can be made very cheaply, it could reduce the 3D
printing cost, so the technology is available to everyone,” he explains.
15．What is the best title of this passage?
A．Researchers Invent New 3D Printers.
B．Waste Cooking Oil Finds a New Life.
C．3D Printing Resins Bring More Hopes.
D．A High-tech Product Changes Our Lives.
【答案】15．B
【解析本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了废弃食用油的新的处理办法——制成3D 打印机的廉价塑料墨水。
15．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“But researchers at the University of Toronto have discovered amusing method of
transforming this useless waste product into an affordable plastic ink for 3D printers.（但多伦多大学的研究人员发现
了一种有趣的方法，可以将这种无用的废物转化为3D 打印机的廉价塑料墨水。）”及全文内容可知，本文主要
介绍了废弃食用油的新的处理办法——制成3D 打印机的廉价塑料墨水。B 项“废弃食用油获得了新生命”可以作
为本文的最佳标题。故选B 项。
3.
Someone once said,‘ the poorest man on earth is not the man without money , but the men without a dream.’ This
implies that the totality of a man's life is rooted in dreams.
I have never seen a successful man without a dream; in fact, for plans to cone to being it must first be imagined as
a dream. Bringing one's dream to realization is one of the most powerful things anyone can do to be successful in life.
However , we need to understand that to life there are designs and rules that cannot be broken or replaced; for instance,
food has no substitute in our lives. Why? It is because we need food for energy to do work and growth.
Also, having dream is vital in making the most of our adventure in life. Have you ever wondered why each time
success is discussed some names such as Bill Gate, Martin Luther King, Thomas Edison, Barrack Obama and others
come to our minds?
We need to understand that all these men at one point in their lives had dreams, which they put into plans
Greatness is never achieved in a day ; it first starts in the mind like a dream, before the carrier puts it into plans. Dream
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is the starting point of success. it is the beginning of any creation. Life without a dream is doomed to failure. Where
there is no dream, there is no hope. Without a , dream , one's future is uncertain.
When then is dream? It can be described as the mental picture of a desired future. I believe there are two worlds;
the physical world we can see and relate with, and the world that exists in the mind(imagined world).Concrete items
existed first in imagined world before birthed in form of invention or otherwise. Everything that exists today ,was
created twice. First in the mind and then processed into real or seen world.
Dream is, therefore, the currency and power of hope. Our dreams are much more important than our present
circumstances, because they enable us to have ideas about the future.
15．What is the best title for the text?
A．I Have a Dream!
B．No Dream, No Hope!
C．A Dream in Life Is Important!
D．Success Starts with a Dream!
【答案】15．C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。作者在文章讲述了拥有梦想对人生的重要性。
15．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“Someone once said,‘ the poorest man on earth is not the man without money , but the
men without a dream.’ This implies that the totality of a man's life is rooted in dreams. (有人曾经说过：“世界上最贫穷
的人不是没有钱的人，而是没有梦想的人。”这意味着一个人的全部生活都植根于梦想。)”以及最后一段中“Dream
is, therefore, the currency and power of hope. Our dreams are much more important than our present circumstances,
because they enable us to have ideas about the future. (因此，梦想是希望的货币和力量。我们的梦想比我们现在所
处的环境重要得多，因为它们使我们能够对未来有想法。)”可知，本文主要讲述了拥有梦想对人生的重要性，
因此本文的最佳标题是选项C“梦想很重要!”故选C 项。
4.
It should be one of the main goals in today’s society to reduce plastic consumption. Though many of us believe
that recycling will solve the problem, and continue using plastic, it’s actually the opposite. In 2013, 254 million tons of
trash was produced in the U.S. alone, and only around 30% was recycled. This means that the rest ended up in a landfill
and will stay there for up to 1000 years.
Recently, China has stopped importing trash from all over the world. Before this, over 30% of the world’s waste
would end up in China, causing a popular belief that Asian countries are those responsible for creating the majority of
the waste in the world. Now, Asian countries, including Vietnam and Thailand, are looking for new ways to avoid
plastic. One of those ideas was a new, eco-friendly way to pack their goods by avoiding plastic packaging.
One of the Perfect Homes Chiangmai’s team members noticed a creative way to reduce plastic that a supermarket
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called Rimping Supermarket was using and decided to take photos of
their shelves with his phone. Little did he know
that people from all around the world would absolutely love this idea. “I just popped in to get a few items while we
were waiting to sign some contracts(合同) with our lawyer, who was delayed. When I noticed the vegetables wrapped
in banana leaves and simply liked the idea, I took a few pictures and posted them online” he said.
With more than 3.5 million views and over 17 thousand shares, the idea became something people can encourage
more supermarkets to implement(贯彻).
Some have noticed that not everything on the shelves is completely plastic-free, to which the supermarket
responded that they are taking one step at a time, but it’s not that easy. Many products come to the supermarkets
pre-packaged and many companies are interested in wrapping their produce in plastic since it is the cheapest and the
easiest option.
It’s now up to the shoppers to show the supermarket which they prefer. If every one opts for the banana leaf
packaging, they will stop stocking the items in plastic.
15．What is the best title of the passage?
A．Leaf Packaging Goes Viral
B．Reducing Plastic Consumption
C．Recycling Avoids Plastic Packaging
D．A Good Option Makes A Difference
【答案】15．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了减少塑料消费应该成为当今社会的主要目标之一。文章提到一种用香蕉
叶来包装的方法，但能否成功取决于消费者。
15．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“It’s now up to the shoppers to show the supermarket which they prefer. If every
one opts for the banana leaf packaging, they will stop stocking the items in plastic.（现在轮到购物者向超市展示他们
更喜欢哪一种了。如果每个人都选择香蕉叶包装，他们就会停止储存塑料物品。）及全文内容可知，人们的一个
选择可以解决塑料污染问题。所以“A Good Option Makes A Difference(好的选择所带来的影响)”作为文章标题最
为合适。故选D 项。
5.
When Simon Cane was in the second grade, he began learning about all the ways humans have an impact on the
environment and really took those classroom lessons to heart in a way that set him apart from his schoolmates at his
elementary school, P. S. 81, in the Bronx. “He told me we drove too much and made too much pollution,” his dad,
Jonathan Cane, told Runner’s World. So Simon convinced his parents to start hanging their clothes to dry, taking the
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stairs instead of elevators, and other “green” measures.
“For much of kindergarten and first grade I rode my bike to Simon’s school with him on the back,” Jonathan said.
“We had a lot of fun being outdoors. We’d stop to give our dog treats and generally enjoyed it.” As Simon got bigger,
though, it wasn’t practical for him to ride on his father’s back, but it also didn’t make sense to ride together — both
because of safety concerns and because there was no place to put away Simon’s bike. So, most of the time they drove
the 1. 5 miles to school.
But in , when Simon was going into third grade, the 8-year-old came up with a new way to help the planet:
running the 1. 5 miles to P. S. 81. And Jonathan promised his son he’d join him for as long as he wanted.
“We did a test run one day in August, and decided to give it a go. To be honest, I thought he’d blink (眨眼)after it
got really cold or rainy, but he never did,” Jonathan said. He recalled one day when the weather was particularly bad.
“It’s really raining out there today,” he told Simon. “And Simon said, ‘Well then we’re going to get wet!’ He took pride
in toughing it out, and it became a really fun family routine.”
Since the start, Simon has run with his dad and their black dog, Lola, and has even inspired his mom, Nicole Sin
Quee, to join in. They soon became known as “the family that runs to school”.
27．What can be the best title for the text?
A．The Best Way to Go to School
B．Father and Son Run for the Environment
C．A Teenager Keeps Running to Inspire Father
D．Three Inspiring Running Athletes to Protect the Environment
【答案】27．B
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述一位八岁的男孩Simon Cane 为环保做出的实际行动——和爸爸一起跑
去上学。
27．主旨大意题。阅读全文，尤其是根据第一段“When Simon Cane was in the second grade, he began learning about
all the ways humans have an impact on the environment and really took those classroom lessons to heart（当西蒙·凯恩
上二年级的时候，他开始学习人类对环境的所有影响，并真正把课堂上学的内容牢记在心。）”以及最后一段
“Since the start, Simon has run with his dad and their black dog, Lola, and has even inspired his mom, Nicole Sin Quee,
to join in. They soon became known as “the family that runs to school.”（从一开始，西蒙就和他的爸爸和他们的黑
狗萝拉一起跑步，甚至还激励了他的妈妈(Nicole Sin Quee)也加入进来。他们很快就被称为“跑去上学的家
庭”。）”可知，本文主要讲述八岁的男孩Simon Cane 很重视环保，并且为环保做出的实际行动——和爸爸一起
跑步去上学。故选B 项。
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考点2
概括文章大意
主旨大意题
考点1 精确归纳标题
考点2 概括文章大意
考点3 总结段落大意
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
主。
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
【剖析全国高考真题】
考点2 概括文章大意
1. B【·全国新课标II】
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help
children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago,
found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to
be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the
amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found
children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months
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of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability
to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the
study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more
frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with
more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during
puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.242
27．What is the text mainly about?
A．A mathematical method.
B．A scientific study.
C．A woman psychologist
D．A teaching program.
【答案】27．B
【解析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
27．主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关
于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B 项。
2.C【·全国新课标III】
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to
live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the
ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol — one of a growing number of
multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing
machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more
with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”
And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I
think I would.”
It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising
for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen
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from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many
more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live
with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is
thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In
India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get
married.318
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. Lifestyles in different countries.
B. Conflicts between generations.
C. A housing problem in Britain.
D. A rising trend of living in the UK.
【答案】31.D
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了在英国，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着
被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起，出现了多世同堂的现象。
31.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of
isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to live together.”可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面
临着被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。所以短文主要是关于英国生活方式的一种上升趋势。故选
D 项。
3. C【·全国II】
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for
her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time. And like more Americans, she’s
not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast
alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74
percent，according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book. Bechtel，
who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works
through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns
to work feeling energized. “Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.
Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can
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sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a
little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “It's a chance for
self-reflection, You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt
awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company
at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before al the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demerit，whose
company provided the statistics for the report.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. The trend of having meals alone.
B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime.
D. The advantage of wireless technology.
【答案】
31. A
【解析】
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。一份新的调查发现，越来越多的人选择独自一个人吃饭。本文分析了这种现
象背后的深层次原因。
31. A 主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，
或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。
4.
In my everyday life, I am on an ongoing journey to figure out different ways to reduce my carbon footprint on the
planet. A carbon footprint is the measure of influence our activities have on the environment, in particular climate
change. It is calculated by the amount of greenhouse gas we produce in our daily lives. Fortunately, nowadays it is
much easier to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices than, let's say, 20 years ago. But one question has been on my mind a
lot lately: is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or used traditionally produced goods?
After doing some research, I have decided that some things are better new and others are better used. Let me try to
explain.
A carbon footprint is made up of two parts, the primary footprint and the secondary footprint. The primary
footprint is a measure of our direct emissions(排放)of carbon dioxide(CO2)from the burning of fuels, including
household energy consumption and transportation. The secondary footprint is a measure of the indirect CO2 emissions
from the whole lifecycle of products we use-those related to their production and breakdown.
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Based on this understanding, we have a good deal of control and responsibility over our carbon footprint. Things
like dishes, clothes and furniture fall into the “secondary footprint” group, so less is more and we can focus on finding
used goods to avoid the added production. However, for the car and the other appliances(设备)that we need we can go
with new, energy-saving models. I heard somewhere that electronics and appliances give off 90% of their carbon
footprint after they leave the factory. So it seems most reasonable to go for the energy-saving models. The main
concern here is the amount of energy that goes into the making of new products and whether or not that extra carbon is
worth the footprint the product will make once it gets to you.
4．What is the text mainly about?
A．What appliances to buy to save energy.
B．What a carbon footprint means in our life.
C．How to identify different carbon footprints.
D．How to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices.
【答案】4．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。作者一直努力减少生活中的碳足迹，但是新型环保产品和使用过的传统生产的产品，
哪一种更能减少碳足迹呢？作者通过研究和对比给我们找到了答案：他们各有千秋。
4．主旨大意题。文章第一段中“Fortunately, nowadays it is much easier to make eco-friendly lifestyle choices(幸运的
是，现在更容易选择环保的生活方式)”以及困扰作者的一个问题“is it better to buy new eco-friendly products or
used traditionally produced ones?(新型环保产品，使用过的传统生产的产品，选择哪一种更好？) ”再根据第二段
一整段的内容，作者通过研究得出答案，有些时候是新型环保产品好，有时候是另一种更好。文章接下来的段
落就是分析了作者这个答案是怎样找到的。由此可知，文章主要是关于怎样选择更环保的生活方式的。故选D。
5. C【·天津卷】
For people, who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making noise. In the past,
sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of today’s sound professionals are sharing
their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we
call sound.
Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape. And the
officer can’t let him get away. He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops
to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device(LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器). It produces a
deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light
and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.
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For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Let’s say you are at the airport, and
the little boy on the seat next to you is humming(哼唱) a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and
you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without
upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silence Machine works. Well, it functions by analyzing the
waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out.
Simply turn the machine or point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.
Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯)
are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, “spotsound” creates a circle of sound
in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to
attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing
customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed sound is also beginning to appear in
shopping centers and even at homes.
50．What does the passage focus on?
A．How professionals invented sound products.
B．Inventions in the field of sound technology.
C．The growing interest in the study of sound.
D．How sound engineers work in their studios.
【答案】50．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些声音技术领域的发明创造，包括声音可以用作武器的远程声学
设备、用来阻止有害声音影响你的静音机以及定向音响技术。
50．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的”In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but
many of today's sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to
create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.”可知，在过去，音响工程师在录音室的后室工作，但
今天的许多音响专业人士正在与其他领域的专业人士分享他们的知识和经验，以我们所谓的声音现象为基础创
造新产品。结合下文具体内容可知，本文着重论述了声音技术领域的发明创造。故选B。
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【精讲研法】
考点2
概括文章大意
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】
In the 1966 science-fiction film The Fantastic Voyage, a team of scientists and doctors are shrunk to microscopic
size injected into the body of an injured man to save his life. The tiny crew travels through the body's dangerous
environment to locate and repair the damaged part of the man's body. Eventually, the group manages to complete their
task and the man awakens, fully cured.
Such an idea sounds extraordinary to many, But what if it were possible to cure a disease like a cancer, using tiny
particles injected into a person to find the cancer and destroy it without harming anything else in the body? Although it
may seem like science fiction, tools like this are now being developed and may become common in the near
future—thanks to research currently being done in the field of nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology（纳米技术）is really small. The prefix "nano" refers to a nanometer, which is one-billionth of a
meter. A comma on a page of a book or magazine may be more than half a million nanometer. Using this technology, it
will be possible to detect cancer at a stage when there are perhaps only a thousand bad cells. Compare this to what
happens today: doctors can diagnose cancer only after the dangerous cells have multiplied into millions and developed
a tumor. One of the advantages of detecting and treating cancer is that the cells is less likely to be resistant to drug
treatment. Right now, most cancer treatments kill not only the dangerous cells but the healthy ones as well.
Nanoparticles will allow doctors to attack cancerous tumors without disturbing healthy cells. Thus, it can deliver
cancer-killing drugs to the cancer cells and allow doctors to deliver cancer treatment earlier, faster, and more
thoroughly.
Unfortunately, there are serious concerns that these same materials could have negative environment and health
effects. In recent studies, fish exposed to water containing large amounts of nanoparticles suffered brain damage. And
people are at risk as well. But many scientists don't think research into its many uses should be stopped.
Meanwhile, research into the uses of nanotechnology in health and other fields continues. "What's amazing is how
quickly this is evolving", says chemist Vicki Colin. "even ten years ago, a lot of these applications would have seemed
pretty unrealistic. "Perhaps, the old movie, The Fantastic Voyage, isn't so hard to believe after all.
12．What is the reading mainly about?
A．A film called The Fantastic Voyage.
B．How to detect different cancers.
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C．The dangers and side effects of nanotechnology.
D．The application and development of nanotechnology.
【答案】12．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲了纳米技术在医学领域里的运用，以及它的优缺点和发展现状。
12．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Although it may seem like science fiction, tools like this are now being developed and
may become common in the near future—thanks to research currently being done in the field of nanotechnology.”（尽
管这看起来像是科幻小说，但现在正在开发这样的工具，并且在不久的将来可能会变得越来越普遍——这要归
功于当前在纳米技术领域进行的研究。）并通读全文结合全文主要讲了纳米技术在医学领域里的运用，以及它的
优缺点和发展现状可知，本文主要介绍了纳米技术的应用与发展。故选D 项。
2.
Sacagawea was not afraid. Although she was only 16 years old and the only female in an exploration group of
more than 45 people, she was ready to courageously make her mark in American history.
In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bought more than 825,000 square miles of land from France. To explore this
new part of the country, Jefferson sent Lewis and William Clark on a two-year journey to report on what they found.
They needed local guides to help them through this unknown territory.
Born to a Shoshone chief around 1788, Sacagawea had been kidnapped (绑架) by an enemy tribe when she was
about 12, then sold to a French-Canadian trapper. When the trapper was hired as a guide for Lewis and Clark's
expedition in 1804, Sacagawea also joined as an interpreter to talk to Native-American people on their 8, 000-mile
journey.
Sacagawea soon became a respected member of the group. She was skilled at finding plants for food and medicine
to help keep the explorers alive. When a boat capsized (翻) on the Missouri River as they were crossing into what is
now Montana, Sacagawea saved important books and much-needed supplies. When they needed horses to cross rough
area, she convinced a Shoshone tribe—led by her long-lost brother—to give them some. She was so esteemed by Lewis
and Clark that when they reached the Pacific Ocean in November 1805, Sacagawea was asked to cast her vote for
where they should build a fort (营地).
Sacagawea proved herself again after the group took a different route home through what is now Idaho. As they
passed through her homeland, Sacagawea remembered Shoshone trails from her childhood and helped the expedition
find their way through. Clark even praised her as his “pilot”.
She received no pay for her services and died on December 20, 1812. But Sacagawea's bravery and skill live on in
the expedition's journals, which are full of praise for the 16-year-old Shoshone girl who guided the most famous
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American expedition of all time.
7．What is the passage mainly about?
A．A special honor.
B．A great expedition.
C．An outstanding girl.
D．An unknown territory.
【答案】7．C
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述女孩Sacagawea 帮助探险队成功探险的故事。
7．主旨大意题。阅读文章，并根据第一段“Sacagawea was not afraid. Although she was only 16 years old and the only
female in an exploration group of more than 45 people, she was ready to courageously make her mark in American
history.（Sacagawea 并不害怕。尽管她只有16 岁，是一个由45 多人组成的探险队中唯一的女性，但她准备勇
敢地在美国历史上留下自己的印记。）”和最后一段“But Sacagawea's bravery and skill live on in the expedition's
journals, which are full of praise for the 16-year-old Shoshone girl who guided the most famous American expedition of
all time.（但是，Sacagawea 的勇敢和技巧一直保存在探险队的日记中，日记中充满了对这位16 岁的Shoshone
少女的赞扬，她领导了美国有史以来最著名的探险队。）可知，本文讲述女孩Sacagawea 帮助探险队成功探险的
故事，由此可知，选项C. An outstanding girl.( 一个杰出的女孩。)切题。故选C。
3.
Clothing rental is a hot new industry and retailers (零售商) are demanding to get on board in hopes of attracting
green shopper.
But is renting fashion actually more environmentally-friendly than buying it, and if so, how much more? Journalist
and author Elizabeth Cline investigated (调查) this question and concluded that it's not as sustainable as it seems.
Take shipping, for example, which has to go two ways if an item is rented — receiving and returning. Cline writes
that consumer transportation has the second largest carbon footprint of our collective fashion habit after manufacturing.
She writes, ''An item ordered online and then returned can send out 20 kilograms of carbon each way, and
increases up to 50 kilograms for rush shipping. By comparison, the carbon impact of a pair of jeans purchased from a
physical store and washed and worn at home is 33.4 kilograms, according to a 2015 study by Levi's.''
Then there's the burden of washing, which has to happen for every item when it's returned, regardless of whether
or not it was worn. For most rental services, this usually means dry cleaning, a high impact and polluting process. All
the rental services that Cline looked into have replaced perchloroethylene (氯乙烯), a carcinogenic (致癌的) air
pollutant, still used by 70 percent of US dry cleaners, with alternatives, although these aren't great either.
Lastly, Cline fears that rental services will increase our appetite for fast fashion, simply because it's so easily
accessible. There's something called ''share washing'' that makes people waste more precisely because a product or
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service is shared and thus is regarded as more eco-friendly. Uber is one example of this, advertised as ''a way to share
rides and limit ear ownership.'' and yet ''it has been proven to discourage walking,bicycling, and public transportation
use.''
Renting clothes is still preferable to buying them cheap and throwing them in the dustbin after a few wears, but we
shouldn't let the availability of these services make us too satisfied. There's an even better step — that's wearing what is
already in the closet.
35．What is the passage mainly about?
A．Clothing rental is a new fashion.
B．Clothing rental is retailers' preference.
C．Renting clothes is not that eco-friendly.
D．Renting-clothes business is in a dilemma.
【答案】35．C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。服装租赁业是一种新型的流行的产业，并通过克莱因的调查说明了服装租赁业存在
的一些缺点，比如相比于直接购买衣服，租衣服在运输方面消耗了更多的碳能源；干洗租赁的衣服会给空气造
成污染；还会导致人们急于追求快速时尚，而随意浪费。最后作者提出最好的方法是要穿已经在衣柜里的衣服。
35．主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第三段的Cline writes that consumer transportation has the second
largest carbon footprint of our collective fashion habit after manufacturing.(克莱因写道，消费者的交通工具的碳足迹
仅次于制造业)，第五段的Then there's the burden of washing(此外，还有洗涤的负担)和第六段的Lastly, Cline fears
that rental services will increase our appetite for fast fashion, simply because it's so easily accessible. (最后，Cline 担心
租赁服务会增加我们对快速时尚的兴趣，因为它很容易获得)可知，本文主要讲述衣服租赁并不是人们所说的那
样环保C. Renting clothes is not that eco-friendly.(服装租赁没有那么环保)符合以上说法，故选C 项。
4.
We have to make certain our limited money is well spent. But what should we spend our money on? A 20-year
study conducted by Dr. Gilovich, a professor at Cormell University, reached a powerful and straightforward conclusion:
don't spend your money on things.
The trouble with things is that the happiness they provide peters out. We get used to new possessions, and what
once seemed exciting quickly becomes the norm. We keep raising the bar and always look for an even better one.
Possessions, by their nature, cause comparisons. We buy a new car and are thrilled with it until a friend buys a better
one—and there's always someone with a better one. Most of us usually assume that the happiness we get from buying
something will last as long as the thing itself. It seems intuitive(直觉的) that investing in something we can see, hear,
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and touch on a permanent basis delivers the best value. But it's not the case at all.
Gilovich has found that experiences deliver more-lasting happiness than things. Experiences become a part of our
identity. Everyone's experience is unique. We are not our possessions, but we are the accumulation of everything we've
seen, the things we've done, and the places we've been to. “Our experiences are a bigger part of ourselves than our
material goods,” said Gilovich. “You can really like your material stuff. You can even think that part of your identity is
connected to those things, but they remain separate from you. In contrast, your experiences really are part of you. We
are the sum total of our experiences.”
Besides, we don't compare experiences in the same way that we compare things. It's hard to quantify the relative
value of any two experiences, which makes them that much more enjoyable. And expectation of an experience causes
excitement and enjoyment, while expectation of obtaining a possession causes impatience. Experiences are enjoyable
from the very first moments of planning, all the way through to the memories you keep forever. The temporary
happiness achieved by buying things can be regarded as “puddles(水坑) of pleasure.” In other words, that kind of
happiness evaporates(蒸发) quickly and leaves us wanting more. Things may last longer than experiences, but the
memories that remain are what matter most.
11．Which is the main idea of the passage?
A．How can we gain happiness with money?
B．How can we make happiness last long?
C．Why should we spend money on experiences instead of things?
D．Why do experiences achieve permanent happiness than things?
【答案】11．C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文，作者论证说明了一个道理“为什么要把钱花在经历上，而不是事物上”。
11．主旨大意题。通读全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了事物能够带来的幸福是短暂，经历留下来的精神财富才
是最重要的；再根据第一段首句，引出文章主题“We have to make certain our limited money is well spent. But what
should we spend our money on?”（我们必须确保有限的钱花得值。但是我们应该把钱花在什么地方呢），所以本
文主要想表达的主题是“为什么要把钱花在经历上，而不是事物上”，故选C。
5.
Long ago, writing was done on parchments- -thin, dried animal skins specially prepared for writing. But the
parchment wasn't easy to make and it wasn't cheap. Then, ancient people removed the original writing from a
parchment and then used it again for another piece of writing. That's what creates a palimpsest.
The writing removed from the parchment can't be seen directly. Generally , finding hidden writing on very old
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documents is so unusual, but for scientists,it is just the opposite because they have learned ways to use special lighting
to discover it. For young college students , doing this is a different matter. Last year , some students at the Rochester
Institute of Technology( RIT) took part in a class that brought together many students from different areas to do a
project as a group, which was to build a special camera system that could take pictures by using different kinds of light.
But just as the students were finishing up their project together ,COVID-l9 hit and the students could no longer work on
the project in person. Instead , they broke into smaller groups to try to finish parts of the project remotely. Although
they met many tough problems, they communicated , sometimes fiercely , with each other timely online to settle them.
Over the summer , they got special permission to continue working on the camera system , and they managed to
finish it. Then they borrowed several old parchments from the collection at the school's Cary Graphic Arts Collection.
When they put one of the pages under their camera system with ultraviolet( UV) light( 紫外銭) , the hidden writing
appeared suddenly. The students are even more excited because even though the parchment is no longer part of a book ,
the students know where 29 other pages from the same book are. They hope that these , too , will have hidden writing.
31．What's the text mainly about?
A．Students' finding hidden writing.
B．Scientists' preserving parchments.
C．The protection of old documents.
D．A special camera system.
【答案】31．A
【解析】本文属于说明文。介绍了一群罗彻斯特理工学院大学生用自己设计的特殊摄像系统在一本十六世纪的
书上发现了隐藏的文字。
31．主旨大意题。通全文，特别是根据第二段的“finding hidden writing on very old documents is so unusual”（在
非常古老的文件上找到隐藏的文字是非常不寻常的）以及“For young college students , doing this is a different
matter.( 对于年轻的大学生来说，做这些是另一回事。)”和下文的描述可知，本文主要介绍了罗彻斯特理工学院
大学生克服重重困难，起合作研制成了一种成像相机，该相机利用紫外线，能够发现羊皮书上被古人隐去的信
息。故选A。
规律方法：如何概括文章大意?
1、做概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往
往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归
纳，从而概括出文章大意。
2、在选择答案时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。
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【变式精讲】
1.
As digital devices （设备）have taken over society, “keyboard activity is now often recommended as a substitute
for early handwriting," a new study notes. The idea is that typing may be easier for young children.
“Some schools in Norway have become completely digital," notes Audrey Vander Meer, the new study's leader,
who measures brain activity to better understand learning and behaviors. She works at the Norwegian University of
Science and Technology in Trondheim. The human brain has developed to interact with the world in as many ways as
possible, she notes. She believes that young children should learn to write by hand successfully, and, at the same time
learn to manage a keyboard.
Using a pen involves more of the brain than using a keyboard, her new findings show. This is because writing and
printing involve complex movements that activate more areas of the brain. The increased brain activity, "gives the brain
more 'hooks' to hang your memories on," she explains.
Think about it. The same movement is required to type each letter on a keyboard. By comparison, when we write,
our brain needs to think about and recover memories of the shape of each letter. We also need to use our eyes to watch
what shapes we're writing. And we need to control our hands to press a pen or pencil to shape the different letters. All
of this uses and connects more areas of the brain.
Along the way, these processes appear to “open the brain up for learning", says Vander Meer. So learning through
only one format — digital — could be harmful, she worries.
Vander Meer also points out that taking notes by hand stimulates （激发）"visual notetaking". Rather than typing
blindly, the visual note-taker has to think about what is important to write down. Then, key words can be "interlinked
by boxes, and arrows, and supplemented by small drawings".
12．What is the main idea of the text?
A．Digital devices are popular with students.
B．Handwriting beats typing in taking notes.
C．The process of taking notes changes thinking.
D．The new study makes contributions to science.
【答案】12．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了，数字化正在普及，然而一项研究表明，在记笔记时，手写比（用键盘）
打字更有利于大脑发展，于学习有益，打字（数字化）对学习可能是有害的。
12．主旨大意题。第一段“引出电子设备，打字比手写更容易”，第二三段讲“手写比打字对大脑发展更好”，第
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四段讲“手写对大脑发展更好的原因”，第五段讲“数字化（打字）对学习可能是有害的”，最后一段讲“再次申明
手记笔记的好处”，可知文章主要讲在记笔记上手写胜过打字，更有益于大脑发展。故选B 项。
2.
The number of British students going to US universities has been climbing steadily over the past decade. The latest
available figures (from 2017- ) show 11,460 British students are choosing to study in US. This represents a small drop
(0.3%) from the previous year, showing that American degrees remain a popular choice.
Among the most popular American universities for British students are, Harvard, Y ale, Princeton, Stanford and
also institutions with convenient location-- New York University in New York City, or the University of Southern
California in Los Angeles, for example.
Two factors motivate young people to head west for universities: academic opportunity and the increasing
availability of financial aid for foreign students. Anthony Nemecek, an education expert, explains, “While there are
many reasons British students consider higher education study in the US, the main reason is the wide range of choice
on offer, both subjects and institutions, as well as not having to decide their *major/course' until the end of the second
year."
One reason why the Brits may be unwilling to pursue a US degree is the cost. The University of Oxford, for
example, estimates living costs of f14,850 in , along with course fees of f9,250, so a total of f24,100. The
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a world-leading specialist in science, costs $73,1 60 (£59,447; more than
twice as much as Oxford), but most students at MIT will get financial aid. MIT is home to a financial aid program for
international students, making it a great place to apply if money is not enough.
7．What does the passage mainly talk about?
A．British students studying in US universities.
B．Differences between US and British universities.
C．Why British students are going to US Universities.
D．Which are more attractive, US universities or British universities.
【答案】7．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国学生要去就读美国大学的原因。
7．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“Two factors motivate young people to head west for universities: academic
opportunity and the increasing availability of financial aid for foreign students. （有两个因素促使年轻人前往西部大
学:学术机会和外国学生越来越容易获得的经济援助。）”及全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了英国学生去美国学习
的原因。故选C 项。
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3.
A new international study published in PLOS Biology suggests that the popularity of tigers, lions, polar bears and
others may actually contribute to their downfall. The researchers used a combination of online investigations, school
questionnaires, z00 websites and cartoon films to identify the 10 most beloved animals. The top three were tigers, lions
and elephants.
“I was surprised to see that although these 10 animals are the most beloved, a major danger faced by nearly all of
them is direct killing by humans, especially from hunting,” said William Ripple, a distinguished professor of forest
ecology at Oregon State University and a co-author on the study.“This killing by humans seems sadly ironic （讽刺的）
to me, as these are some of our most beloved wild animals.”
Many of these animals are so frequently described in pop culture and marketing materials that they may form an
inaccurate “virtual population” that is doing better in the media than in nature, noted lead author Franck Courchamp of
the University of Paris. The researchers found, for example, that the average French citizen will see more virtual lions
through photos, cartoons, logos and brands in one month than wild lions left in West Africa.
“Unknowingly, companies using giraffes or polar bears for marketing purposes may be actively contributing to the
false belief that these animals are not at risk of dying out, and therefore not in need of conservation,” Courchamp said.
He suggested in the paper that companies using images of endangered animals for marketing purposes provide
information to promote their conservation, and perhaps part of their profits for protection of the animals.
Nearly half of the toy animals sold in the United States on Amazon were one of the 10 beloved animals, while in
France some 800,000 “Sophie the giraffe” baby toys were sold last year—more than eight times the number of giraffes
living in Africa.
“The appearance of these beloved animals in stores, in movies, on television, and on a variety of products seems to
be tricking the public into believing they are doing okay,” Ripple said. “If we don't work together to save these animals,
that may soon be the only way anyone will see them.”
12．What is the text mainly about?
A．Animal images are used in marketing.
B．Wild animals are at a high risk of dying out.
C．Animals' popularity in life causes their decrease.
D．Efforts are made to protect animals in danger.
【答案】12．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了，许多动物在人类的生活中受欢迎，这使得这些动物在减少，动物的受
欢迎实际上可能是它们衰败的原因之一。
12．主旨大意题。第一段讲“一项研究表明：老虎、狮子、北极熊和其他动物的受欢迎实际上可能是它们衰败的
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原因之一”，第二段讲“这10 种动物是最受喜爱的，但几乎所有动物都面临的人类的直接杀戮，尤其是狩猎”，
第三段讲“许多动物在流行文化和营销材料中被频繁描述，人们在品牌中看到它们的形象”，第四段讲“利用长颈
鹿或北极熊进行市场营销，可能会积极助长一种错误的信念，即这些动物没有灭绝的危险，因此不需要保护”，
倒数第二段讲“可爱动物商品的受欢迎”，最后一段讲“呼吁人们拯救动物”，可知文章主要讲述了动物的流行实
际上可能是它们衰败的原因之一，动物在生活中的受欢迎会使它们的数量减少，因为利用动物进行市场营销，
可能会积极助长一种错误的信念，即这些动物没有灭绝的危险，因此不需要保护。故选C 项。
4
Science can’t explain the power of pets, but many studies have shown that the company of pets can help lower
blood pressure (血压) and raise chances of recovering from a heart attack, reduce loneliness and spread all-round good
cheer.
Any owner will tell you how much joy a pet brings. For some, an animal provides more comfort than a
husband/wife. A 2002study by Karen Allen of the State University of New York measured stress (紧张) levels and
blood pressure in people — half of them pet owners — while they performed 5minutes of mental arithmetic (算术) or
held a hand in ice water. Subjects completed the tasks alone, with a husband/wife, a close friend or with a pet. People
with pets did it best. Those tested with their animal friends had smaller change in blood pressure and returned most
quickly to baseline heart rates. With pets in the room, people also made fewer math mistakes than when doing in front
of other companions. It seems people feel more relaxed (放松) around pets, says Allen, who thinks it may be because
pets don’t judge.
A study reported last fall suggests that having a pet dog not only raises your spirits but may also have an effect on
your eating habits. Researchers at Northwestern Memorial Hospital spent a year studying 36 fat people and their
equally fat dogs on diet-and-exercise programs; a separate group of 56 people without pets were put on a diet program.
On average, people lost about 11 pounds, or 5% of their body weight. Their dogs did even better, losing an average of
12 pounds, more than 15% of their body weight. Dog owners didn’t lose any more weight than those without dogs but,
say researchers, got more exercise overall — mostly with their dogs — and found it worth doing.
8．What does the text mainly discuss?
A．What pets bring to their owners?
B．How pets help people calm down?
C．People’s opinions of keeping pets.
D．Pet’s value in medical research.
【答案】8．A
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【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了养宠物给宠物主人带来的影响，宠物可以帮助降低血压，提高从心脏
病中恢复的机会，降低血压和提高快乐。
8．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Science can’t explain the power of pets, but many studies have shown that the
company of pets can help lower blood pressure (血压) and raise chances of recovering from a heart attack, reduce
loneliness and spread all-round good cheer.(科学无法解释宠物的力量，但许多研究表明，宠物的陪伴有助于降低
血压，提高心脏病发作后康复的机会，减少孤独感，传播全方位的快乐)”以及全文可知，文章主要讲解了宠物
给主人带来了什么。故选A。
5.
Looking back is a wonderful thing. It allows you to see what has led you here and, hopefully, how society has
changed and improved.
Take, for instance, my career goal. First, I wanted, in 1999, to be a “farmer”, soon archaeologist, then driving
instructor and somewhere along the way, footballer.
I had grown up in a football-loving family. I remember the exact moment when I said “I’m sad I can’t be a
footballer” while watching the game with Dad as a pre-teen. He asked why not. “Because I’m not a boy.” He
immediately responded, “You can, if you want to.” “Yeah, I suppose so,” I sighed, “but no one watches women’s
football.”
Looking back, I can see exactly why I felt like that. At school, there was an unwritten rule that sports like hockey
and netball were “girl” sports and rugby and football were for the boys. I’d never seen a women’s football match on TV.
You see, you can’t be what you can’t see, and lack of representation leads, at best, to misunderstanding, and at worst,
fear and negative opinions.
Today, the Lionesses will take on Scotland in the World Cup, and people across the world will tune in — over
950,000 tickets have been sold so far. But, although women’s football is one of FIFA’s best investments — with a
pound for pound return, the majority of female players are earning under a fair wage. Some argue that’s because
viewing statistics are lower than those of men’s, but the rise in support shows the demand is there. Hopefully, more
investment will push female football forward.
Today, I’ll be cheering on the Lionesses, because it’ll mean talented, skillful female footballers being broadcast
into millions of homes and maybe, just maybe, a little girl believing that she can also be a Lioness one day.
7．What does the text mainly want to tell us?
A．Society advances with time.
B．Women deserve equal rights.
C．Each goal is worth pursuing.
D．Hard work always pays off.
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【答案】7．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过讲述自己的职业目标的转变及女子足球运动今昔情况的对比，充分说明了
社会的进步是与时俱进的。
7.主旨大意题。结合全文首段中“how society has changed and improved.”可知，社会是如何改变和进步的。及下
文作者谈到自己职业目标的转换，最终提到女子足球运动今昔情况的对比，充分说明了社会的进步是与时俱进
的。选项A 与文意相符。故选A。
考点3 总结段落大意
主旨大意题
考点1 精确归纳标题
考点2 概括文章大意
考点3 总结段落大意
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
主。
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
【剖析全国高考真题】
考点3 总结段落大意
1. D【·全国I】
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have
found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown，Ohio，for example, discovered that greener areas of the city
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experienced less crime. In another，employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were
decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual
composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants that have
sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in
groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every
day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables.
Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth of
the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or
even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.
in the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a
one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off＂switch＂
where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed
from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of
energy is lost during transmission(传输).
Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.316
32．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．A new study of different plants.
B．A big fall in crime rates.
C．Employees from various workplaces.
D．Benefits from green plants.
【答案】32．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一
种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取
代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
32．主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener areas of
the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces
were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯罪率
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较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%。由此可知，第一
段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。
2. B【·全国新课标III】
When "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists
gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead,
one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks for not using
real apes (猿)!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture ( 动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals,
spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that I records an actor’s performance and later processes it with
computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet "Apes" is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit
organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000
productions this year. Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangover Part Ⅱ" and
"Zookeeper," have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the
off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the
States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the Sates.241
25. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A. The cost of making "Apes."
B. The creation of digitalized apes.
C. The publicity about “Apes."
D. The performance of real apes.
【答案】25.B
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了电影“猩球崛起”上个月首次与公众见面。动物爱好者
聚集在好莱坞前，感谢电影制作者，在电影拍摄时，没有使用真的类人猿。现在的动物拍摄使用的是
数字化人猿的创造技术，而一些电影的拍摄却存在着虐待动物的现象，这让一个非盈利的组织密切关
注此事。但有些拍摄也是不能够被监测到的。
25.主旨大意题。根据第二段“The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture (动作捕捉) techn
ology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that I records
an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图
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像). ”可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术创造数字化的动物，在记录演员表演的技术上，
花费数千万美元，然后用电脑图形处理，以产生最终的影像。由此可知，第二段主要是关于数字化人
猿的创造。故选B 项。
3. D【·全国I】
During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to
keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and
cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on
others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts
the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities
strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life
and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable
behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who
were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从
事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the
most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had
become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed
that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness,
openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to
positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning
and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.
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【答案】
33. A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，对人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的积极影响。生活
中，与人为善，待人慷慨，定会受到欢迎和回报。
33. A 段落大意题。第二段中临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein 将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位
的人。本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的人的分类，
文中sort...into...对应答案的classification。故选A。
【精讲研法】
考点3 总结段落大意
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】
We already know that salt can lead to heart disease. But could it also affect our mind? Scientists found that a
high-salt diet caused cognitive impairments in mice» and it could produce the same effect on humans.
Costantino Iadecola, director of the Feil Family Brain and Mind Research the Institute, said they fed the mice
eight to sixteen times their normal salt intake and then tested the mice. After about three months, the mice had a big
change in their behavior. Mice are very curious, and they like to look for new things. However, the tested mice lost the
ability to identify a normal object. When the mice were put in their cage and asked to find a quiet spot, they did not
remember where the quiet spot was. Then when the mice were building a nest, which is something the mice do daily,
they, were unable to do so. The research suggested humans would experience a similar response.
Studies have shown Australians eat around double the recommended amount of salt each day, most of it coming
from processed food. Dr. Ladecola said the estimated two teaspoons of salt the average Australian eats each day could
affect the brain function in the long term. However, the decline might not be as obvious as in the mice, who were given
extremely high levels of salt. "But probably over years and perhaps decades—as opposed to a few months for the
mouse—even lower levels of salt may have a terrible effect," Dr ladecola said.
“High levels of salt cause serious immune changes in the organs in and around the stomach, resulting in an almost
autoimmune effect on the brain. It is part of a growing body of evidence that we really are what we eat,“ Bryce Vissel,
director of the Centre for Neuroscience at the University of Technology Sydney, said. "Those changes in turn cause all
sorts of responses in the body, which over time certainly contribute to cognitive impairments."
14．What does the last paragraph mainly focus on?
A．Studies carried out by Bryce Vissel.
B．Immune changes brought about by salt.
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C．Effects of daily diets on human behaviors.
D．Links between salt intake and brain damage.
【答案】14．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。科学家们发现，高盐饮食会导致老鼠的认知障碍，对人类也会产生同样的影响。文
章介绍了这项研究开展的过程以及发现，研究表明，澳大利亚人每天摄入的盐大约是推荐量的两倍，其中大部
分来自加工食品，指出高盐饮食会导致认知障碍，提倡低盐饮食。
14．主旨大意题。根据最后一段““High levels of salt cause serious immune changes in the organs in and around the
stomach, resulting in an almost autoimmune effect on the brain. It is part of a growing body of evidence that we really
are what we eat,“ Bryce Vissel, director of the Centre for Neuroscience at the University of Technology Sydney, said.
"Those changes in turn cause all sorts of responses in the body, which over time certainly contribute to cognitive
impairments."(悉尼科技大学神经科学中心主任Bryce Vissel 说：“高浓度的盐会导致胃内外器官严重的免疫变化，
几乎会对大脑产生自身免疫效应。有越来越多的证据表明，吃什么决定人的性格，这是其中的一部分。这些变
化反过来会引起身体的各种反应，久而久之肯定会导致认知障碍。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲了盐摄入和脑损伤
之间的联系。故选D。
2.
It's no secret that inhaling(吸入) smoke is bad for your lungs. But now, scientists are suggesting smoke may also
carry and spread infectious diseases.The theory, published in Science Magazine, is based on research that found
wildfire smoke is teeming with thousands of species of microorganisms. Some of these microorganisms, including
bacteria and fungal spores（真菌孢子）, are known to cause disease.
The new research suggests that when a wildfire burns plant or animal matter and disturbs soils, it exposes
thousands of species of bacteria and fungi（真菌）that otherwise might not easily become airborne（空气传播的）. You
might think the high heat from fire would kill these organisms, but one study cited in the article found that some
bacteria even multiply post-fire. Scientists say the organisms latch onto smoke particulates（微粒）, allowing them to
travel thousands of miles across continents.
Dr. Peter Chen, director of the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
in Los Angeles, is "intrigued" by the theory but somewhat skeptical that the microorganisms in smoke would actually
cause infections. Many bacteria and fungi don't cause lung infections, says Chen, but it's certainly possible that a
significant amount could worsen symptoms in someone with a pre-existing lung condition. "I always thought it was the
particulates in smoke that were causing these issues," says Chen, "But when I read this, I started thinking: Could it be
the microorganisms that are also worsening existing illness?"
Whether the microbes in smoke actually cause infection or simply worsen potential respiratory（呼吸的）issues,
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the article raises a new health threat that is "certainly alarming," says Kelsey Jack, an associate professor of
environmental and development economics.This is especially true for lower-income populations, Jack says, because
people with fewer means are often more exposed to the environment. If smoke is affecting the air quality in a certain
area, the people who work outside, or who have to go to the office on foot or by bike, will inhale more smoke than
those who drive.
But until more research is done, Chen says the best thing people can do is just follow existing recommendations
when air quality is poor — including staying indoors, keeping windows and doors closed, using HEPA filters（过滤
器）and running air conditioning.
11．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
A．Results of the new research
B．Disagreements between the author and Chen.
C．Suggestions on dealing with poor air quality
D．Benefits of preventing smoke from polluting the air
【答案】11．C
【解析】本文是说明文。科学家通过研究发现烟雾也可能携带和传播传染病，当野火燃烧时，会散播数千种细
菌和真菌。文章介绍了这项发现，并给出了相应的建议。
11．主旨大意题。根据最后一段内容“But until more research is done, Chen says the best thing people can do is just
follow existing recommendations when air quality is poor — including staying indoors, keeping windows and doors
closed, using HEPA filters（过滤器）and running air conditioning.（但在做更多的研究之前，陈说，人们能做的
最好的事情就是在空气质量差的时候遵循现有的建议——包括待在室内，关闭门窗，使用HEPA 过滤器和运行
空调。）”可知，最后一段讨论了关于处理空气质量差的建议。故选C。
3.
Ant Forest, a green initiative by the world’s leading payment and lifestyle platform Alipay, received the “U.N.
Champions of the Earth” award, the UN’s highest environmental honor. It was given to Ant Forest for motivating half a
billion people to adopt an eco-friendly and greener lifestyle, greatly contributing to ecological protection with the help
of digital technology.
Alipay achieved this by inspiring its users to do environmentally-friendly things, such as walking, using public
transportation, going paperless in the office and more to earn “green energy points”. These points can then be used to
water and grow their own virtual young trees. After the virtual young trees have grown up on line, Ant Forest will plant
real trees somewhere in China.
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The number of Ant Forest users has reached 350 million, reducing 3 million tons of carbon dioxide. “Such
programs are quite attractive to me. I feel satisfied to see a real tree planted just by doing some simple things such as
riding bicycles and buying tickets online,” said an interviewee.
This initiative of Ant Forest is in line with the Chinese government’s strategy of a “Green Economy”. The country
is taking aggressive actions in expanding its green coverage. Now, its efforts are paying off, with improved biodiversity
and a healthier economic growth. Rare animal species have been spotted and forest parks are now popular attractions of
tourism.
The planet is at a critical point which could result in natural disasters. It seems clear that unless governments,
businesses and people form a focused team, it’s difficult to stop global warming. Fortunately, Ant Forest shows that it is
possible to make joint efforts while relying on digital technology. And more initiatives are using technology to
contribute to a sustainable future of the planet.
9．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．How Alipay makes profits.
B．How Ant Forest is carried out.
C．What a low-carbon life is like.
D．Why Alipay takes up the initiative.
【答案】9．B
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。全球领先支付平台支付宝的绿色倡议“蚂蚁森林”因将“5 亿人的绿色善举”转化为种
植实木而荣获联合国“地球冠军奖”
，这是联合国最高环境荣誉。中国加快绿色转型，有望为协调经济与自
然环境提供有益的借鉴。
9．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Alipay achieved this by inspiring its users to do environmentally-friendly things, such
as walking, using public transportation, going paperless in the office and more to earn “green energy points”.
(支付宝
通过鼓励用户做一些环保的事情来实现这一目标，比如步行、使用公共交通工具、在办公室实现无纸化办公，
以及更多来获得“绿色能源积分”。)”以及下文描述可知，本段主要讲了蚂蚁森林是如何实施目标的。故选B 项。
4.
Smart phones, tablets, fitness trackers, headphones and most of the electronic devices we use today are made of
metal, plastic and glass. But electronics don’t have to be. Sala de Medeiros and her colleagues found a way to turn an
ordinary piece of paper into a simple electronic keypad. Many teams around the world are working on paper-based
electronics. But this new device is different from any other device. It’s the first to power itself and also resist water and
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dust. The user’s touch gives it all the power it needs to run.
No single moment inspired her paper keypad. Instead, she focused on devices other engineers have been working
on. Then she discovered that high cost was a problem with some flexible electronics. So she decided to work with
low-cost materials.
Teflon(聚四氟乙烯) is a chemical coating that keeps food from sticking to pots and pans. Similar com-pounds(复
合物) can also make paper waterproof. So she started testing the chemical but the one that was sup-posed to do the best
job didn’t work at all. After some research, Sala de Medeiros found out that this chemical reacts with air. She had to
buy special equipment that forbade any air getting in the way. Now, the chemical works as planned. Then the team
placed a stencil(钢板) with the shape of a circuit(电路) onto the back of the paper and sprayed on several layers of
materials. Finally, the team flipped over the paper and printed a keypad of numbers on the other side. They also added a
tiny Bluetooth chip, which let their paper device talk to a computer. The source of electricity comes from the tap of a
finger. When you’re typing we can create the energy by touching or rubbing.
The electronic keypad is regular paper most people could afford but wouldn’t easily get wet or dirty. It also should
fit in your pocket.
10．What is the third paragraph mainly about?
A．The process of creating the device.
B．The significance of the research.
C．The application of the device.
D．The way to develop Teflon.
【答案】10．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新的电子设备。这种电子设备由一张纸制成，能通过用户触
摸提供能量并且防水防尘。
10．主旨大意题。第三段介绍了Sala de Medeiros 解决了材料使用的问题以及设备的组装过程，可知本段主要介
绍这个设备是如何制造的。故选A 项。
5. It is food news guaranteed to put a smile on your face. Scientists have found that eating dark chocolate appears
to lower the risk of depression by a quarter. While 7.6 percent of the 13,000 people surveyed reported depressive
symptoms, just 1.5 percent of the chocolate eaters did.
The study by University College London (UCL), the University of Calgary and Alberta Health Services Canada,
also found that the people who consumed the most of any chocolate were also 57 percent less likely to report depressive
symptoms. Lead author Dr. Sarah Jackson said, “This study provides some evidence that consumption of chocolate,
particularly dark chocolate, may be associated with reduced odds of clinically relevant depressive symptoms.”
The study is the first to examine the association with depression according to the type of chocolate consumed. The
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team assessed data from 13,626 adults from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A range of
other factors including height, weight, marital status, ethnicity, education, household income, physical activity, smoking
and chronic health problems were also taken into account to ensure the study only measured chocolate’s effect on
depressive symptoms.
After adjusting for these factors, it was found that individuals who reported eating any dark chocolate in two
24-hour periods had 70 percent lower odds of reporting clinically relevant depressive symptoms in the previous two
weeks than those who reported not eating chocolate at all.
Chocolate contains a number of psychoactive ingredients which produce a feeling of euphoria similar to that of
cannabinoid (大麻素), found in cannabis. It also contains phenyl ethylamine (苯乙胺), a neuromodulator (神经调节物
质) which is believed to be important for regulating people’s moods. Dark chocolate also has higher concentration of
flavonoids (类黄酮), antioxidant chemicals which lower inflammation and can prevent the onset (发生) of depression.
However, British scientists pointed out that the decision to eat dark chocolate could be linked to other health
factors. For example, people who choose dark chocolate may be more health conscious in general, which is known to
protect against depression. Depressed people are also more likely to desire for more sugary fatty foods and so could be
less likely to pick a dark alterative when choosing chocolate.
10．What is the fifth paragraph mainly about?
A．The advantages of chocolate.
B．The reasons for the protective effects.
C．The causes of depression.
D．The effects of chocolate.
【答案】10．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。说明了科学家发现，吃黑巧克力似乎可以降低四分之一的抑郁风险。在1.3 万名被
调查者中，有7.6%的人有抑郁症状，而吃巧克力的人只有1.5%有抑郁症状。介绍了这项研究的过程，以及巧
克力可以产生保护效果的原因以及英国科学家对此发现的态度。
10．主旨大意题。根据第五段Chocolate contains a number of psychoactive ingredients which produce a feeling of
euphoria similar to that of cannabinoid (大麻素), found in cannabis. It also contains phenyl ethylamine (苯乙胺), a
neuromodulator (神经调节物质) which is believed to be important for regulating people’s moods. Dark chocolate also
has higher concentration of flavonoids (类黄酮), antioxidant chemicals which lower inflammation and can prevent the
onset (发生) of depression.可知巧克力含有许多精神活性成分，能产生一种欣快感，类似于在大麻中发现的大麻
素。它还含有苯乙胺，一种神经调节剂，被认为对调节人的情绪很重要。黑巧克力还含有更高浓度的类黄酮，
抗氧化化学物质，可以降低炎症，防止抑郁症的发生。由此可知，第五段主要讲了巧克力有保护效果的原因。
故选B。
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规律方法：如何总结段落大意？
段落大意即某一段的中心思想，通常中心思想会在首句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。主题句具有
鲜明的概括性，句子结构简单，段落中其他句子均用来解释、支撑或扩展主题句所表达的主题思想。主题句通
常位于段首，也可位于段尾、段中。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句，要学会根据段落内容去概括主题句。
【变式精讲】
1.
An architecture class at WSU will present their ideas for a small luxury hotel to upgrade Pullman's downtown
during the Town and Gown Collaborative meeting which will be held from 7:30-9 a.m. on Oct.22 in the Schweitzer
Engineering Laboratories Event Center．The Collaborative is a joint committee between the city of Pullman, Pullman
Chamber of Commerce and WSU．Its purpose is to strengthen ties between the city and the university and to foster a
strong relationship to create a special college town．
As part of the third-year class, seven student teams each designed a five-star luxury boutique hotel in Pullman
located on the former Mimosa Cafe site on Main Street．Out of seven hotel designs produced, the class will put forward
three of the most pioneering solutions to the city of Pullman during the Collaborative meeting．
WSU Architecture Professor Paul Hirzel said that the 5-star luxury hotel choice is absent in the Palouse and a
rarity in Eastern Washington, giving his students a unique challenge．Features of their projects include 16-luxury rooms,
a roof top swimming pool, loft suites with balconies overlooking the river, and a ground level cafe with sidewalk and
riverside courtyards．The project explores a current trend in college towns of providing the five-star boutique hotel
choice to the more typical franchise hotel choices．
The presentation to the city gives the students a valuable real-world opportunity to present their projects to
potential stakeholders and to advocate for their designs to nonarchitects, Hirzel said．Goals for the project also included
exposing his students to the realities of structure and material choice as well as a challenging site condition fronting on
both a river(that floods) and a main street．
"When students can achieve beyond their expectations in creating a new vision for downtown Pullman, both the
students and the Pullman downtown community will benefit．" he said．
30．What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A．Sizes of the hotel rooms．
B．Detailed design requirements．
C．Service facilities around the hotel．
D．Lack of 5-star luxury hotels in cities．
【答案】30．B
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【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述WSU，一个建筑学课程的时间，地点，内容和意义。
30．主旨大意题。根据第三段“WSU Architecture Professor Paul Hirzel said that the 5-star luxury hotel choice is absent
in the Palouse and a rarity in Eastern Washington, …The project explores a current trend in college towns of providing
the five-star boutique hotel choice to the more typical franchise hotel choices.” 可知，五星级豪华酒店的设计包括16
间豪华客房、一个屋顶游泳池、带阳台俯瞰河流的阁楼套房，以及一层带有人行道和河畔庭院的咖啡馆。由此
可知，本段主要谈论详细的设计要求，故选B。
2.
Wildlife in New York City tends to be headline news. These animals' admirable ability to live with humans in
peace draws our attention and sympathy. Yet, what most New Yorkers don't even know is that another animal, the
Quaker Parrot, has invaded (入侵) the city with surprising results.
Quaker parrots originally came from the mild regions of Argentina and Brazil. The details related to the birds'
arrival to the U. S. have become a thing of legend. During the 1960s, workers at JFK International Airport reported that
the parrots—then products of the pet trade—escaped from broken shipping trunks (箱子). Others say the birds escaped
from their homes or were intentionally released by their owners, some of whom may have been unprepared to deal with
the birds' unpleasant screams. Either way, the birds have now infiltrated (渗透) all five districts in New York within the
last five years. They've also expanded into the lower Hudson Valley and major cities around the U. S.
Each bird is born knowing how to build a nest, although this skill is adjusted slightly with age and experience. The
birds use their soft feet to build these free-standing nests in between tree forks. Nest structures can grow to the size of a
refrigerator, housing up to 200 pairs of birds. Each nest can weigh more than a ton.
Unfortunately, these parrots' unique habit of building nests on public facilities can cause their homes to catch fire,
taking down the electrical network. Con Edison, New York City's energy services company, realized about 14 years ago
that these nests were behind a series of Power outages (停电) in Brooklyn. So the company partners with wildlife
specialists to carefully remove nests from dangerous areas before they become a security risk.
Despite the challenges these parrots present for the public, they are one of the few invasive species stories with a
fairly happy outcome. The parrots seem to pose no risk of overpopulating the neighborhood or outcompeting native
species for food. And public service corporations arrange special teams to keep equipment free from birds, and the
parrots have become a largely welcomed addition to New York's wildlife scene.
14．What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?
A．The birds are welcome.
B．The birds need protection.
C．The birds are in danger.
D．The birds are trouble makers.
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【答案】14．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种不明来历的鹦鹉无意中入侵到纽约城，出乎意料的是，鹦鹉受到了
人们的欢迎，它们在城市里生存了下来。
14．主旨大意题。根据最后一段的主要内容，“public service corporations arrange special teams to keep equipment
free from birds, and the parrots have become a largely welcomed addition to New York's wildlife scene.”（公共服务公
司还安排了专门的团队来保护设备免受鸟类的侵害，鹦鹉已经成为纽约野生动物界非常受欢迎的新成员），可知，
本段主要讲了这种鹦鹉在纽约城受到了人们的欢迎。故选A。
3.
An employee whose personality traits closely match the traits that are ideal for her job is likely to earn more than
an employee whose traits are less aligned, according to new research.
Findings from previous research have indicated that some personality traits are generally beneficial when it comes
to a work environment. Being highly conscientious（勤勉认真的）, Denissen notes, is associated with being
hard-working, well-organized, and rule-abiding, qualities that are typically prized in employees. But Denissen
questioned the notion that there is an “ideal” personality type.
The researchers developed a novel strategy for directly comparing the fit between a given employee and a given
job, using the well-established Big Five personality traits to quantify（量化）the traits that a job requires.
The researchers examined personality profiles, annual income, and jobs of 8458 individuals living in Germany.
The results showed that fit really does matter, at least when it comes to extraversion, agreeableness, and openness to
experience. For these three traits, greater congruence between an employee’ s own personality and a job’ s demands was
linked with higher income— what the researchers call a “fit bonus.” Importantly, the data also revealed that it’s possible
to have too much of a good thing：Employees who were more agreeable, more conscientious, or more open to
experiences than their jobs required actually earned less than people who had congruent levels of those traits.
The researchers note that additional studies will be required to understand how individual job experiences, job
satisfaction, and job performance might influence the association between individual-job personality fit and income.
The results of the current study do suggest that achieving the right fit requires a more special approach to knowing both
individual traits and job-related traits than previously thought. Paying attention to these nuances could have important
implications for both employees and employers.
9．What does the third paragraph mainly tell us?
A．The specific procedures of the new research.
B．The specific contents of Big Five personality traits.
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C．Some factors of influencing job interviews.
D．The preparations employees should require in advance.
【答案】9．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述一个研究结果，一个性格特征与理想工作相匹配的员工可能比那些性
格特征不一致的员工挣得更多。
9．主旨大意题｡根据文章第三段内容“研究人员开发了一种新的策略，直接比较给定员工和给定工作之间的匹
配度，使用公认的五大人格特质来量化工作所需的特质｡研究人员调查了生活在德国的8458 个人的性格特征､
年收入和工作｡”这些都是新的研究的具体操作内容。故选A 项｡
4.
For centuries, people have kept large amounts of cash at home during difficult times. But during the coronavirus
crisis, things are different. Metal coins and paper bills can be a source of worry rather than hope.
The fear is that these objects, possibly touched by thousands of people, could provide a way for the coronavirus to
spread. Public officials and health experts have said that the risk is small. Still, some businesses refuse to accept cash
and some countries have suggested that their citizens should stop using it altogether.
Zachary Cohle is an economics professor at Quinnipiac University in Connecticut. “In many areas, cash was
already beginning to disappear due to the increased risk of robbery, the ease of Internet ordering, and the ubiquity of
cell phones,” he said. “Sweden, Finland, Norway, Canada and others have slowly reduced cash use to the point where
using it in large amounts seems unusual. Britain and Australia are expected to become cashless countries. And in China,
cash use has dropped as electronic payment services have increased in popularity over the past decade.”
“Cash ist Fesch” is a common saying in Austria and southern Germany. The words mean cash is beautiful. But
since the virus outbreak, shops that have remained open there, like grocery stores, have encouraged people to pay with
cards. And Germany’s central bank said 43 percent of Germans recently paid for goods and services with a card. The
Bank of Japan estimates that cash makes up for 53 percent of household assets. But the threat of the coronavirus could
move the country toward going cashless, said Hiroki Maruyama, head of the nonprofit Fintech Association of Japan. He
added, “The culture is slowly changing.”
However, cash use is still common in places like West and Central Africa. Some experts say that the world will not
be cashless until everyone and every country has reliable access to the Internet.
5．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．The disadvantages of paying in cash.
B．The introduction to cashless countries.
C．The present situation of cash use worldwide. D．The increasing popularity of electronic payment.
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【答案】5．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如今由于担心现金可能会为冠状病毒传播提供途径，一些企业拒绝
接受现金，一些国家建议本国公民完全停止使用现金。文章介绍了全球现金使用的现状，以及一些对现金的传
统态度正在发生改变的国家，最后指出在每个人、每个国家都能可靠地接入互联网之前，世界不可能实现无现
金。
5．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Zachary Cohle is an economics professor at Quinnipiac University in Connecticut. “In
many areas, cash was already beginning to disappear due to the increased risk of robbery, the ease of Internet ordering,
and the ubiquity of cell phones,” he said. “Sweden, Finland, Norway, Canada and others have slowly reduced cash use
to the point where using it in large amounts seems unusual. Britain and Australia are expected to become cashless
countries. And in China, cash use has dropped as electronic payment services have increased in popularity over the past
decade.”(Zachary Cohle 是康涅狄格州昆尼皮亚克大学的经济学教授。他说:“在许多地区，由于抢劫风险的增加、
网上订购的便利性和手机的普及，现金已经开始消失。”瑞典、芬兰、挪威、加拿大和其他国家逐渐减少了现金
的使用，以至于大量使用现金显得有些不寻常。英国和澳大利亚有望成为无现金国家。在过去的十年里，随着
电子支付服务的日益普及，中国的现金使用量也在下降。”)”可知，第三段主要讲了全球现金使用的现状。故选
C。
5.
Many people believe that there is one form of their language that is more correct than others. They may believe for
example that British English is more correct than other varieties; or that written English is more correct than spoken
English. Often this belief is supported by reference books to grammars, usage guides or dictionaries: If something goes
against a rule in a grammar, or if the word isn’t in the dictionary, it “must be wrong”. Since the reference books are
most often based on observation of the standard written language, the argument is really circular: These books will
naturally describe standard usage, because that is what they are for; but this does not mean that there is anything wrong
with other kinds of usage that are less often described.
A better way of looking at things is to say that usage is “correct in its place”. Standard American English is correct
in America, and formal written grammar is employed in formal writing. So this means there is no answer to the
question: “What kind of English should learners study?” It depends on their purposes. For many learners, the best
model is one or other of the two main standard varieties: British or American English. Neither of these is “better” than
the other, and they are both used and understood worldwide.
People are also worried by language change. If younger people “break” the rules that older people have learnt,
older people often feel disturbed: they are concerned that younger people no longer know their grammar, and that the
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language is going downhill. This is a needless worry: change is natural and inevitable, it cannot be stopped, and it does
not generally affect a languages efficiency as a communicative tool. A great deal of modem English grammar would
have been wrong three hundred years ago, and will perhaps be wrong again three hundred years from now.
13．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．There is no “standard English”.
B．American English is better than British English.
C．A learner should master all the distinctions of different English.
D．The differences between British English and American English.
【答案】13．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者对于语言方面的看法。作者认为没有所谓的“一定正确”和“一定
错误”的语言，同时也不必担心语言的发展变化，它通常不会影响语言作为交流工具的效率。
13．主旨大意题。通过阅读文章第二段可知：So this means there is no answer to the question: ‘What kind of English
should learners study?’(所以这就意味着这个问题没有答案：“学习者应该学什么样的英语?”)应是本段主旨句，即，
并没有标准英语之说。故选A 项。
专题04 阅读理解II：细节理解
考点1 事实细节题
细节理解题
考点1 事实细节题
考点2 细节转换与是非判断题
考点3 数字计算题
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
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面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
主。
等题型。
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
【剖析全国高考真题】
阅读理解II：细节理解考点1 事实细节题
1.【·全国新课标I】A
Train Information
All customers travelling on TransLink services must be in possession of a valid ticket before boarding. For ticket
information，please ask at your local station or call 13 12 30.
While Queensland Rail makes every effort to ensure trains run as scheduled，there can be no guarantee of
connections between trains or between train services and bus services.
Lost property(失物招领)
Call Lost Property on 13 16 17 during business hours for items lost on Queensland Rail services.
The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7:30am to 5:00pm and is located(位于)at Roma Street station.
Public holidays
On public holidays, generally a Sunday timetable operates. On certain major event days，i.e.
Australia Day, Anzac Day, sporting and cultural days, special additional services may operate.
Christmas Day services operate to a Christmas Day timetable，Before travel please visit translink. com. au or call
TransLink on 13 12 30 anytime.
Customers using mobility devices
Many stations have wheelchair access from the car park or entrance to the station platforms.
For assistance, please Queensland Rail on 13 16 17.
Guardian trains (outbound)
Depart
Origin
Destination
Arrive
6:42pm
Altandi
Varsity Lakes
7:37pm
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7:29pm
Central
Varsity Lakes
8:52pm
8:57pm
Fortitude Valley
Varsity Lakes
9:52pm
11:02pm
Roma Street
Varsity Lakes
12:22am
21．What would you do get ticker information?
A．Call 13 16 17.
B．Visit translink .com.au.
C．Ask at the local station.
D．Check the train schedule.
22．At which station can you find the lost property office?
A．Altandi.
B．Roma Street.
C．Varsity Lakes.
D．Fortitude Valley.
23．Which train would you take if you go from Central to Varsity Lakes?
A．6:42 pm.
B．7:29 pm.
C．8:57 pm.
D．11:02 pm.
【答案】21．C22．B23．B
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一些火车信息，包括失物招领、公共假期安排以及列车出发时间等
信息。
21．细节理解题。根据第一段中For ticket information, please ask your local station or call 13 12 30.可知查询车票
信息，请向您当地的车站询问或拨打131230。由此可知，你可以询问当地车站或拨打131230 来获得车票信息。
故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据Lost property 部分中The lost property office is open Monday to Friday 7:30am to 5:00pm and
is located at Roma Street station.可知失物招领处周一至周五早上7:30 到下午5:00 营业，位于罗马街车站。由此
可知，在Roma Street 你可以找到失物招领办公室。故选B。
23．细节理解题。根据Guardian trans 部分中信息，可知从起始地Central 出发，开往目的地Varsity Lakes 的火
车是下午7:29 开车。由此可知，如果你要从Central 去往Varsity Lakes，你应当乘坐下午7:29 的火车。故选B。
2.【·全国新课标II】A
The Lake District Attractions Guide
Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens
History, Culture & Landscape(景观). Discover and enjoy 4 centuries of history, 5 acres of celebrated and
award-winning gardens with parkland walk. Owned by the Hasell family since 1679, home to the International
Marmalade Festival. Gifts and antiques, plant sales, museums & Mediaeval Hall Tearoom.
Open:29 Mar-29 Oct，Sun to Thurs.
Tearoom，Gardens & Gift Shop:10.30-17.00(16.00 in Oct).
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House:11.15-16.00(15.00 in Oct)
Town: Pooley Bridge & Penrith
Abbot Hall art Gallery & Museum
Those viewing the quality of Abbot Hall’s temporary exhibitions may be forgiven for thinking they are in a city
gallery. The impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme
has Canaletto and the artists from St Ives.
Open: Mon to Sat and Summer Sundays. 10.30 -17.00 Sumner.10.30 -16.00 Winter.
Town:Kendal
Tullie House Museum & Art Gallery
Discover, explore and enjoy award-winning Tullie House, where historic collections, contemporary art and family
fun are brought together in one impressive museum and art gallery. There are four fantastic galleries to visit from fine
art to interactive fun, so there’s something for everyone!
Open: High Season 1 Apr – 31 Oct: Mon to Sat 10.00 – 17.00, Sun 11.00 – 17.00.
Low Season 1 Nov – 31 Mar: Mon to Sat 10.00 – 16.30, Sun 12.00 – 16.30.
Town: Carlisle
Dove Cottage & The wordsworth Museum
Discover William Wordsworth’s inspirational home. Take a tour of his Lakeland cottage, walk through his hillside
garden and explore the riches of the collection in the Museum. Visit the shop and relax in the café. Exhibitions, events
and family activities throughout the year.
Open: Daily, 09.30 – 17.30 (last admission 17.00).
Town: Grasmere
21．When is the House at Dalemain Mansion & Historic Gardens open on Sundays in July?
A．09.30-17.30.
B．10.30-16.00.
C．11.15-16.00.
D．12.00-16.30
22．What can visitors do at Abbot Hall Art Gallery & Museum?
A．Enjoy Ronney’s works.
B．Have some interactive fun.
C．Attend a famous festival.
D．Learn the history of a family
23．Where should visitors go if they want to explore Wordsworth’s life?
A．Penrith.
B．Kendal.
C．Carlisle.
D．Grasmere.
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【答案】21．C22．A23．D
【解析】本文是应用文。是湖区景点指南，介绍了几个主要的景点的特色，地点和参观时间。
21．细节理解题。根据题干中的Dalemain Mansion& Historic Gardens 可知定位在第一部分，根据段中的
House:11:15-16:00 可知，在7 月周日的参观时间是11:15-16:00。C. 11:15-16:00.符合以上说法，故选C 项。
22．细节理解题。根据题干中的Abbot Hall Art Gallery& Museum 可知答案定位在第二部分，根据其中的The
impressive permanent collection includes Turners and Romneys and the temporary exhibition programme has Canaletto
and the artists from St Ives.(令人印象深刻的永久性收藏包括特纳和罗姆尼，临时展览计划有卡纳莱托和来自圣艾
夫斯的艺术家)可知，在这个博物馆可以欣赏到Romneys 的作品。A. Enjoy Romney's works.(欣赏Romneys 的作
品)符合以上说法，故选A 项。
23．细节理解题。根据题干中的explore Wordsworth's life 可知答案定位在最后一部分第一句，以及最后一行Town:
Grasmere 可知，如果想了解Wordsworth's 的生活，可以去Grasmere。D. Grasmere.符合以上说法，故选D 项。
3. 【·全国新课标III】A
Journey Back in Time with Scholars
Classical Provence（13days）
Journey through the beautiful countryside of Provence，France，with Prof. Ori Z. Soltes. We will visit some of the
best-preserved Roman monuments in the world. Our tour also includes a chance to walk in the footsteps of Van Gogh
and Gauguin. Fields of flowers, tile-roofed（瓦屋顶）villages and tasty meals enrich this wonderful experience.
Southern Spain（15days）
Spain has lovely white towns and the scent（芳香）of oranges，but it is also a treasury of ancient remains including
the cities left by the Greeks，Romans and Arabs. As we travel south from Madrid with Prof. Ronald Messier to historic
Toledo，Roman Merida and into Andalucia, we explore historical monuments and architecture.
China’s Sacred Landscapes（21days）
Discover the China of“past ages ，its walled cities ，temples and mountain scenery with Prof.
Robert Thorp.
Highlights（精彩之处）include China’s most sacred peaks at Mount Tai and Hangzbou’s rolling hills，waterways and
peaceful temples. We will wander in traditional small towns and end our tour with an exceptional museum in Shanghai.
Tunisia（17days）
Join Prof. Pedar Foss on our in-depth Tunisian tour. Tour highlights include the Roman city of Dougga ，the
underground Numidian capital at Bulla Regia, Roman Sbeitla and the remote areas around Tataouine and Matmata，
uique for underground cities. Our journey takes us to picturesque Berber villages and lovely beaches.
21. What can visitors see in both Classical Provence and Southern Spain？
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A. Historical monuments. B. Fields of flowers.
C. Van Gogh’s paintings. D. Greek buildings.
22. Which country is Prof. Thorp most knowledgeable about？
A. France. B. Spain. C. China. D. Tunisia.
23. Which of the following highlight the Tunisian tour？
A. White towns. B. Underground cities. C. Tile-roofed villages. D. Rolling hills.
【答案】21.A22.C23.B
【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个国家中，那些可以让人们回顾过去的著名景点。
21.细节理解题。根据第一部分的We will visit some of the best-preserved Roman monuments in the
world. (我们将参观一些世界上保存最完好的罗马建筑遗迹)和第二部分的we explore historical monu
ments and architecture.(我们探索历史遗迹和建筑)可知，在Classical Provence 和Southern Spain 游客
们可以参观历史遗迹。A. Historical monuments（历史遗迹）符合以上说法，故选A 项。
22.推理判断题。根据第三部分的China's Sacred Landscapes (21days)(中华神山21 天)和Discover the
China of ''past ages'', its walled cities, temples and mountain scenery with Prof Robert Thorp. Highl
ights include China's most sacred peaks at Mount Tai and Hangzhou's rolling hills, waterways and p
eaceful temples (和Robert 教授一起发现中国的过去，有墙的城市、寺庙和山景。精彩之处包括中国
最神圣的泰山之巅，杭州起伏的群山、运河和宁静的寺庙)可知，去中国的神山之行总共有27 天，而
且Thorp 对中国的名山非常了解。由此推测Thorp 在这四个国家里最了解中国。C. China(中国)符合以
上说法，故选C 项。
23.细节理解题。根据第四部分的Tour highlights include the Roman city of Dougga, the underground
Mumidian capital at Bulla Regia, Roman Sbeitla and the remote areas around Taraounine and Matmata,
unique for underground cities.(突尼斯的旅游亮点包括罗马城市Dougga，地下城市Mumidian,它是Bulla
Regia 的首府，Roman Sbeitla 以及在Taraounine 和Matmata 附近的区域，它们是独特的地下城市)可知，
突尼斯的旅游亮点是地下城市。A. Underground cities(地下城市)符合以上说法，故选A 项。
4. 【·全国新高考I 山东卷】A
POETRY CHALLENGE
Write a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your life.
Prizes
3 Grand Prizes：Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner's
choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum
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and the office of National Geographic World.
6 First Prizes：The book Sky Pioneer：A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and
pilot Linda Finch.
50 Honorable Mentions：Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt
in memory of Earhart's final flight.
Rules
Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.
■Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines.
■Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper.
■On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birth date.
■Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year. 188
1. How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip? （
）
A. Two.
B. Three.
C. Four.
D. Six.
2. What will each of the honorable mention winners get? （
）
A. A plane ticket.
B. A book by Corinne Szabo.
C. A special T-shirt.
D. A photo of Amelia Earhart.
3. Which of the following will result in disqualification? （
）
A. Typing your poem out.
B. Writing a poem of 120 words.
C. Using both sides of the paper.
D. Mailing your entry on October 30.
【答案】1.A2.C3.B
【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文。本文是一篇诗歌大赛的征稿启事。文章就参赛作品的内容、奖项、参赛规则
等做了介绍。
1.细节理解题。根据Prizes 部分中第一段中的“Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one
other person of the winner's choice”可知，每位获奖者都可以带一名家长和另一名由获奖者选择的人员。因此，每
位获奖者可以带两个人。故选A。
2.细节理解题。根据Prizes 部分中第三段“50 Honorable Mentions: Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention
winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart's final flight”可知，每位优秀奖获奖者都将获得一件纪
念埃尔哈特最后一次飞行的T 恤。故选C。
3.细节理解题。根据最后一部分中的“Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification. ■Write a poem using 100
words or fewer”可知，所写的诗字数不能超过100 字。否则，将会被取消资格。故结合选项，B 选项（写一首
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120 字的诗）是会被取消资格的。故选B。
5. A【·海南卷】
Pali Overnight Adventures offers children and teens exciting experiences this summer. From broadcasting to street
art, these are just 4 of the 17 highly unique camps being offered.
Broadcasting Camp
Become the next star reporter, news writer, director or producer. While running every aspect of our own news
station, kids and their fellow campers will create and host a broadcast airing each night at dinner for the entire camp.
Every night it goes on the web, keeping parents and the world informed of the happenings at Pali.
Secret Agent Camp
In the movie Mission Impossible, Tom Cruise made being a secret agent seem like the coolest job ever. Campers
who sign up for the 2-week secret agent camp can get to know about the life of real secret agents by learning strategies
and military skills on the paintball field.
Culinary Camp
If your child enjoys being in the kitchen, then the culinary camp is definitely the right fit. Campers learn technical
skills of roasting, frying and cutting, as well as some recipes that they can take home and share with their families.
Street Art Camp
This camp takes creative license to an entirely new level. Campers will share their colorful ideas and imagination
with each other and work together to visualize, sketch and paint with non-traditional techniques to create the coolest
mural（壁画）which will be displayed in public for all to see. 232
21. How many camps does Pali Overnight Adventures offer this summer? （
）
A. 2.
B. 4.
C. 17.
D. 21.
22. What will campers do at the Broadcasting Camp? （
）
A. Create a website.
B. Run a news station.
C. Meet a star reporter.
D. Hold a dinner party.
23. Which camp will attract children who are interested in cooking? （
）
A. Broadcasting Camp.
B. Secret Agent Camp.
C. Culinary Camp
D. Street Art Camp.
【答案】21．C22．B23．C
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个不同类型的夏令营的情况。
21．细节理解题。根据第一段中“From broadcasting to street art, these are just 4 of the 17 highly unique camps being
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offered.”可知从广播到街头艺术，这只是17 个非常独特的营地中的4 个。由此可知，今年夏天巴利岛有17 个
露营地。故选C。
22．细节理解题。根据第一段中“While running every aspect of our own news station, kids and their fellow campers
will create and host a broadcast airing each night at dinner for the entire camp.”可知在经营好我们自己的新闻电台
的方方面面的同时，孩子们和他们的营员们将在每天晚上的晚餐时，为整个夏令营创作并主持播出一个广播。
由此可知，营员在广播营会经营一家新闻电台。故选B。
23．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“If your child enjoys being in the kitchen, then the culinary camp is definitely the
right fit. Campers learn technical skills of roasting, frying and cutting, as well as some recipes that they can take home
and share with their families.”可知如果你的孩子喜欢呆在厨房里，那么烹饪夏令营绝对是最合适的选择。露营
者学习烘焙、油炸和切菜的技术技能，以及一些他们可以带回家和家人分享的食谱。由此可知，Culinary Camp
会吸引对烹饪感兴趣的孩子。故选C。
【精讲研法】
阅读理解II：细节理解考点1 事实细节题
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】A
Adopt, don’t shop
Come to our pet adoption drive and meet our adorable residents. Help us find these animals a home! If you would
like to find out more about adopting our animals, please visit our website @www.adoptadog.org.sg.
Activities
Talk by SPCA (12pm to 1pm)
Find out if you have what it takes to adopt a pet and why adopting is better than buying a pet.
Dog Show by K9 Club (1pm to 2pm)
Be amazed at the tricks performed by dogs from the K9 Club.
The story of Kit Kat the dog
The first time the rescuers met kit Kat, we recalled in shock and our hearts instantly went out to him. At his tender
age, life had already dealt him so many harsh blows. Not only was he left to care for himself in the wild, but he also
suffered pain with a horrific rash (皮疹).
Kit Kat was first brought to our attention by Anna, one of our volunteers. Kit Kat was said to be frightened of
people and we eventually managed to put a leash (皮带) on Kit Kat and take him to the vet after a few days’ effort of
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tricking him with treats. He was well padded and his coat, though matted (无光泽的), was in good condition. Kit Kat
also had good oral health.
Now on the mend, Kit Kat boasts a coat of soft, glossy fur and shows no signs of the pain he suffered from. While
we have managed to heal his body, we have not been able to do the same for his broken spirit. However, we believe that
with the right family and the right environment, Kit Kat will be able to flourish and shake off his sad past.
1．Why were the rescuers shocked the first time they met Kit Kat?
A．He was a very old dog.
B．He refused to be put on a leash.
C．He had a terrible skin condition.
D．He was a wild and aggressive dog.
2．The phrase “on the mend” tells us that Kit Kat ________.
A．is now a cheerful dog
B．has been cleared of his rash
C．is no longer scared of people
D．has matured into an adult dog
3．The main purpose of the flyer (传单) is to ________.
A．ask for volunteers and donations
B．help abandoned animals find new owners
C．teach dog owners how to be responsible pet owners
D．encourage the public to give up their pets for adoption
【答案】1．C
【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了收养宠物的相关信息。
1．细节理解题。根据文章The story of Kit Kat the dog 中第一段“The first time the rescuers met kit Kat, we recalled in
shock and our hearts instantly went out to him. At his tender age, life had already dealt him so many harsh blows. Not
only was he left to care for himself in the wild, but he also suffered pain with a horrific rash.(当救援人员第一次见到
奇巧时，我们回忆起来都很震惊，我们的心立刻向他扑去。在他年幼的时候，生活已经给了他许多残酷的打击。
在野外，他不仅要自己照顾自己，还遭受着可怕的皮疹带来的疼痛)”可知，救援人员第一次见到奇巧时感到震
惊的原因在于他有一种可怕的皮肤状况。故选C 项。
2.
The following are some good shows on Netflix right now. Figuring out what to watch this month has never been
easier.
New Girl
For a good show on Netflix that will put you in a great mood with every episode, turn to this comedy, which
follows the girl as she moves in with three quirky(古怪的)men. Their seven seasons of dishonest activities will keep
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you entertained for hours— a close — to — perfect way to spend your time indoors.
Community
Finally available on Netflix, this beloved 2010s comedy about a group of students at a
community college is one
of the best TV shows to watch. It'll keep you entertained for days.
Queer Eye
This emotional, insightful reality series follows five men as they help people improve their lives. The five famous
stars have become personalities in their own right and watching them on-screen together is one of the best parts of the
show, but seeing how they help and encourage the people they work with is sure to warm even the coolest heart.
One Day at a Time
A remake o£ a TV classic, this family-first series follows a newly single mother as she raises her children. Her
traditional Latina mother (played by Rita Moreno)takes a starring role as the family faces puberty(青春期)，young love,
life milestones, and more together. With its own fan following, this three-season series is the perfect settle — in —
together — and — watch show.
21．What do New Girl and Community have in common?
A．Both are comedies.
B．Both are inspiring.
C．Both are aimed at students.
D．Both are concerned with girls.
22．How will audience feel after watching Queer Eye?
A．Confident.
B．Touched.
C．Excited.
D．Relaxed.
23．What is Rita Moreno?
A．An actress.
B．A host.
C．A lawyer.
D．A player.
【答案】21．A22．B23．A
【解析】这是一篇应用文。介绍了一些在Netflix 网站上的节目的基本内容。
21．细节理解题。根据第一则信息中的“For a good show on Netflix that will put you in a great mood with every
episode, turn to this comedy”（想看一部每集都会让你心情愉悦的Netflix 好剧，那就看这部喜剧吧）与第二则信
息中的“this beloved 2010s comedy about a group of students at a community college”（这部深受观众喜爱的喜剧讲
述了一群社区大学的学生的故事）可知，两个都是喜剧。故选A 项。
3.
The Friends of Charles Dickens
Dickens was born in 1812. His father, a clerk in the navy pay office, was thrown into debtors' prison. The
miserable treatment of children and the institution of the debtors' jail became
topics of several of Dickens, novels。.
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Wilkie Collins (1824-1889)
Although twelve years younger than Dickens Wilkie Collins became one of Dickens best friends. Collins was a
popular novelist who developed the mystery novel style. The Moonstone is one of his best. He and Dickens wrote The
Frozen Deep . Wilkie was the son of the painter William Collins. He was born in London and lived in Italy and France
as a child.
John Elliotson (1791-1868)
Elliotson was Dickens's family doctor for many years and thus they became good friends. Elliotson was an early
advocate for the use of the stethoscope (听诊器). He also believed in the use of acupuncture (针灸).
Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
Poe was an American author best known for his poems and short fiction. The Fall of the House of Usher and The
Murders in the Rue Morgue are two of his most popular works Dickens and Poe's friendship began in Philadelphia
while Dickens was on his first tour of the United States. They talked about literature and seemed to enjoy one another's
company However，two years later Poe broke off the relationship because he was angry about an article on American
poetry. The article was written by Thackeray, but Poe believed that Dickens was behind the article.
William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)
William Makepeace Thackeray was a novelist His best known work is Vanity Fair. He was also a friend of Charles
Dickens. While Dickens and Thackeray were friends, the relation ship wasn't always smooth. They had several serious
quarrels. One quarrel involved Dickens siding with Edmund Yates after Yates insulted Thackeray.
21．Who had taken care of Dickens' health for years?
A．Collins.
B．Poe.
C．Elliotson.
D．Thackeray.
22．What broke Dickens and Poe's friendship?
A．A traffic accident.
B．Their ideas on running companies.
C．A poem written by Dickens.
D．An article written by Thackeray.
23．What is Thackeray's most famous novel?
A．Vanity Fair.
B．
The Moonstone.
C．The Fall of the House of Usher.
D．The Murders in the Rue Morgue.
【答案】21．C22．D23．A
【解析】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了英国作家Charles Dickens 的四位朋友。
21．细节理解题。根据第三段“Elliotson was Dickens's family doctor for many years and thus they became good friends.
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（Elliotson 是Dickens 多年的家庭医生，因此他们成了好朋友。）”可知，Elliotson 是Dickens 的家庭医生，因此，
他曾照顾Dickens 的健康。故选C 项。
22．细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句“However, two years later Poe broke off the relationship because he was angry
about an article on American poetry. The article was written by Thackeray, but Poe believed that Dickens was behind
the article.（然而，两年后，Poe 因为对一篇关于美国诗歌的文章感到愤怒而断绝了这段关系。这篇文章是
Thackeray 写的，但Poe 认为是Dickens 写的。）”可知，Poe 对他以为是Dickens 写的一篇关于美国诗歌的文章
很生气，但事实上它是Thackeray 写的，Thackeray 写的一篇文章破坏了Dickens 和Poe 的友谊。故选D 项。
23．细节理解题。根据第五段“William Makepeace Thackeray was a novelist. His best known work is Vanity Fair.
（William Makepeace Thackeray 是一位小说家。他最著名的作品是《名利场》。）”可知，Thackeray 最著名的小
说是《名利场》。故选A 项。
4.
Perhaps you are a corporate manager who is about to attend a few business dinners in China, or maybe you
are meeting your significant other' s family at a dinner in Shanghai. Either way, you can be sure that lots of drinking is
involved during these Chinese social events.
What you will be drinking.
Baijiu- Also called sorghum wine, baijiu is the drink of choice for business dinners in China.The most popular
brand of baijiu is Maotai , which can be as strong as 60% alcohol-by-volume（compared to an average vodka at 40%
ABV).
Red wine-Red wine has increased in popularity at Chinese dinner tables in recent years along with the rising
interest in luxury goods.
Beer-Popular Chinese beer brands include Tsingtao and Harbin Beer, which are crisp, refreshing lagers(淡啤酒）
that can cool the burning sensations from drinking baijiu.
Courage, quantity, and quality
It's perfectly all right if you get drunk, and if you leave sober, your hosts might think they've failed to show the
proper hospitality.
The bottom line is, it's best if you drink whatever they give you. This is called jiudan-“drink courage". Of course,
having jiudan doesn't automatically mean you have a good jiuliang-“drinking capacity" or the ability to hold your drink.
But this really doesn't matter, as long as you have good jiupin-“drink manners" or the way you behave when drunk.
Ideally you'll have all three, but if you don't, the first one is the most important.
General etiquette
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When clinking glasses, the junior people should always hold their glasses lower than those of senior folks. Also, if
you are late for the party, you are expected to punish yourself by drinking.
Lastly, it is considered extremely rude to refuse a drink after someone toasts you. Of course, “drying your glass" is
considered the utmost respect at the dinner table.
1．What is beer more likely to serve as at Chinese dinner tables?
A．Appetizer.
B．Primary drink.
C．Secondary drink.
D．After-dinner drink.
2．What policy should you follow when drinking in China?
A．Under no circumstances should you get drunk.
B．If you don't love the drink offered, you can say no.
C．You have to get drunk to show respect for your host.
D．Drink courage matters most when you drink with others.
3．What is the proper behavior for a young adult over 18 at Chinese dinner tables?
A．Refusing a drink if you don't want it.
B．Drinking yourself under the table when late.
C．Holding your glass lower when toasting seniors.
D．Toasting seniors as many times as you can.
【答案】1．C2．D3．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章对中国的酒桌文化进行了详细介绍。
1.细节理解题。根据What you will be drinking 部分第三段“Beer-Popular Chinese beer brands include Tsingtao and
Harbin Beer, which are crisp, refreshing lagers(淡啤酒）that can cool the burning sensations from drinking baijiu.”（受
欢迎的中国啤酒品牌包括青岛啤酒和哈尔滨啤酒，这两种啤酒是爽口、清爽的窖藏啤酒，可以缓解喝白酒时的
灼烧感。）可知，啤酒是在喝了白酒之后喝的，根据What you will be drinking 部分第一段“Baijiu- Also called
sorghum wine, baijiu is the drink of choice for business dinners in China.”（白酒——也叫高粱酒，在中国，白酒是
商务晚宴的首选饮料。）可知，在中国人的餐桌上，白酒是首选饮料，啤酒属于第二道饮料。故选C。
2.细节理解题。根据Courage, quantity, and quality 部分第二段第一句和第二句The bottom line is, it's best if you
drink whatever they give you. This is called jiudan-“drink courage".（最重要的是，他们给你什么你就喝什么。这叫
做酒胆。）可知，在中国，和别人喝酒时酒胆是最重要的。故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据General etiquette部分第一段第一句“When clinking glasses, the junior people should always hold
their glasses lower than those of senior folks.”（碰杯时，资历较浅的人杯子举得要比资历较深的人低。）可知，年
满十八岁的成年人在中国酒桌上的恰当行为是向长辈敬酒时要把酒杯举得低于对方。故选C。
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5.
Every year, students and tourists crowd into famous universities around the world for their history, buildings,
gardens and so on. The following universities are well-known.
University of Bologna
As the oldest university in the world, it is in Italy. The University of Bologna campus （校园)is full of historical
buildings and art. After walking around the university, cobble- stoned (鹅卵石)streets will carry you to parts of the city
where you will find beautiful views of the campus from above.
University of Cape Town
The University of Cape Town is the oldest university in South Africa. The red-roofed stone buildings of the
university present a beautiful view. The buildings have made the university be one of the most beautiful campuses in
the world.
Aarhus University
Aarhus University is the largest university in Denmark and among the most famous in the world. The different
modern buildings at Aarhus University was designed in the 1930s and was built with yellow bricks and large windows.
The buildings are in the campus parks.
University of Oxford
As the oldest university in the English-speaking world, it lies in Oxford, UK. The campus at Oxford is famous for
its historical buildings and green spaces. If you are in the area, make sure to visit the Sheldonian Theater, built by Sir
Christopher Wren in 1668, as well as many gardens and a famous arboretum （植物园）on campus.
1．What can you do on the campus of the University of Bologna?
A．Walk on cobble-stoned streets.
B．Experience American culture.
C．View the red-roofed stoned buildings.
D．Take photos of buildings built with yellow bricks.
2．Where is Aarhus University?
A．In Italy.
B．In South Africa.
C．In Denmark.
D．In Britain.
3．In which university can you visit a arboretum?
A．University of Bologna.
B．University of Cape Town.
C．Aarhus University.
D．University of Oxford.
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【答案】1．A2．C3．D
【解析】这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了几所著名大学，学生和游客纷纷涌入，因为它们的历史、建筑、花园等
等。
1．细节理解题。由文章“University of Bologna”部分中句子“After walking around the university, cobble- stoned （鹅
卵石）streets will carry you to parts of the city where you will find beautiful views of the campus from above.”（行走
在校园内,鹅卵石街道将会带你发现校园的美。）可知，在博洛尼亚大学可以行走在鹅卵石街道。故选A 项。
2．细节来理解题。由文章“Aarhus University”部分中句子“Aarhus University is the largest university in Denmark ”
（奥尔胡斯大学是丹麦最大的大学）可知，奥尔胡斯大学位于丹麦。故选C 项。
3．细节来理解题。由文章“University of Oxford”部分中句子“ as well as many gardens and a famous arboretum （植
物园）on campus.”（还有许多花园和校园里一个著名的植物园。）可知，如何想要参观植物园，可以去牛津大学。
故选D 项。
规律方法：如何解决事实细节题？
做事实细节题最基本也最常用的方法是题干定位法。一般在原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，
便可确定答案。此类题通常用一些疑问词来提问，或是判断正误。
【变式精讲】
1.
4 Study and Homework Apps for Android!
Brainly
Price：Free/$15 per 3 months/$24 per year
Brainly is a social network for learners. You sign up, ask questions, and get answers (usually).Additionally, you
can browse the site, answer other people's questions, and help them out as well. There They charge on a quarter basis
($15)or a yearly basis($24).
Forest
Price: Free/Up to $1.99
Forest is a different type of app. One of the biggest distractions during study is your smartphone.Forest helps put a
stop to that. You open the app and a tree grows.The tree dies if you leave the app.Thus, there is a little motivation to
leave the thing alone while you study or do homework.
Google Play Books
Price: Free app, book costs vary
Google Play Books is an excellent source of learning material. Sometimes your textbook just isn't enough and
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apps like this have plenty of additional resources. Books cost money obviously. However, you only pay for them once.
Books are available offline on your smartphone or tablet.
Quizlet
Price: Free/$19.99 per year
Quizlet is one of the most popular flashcard apps for language learning. You can create flashcards play memory
games, and even share flashcards with classmates. It also supports 18 languages for about any subject or topic. The free
version should work just fine for simple uses, though. The premium version costs $19.99 per year, which isn't
expensive for a study aid.
1．What is special about Forest?
A．It helps keep you focused.
B．It answers your questions.
C．It provides textbooks for your study.
D．It motivates you to plant more trees.
2．Quizlet is designed for ________.
A．Bookworms
B．Job seekers
C．Game players
D．Language learners
3．What do these apps have in common?
A．They provide interesting games for learners. B．They charge for some services.
C．They have enough learning resources.
D．They are designed to do homework quickly.
【答案】1．A2．D3．B
【解析】本文是一篇应用文。介绍了四个安卓系统的学习应用程序。
1．细节理解题。根据Forest 部分中“One of the biggest distractions during study is your smartphone. Forest helps put
a stop to that.(学习时最大的干扰之一就是你的智能手机。Forest 有助于阻止发生这种情况)”可知，Forest 的特别
之处是能够帮助你集中注意力。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Quizlet is one of the most popular flashcard apps for language learning.( Quizlet
是最受欢迎的语言学习抽认卡应用程序之一)”可知，Quizlet 是为语言学习者设计的。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Price: Free/$15 per 3 months/$24 per year(价格：免费/3 个月15 美元/每年24
美元)”；第二段中“Price: Free/Up to $1.99(价格：免费/最高1.99 美元)”；第三段中“Price: Free app, book costs
vary(价格：免费的应用程序，书的价格不同)”及第四段中“Price: Free/$19.99 per year(价格：免费/$19.99 每年)”
等信息可知，这四个应用程序的共同点是都要收取一些服务费。故选B。
2.
NARRAT1VE invites all writers, poets, visual artists' photographers performers and filmmakers between
eighteen and thirty years old to send us their best work. We're looking for the traditional and the new, the true and the
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creative. We're looking to encourage the best young authors and artists working today.
Awards：First Prize is $ 1,500, Second Prize is $ 750, Third Prize is $ 300, and other ten finalists will receive
$ 100 each. The prizewinners and finalists will be announced in Narrative, We accept submissions （提交）in the
following media:
Written；works of literature» including short stories5 all poetic forms, novels, essays and book-length nonfiction.
Submissions must be within 15,000 words. Each poetry submission may contain up to five poems. The poems should
all be contained in a single file. All submissions should he double-spaced （except poetry, which should be
single-spaced）, with 12- point type, at least one-inch margins （空白）.You may enter as many times as you wish, but
we encourage you to be selective and to send your best work. All entries will be considered to be published.
Photographed；photo essays of between five and twenty image, previously unpublished. Titles or text should he
included, either with the file containing the images or as a separate document, with numbered photographs.
Filmed：short films and documentaries of up to fifteen minutes. Submissions must be in .mp4 or .mov format.
Entries will be accepted through November 19, , at midnight, Pacific standard time. There is a $26 fee for each
entry. And with your entry, you'll receive three months of free access to Narrative Backstage. Winners and finalists will
be announced to the public by December 18, .
21．How many kinds of prizes will be awarded with money?
A．Three.
B．Four.
C．Five.
D．Six.
22．Which entry meets the standard of submission?
A．A picture posted online.
B．A poetry with six poems.
C．A novel with single-spaced pattern.
D．A photograph with a text in a separate document.
23．What is the benefit for people who submit their work?
A．They will be announced to the public,
B．They will receive a $ 26 payment for their effort.
C．They can have their work published in the magazine.
D．They can visit Narrative Backstage for free for three months
【答案】21．B22．D23．D
【解析】这是一篇征稿启事。NARRAT1VE 邀请18 至30 岁的所有作家、诗人、视觉艺术家、摄影师、演员和
电影制作人将他们最好的作品寄给NARRAT1VE 并提供奖品和奖励。短文介绍了相关的具体细节。
1.细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“ First Prize is $ 1,500, Second Prize is $ 750, Third Prize is $ 300, and other ten
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finalists will receive $ 100 each.”（一等奖为一千五百元，二等奖为七百五十元，三等奖为三百元，其他十名决赛
选手各得一百元。）可知共有四种奖项的奖品是钱，故选B。
2.细节理解题。根据“Titles or text should he included, either with the file containing the images or as a separate
document, with numbered photographs.”（标题或文字应包括在包含图片的文件中，或作为单独的文件，并附有编
号的照片。）可知，在单独文件中有文字的照片符合投稿要求，故选D。
3.细节理解题。根据“And with your entry, you'll receive three months of free access to Narrative Backstage.”（如果你
的申请被通过，你将获得三个月的免费后台访问权。）可知，投稿的人可以获得三个月的免费后台访问权。故选
D。
3.
Jitterbug Smart2
The Jitterbug Smart2 from GreatCall is the simplest smartphone with a simple menu, large screen and exclusive
health and safety services.
EASY
Everything you want to do，from texting and taking pictures, to emailing and getting directions, is
organized in a single list on the screen with large, legible（清楚易读的）letters. Plus, Voice Typing makes writing emails
and texts effortless.
SMART
Turn your Jitterbug Smart2 into a personal safety device with GreatCall's Urgent Response Service and
exclusive health apps.
AFFORDABLE
GreatCall has a variety of plans with data starting as low as $17.48 per month. Compared to
other cell phone companies, you could save over $300 per year. And for a limited time get 50% off, so you can stay
connected, safe and healthy.
Powered by the nation's largest and most dependable wireless network.
Why the Jitterbug Smart2 is your best choice for a new smart phone:
No long-term
contracts
Keep your current phone
number
Free U.S.-based customer
service and technical support
No hidden
monthly fees
Affordable,
flexible plans
To order or learn more, call 1-800-359-1423 or visit us at greatcall. com/ Smart.
1Offer valid 5/3/20 through 5/ 30/20.
2Monthly fees do not include government taxes or assessment surcharges and are subject to change. Plans and
services may require purchase of a GreatCall device and a one-time setup fee of $35. 5Star or 9-1-lcalls can be made
only when cellular service is available. 5Star Service tracks an approximate location of the device when the device is
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turned on and connected to the network. GreatCall does not guarantee an exact location. 5Star is only available with the
purchase of a Health & Safety Package. GREATCALL, 5STAR, and JITTERBUG are trademarks of Best Buy and its
affiliated companies.
Best Buy. All rights reserved.
1．What is the feature of Jitterbug Smart2?
A．User-friendly design.
B．Quality screen.
C．Multiple apps.
D．Affordable network.
2．What makes Jitterbug Smart2 the best choice?
A．No contracts.
B．100% customer satisfaction.
C．No monthly fees.
D．Flexible plans.
3．What do we know about 5Star Service?
A．It requires a network connection.
B．It provides users with a free package.
C．It tracks the exact location of the device.
D．It guarantees emergency calls at any time.
【答案】1．A2．D3．A
【解析】本文是应用文，介绍了Jitterbug Smart2 这款手机的特点及办理要求。
1．细节理解题。根据文章EASY 部分Everything you want to do，from texting and taking pictures, to emailing and
getting directions, is organized in a single list on the screen with large, legible letters. Plus, Voice Typing makes writing
emails and texts effortless.（你想做的每件事，从发短信和拍照，到发邮件和问路，都在屏幕上用大而清晰的字
母组织成一个列表。另外，语音打字让写电子邮件和短信变得毫不费力。）可知，该手机的操作界面简单并且支
持语音输入使得打字非常容易，所以Jitterbug Smart2 的特点是为用户而设计的。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章表格中最后一格Why the Jitterbug Smart2 is your best choice for a new smart phone（为
什么Jitterbug Smart2 是你新手机的最佳选择）部分的Affordable, flexible plans（负担得起的、灵活的计划）可
知，灵活的计划使得Jitterbug Smart2 成为最好的选择。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“5Star Service tracks an approximate location of the device when the device is
turned on and connected to the network.”（当设备被打开并连接到网络时，5Star 服务跟踪设备的大致位置。）可知，
5Star 服务需要网络的链接，故选A。
4.
Four ways to spend a happy Spring Festival
No. 1 choice: ski!
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Where to go: Beijing National Stadium (Bird's Nest)
Activity: the 2nd Bird Nest Snow Season
In winter, the Bird's Nest becomes a white world. The 2nd Bird Nest Snow Season has already started. During the
Chinese New Year holiday, visitors can see a different Bird's Nest. The various snow sports will offer you a dynamic
Spring Festival holiday.
There are 16 entertainments in the main venue and outfield to meet the requirements of visitors of different ages
and tastes. Compared to last year, this year's event has the new skating zone and Snow Dodgem, covering a big area of
1150 square meters.
No. 2 choice: experiencing strong Chinese New Year flavor
Where to go: Wuzhen, Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province
Activity: long street banquet
During the Spring Festival, People put up posters on their doors and walls. Many customs of the lunar New Year
holidays arc inherited(继承)in the town. The most distinctive one is the "long street banquet". In the past, wealthy
families would hold banquets for guests in the Spring Festival. The neighbors set out tables and chairs along the street.
The connected tables formed the lively and colorful "long street banquet".
Today, the "long street banquet" is still held in Wuzhen town.
No.3 choice: family tour
Where to go: Disneyland, Hong Kong
Hong Kong Disneyland is an ideal choice for a family tour especially with children. At the age of five, the
Disneyland will formally start the grand ceremony "Leaping Wonders". The Disney Flying Cruise which has never been
seen before, will appear.
No. 4 choice: express rail travel
Where to go: Wuguang (Wuhan-Guangzhou) Express Rail
The Wunguang (Wuhan-Guangzhou) Express Rail connects Wuhan, Changsha and Guangzhou. It shortens the
distance between the two ends into three hours and sixteen minutes. The best scenery along the journey is Hengshan
Mountain where visitors can enjoy the snow sight, appreciate the Zhurong Peak and search for the mysterious
Fangguang Temple.
Delicacies along the way: Baoqing pork blood balls, Maojia braised pork, Hunan preserved fish, Wuhan hot dry
noodles, Wuchang fish, Wuhan Doupi (a kind of snack made from sticky rice, beef, mushrooms and beans) and Jingwu
duck neck.
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1．From the first activity we can know that the 2nd Bird Nest Snow Season_______
A．has 16 entertainments in all
B．has two new programs this year
C．is only for children and the youth
D．covers a big area of 1150 square meters
2．Which of the following is not true? ;
A．Disneyland is at the age of five.
B．The long street banquet has a long history.
C．Wuguang Express Rail is from Wuhan to Guangzhou.
D．The 2nd Bird Nest Snow Season is held in Beijing National Stadium.
3．In which place can visitors both see beautiful scenes and taste delicious food?
A．No. 1 choice: ski!
B．No.3 choice: family tour
C．No. 4 choice: express rail travel
D．No. 2 choice: experiencing strong Chinese New Year flavor
【答案】1．B2．A3．C
【解析】本文是一篇应用文，共介绍了四种过一个快乐春节的方法。包括干什么，吃什么等。
1．细节理解题。根据第一项活动No. 1 choice: ski!中的“Compared to last year, this year’s event has the new skating
zone and Snow Dodgem.( 与去年相比，今年的活动有了新的滑冰区和雪道碰碰车) ”可知, 第二个鸟巢雪季今年
有两个新项目。故答案为B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三项活动No.3 choice: family tour 的“Hong Kong Disneyland is an ideal choice for a family
tour especially with children. At the age of five, the Disneyland will formally start the grand ceremony “Leaping
Wonders” (Feiyue Qimiao).(香港迪斯尼乐园是家庭旅游的理想选择，特别是带孩子的家庭旅游。迪斯尼五周年
时，迪斯尼乐园将正式开始盛大的仪式“跳跃奇观”) ”可推断，迪斯尼五周年了错误，是五周年时开始盛大的仪
式“条跳跃奇观”开始。故答案为A。
3．细节理解题。根据第四项活动No. 4 choice: express rail travel“The best scenery along the journey is Hengshan
Mountain (Hengyang, Hunan Province) where visitors can enjoy the snow sight, appreciate the Zhurong Peak and
search for the mysterious Fangguang Temple.( 沿途最好的风景是衡山（衡阳，湖南省），游客可以在那里欣赏雪
景，欣赏珠荣峰，寻找神秘的芳光寺) ”和最后一段“Delicacies along the way: Baoqing pork blood balls, Maojia
braised pork, Hunan preserved fish, Wuhan hot dry noodles, Wuchang fish, Wuhan Doupi (a kind of snack made from
sticky rice, beef, mushrooms and beans) and Jingwu duck neck. (沿途美食：宝清猪肉血球、毛家红烧猪肉、湖南腌
制鱼、武汉热干面、武昌鱼、武汉豆皮（一种由糯米、牛肉、蘑菇和豆类制成的小吃）和景武鸭颈)” 可知，游
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客既可以看到美丽的场景，也可以品尝美味的食物是No. 4 choice: express rail travel。故答案为C。
5.
Tired of your summer break? Here comes a list of best sellers on Amazon.com
Born a Crime
By Noah Trevor
Born a Crime is the story of a naughty young boy in South Africa, who grows into a restless young man, the
author of the book, as he struggles to find himself in a world where he was never supposed to exist. It is also the story
of that young man’s relationship with his fearless and religious mother. “Don't cry, Trevor. Trevor, listen. Listen to me.
Listen.” “My child, you must look on the bright side.” It was Mother's faith and positive attitude that shaped the young
man.
How It Feels to Float
By Helaia Fox
If you're looking for a moving story that explores themes of mental illness, grief (悲痛), and love, pick up a copy
of How It Feels to Float and follow Biz as she comes of age. This moving novel will stay with you long after you finish
reading it.
Two Can Keep a Secret
By Karen M. MeManus
Put on your crime-solving cap and get swept away in this thriller about a girl, a boy, and a string of unsolved
murders. As threats and clues pile up, you’ll be burning the midnight oil trying to finish the book before dawn.
Dune
By Frank Herbert
If the Star Wars movies have made you fall in love with the space opera, eventually you're going to read Frank
Herbert's most famous creation. The story of centuries-old political plotting — about warring factions (派系) battling
over control of the extremely valuable planet Arrakis — is a classic and remains a wonderful introduction to the larger,
more complex world of science fiction just beyond the Star Wars trilogies.
1．Which books are about growth?
A．How It Feels to Float and Two Can Keep a Secret.
B．Born a Crime and How It Feels to Float.
C．Two Can Keep a Secret and Dune.
D．How It Feels to Float and Dune.
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2．What is Two Can Keep a Secret mainly about?
A．Challenges of growing up.
B．A girl's space adventures.
C．battling for control of another planet.
D．The murders remaining to be settled.
3．What kind of book is Dune?
A．A love story.
B．A science-fiction story.
C．An autobiography.
D．A fairy tale.
【答案】1．B2．D3．B
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了亚马逊网站畅销的几本书。
1．细节理解题。由Born a Crime 下的“Born a Crime is the story of a naughty young boy in South Africa, who grows
into a restless young man, the author of the book, as he struggles to find himself in a world where he was never
supposed to exist.”（《天生罪犯》讲述的是南非一个淘气的小男孩成长为一个躁动不安的年轻人的故事，作为这
本书的作者，他努力在一个他不应该存在的世界里找到自己。），How It Feels to Float 下的“If you're looking for a
moving story that explores themes of mental illness, grief (悲痛), and love, pick up a copy of How It Feels to Float and
follow Biz as she comes of age.”（如果你正在寻找一个感人的故事，探讨精神疾病、悲伤和爱的主题，那就拿起
一本《漂泊的感觉》吧，跟着比兹长大。），Two Can Keep a Secret 下的“Put on your crime-solving cap and get swept
away in this thriller about a girl, a boy, and a string of unsolved murders.”（戴上你的破案帽，在这部关于一个女孩，
一个男孩，和一连串未解的谋杀案的惊悚中一网打尽。），Dune 下的“The story of centuries-old political plotting —
about warring factions (派系) battling over control of the extremely valuable planet Arrakis — is a classic and remains
a wonderful introduction to the larger, more complex world of science fiction just beyond the Star Wars trilogies.”（这
部有着数百年历史的政治阴谋故事，讲述了交战派系争夺对极为宝贵的阿拉基斯星球的控制权的故事，是一部
经典之作，也是对《星球大战》三部曲之外更大、更复杂的科幻世界的精彩介绍。），可知Born a Crime 和How
It Feels to Float 是关于成长的书籍。故选B 项。
2．细节理解题。由Two Can Keep a Secret 下的“Put on your crime-solving cap and get swept away in this thriller about
a girl, a boy, and a string of unsolved murders.”（戴上你的破案帽，在这部关于一个女孩，一个男孩，和一连串未
解的谋杀案的惊悚中一网打尽。），可知谋杀案还未解决，说明Two Can Keep a Secret 主要关于还未破案的谋杀
案的故事。故选D 项。
3．细节理解题。由Dune 下的“The story of centuries-old political plotting — about warring factions (派系)
battling over control of the extremely valuable planet Arrakis — is a classic and remains a wonderful introduction to
the larger, more complex world of science fiction just beyond the Star Wars trilogies.”（这部有着数百年历史的政治阴
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谋故事，讲述了交战派系争夺对极为宝贵的阿拉基斯星球的控制权的故事，是一部经典之作，也是对《星球大
战》三部曲之外更大、更复杂的科幻世界的精彩介绍。），可知Dune 是对《星球大战》三部曲之外更大、更复
杂的科幻世界的精彩介绍，说明Dune 是科幻故事。故选B 项。
考点2 细节转换与是非判断题
细节理解题
考点1 事实细节题
考点2 细节转换与是非判断题
考点3 数字计算题
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
主。
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
【剖析全国高考真题】
阅读理解II：细节理解考点2 细节转换与是非判断题
1. B【·新高考全国II 卷（海南卷）】
The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high. I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years,
dealing with the various kinds of "forbidden fruit" that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol
（手枪）.
I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.
"Please bring that pistol to me," I said. "I'm going to put it in my Grandma's Box."
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"What's that?" they asked.
"It's a large wooden chest full of toys for my grandchildren," I replied,
"You don't have grandchildren," someone said.
"I don't now." I replied. "But someday I will. When I do, my box will be full of wonderful things for them."
My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes. students would ask me to
describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away
—since I seldom actually kept them Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day, and I would return the
belonging.
The-years went by, and my first grandchild Gordon was born. I shared my joy with that year's class. Then someone
said, "Now you can use your Grandma's Box." From then on instead of coming to ask their possessions back, the
students would say, "That's okay. Put it in your Grandma's Box for Gordon."
I loved talking about the imaginary box, not only with my students but also with my own children. They enjoyed
hearing about all the forbidden fruit I had collected. Then one Christmas I received a surprise gift—a large, beautifully
made wooden chest. My son Bruce had made my Grandma's Box a reality.
1. What was the author's purpose in having the conversation with the students? （
）
A. To collect the water pistol.
B. To talk about her grandchildren.
C. To recommend some toys.
D. To explain her teaching method.
2. What did the students do after they learned about the birth of Gordon? （
）
A. They went to play with the baby.
B. They asked to see the Grandma's Box.
C. They made a present for Gordon.
D. They stopped asking their toys back.
【答案】1．A2．D
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲叙了作者为收集学生们带到学校的玩具，想出了一个“奶奶的盒子”的
办法。到后来，作者的第一个孙子出生，学生们也不再来要求归还他们的财物了，作者也在某一年圣诞节收到
了儿子制作的大木箱，将“奶奶的盒子”变成了现实。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years, dealing with the various kinds of
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"forbidden fruit" that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol.(在缺席了15 年之后，我又回到
了教书的地方，处理从书包里掏出的各种各样的“禁果”。现在流行的是水枪)”以及第三段中“‘Please bring that
pistol to me,’ I said. ‘I'm going to put it in my Grandma's Box.’(“请把那支水枪给我，”我说。“我要把它放在我
‘奶奶的盒子’里。”)”由此可知，作者与学生进行对话的目的是收集水枪。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“From then on instead of coming to ask their possessions back, the students would
say, ‘That's okay. Put it in your Grandma's Box for Gordon.’(从那时起，学生们不再来要求归还他们的财物，而是说：
“没关系。把它放在你“奶奶给戈登的盒子”里)”由此可知，学生们在得知了戈登的出生后，他们不再索要玩
具。故选D。
2. C【·新高考全国II 卷（海南卷）】
In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people
could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000
crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the
roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was
beginning to sway（晃动）. The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way
back to land. A disaster was avoided.
The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to
engineering and a paean（赞歌）to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters.
In this book, he includes the loss of the space shuttles（航天飞机）Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the
Titanic.
Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered
them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such
failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently
applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless
improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of
the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.
"Success is success but that is all that it is," Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings improvement.
1. What happened to the Golden Gate Bridge on its 50th birthday? （
）
A. It carried more weight than it could.
B. It swayed violently in a strong wind
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C. Its roadway was damaged by vehicles
D. Its access was blocked by many people.
2. What does the last paragraph suggest? （
）
A. Failure can lead to progress.
B. Success results in overconfidence
C. Failure should be avoided.
D. Success comes from joint efforts.
【答案】1．A2．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。主要讲述了对彼得罗斯基博士的书《原谅设计：理解失败》的评论，工程设计可能
会因为某些原因带来失败，但失败才能带来进步。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was
closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up.
Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers
noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been
asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway”可以看出，1987 年5 月，金门大桥举行了一个50 岁生日聚会。
这座桥禁止机动车通行，人们可以在桥上散步。组织者预计将有5 万人到场。相反，多达80 万人挤满了通往大
桥的道路。当25 万人在桥上时，工程师们注意到了一个可怕的现象：路面在被要求承载的最重荷载作用下变得
平了。更糟的是，它开始晃动。因此可以看出，金门大桥50 岁生日那天，它的重量超过了它的承受能力。故选
A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的“It is failure that brings improvement.”可知，失败才能带来进步。因此
可以看出，A 项与此相呼应，即失败能带来进步，故选A。
3. B【·全国新高考II 山东卷】
Jenifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing
degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the
first in her large family to earn a bachelor's degree.
Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the
farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working
to pay her tuition（学费）, because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she
worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.
Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her career
and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire
program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to
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home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. Jenifer received great support from her
family as she worked to car her degree: Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother
helped take care of the children at times.
Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors. Jennifer sacrificed（牺牲）to
achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. “Some nights my heart
was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers,” she says. However, her children have
learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an
inspiration to her family-and that's pretty powerful.
1. What did Jennifer do after high school? （
）
A. She helped her dad with his work.
B. She ran the family farm on her own.
C. She supported herself through college.
D. She taught her sisters and brothers at home.
2. Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield? （
）
A. To take care of her kids easily.
B. To learn from the best nurses.
C. To save money for her parents.
D. To find a well-paid job there.
3. What did Jennifer sacrifice to achieve her goal? （
）
A. Her health.
B. Her time with family.
C. Her reputation.
D. Her chance of promotion.
【答案】1. C 2. A3. B
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Jennifer 在家里不能提供大学教育的情况下，通过自己的努
力，以及家人的帮助完成了四年学位。她的努力不仅让自己以优异的成绩毕业，还给家人，尤其是她的三个孩
子树立了榜样，让他们得到了激励。
1.C 细节理解题。根据第二段的After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her
tuition, because there was no extra money set aside for a college education.(高中毕业后，Jennifer 上了一所当地的技
术学院来支付她的学费，因为家里没有额外的钱用来支付大学教育)可知，高中毕业后Jennifer 通过自己挣钱来
完成大学教学，因为家里没有额外的钱。C. She supported herself through college.(她自食其力读完了大学)符合以
上说法，故选C 项。
2.A 细节理解题。根据第三段的She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Misnistry Saint Joseph’s Hospital in
Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in
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the evening to help with her kids.(她选择了位于马什菲尔德的圣约瑟夫医院的UW-Eau Claire 项目，因为她可以在
离家近的地方攻读四年的学位。她可以开车去上课，晚上可以回家照顾孩子）可知，Jennifer 选择位于马什菲尔
德的圣约瑟夫医院的UW-Eau Claire 项目是因为离家近，这样便于照顾她的三个孩子。A. To take care of her kids
easily.(为了方便照顾她的孩子)符合以上说法，故选A 项。
3.B 细节理解题。根据最后一段的Jennifer sacrificed to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and
missing important events to study.(Jennifer 为了实现自己的目标牺牲了很多，她放弃了很多个和孩子待在一起的晚
上，错过了很多重要的活动)可知，为了实现自己的目标Jennifer 放弃了和家人待在一起的时光。B. Her time with
family.(她与家人的时光)符合以上说法，故选B 项。
4. C【·全国I】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer
injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the
50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race
walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all
times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an
assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers
moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice
as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more
calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her
research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not
leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among
race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a
history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking
should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some
practice.306
1．Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A．They must run long distances.
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B．They are qualified for the marathon.
C．They have to follow special rules.
D．They are good at swinging their legs.
2．What advantage does race walking have over running?
A．It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B．It’s less challenging physically.
C．It’s more effective in body building.
D．It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
3．What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A．Getting experts’ opinions.
B．Having a medical checkup.
C．Hiring an experienced coach.
D．Doing regular exercises.
【答案】1．C2．D3．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运
动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the
leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在
摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员
是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C 项。
2．细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s
knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常
见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D 项。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Norberg 说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first
consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或
有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Norberg 建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A 项。
5. B【·全国新课标II】
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help
children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago,
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found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to
be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the
amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found
children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months
of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their ability
to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the
study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more
frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with
more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active during
puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.242
1．In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A．Building confidence.
B．Developing spatial skills.
C．Learning self-control.
D．Gaining high-tech knowledge.
2．What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A．Parents’ age.
B．Children’s imagination.
C．Parents’ education.
D．Child-parent relationship.
3．How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A．They play with puzzles more often.
B．They tend to talk less during the game.
C．They prefer to use more spatial language.
D．They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
【答案】1．B2．C3．D
【解析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中…found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop better spatial
skill(在2 岁到4 岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的空间
技能。B. Developing spatial skills(发展空间能力)符合以上说法，故选B 项。
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2．细节理解题。根据第二段中Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition after controlling for
difference in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.( Levine 说，在控制了不同父母的
收入、教育和父母谈话次数后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine 在设计这个试验时考虑了
父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。C. Parents' education.(父母的教育)符合以上说法，故选C 项。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,可知男孩比
女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.(他们
有可能玩更复杂的谜题)符合以上说法，故选D 项。
6. C【·全国新课标III】
With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation(孤独), more families are choosing to
live together.
The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother-in-law, she lives on the
ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.
Four years ago they all moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol — one of a growing number of
multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing
machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.
“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing at a house,” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more
with Nick because I think it’s a big thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law.”
And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I
think I would.”
It’s hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising
for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen
from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.
Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many
more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live
with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is
thought to be about 1.8 million.
Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In
India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband’s family when they get
married.
1. Who mainly uses the ground floor in the Victorian house in Bristol?
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A. Nick.
B. Rita.
C. Kathryn
D. The daughters.
2. What is the author’s statement about multigenerational family based on?
A. Family traditions.
B. Financial reports.
C. Published statistics.
D. Public opinions.
【答案】1.B2.C
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了在英国，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着
被孤立的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起，出现了多世同堂的现象。
1.细节理解题。根据第三段“ but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on
the ground floor.”可知，但Rita 在一楼有自己的厨房、浴室、卧室和客厅。由此可知，Rita 在布里斯托尔的维
多利亚式住宅中使用一楼。故选B 项。
2.细节理解题。根据第六段“ Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations livi
ng together had risen from 325,000 in 2002 to 419,000 in 2013.”官方报告显示，三代同堂的家庭数量从2002
年的32.5 万户增加到2013 年的41.9 万户。根据第七段“It is said that about 20% of 25-34-year-olds live with
their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is t
hought to be about 1.8 million.”可知，据说，25-34 岁的年轻人中有20%和父母住在一起，而1991 年这一比例
为16%。据估计，英国多代同堂的家庭总数约为180 万。由此可知，作者关于多世同堂家庭的论述基于发布的
统计数据。故选C 项。
【精讲研法】
阅读理解II：细节理解考点2 细节转换与是非判断题
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】B
It was a Saturday evening in March，just before sundown，when we heard the screaming. I was out walking with
my wife，Melissa，and our golden retriever(猎犬)，Kira，beside a lake when the peace was broken by a woman’s voice，
calling out two names over and over.
We spotted her，almost immediately，three or four hundred feet away across the lake. Spring had come but there
was still snow on the ground，the water covered by a layer of ice that had just started to thaw. Two big dogs were
walking across it. They appeared to be quite old and were moving slowly. As we watched，the ice gave way beneath one
dog and then the other，plunging them into the water.
We arrived at the scene a few minutes later，but the dogs already seemed to be showing the effects of the cold as
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they struggled weakly to escape. We realized that calling 911 would be useless—the dog farther out was in water about
20 feet deep and I feared neither of them would stay afloat long enough for the emergency services to arrive. Besides，I
was probably qualified to carry out the rescue myself. I was practicing the kind of deep breathing my grandfather had
taught me as I walked in. I wasn’t alone—Kira swam alongside me. Having Kira there was a huge support. We were
able to go back to shore quickly.
The second dog was further out and I had to pause before I went back in. That’s when another technique I’d
learned from my grandfather came into play. He’d taught me about a pressure point on the wrist that when pressed in
the right way sends out an electrical signal，like a jolt of energy. That kept me warm as I set out again with，Kira. I
maintained eye contact with the dog as we approached. With Kira’s encouragement，it followed us back. The owner was
emotional—“I’m the luckiest woman alive!” she said.
1．Why didn’t the writer call 911?
A．The writer’s dog has been trained to save lives.
B．The dogs could save themselves from the cold water.
C．There wasn’t enough time to wait for the emergency services.
D．The writer’s grandfather had taught him how to save the dogs.
2．What do we know about the second technique the writer learned from his grandfather?
A．It makes him brave.
B．It keeps him warm.
C．It allows him stay focused.
D．It helps him walk quickly.
3．Who accompanied and helped the writer while saving the dogs in the water?
A．His wife.
B．The dogs’owner.
C．His grandfather.
D．His dog.
【答案】1．C2．B3．D
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者和妻子带着他们的金毛犬基拉在湖边散步时，营救一个女子的两只
落水的狗的故事。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段的We realized that calling 911 would be useless—the dog farther out was in water about
20 feet deep and I feared neither of them would stay afloat long enough for the emergency services to arrive. 我们意识
到拨打911 是没有用的——远处的狗在20 英尺深的水里，我担心它们俩都不能在水面上待太久，等紧急救援人
员赶到。可知，不拨打911 是因为狗狗等不及紧急救援。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据最后一段的He’d taught me about a pressure point on the wrist that when pressed in the right way
sends out an electrical signal，like a jolt of energy. That kept me warm as I set out again with，Kira. 他教过我手腕上
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的一个按压点，当按压正确时，它会发出电信号，就像一股能量。这让我在和基拉再次出发时感到温暖。可知，
作者从爷爷那学到的第二个技能是使作者暖和。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段的I wasn’t alone—Kira swam alongside me. Having Kira there was a huge support. 我
不是一个人——基拉游在我旁边。有了基拉，就有了巨大的支持。和最后一段的That kept me warm as I set out
again with，Kira. I maintained eye contact with the dog as we approached. With Kira’s encouragement，it followed us
back. 这让我在和基拉再次出发时感到温暖。当我们走近时，我和狗保持着眼神交流。在基拉的鼓励下，它跟
着我们回来了。可知，是作者的狗“基拉”在水里帮助作者救援狗狗。故选D。
2.
Starman, the dummy(仿真人) riding a cherry-red Tesla Roadster(特斯拉敞篷车) through space, has made his
closest approach ever to Mars. The electric roadster and its passenger were attached to the top of a Falcon Heavy rocket
during the SpaceX rocket’s first test launch on 6 February .
Two years later, the Falcon Heavy rocket and the vehicle at its tip are making their second trip around the Sun. Mr.
McDowell, a Harvard astrophysicist, found that Starman passed 7.4 million kilometers from Mars at 06:25 GMT 7
October, .
The closest recent approach between the Earth and Mars was 56 million kilometers in 2003, though the planets are
often hundreds of millions of miles apart depending on where they are in their orbits. No one can see the Falcon Heavy
rocket at its current distance, but orbits over periods of a few years are fairly straightforward to predict, and Mr.
McDowell used data about how the rocket was moving when it left the Earth’s gravity behind to locate its recent
movements exactly.
Last time Starman circled the Sun, McDowell said, it crossed Mars’ orbit while the Red Planet was quite far away.
But this time the crossing lined up with a fairly close approach, though still not close enough to feel a strong tug from
Mars.
At this point in time, if you were able to go look at the Roadster, it would probably look pretty different. The
strong solar radiation environment between the planets would probably have destroyed all the exposed organic
materials.
Without the Earth’s atmospheric and magnetic(磁场的) protection, even the plastics and carbon-fibre materials
would start to break up. Over the course of decades or centuries, the car will end up with its aluminium(铝) frame and
hard glass parts----that’s assuming that none of them get destroyed in impacts with passing space rocks.
1．How did McDowell manage to locate Starman?
A．By keeping Starman under visual observation.
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B．By predicting its future orbit around the earth.
C．By seeking professional help from SpaceX.
D．By analyzing data about the rocket’s movement.
2．What will happen to Starman
in decades or centuries?
A．It is circling around Mars and will finally crash onto it.
B．It will finish its mission and return to SpaceX on earth.
C．Starman is likely reduced to at most its frame and glass.
D．SpaceX will try to recover it during its next space mission.
【答案】1．D2．C
【解析】本文是新闻报道。主要讲述了Starman 和座驾特斯拉Roadster 接近了火星。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Mr. McDowell used data about how the rocket was moving when it left the Earth’s
gravity behind to locate its recent movements exactly.( 麦克道尔利用火箭脱离地球引力时的运动数据来准确定位
它最近的运动。)”可知，麦克道尔是通过分析火箭运行的数据成功定位Starman 的。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Over the course of decades or centuries, the car will end up with its aluminium(铝)
frame and hard glass parts----that’s assuming that none of them get destroyed in impacts with passing space rocks.( 在
几十年或几个世纪，这辆车最终成为铝框架和硬玻璃部件——假设它们没有在通过太空岩石时被破坏)”可知，
几十年或几个世纪以后，Starman 很可能最多只剩下框架和玻璃了。故选C。
3.
An afternoon nap(午睡)is one of the joys of life, although too much napping could signal all is not well. In some
cultures, people will have a daily nap — this is fine. The warning comes when people start sleeping during the daytime,
when they did not before. There is certainly a good reason to believe that daytime sleepiness — as in the Alzheimer's
study — can be a marker of an underlying condition.
For most people, napping during the day is mainly a sign that you are not getting enough sleep at night, says Dr.
Neil Stanley, a sleep expert. "If you feel sleepy during the day, you should think about taking a nap. That is what the
body needs — it doesn't need to be kept awake with caffeine, it needs sleep. "The feeling to notice is "sleepiness", he
says, not "tiredness", which could be more psychological and linked to stress.
So how do you nap well? The key thing, says Stanley, is how long your nap lasts. Choose either a 20-or 90-minute
nap. "When you fall asleep, you'll quickly go through the lighter stages of sleep into your first period of deep sleep. You
don't want to wake up in deep sleep because that's when you wake and feel worse than you did before. "Napping for 20
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minutes means you will wake up before you go into deep sleep; napping for 90 minutes means you'll complete a sleep
cycle.
Once you factor in the time it takes to fall asleep — some people are better at napping than others but, says Stanley,
"a healthy adult will fall asleep in between 5 and 12 minutes" — you can set an alarm, allowing a 30- to 40-minute
period for a short nap, and up to two hours for a longer one.
A good time to nap is during the body's natural dip in the afternoon, between 2 pm and 4 pm. "You don't really
want to be napping much past that because then you are going to be eating into your night-time sleep," Stanley says.
The point, he stresses, is to get good night-time sleep, which would ensure you probably don't need to nap at all.
1．What does an afternoon nap indicate for most people?
A．Caffeine addiction.
B．Psychological stress.
C．Insufficient night sleep.
D．Potential physical illness.
2．What is the key to a good nap?
A．Duration.
B．Surroundings.
C．Health.
D．Stages.
【答案】1．C
2．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何在午睡期间睡得好以及最适合午睡的时间。
1．细节理解题。通过文章第二段首句“For most people, napping during the day is mainly a sign that you are not
getting enough sleep at night, says Dr. Neil Stanley, a sleep expert.（睡眠专家Neil Stanley 博士说：“对大多数人来
说，白天午睡主要是晚上睡眠不足的表现。”）”可知对于大多数人来说，午睡是因为夜间睡眠不足。故选C 项。
2．细节理解题。通过文章第三段“So how do you nap well? The key thing, says Stanley, is how long your nap lasts.
（那你怎么睡得好呢？Stanley 说，关键是你的午睡时间有多长。）”可知睡得好的关键因素是午睡的持续时间。
故选A 项。
4.
Although all Middle Eastern cultures cannot be grouped into one class, they do have similarities in their rules for
the appropriateness of eye culture. Eye contact is much less common and considered less appropriate in many of these
cultures than it is considered in the United States.
Middle Eastern cultures, largely Muslim, have strict rules regarding eye contact between the sexes; these rules are
connected to religious laws about appropriateness. Only a brief moment of eye contact would be permitted between a
man and a woman, if at all.
However, western women traveling in Muslim areas should not expect that no man will attempt to make eye
contact with them. As a matter of fact, their “differentness“ may draw attention to them, and men may try to make eye
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contact with them. They should be aware, however, that returning eye contact will be considered the same as saying,
“Yes, I'm interested!" So when in the Middle East, care should be taken in making eye contact with anyone of the
opposite gender.
On the other hand, in many Middle Eastern cultures, intense eye contact between those of the same
gender—especially between men-can mean “I am telling you the truth! I am genuine in what I say!” Try to observe the
eye contact between those of the same gender to see if it is important to meet someone's long look when you want to
tell them, “Trust me! I'm sincere!”
As you can see, it is vital to know what eye contact communicates before you visit a new culture. Before you
travel, you would do well to go to your local public library or bookstore and check out or look through a book about the
culture of the country you plan to visit. Learn how to use eye contact and other body language wisely so that you are
regarded as polite, and so that you can better connect with people in a culture that is foreign to you!
1．What do most Middle Eastern countries have in common?
A．Dealing with each other properly.
B．Keeping a long distance while talking.
C．Keeping looking into the eyes while talking. D．Making little eye contact between different genders.
2．Why will men in Muslim areas stare at western woman?
A．It is their own cultures.
B．It is considered polite.
C．The western women are different.
D．It is considered to be appropriate.
【答案】1．D2．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要通过中东地区的目光交流的习俗，说明了不同地区的人们在对待同一件事
情时是有着不同的习俗的，告诉我们旅游之前要了解当地的习俗。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Although all Middle Eastern cultures cannot be grouped into one class, they do have
similarities in their rules for the appropriateness of eye culture. Eye contact is much less common and considered less
appropriate in many of these cultures than it is considered in the United States.(虽然不能将所有的中东文化归为一
类，但它们在对视文化的恰当性方面有相似之处。与美国相比，目光接触在这些文化中并不常见，也被认为是
不合适的)”以及第二段“Middle Eastern cultures, largely Muslim, have strict rules regarding eye contact between the
sexes; these rules are connected to religious laws about appropriateness. Only a brief moment of eye contact would be
permitted between a man and a woman, if at all.(以穆斯林为主的中东文化对男女之间的目光接触有严格的规定；
这些规则与有关适当性的宗教律法有关。如果有的话，男女之间只允许有短暂的眼神接触)”可知，大多数中东
国家的共同点是异性之间眼神接触少。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“As a matter of fact, their “differentness“ may draw attention to them, and men may try
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to make eye contact with them. (事实上，她们的“不同”可能会引起人们的注意，男人可能会试图与她们进行眼神
交流)”可知，在中东地区西方女性会受到穆斯林男性的关注，是因为她们不同于当地的女性。故选C。
5.
I was sent to the Persian Gulf War in 1991. Married for only a year and a half, I was missing my wife and baby
daughter. In the years before cell phones and Wi-Fi, we had limited opportunities to communicate with loved ones.
One night while sitting by myself, I investigated the “Any Soldier" mailbox, an old cardboard box with letters and
packages from Americans. I chose one shoebox-size package. Inside was a bag of cookies. Underneath, I found about
20 cards from children. At the bottom was a letter from their teacher in Ohio explaining how her kids had put the box
together and how they supported our efforts in the war.
I was truly touched by this gesture and decided to write a letter of gratitude. I thanked the teacher for what her
children had done - its impact on me. For security reasons, I was able to sign only my name.
Around 2013, I received a Facebook friend request from a woman with whom I shared no contacts. I replied that
unless we were friends, I could not accept her request. Her reply stuck with me.
“Dear sir," she wrote. "We have never met, but in 1991 I was a second-grade teacher at a school in Ohio and our
classroom sent a care package addressed to ‘Any Service Member.' The thank-you letter you composed was framed and
has been post on the wall of the school for more than 20 years. I wanted to again thank you for your service to our
country. God bless you."
We never spoke again, but this teacher strengthen my belief in doing what
my mother always taught me: Write
thank -you notes - you never know how many people your kindness can touch.
1．Why did the children send the cards to the soldiers?
A．To finish the task that was assigned by their teacher.
B．To express their support to the soldiers, efforts in the war.
C．To write down their dreams that they wished to realize.
D．To show their high skills in making those brilliant cards.
2．What did the author find in the package?
a. A shoe box
b. A bag of cookies
c. About twenty cards
d. A letter from a teacher
A．bcd
B．abc
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C．abd
D．abd
3．What can we learn from the passage?
A．The package was addressed to the author himself.
B．The author connected with his family via the Internet.
C．The author met the teacher in person around 2013.
D．The Facebook friend request was refused at first.
【答案】1．B2．A3．D
【解析】这是一篇记叙文，全文主要讲述了“我”在服役期间收到一个特别的包裹，出于感动写了一封回信，多
年之后在机缘巧合之下又重新和老师取得联系，这是一个充满善意与感动的故事。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“At the bottom was a letter from their teacher in Ohio explaining how her kids had
put the box together and how they supported our efforts in the war.(在包裹的底部有一封在来自他们在俄亥俄州的
老师的信，解释她的孩子们如何把箱子拼在一起，以及他们如何支持我们在战争中的努力。)”可知在这封信中，
孩子们表达了对士兵在战争中辛苦付出的支持，B 选项准确契合原文的“they supported our efforts in the war”，故
选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“I chose one shoebox-size package. Inside was a bag of cookies. Underneath, I found
about 20 cards from children. At the bottom was a letter from their teacher（我挑中了一个鞋盒大小的包裹，里面是
一袋饼干。饼干下面，我发现了大约20 张孩子们送的卡片，最底部是一封信，出自孩子们的老师之手）”可知，
我选择的这个包裹里面有一袋饼干（a bag of cookies），20 张卡片（20 cards）以及来自老师的一封信（a letter from
their teacher），即bcd 三种东西，注意这里是shoebox-size package（鞋盒般尺寸大小的包裹）而不是有a 中的a shoe
box（一个鞋盒），故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据原文第四段“Around 2013, I received a Facebook friend request from a woman with whom I
shared no contacts. I replied that unless we were friends, I could not accept her request.（在2013 年左右，我收到过一
个脸书好友申请，来自一名不在我通讯录中的陌生女士，我回复说除非我们是朋友，否则我不能通过好友申请。）”
可知，一开始这一脸书好友申请是被拒绝的，D 正确，故选D。
规律方法：如何解决细节转换与是非判断题?
细节理解题也叫间接理解题，包括语意转换题、图文转换题和是非判断题。
(1)语意转换题，需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换，两者存在表述上的差异。解答这类题
目时可带着问题，有针对性地扫读全文，迅速锁定相关语句，再对相关部分进行分析对比，找出答案。
(2)图文转换题，在阅读理解题中，有的图表、图画出现在阅读理解题的正文中。在解答这类题时，可采用
“文字锁定法”，找出描述图形中的句段，采用按图寻找答案的方法，按图索骥，图文互相参照、互相验证，便
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可确定正确答案。
(3)是非判断题，采用对号入座法和排除法。对号入座法就是根据关键词返回原文，找出相关内容，从中找
出答案。正确答案与原文表述可能有出入，但意思一样，万变不离其宗。排除法，针对是非判断题中的“三错一
对”或“三对一错”类试题，要求仔细阅读文章，比较选项与原文的异同，然后做出正确判断。
【变式精讲】
1.
Have you ever noticed there is some difference between city trees and forest trees? A new study finds city trees
grow faster but die younger than trees in rural forestry.
As we all know, the earth would be freezing or burning hot without carbon dioxide. However, carbon dioxide is a
greenhouse gas, meaning it traps energy from the sun as heat. That makes temperatures near the ground rise. Human
activities, especially the widespread burning of fossil fuels, have been sending extra greenhouse gases in to the air. This
has led to a rise in average temperatures across the globe.
Studies had shown forests readily absorb carbon dioxide, but there hadn’t been much data on whether city trees
grow, die and absorb carbon dioxide at the same rate as forest trees do. So some researchers decided to find out.
To figure out how quicky trees were growing, researchers tracked their diameters (the width of their trunks)
between 2005 and 2014. A tree’s diameter increases as it grows, just as a person’s waist size increases as they gain
weight. The research has shown about half the weight of a tree is carbon, while most of the rest is water. Over the nine
years’ tracking, the researchers found city trees absorbed four times as much carbon dioxide from the air as forest trees.
However, they were twice as likely to die. So over the lifetime of each type of tree, forest trees actually absorbed more
carbon dioxide.
City trees grew faster because they have less competition for light from their neighbors. In a forest, trees tend to
grow close together, shading their neighbors. Street trees also benefit from higher levels of nitrogen (氮) in rainwater.
Nitrogen helps plants grow. Waste gases from gas-burning cars also contain nitrogen, thus enriching city air with
nitrogen. Later, rainwater may wash much of it to the ground. Some street trees may also have better access to water
than trees in the country because the underground water pipes can leak.
1．What information can a tree diameter tell?
A．How a tree is transplanted.
B．How long a tree is.
C．How old a tree is.
D．How much water a tree contains.
2．How do city trees differ from forest trees of the same type over the lifetime in the research?
A．They could live twice longer than forest trees.
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B．They took in less carbon dioxide than forest trees.
C．They could absorb more carbon dioxide than forest trees.
D．They weighted heavier than forest trees.
3．What advantage do city trees have?
A．They have no competition.
B．They grow closer together.
C．They get more nutrition like nitrogen.
D．They have better access to rainwater.
【答案】1．C2．B3．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了城市里的树与森林中树的不同的几点。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“To figure out how quicky trees were growing, researchers tracked their diameters
(the width of their trunks) between 2005 and 2014. A tree’s diameter increases as it grows, just as a person’s waist size
increases as they gain weight.（为了弄清楚树木生长得有多快，研究人员在2005 年至2014 年间追踪了它们的直
径(树干的宽度)。一棵树的直径会随着它的成长而增大，就像人的腰围会随着体重的增加而增大一样。）”可知，
通过树的直径可以了解树的成长年龄。故选C 项。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“So over the lifetime of each type of tree, forest trees actually absorbed more carbon
dioxide.（所以在每一种树木的一生中，森林中的树木实际上吸收了更多的二氧化碳。）”可知，城市里的树木吸
收的二氧化碳更少。故选B 项。
3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Street trees also benefit from higher levels of nitrogen (氮) in rainwater. Nitrogen
helps plants grow. Waste gases from gas-burning cars also contain nitrogen, thus enriching city air with nitrogen（街道
的树木也受益于更高水平的氮(氮)的雨水。氮有助于植物生长。燃气汽车排放的废气中也含有氮，从而使城市
空气中富含氮。）”可知，城市中的树木能收获更多的营养，例如氮。故选C 项。
2.
The boss turned down a raise and gave it to his staff instead. Tony Bennett, the head coach of the University of
Virginia（UVA）men's basketball team, was offered a large pay raise after his team won the national championship in .
But to everyone's surprise, he turned the offer down and requested that the money go to his staff and the basketball
program instead. What's more, he donated $ 500,000 to the basketball players.
The boss bought an employee a new car. On the night before Alabama student Walter Carr's first day at Bellhops
Moving company, his car broke down. Nobody could give him a ride to work, so Carr decided to walk the 20-miIe
distance overnight. After seven hours, he arrived right on time. When the boss heard about Carr's unbelievable story, he
drove from Tennessee to Alabama to give the young student a Ford Escape.
The boss forgave a costly mistake. A diner at a British steakhouse had a stroke of luck when he was accidentally
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served an expensive bottle of red wine. Instead of blaming the server who made the mistake, as some might, the boss
decided to laugh it off “To the customer who accidentally got given a bottle of wine, which is £4,500 last night, hope
you enjoyed your evening!" the steakhouse tweeted. "To the server who accidentally gave it away, cheer up! We love
you anyway.”
The boss gave his staff a free trip to Hawaii. Imagine drinking a cocktail on a sunny, warm beach with 500 of your
closest employees. That's how Brian Scudamore, the founder and CEO of home service provider O2E Brands, chose to
spend his vacation in 2017. Back in 2012, Scudamore promised his employees that if they could double the company's
income in five years, he would take them on an all — expenses — paid
trip to Hawaii. Needless to say, they achieved
the goal.
1．Which of the following best describes Tony Bennett?
A．Honest.
B．Professional.
C．Wealthy.
D．Generous.
2．Why did the boss buy a new car to Walter Carr?
A．To make up his long walk.
B．To praise his moving action.
C．To solve his financial problem.
D．To call on others to learn from him.
3．Why did the diner at a British steakhouse enjoy expensive wine?
A．He got it as a reward.
B．He liked it very much.
C．He acquired it by accident.
D．He met with a generous boss.
【答案】1．D2．B3．
【解析】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了四位善待员工的老板的故事。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“he turned the offer down and requested that the money go to his staff and the
basketball program instead. What's more, he donated $ 500,000 to the basketball players. ” Tony Bennett得到了大幅加
薪，但出乎意料的是，他拒绝了，并要求把这笔钱给他的员工和篮球项目。此外，他还捐赠了50 万美元给篮球
运动员。由此可知，Tony Bennett 很慷慨大度。故选D。
2．细节理解题。文章第二段中提到“his car broke down. Nobody could give him a ride to work, so Carr decided to
walk the 20-miIe distance overnight.”在去公司的第一天，Walter Carr 的车坏了，他连夜步行20 英里去上班。老
板听说了这个令人难以置信的故事后，给了一辆新车给Walter Carr 是为了表扬他感人的行为。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段中“A diner at a British steakhouse had a stroke of luck when he was accidentally served an
expensive bottle of red wine.”在一家英国牛排餐厅，由于服务员的错误，给用餐的人端上了一瓶昂贵的红酒。由
此可知，用餐者是偶然地机会享受了一瓶昂贵的红酒。故选C。
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3.
Wildlife in New York City tends to be headline news. These animals' admirable ability to live with humans in
peace draws our attention and sympathy. Yet, what most New Yorkers don't even know is that another animal, the
Quaker Parrot, has invaded (入侵) the city with surprising results.
Quaker parrots originally came from the mild regions of Argentina and Brazil. The details related to the birds'
arrival to the U. S. have become a thing of legend. During the 1960s, workers at JFK International Airport reported that
the parrots—then products of the pet trade—escaped from broken shipping trunks (箱子). Others say the birds escaped
from their homes or were intentionally released by their owners, some of whom may have been unprepared to deal with
the birds' unpleasant screams. Either way, the birds have now infiltrated (渗透) all five districts in New York within the
last five years. They've also expanded into the lower Hudson Valley and major cities around the U. S.
Each bird is born knowing how to build a nest, although this skill is adjusted slightly with age and experience. The
birds use their soft feet to build these free-standing nests in between tree forks. Nest structures can grow to the size of a
refrigerator, housing up to 200 pairs of birds. Each nest can weigh more than a ton.
Unfortunately, these parrots' unique habit of building nests on public facilities can cause their homes to catch fire,
taking down the electrical network. Con Edison, New York City's energy services company, realized about 14 years ago
that these nests were behind a series of Power outages (停电) in Brooklyn. So the company partners with wildlife
specialists to carefully remove nests from dangerous areas before they become a security risk.
Despite the challenges these parrots present for the public, they are one of the few invasive species stories with a
fairly happy outcome. The parrots seem to pose no risk of overpopulating the neighborhood or outcompeting native
species for food. And public service corporations arrange special teams to keep equipment free from birds, and the
parrots have become a largely welcomed addition to New York's wildlife scene.
1．What do we know about Quaker parrots according to the passage?
A．They have charming voices.
B．They are from South America.
C．They are only active in New York.
D．Their nests look like a refrigerator.
2．What's special about Quaker parrots?
A．Size.
B．Screams.
C．Popularity.
D．Nest building.
【答案】1．B2．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种不明来历的鹦鹉无意中入侵到纽约城，出乎意料的是，鹦鹉受到了
人们的欢迎，它们在城市里生存了下来。
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1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“Quaker parrots originally came from the mild regions of Argentina and Brazil.”
（这种鹦鹉最初是来自阿根廷和巴西），可知，阿根廷和巴西都属于南美洲，因此这种鹦鹉最初来自南美。故选
B。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段，“Unfortunately, these parrots' unique habit of building nests on public facilities can
cause their homes to catch fire, taking down the electrical network”（不幸的是，这些鹦鹉在公共设施上筑巢的独特
习惯可能会导致它们的房子着火，破坏电网），可知，这些鹦鹉的建巢习惯是独特的。故选D。
4.
Glenn Cunningham and his brother were in charge of heating the classroom at school before the teachers and other
students would arrive. But disaster struck one day when someone accidentally poured gasoline in a container and an
explosion took place.
“When they looked at my legs the doctors thought they should amputate(截肢) my legs because they said if I got
an infection I would not only lose my leg, but also lose my life," he is quoted as saying in the book American Miler:
The Life and Times of Glenn Cunningham. “Even though the doctors said I'd never walk, they couldn't convince me
because I knew I was going to be able to walk again.”
Creams and massages (按摩) aided his recovery but it was over a year before he could walk again. “My family
was wonderful,” he said. “I had lost all the flesh on my knees. Yet my family kept changing the dressings and
massaging my legs, though there was little muscle left to massage. Even after I was able to stand, holding onto either
the bed or a chair, a neighbor kid said, ‘Aw, you are never gonna walk again!’ But by then I knew that nothing was
going to stop me.”
His talent shone through early when just at 12 years of age, he had defeated all the runners in high school. During
his senior year in high school, he created a new state record for the mile: clocking 4:28.3 in Manhattan. During the
1930s, he won two National Collegiate Athletic Association titles.
Having built a reputation as one of the finest runners in his country, Cunningham would go on to compete in the
1,500-meter event at the 1932 Olympics. He narrowly missed out on a medal as he finished fourth. Cunningham was at
his peak by the time he made his second Olympic appearance at Berlin in 1936. He did not disappoint, setting a new US
record at the event by clocking 3: 48. 4 but fell short of New Zealand's Jack Lovelock.
From being almost crippled (跛的)as a child to creating world records and going on to win a medal at the
Olympics, Cunningham's career remains an inspiration for athletes.
1．What was Cunningham doing when the accident happened?
A．Reading a book.
B．Heating the container.
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C．Greeting teachers and students.
D．Warming the classroom.
2．What did the doctors think of Cunningham's situation?
A．He would lose his life if he lost his legs.
B．He could get an infection while being amputated.
C．He had to sacrifice his legs to survive.
D．He had a great chance of being able to walk again.
【答案】1．D2．C
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了一个受到意外伤害的孩子，勇敢面对灾难，最终重新站立起来的故事。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段，“Glenn Cunningham and his brother were in charge of heating the classroom at
school before the teachers and other students would arrive.”（Glenn Cunningham 和他的哥哥负责在老师和同学们到
来之前给教室加热），可知，当爆炸发生的时候，Glenn Cunningham 正在教室里加热。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段第一句，““When they looked at my legs the doctors thought they should amputate(截
肢) my legs because they said if I got an infection I would not only lose my leg, but also lose my life,"”（当他们看到我
的腿时，医生们认为他们应该把我的腿截肢，因为他们说，如果我被感染，我失去的不仅仅是我的腿，还有我
的生命），可知，医生们建议Glenn
Cunningham 应该把腿截肢。故选C。
5.
It's no secret that inhaling(吸入) smoke is bad for your lungs. But now, scientists are suggesting smoke may also
carry and spread infectious diseases.The theory, published in Science Magazine, is based on research that found
wildfire smoke is teeming with thousands of species of microorganisms. Some of these microorganisms, including
bacteria and fungal spores（真菌孢子）, are known to cause disease.
The new research suggests that when a wildfire burns plant or animal matter and disturbs soils, it exposes
thousands of species of bacteria and fungi（真菌）that otherwise might not easily become airborne（空气传播的）. You
might think the high heat from fire would kill these organisms, but one study cited in the article found that some
bacteria even multiply post-fire. Scientists say the organisms latch onto smoke particulates（微粒）, allowing them to
travel thousands of miles across continents.
Dr. Peter Chen, director of the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
in Los Angeles, is "intrigued" by the theory but somewhat skeptical that the microorganisms in smoke would actually
cause infections. Many bacteria and fungi don't cause lung infections, says Chen, but it's certainly possible that a
significant amount could worsen symptoms in someone with a pre-existing lung condition. "I always thought it was the
particulates in smoke that were causing these issues," says Chen, "But when I read this, I started thinking: Could it be
the microorganisms that are also worsening existing illness?"
Whether the microbes in smoke actually cause infection or simply worsen potential respiratory（呼吸的）issues,
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the article raises a new health threat that is "certainly alarming," says Kelsey Jack, an associate professor of
environmental and development economics.This is especially true for lower-income populations, Jack says, because
people with fewer means are often more exposed to the environment. If smoke is affecting the air quality in a certain
area, the people who work outside, or who have to go to the office on foot or by bike, will inhale more smoke than
those who drive.
But until more research is done, Chen says the best thing people can do is just follow existing recommendations
when air quality is poor — including staying indoors, keeping windows and doors closed, using HEPA filters（过滤
器）and running air conditioning.
1．What can we know about the microorganisms from paragraph 2?
A．They could be killed by high heat
B．They could possibly travel through air by themselves
C．They could reproduce in large numbers after fires.
D．They can easily attach themselves to smoke particulates
2．How do most microorganisms affect people according to Dr. Peter Chen?
A．They will causes lung infections.
B．They might worsen lung disease
C．They will destroy living environments.
D．They might damage respiratory system
3．Why are low-income people suffering more than others?
A．They live in poor areas.
B．They drive to and from work
C．They have suffered from lung disease
D．They are exposed to polluted air more frequently.
【答案】1．C2．B3．D
【解析】本文是说明文。科学家通过研究发现烟雾也可能携带和传播传染病，当野火燃烧时，会散播数千种细
菌和真菌。文章介绍了这项发现，并给出了相应的建议。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段的“You might think the high heat from fire would kill these organisms, but one study cited
in the article found that some bacteria even multiply post-fire.( 你可能认为来自火灾的高热会杀死这些生物，但一
篇文章引用的一项研究发现，有些细菌甚至会在大火后繁殖。)”可知，微生物在大火之后可能大量繁殖。故选
C。
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2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Many bacteria and fungi don't cause lung infections, says Chen, but it's certainly
possible that a significant amount could worsen symptoms in someone with a pre-existing lung condition.（许多细菌和
真菌不会引起肺部感染，陈说，但肯定有可能大量的细菌和真菌会使先前存在的肺部疾病的人的症状恶化。）”
可知，Peter 陈认为微生物可能会让肺部感染恶化。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段的“This is especially true for lower-income populations, Jack says, because people with
fewer means are often more exposed to the environment.（杰克说，这对低收入人群尤其如此，因为经济能力较差
的人往往更容易接触这样的环境。）”可知，低收入人群比别人遭受更多是因为他们更频繁地暴露在污染的空气
中。故选D。
专题04 阅读理解II：细节理解
考点3 数字计算题
细节理解题
考点1 事实细节题
考点2 细节转换与是非判断题
考点3 数字计算题
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
主。
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
【剖析全国高考真题】
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阅读理解II：细节理解考点3 数字计算题
1. A【·新高考全国II 卷（海南卷）】
Pali Overnight Adventures offers children and teens exciting experiences this summer. From broadcasting to street
art, these are just 4 of the 17 highly unique camps being offered.
Broadcasting Camp
Become the next star reporter, news writer, director or producer. While running every aspect of our own news
station, kids and their fellow campers will create and host a broadcast airing each night at dinner for the entire camp.
Every night it goes on the web, keeping parents and the world informed of the happenings at Pali.
Secret Agent Camp
In the movie Mission Impossible, Tom Cruise made being a secret agent seem like the coolest job ever. Campers
who sign up for the 2-week secret agent camp can get to know about the life of real secret agents by learning strategies
and military skills on the paintball field.
Culinary Camp
If your child enjoys being in the kitchen, then the culinary camp is definitely the right fit. Campers learn technical
skills of roasting, frying and cutting, as well as some recipes that they can take home and share with their families.
Street Art Camp
This camp takes creative license to an entirely new level. Campers will share their colorful ideas and imagination
with each other and work together to visualize, sketch and paint with non-traditional techniques to create the coolest
mural（壁画）which will be displayed in public for all to see. 232
21. How many camps does Pali Overnight Adventures offer this summer? （
）
A. 2.
B. 4.
C. 17.
D. 21.
【答案】21．C
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四个不同类型的夏令营的情况。
21．细节理解题。根据第一段中“From broadcasting to street art, these are just 4 of the 17 highly unique camps being
offered.”可知从广播到街头艺术，这只是17 个非常独特的营地中的4 个。由此可知，今年夏天巴利岛有17 个
露营地。故选C。
2. A【·全国新高考I 山东卷】
POETRY CHALLENGE
Write a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your life.
Prizes
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3 Grand Prizes：Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner's
choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum
and the office of National Geographic World.
6 First Prizes：The book Sky Pioneer：A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and
pilot Linda Finch.
50 Honorable Mentions：Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt
in memory of Earhart's final flight.
Rules
Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.
■Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines.
■Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper.
■On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birth date.
■Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year. 188
1. How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip? （
）
A. Two.
B. Three.
C. Four.
D. Six.
【答案】1.A
【文章大意】本文是一篇应用文。本文是一篇诗歌大赛的征稿启事。文章就参赛作品的内容、奖项、参赛规则
等做了介绍。
1.细节理解题。根据Prizes 部分中第一段中的“Trip to Washington, D.C. for each of three winners, a parent and one
other person of the winner's choice”可知，每位获奖者都可以带一名家长和另一名由获奖者选择的人员。因此，每
位获奖者可以带两个人。故选A。
3.
Admission to Angkor
Angkor pass
Admission to the Angkor Archaeological Park is through the Angkor pass. This pass is needed to visit any of the
temples within the park. It is valid (有效的) for all monuments in the area, except for Beng Mealea and Phnom Kulen.
Be sure to have a valid pass, and tickets are regularly checked at most of the monuments and at the check points.
Where to buy the Angkor pass
The main ticket sales office is the Angkor Conservation Area ticket booth on Charles de Gaulle road. All Angkor
passes are available here. Ticket booths are open daily from 5a. m. to 5:30 p. m. Hotels, guest houses, shops etc. are not
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authorized to sell Angkor passes.
Types of passes
Passes for several durations are available:
◆1day at US $37
◆3days at US $62
◆7days at US $72
The 3-day ticket is valid for any 3 days within a week,the 7-day ticket for any 7 days within a month. Admission
for children younger than 12 is free. Prices are quoted in US Dollars, but can also be paid in Cambodian Riel, Thai Baht
or Euro.
The information board at the ticket booths list strict rules:
◆Passes are not refundable.
◆Passes are not transferable. The pass contains a photo that is taken with a webcam at the ticket office.
◆Passes are not valid after their validity date. Passes have validity from and to date printed on them.
Tickets bought before 5 p. m, are valid the same day. It is not possible to buy a one-day pass for the next day.
Tickets bought after 5 p. m. are valid the same day until sunset and the next day. Make sure the pass is not stamped or
holes aren't punched (打孔) into it, which invalidates it,
2．How much should a couple with an 8- year-old pay for a 3-day trip to Angkor?
A．US $74.
B．US $124.
C．US $144.
D．US $62.
【答案】2．B
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了到吴哥窟旅游购买和使用通行证的注意事项。
2．细节理解题。根据Types of passes 部分的◆3days at US $62 和Admission for children younger than 12 is free.
（3 天62 美元的门票和12 岁以下儿童是免费的。）可知，成人的3 天的旅程的费用是US$62，而12 岁以下儿
童免费。所以一对夫妇带一个8 岁孩子进行一个3 天的旅行需要62+62=124。故选B。
4.
Millions of people are familiar with if -snoring(打鼾). The number one annoyance in the bedroom at night. About
one in two men and one in four women of middle age or older snores in their sleep. Previously dismissed as just an
annoying disturbance of the peace, snoring is now recognized as a serious sleep and health disorder. These nightly
problems in sleep can even be life-threatening!
When snoring, loud breathing noises occur in the upper airways during sleep, as loud as a passing truck. That' s the
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sound many people fall asleep to, Men over 50 years old, especially snore. As many as 60 to 80 Percent in this age
group are affected.
Now there's a revolutionary helper that immediately improves nasal( 鼻的)breathing and can thereby prevent
snoring. It is called the SilentSnore, and its the first small and easy-to-use device for combating bothersome snoring
noises. Tens of thousands of people have already used this little wonder to sleep better and more peacefully at night.
And indeed-snoring can easily be combated with this method!
The SilentSnore gently widens the nostril(鼻孔) to reduce respiratory(呼吸系统) resistance in the nose in other
words, air can flow better into the lungs through the nose. As soon as the body registers that nasal breathing is working
without restriction again, it unconsciously switches to (much healthier)nasal breathing. In contrast to things like
chinstraps, SilentSnore docs not disturb you while you sleep.
This ingenious little device controls snoring when sleeping without interfering the normal sleep cycle. A normal
and healthy sleep cycle should include at least 25% at deep sleep, by relieving snoring effectively, stop disturbing your
sleeping partner immediately, and/ guarantee your body rest and regenerate well. You can place your order online
through the official website in China. Your SilentSnore will be delivered to your doorstep.
2. If there are 24 girls in your class, how many of them will probably snore when sleeping?
A. 12
B. 6
C. 8
D. We don't know
【答案】
2. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，首先文章介绍了打鼾的害处以及打鼾的人的年龄和数量。然后推出了防止打鼾的
装置SilentSnore，介绍了这款产品的功能。
2.细节理解题。文章第一段中About one or two men and one in four women of middle age or older snores in their
sleep.（大约有一到两名男性和四分之一的中年或老年女性在睡梦中打鼾。）提到了中年以上的男人和女人打鼾
的比例，第二段中That' s the sound many people fall asleep to, Men over 50 years old, especially snore. As many as 60
to 80 Percent in this age group are affected.（这是许多人睡觉时听到的声音，50 岁以上的男人尤其喜欢打鼾。这
个年龄段有60%到80%的人受到影响。）提到了50 岁以上的男人打鼾的比例，没有提及高中阶段的女孩子。
因此不知道如果你们班有24 个女生，有多少人会在睡觉的时候打鼾。故选D。
5.
UK is becoming a popular destination for people who wish to study abroad. However, Britain is quite an
expensive place to study and live in. Tuition fees have now reached £ 9,250 a year and students also face some of the
highest living costs in the world.
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Fortunately, there are a number of countries where universities offer degree programs entirely in English, along
with the chance to learn the local language while you live there. Here are three of the options.
Tianjin University
Moving to China is not for the faint- hearted. Undergraduate degree courses at Tianjin last four years. Living costs
are only around £ 400 a month and tuition fees are £ 2,300 a year. Flights will cost £ 3,600 over the four years. The total
cost, at £ 28,800, is still around half that of a three-year degree in Britain. Tianjin is one of the world's latest cities and
is only a half-hour train ride from Beijing. Three undergraduate programs are offered in English: Chemical Engineering,
Environment & Energy and Pharmaceutical Science.
University of Amsterdam
The Dutch capital is not a cheap city to live in, but standard tuition fees of £ 1,800 a year make it significantly
cheaper than a British degree. There are 14 bachelor's degrees on offer that are taught in English, including Political
Science, Economics & Business Economics and Actuarial Science. Nearly all Dutch people speak English, making it an
easy country to get by in.
University of Milan
The University of Milan's fees range from £ 140 to £3,650 a year. The one bachelor's degree offered entirely in
English―Political Science is a three-year course. While living costs in Milan are high, the significantly lower fees
make it a cheaper option than a British university.
1. What is probably the total cost of a three-year degree in Britain?
A. £ 14,400
B. £ 27,750
C. £ 28,800
D. £ 57,600
【答案】1. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几个学费和消费都比英国低的完全用英语授课且提供学位课程的几个大
学。
1.细节理解题。根据第三段的The total cost, at £ 28,800, is still around half that of a three-year degree in Britain
可知，在英国学习三年的花费是57600 英镑，故选D。
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【精讲研法】
阅读理解II：细节理解考点3 数字计算题
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】
Optional Tours in Langkawi
Line One
(Mangrove tours and eagle feeding)
Catch exciting movement and magnificent views of how eagles try to get their food skillfully at kilim river
mangrove jungle safari visit limestone bats cave and have lunch on floating restaurant.
Price: adult rate RM 160.00/ person child rate (age 3—12yrs) RM 120.00/ person infant (below 3yrs) free
Time: 9:00 am—14:00 pm
Line Two
(Snorkeling and baby shark feeding)
Pulau Payar marine park with spectacular corals and colorful tropical marine life is one of the most beautiful and
exotic marine parks in Malaysia.
Price: adult rate RM 220.00/ person child rate (age 3—12yrs) RM 150.00/ person infant (below 3yrs) free
Time 8:00 am—17:00 pm
Line Three
(Day cruise around Langkawi archipelago)
Experience swimming among fishes and view spectacular corals and exotic marine life.
Price: adult rate RM 450.00/ person child rate (age 3—12yrs) RM 350.00/ person infant (below 3yrs) free
Time 9:00 am—17:00 pm
Line Four
(Amazing sunset cocktail and dinner cruise)
Experience the amazing sunset scenery around the Andaman sea while having cocktail and dinner.
Price: adult rate RM 350.00/ person child rate (age 3—12yrs) RM 250.00/ person infant (below 3yrs) free
Time 16:00 pm—21 :00 pm
2．How much should a couple pay for a day cruise with their 3-year-old kid?
A．RM 450. 00.
B．RM 800. 00.
C．RM 900.00.
D．RM 1250.00.
【答案】2．D
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【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍四条游览Langkawi 的路线情况，介绍其特点和价格等信息。
2．细节理解题。根据Line Three 部分中“Experience swimming among fishes and view spectacular corals and exotic
marine life.；Price: adult rate RM 450.00/ person child rate (age 3—12yrs) RM 350.00/ person infant (below 3yrs)
free(体验与鱼类一起游泳，观赏壮观的珊瑚和奇异的海洋生物。价格：成人价每人450 RM；3—12 岁儿童每人
350 RM；3 岁以下到婴儿免费)”可知，一对夫妇带着他们3 岁的孩子玩一天游船要花450+450+350=RM 1250。
故选D。
2.
The OECD is a global economic forum working with 38 member countries (including UK, US, Canada,
Australia, Belgium, etc.) and more than 100 emerging and developing economies to make better policies for better lives.
Our mission is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world.
We provide a unique forum in which governments work together to share experiences on what drives economic, social
and environmental changes, seeking solutions to common problems.
We aim to improve our efficiency and effectiveness; staff members are encouraged to actively contribute to this
goal.
What do Young Professionals do?
The Young Professionals Program (YPP) brings talented young professionals into the OECD to work and develop
their career with the guidance of senior colleagues.
The Program lasts two years during which our Young Professionals (YPs) work with experienced and enthusiastic
people, representatives of a rich diversity of cultures, languages and professional backgrounds.
They work with senior national policy makers who participate in the OECD's technical and policy meetings
each year.
Are you an ideal candidate for this Program?
First, to be qualified, you must satisfy these 2 criteria:
• be born on or after 30 September 1989 (exceptions will be made for nationals of OECD
member countries which have compulsory military service）
• have an OECD member country nationality
Then you should have:
• an advanced academic degree in a subject of relevance to the OECD's work
• a minimum of two years’ full time professional experience in related fields for candidates with Master's degree
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（s）
• strong quantitative and analytical skills demonstrated by academic achievement
• knowledge of country policies and institutions and an understanding of political and reform processes
For more information, please contact us at www. oecd. org/social-media.
3．Who is qualified to apply for YPP?
A．A 26-year-old American accountant.
B．A 34-year-old Canadian doctor.
C．A 31-year-old economics PHD．
D．A 35-year-old Australian teacher.
【答案】3．A
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要内容是经合组织招贤纳士的广告。
3．细节理解题。根据Are you an ideal candidate for this Program?部分的“be born on or after 30 September 1989”
（1989 年9 月30 日或之后出生）和“a minimum of two years’ full time professional experience in related fields for
candidates with Master's degree（s）”（硕士学位候选人在相关领域至少两年的全职专业工作经验）可知，年龄
需要小于31（-1989）周岁，且有工作经验。A 项：26 岁的美国会计师。符合要求。故选A。
3.
●West Town
The Chicago Public Library (CPL) encourages lifelong learning by welcoming all people and offering equal access
to information, entertainment and knowledge through materials, programs and events. Each year, Chicago Public
Library recommends the Best of the Best, CPL’s selections of the very best books published that year.
●Hours
Monday: 10:00 am – 6:00 pm
Tuesday: 12:00 pm – 8:00 pm
Wednesday: 10:00 am – 6:00 pm
Thursday: 12:00 pm – 8:00 pm
Friday: 9:00 am – 5:00 pm
Saturday: 9:00 am – 5:00 pm
Sunday: Closed
●Holidays & Closures
All Staff Institute Day: Thursday, April 30,
Closed All Day
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Memorial Day: Monday, May 25,
Closed All Day
Independence Day: Saturday, July 4,
Closed All Day
Labor Day: Monday, September 7,
Closed All Day
Thanksgiving: Thursday, November 26,
Closed All Day
Christmas: Friday, December 25,
Closed All Day
●Address & Contact
1625 W. Chicago Avenue Chicago IL 60622
Phone: (312) 743-0450
Email: westtownchipublib.org
●Get a Library Card
Getting a library card is easy – and it’s free! Please visit any CPL location to fill out an application.
Current, valid ID with name, photo and Chicago address is required.
●Facilities
After-hours book return
Bike rack
Computers
Meeting room
Wi-Fi
Parking lot
Scanner
●Upcoming Events at West Town
Design Challenge Day
Description: Are you up for a challenge? Drop in and tackle some design challenges using supplies provided by
the library. Prizes will be awarded for the most creative submissions.
Suitable for: Kids and Teens
Time: Tuesday, March 24, , 5:00 pm – 6:00 pm
Film Screening: The Zookeeper’s Wife (2017)
Description: Join the West Town branch for a screening of The Zookeeper’s Wife.
A married couple who work as
zoo caretakers help save Jewish people from the Nazi’s Holocaust.
Suitable for: Adults and Teens
Time: Tuesday, March 31, , 5:30 pm – 7:30 pm
1．When can people go and read in Chicago Public Library?
A．11:00 am, April 29, .
B．2:00 pm, May 25, .
C．9:00 am, July 5, .
D．6:00 pm, November 26, .
【答案】1．A
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【解析】本文为应用文。文章是一则芝加哥公共图书馆的告示，提到了图书馆的开放时间、节假日安排情况、
借书证的办理要求以及即将举行的活动情况。
1．细节理解题。根据“Hours”部分中“Thursday:12:00 pm - 8:00 pm(星期四：中午十二点到下午八点)”可知D 选
项“年11 月26 日星期四下午6 点”不能去看书；“Sunday: Closed(周末：休息)”可知C 选项“年7 月5 日星期日上
午9 点”这个时间不能去看书；根据“Holidays & Closures”部分中“Memorial Day: Monday, May 25,(阵亡将士纪念
日：年5 月25 日，星期一)”可知B 选项“年5 月25 日星期一下午2 点”不能去看书。所以人们只有在A 选项“年
4 月29 日星期三上午11 点”这个时间可以去芝加哥公共图书馆读书。故选A 项。
规律方法：如何解决数字计算题？
先理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。
1、仔细阅读文字说明部分，准确把握图表信息。
2、仔细分析题干，抓牢关键词。
3、运用数学公式计算，注意巧算。
【变式精讲】
1.
Ail Charms to You — Charm School is Coming!
Our Mission
Beautify the world by helping to reach your potential! We will focus on the body and spirit needed to become a
well-rounded individual. Through motivating, encouraging and training, we have changed the lives of 1,000 plus eager
young minds, aged 4—15. Our classes primarily focus on manners and etiquette, with academic subjects secondary.
Our aim is to make you presentable both inside and outside and prepare you for entry into society.
"Elegant Ladies" Class Overview
• Engage in artistic lessons including but not limited to six different dance styles.
• Style your hair in various ways.
• Take your sewing to the next level and see how easy it is to create a constructed dress.
• Master the art of tea ceremony.
• Practice daily conversations in a foreign language.
“Honorable Gentlemen" Class Overview
• Learn good manners and conversational skills in social context.
• Maintain reasonable dress code standards.
• Build a charming character and the future leadership at school.
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• Master time-management strategies. Learn how to do multitasking time-saving.
• Become an excellent golfer in your spare time.
• Learn to make safe small talk with a foreigner in class.
Costs
Tuitions：Early birds (before Dec.]) ：$9,000 Regular：$ 10,000
Black Slip-On Jazz Shoes (price varies)
Charm Jacket: $15 / $25 / $60
• All fees stated above are not due upon registering. For example, jacket fees are usually due the third week of the
session.
• We provide healthy lunch for energy support. Our lunch is not your ordinary "school box lunch", but instead,
fulfilling and hearty meals.
• With new applicants, we offer a one-time brief free-of-charge phone consultation with our experts. This gives us
the opportunity to get to know you better and allows you to bring up any questions you may have.
• Click here for many free printable material.
3．Which of the following is the correct information about costs?
A．The shoes and jacket cost $15 in total.
B．All fees have to be paid when you register.
C．The lunch and consultations are free of charge.
D．The tuitions have a 10% discount if you sign up early.
【答案】3．D
【解析】本文是应用文。文章是一则广告。介绍了一所礼仪学校的主要任务，授课内容，费用以及其它一些相
关情况。
3．细节理解题。根据Costs 部分的“Tuitions：Early birds (before Dec.]) ：$9,000 Regular：$ 10,000”可知，早
报名注册可以打折10%。故选D。
2.
The number of British students going to US universities has been climbing steadily over the past decade. The latest
available figures (from 2017- ) show 11,460 British students are choosing to study in US. This represents a small drop
(0.3%) from the previous year, showing that American degrees remain a popular choice.
Among the most popular American universities for British students are, Harvard, Y ale, Princeton, Stanford and
also institutions with convenient location-- New York University in New York City, or the University of Southern
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California in Los Angeles, for example.
Two factors motivate young people to head west for universities: academic opportunity and the increasing
availability of financial aid for foreign students. Anthony Nemecek, an education expert, explains, “While there are
many reasons British students consider higher education study in the US, the main reason is the wide range of choice
on offer, both subjects and institutions, as well as not having to decide their *major/course' until the end of the second
year."
One reason why the Brits may be unwilling to pursue a US degree is the cost. The University of Oxford, for
example, estimates living costs of f14,850 in , along with course fees of f9,250, so a total of f24,100. The
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a world-leading specialist in science, costs $73,1 60 (£59,447; more than
twice as much as Oxford), but most students at MIT will get financial aid. MIT is home to a financial aid program for
international students, making it a great place to apply if money is not enough.
4．How many British students went to US universities in 2016- 2017?
A．11,495.
B．11,460.
C．11,425.
D．14,898.
【答案】4．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了英国学生要去就读美国大学的原因。
4．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The latest available figures (from 2017- ) show 11,460 British students are choosing
to study in US. This represents a small drop (0.3%) from the previous year, showing that American degrees remain a
popular choice.（最新数据(2017- 年)显示，11460 名英国学生选择去美国学习。这比前一年下降了0.3%，表明
美国学位仍然是一个受欢迎的选择。）”可知，11460 名学生是去年的0.997 倍。2016- 2017 年美国大学的英国留
学生是11495 名，故选A 项。
3.
National Space Center, Leicester
An interactive museum of super-size space experiences: from a giant planet Earth you can touch to the UK’s
biggest domed planetarium (穹顶天文台) and a 42-meter rocket tower. You can’t miss the latter as you drive into
Leicester—the structure looks like it’s wrapped in giant inflatable pillows. Inside, it houses Blue Streak and Thor Able
rockets. Take in the full scale of them by riding a glass-sided lift up to the viewing platform. Elsewhere, there are six
galleries with plenty of buttons to press and screens to touch. It’s all under cover so it’s a good place to visit on a rainy
day!
What about lunch?
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The Boosters Cafe serves reasonably priced hot and cold snacks and drinks (hot dog from ￡4.95, plus jacket
potatoes, soups, sandwiches and salads)at the foot of the center’s two rockets The cafe offers vegetarian and vegan
options too.
Getting there
There is a regular bus service (No.54 with a stop two minutes’ walk from the center, as well as a park and ride
service from Birstall. East Midlands Trains and Cross-Country Trains operate services to Leicester station, from which
the center is a 25-minute bus ride. If driving, it’s just off the A6, north of the city center. Parking is ￡3 for the day.
Value for money
It’s not cheap- adult: ￡15, 5 to 16-year-olds: ￡12, but once you’ve paid you can revisit as many times as you
want in a year, and admission is free for kids under five.
Opening hours
10 am—4 pm Monday to Friday, 10 am—5 pm weekends and school holidays.
3．If a couple want to take their daughter a primary school student, and 15-year-old son to the space center, how much
will they spend on the tickets?
A．￡45.
B．￡57.
C．￡42.
D．￡54
【答案】3．D
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章对于参观莱斯特国家航天中心的游览项目、午餐、到达方式、门票价格以及开
放时间进行了介绍。
3．细节理解题。根据Value for money 部分It’s not cheap- adult: ￡15, 5 to 16-year-olds: ￡12, but once you’ve paid
you can revisit as many times as you want in a year, and admission is free for kids under five.（这并不便宜——成人：
15 英镑，5 至16 岁的孩子：12 英镑，但一旦你付了钱，你可以在一年内任意多次重访，5 岁以下的儿童免费入
场）可知如果一对夫妇想带着女儿一个小学生，和15 岁的儿子去太空中心，他们需要买票花费：15+15+12+12=54。
故选D。
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专题05 阅读理解III：推理判断
考点1 引申推断题
推理判断题
考点1 引申推断题
考点2 文章来源题
考点3 读者对象题
考点4 观点态度题
考点5 预测推断题
考点6 目的意图题
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
主。
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
【剖析全国高考真题】
阅读理解III：推理判断题考点1
引申推断题
1. B【·浙江卷】
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of
green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds.
By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135.
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Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around
the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive
signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a
researcher at Florida Atlantic University.
For all of Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research
engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly
beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make
a meaningful difference. “It’s not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he
says.
In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the
past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue
Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their
streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.
26．What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals?
A．They work better on broad roads.
B．They should be used in other cities.
C．They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.
D．They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.
27．What can we learn from Bellevue’s success?
A．It is rewarding to try new things.
B．The old methods still work today.
C．I pays to put theory into practice.
D．The simplest way is the best way.
【答案】26．D27．A
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。美国华盛顿州的Bellevue 采用了能随交通状况而调节交通灯时间的适应性信
号灯，大大缓解了交通压力，也表明人们对于交通阻塞问题不再只是拓宽道路，而是能够采用新方法。
26．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句中“adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways(但自适应信号并不
是解决拥堵道路的万能药)”及第二句中“others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on
the road will make a meaningful difference(其他城市交通堵塞如此严重，只有减少道路上的车辆才能起有意义的
作用) ”可推知，Kevin Balke 认为适应性信号灯对于交通堵塞很严重的城市没有太大帮助。故选D 项。
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27．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in
both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.(这些灯，被称为适应性信号灯，已经大大减少了通勤的
麻烦和花费)”最后一段第一句“In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming
new approaches.(在Bellevue，对适应性信号灯的转变是一个在欢迎新方法的价值方面的榜样)”可推知，从
Bellevue 的成功中可以得出，尝试新事物是值得的。故选A 项。
2. C【·浙江卷】
Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help
your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over
age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the
scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the
tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally
challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel
like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can
help your brain stay healthy. ”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for
example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office
work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to
organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or
genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.304
29．How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4?
A．By using an expert’s words.
B．By making a comparison.
C．By referring to another study.
D．By introducing a concept.
【答案】29．B
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。《神经病学》杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其
他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。
29．推理判断题。根据第四段中Francisca Then 说的话“This works just like physical exercise,( 这就像体育锻炼一
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样有效。)”及接下来进一步的解释“长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到
劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，Francisca Then 是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。
故选B 项。
3. B【·全国新高考II 山东卷】
Jenifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing
degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the
first in her large family to earn a bachelor's degree.
Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the
farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working
to pay her tuition（学费）, because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she
worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.
Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her career
and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire
program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to
home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. Jenifer received great support from her
family as she worked to car her degree: Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother
helped take care of the children at times.
Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors. Jennifer sacrificed（牺牲）to
achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. “Some nights my heart
was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers,” she says. However, her children have
learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an
inspiration to her family-and that's pretty powerful.
7. What can we learn from Jenifer's story? （
）
A. Time is money.
B. Love breaks down barriers.
C. Hard work pays off.
D. Education is the key to success.
【答案】7. C
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Jennifer 在家里不能提供大学教育的情况下，通过自己的努
力，以及家人的帮助完成了四年学位。她的努力不仅让自己以优异的成绩毕业，还给家人，尤其是她的三个孩
子树立了榜样，让他们得到了激励。
7.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段的Through it all, she remind in good academic standing and graduated with honors.(虽
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然经历了这些，但她一直保持着良好的学术地位，并以优异的成绩毕业)和However, her children have learned an
important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to
her family-and that’s the pretty powerful.(然而，她的孩子们在见证母亲获得学位的过程中得到了重要的一课。
Jennifer 是第一代毕业生，这对她的家庭来说是一种激励——这是非常强大的。)可知，Jennifer 在艰苦的环境中
通过自己的努力不仅以优异的成绩毕业，还给孩子树立了榜样，同时也让家人得到了激励。由此推测，我们可
以从Jennifer 的故事中学到：努力总会有回报。C. Hard work pays off.(努力会得到回报)符合以上说法，故选C
项。
4. D【·全国新高考II 山东卷】
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of
our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid
eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95
undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie
viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers
grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially
designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more
food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she
took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy
when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow
participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the
influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating
habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
14．Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A．To see how she would affect the participants.
B．To test if the participants could recognize her.
C．To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D．To study why she could keep her weight down.
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15．On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A．How hungry we are.
B．How slim we want to be.
C．How we perceive others.
D．How we feel about the food.
【答案】14．A15．C
【解析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文
章详述了这个实验的过程。
14．推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two
experiments”可知，为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的内容
可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，当演员
是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit because I
see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why
can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果一个
瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？因此推断我们是根据我们对他人的看
法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
5. B【·全国新课标I】
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity
- but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t
change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s
true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and
what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their
own weight.
There are three books I reread annually The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A
Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶
醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her
poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected
Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to
them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest
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currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you
that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24．Why does the author like rereading?
A．It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B．It’s a window to a whole new world.
C．It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D．It extends the understanding of oneself.
25．What do we know about the book A Moveable Feas!?
A．It’s a brief account of a trip.
B．It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C．It’s a record of a historic event.
D．It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26．What does the underlined word ＂currency＂in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．Debt
B．Reward.
C．Allowance.
D．Face value.
27．What can we infer about the author from the text?
A．He loves poetry.
B．He’s an editor.
C．He’s very ambitious.
D．He teaches reading.
【答案】24．D25．B26．B27．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者
鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
24．推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading
so rich and transformative.(但是书没变，人变了。那就是使重新阅读行为如此丰富和富于变化之处)”和第二段“The
beauty of rereading lies in that our bond with the work is based on our present register. It is true, the older I get, the
more I feel time has wings.(重新阅读的美妙之处在于我们与作品的联系是基于我们现在的心理状态。真的，我年
纪越大，就越觉得时光飞逝。)”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可以扩展对自己的理解。故选D 项。
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25．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.”及“an aging writer
looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964 年，这是他关于20 世纪20 年代在巴黎的
经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判断出A Movable Feast 是关于海明威
年轻时的生活。故选B 项。
26．词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”
可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader
can pay them.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。
故选B 项。
27．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The third book is Julio Cortázar’s Save Twilight: selected poems, because
poetry.(第三本书是胡里奥·科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌而喜欢
这本书。故选A 项。
6. C【·全国新课标II】
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t
cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made
from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have(showcased)nutria fur made into clothes in different
styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands
every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the
fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there
can’t handle this non-native species(物种).It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.” says Michael Massimi, an
expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the
cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince people
that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of
Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says，”To give people a guilt-free option that they can
wear without someone throwing paint on them-1 think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.”
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Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her
creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is
eco-friendly.318
31．What can we infer about wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?
A．It’s formal.
B．It’s risky.
C．It’s harmful.
D．It’s traditional.
【答案】31．B
【解析】本文是说明文。介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。海
狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示
了担忧。
31．推理判断题。根据第二段Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt –free option that they can wear
without someone throwing paint on them-I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least in New York. ” 得知，为了
给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根据模特摩
根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。故选B。
7. B【·全国新课标III】
When "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists
gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead,
one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks for not using
real apes (猿)!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture ( 动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals,
spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that I records an actor’s performance and later processes it with
computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet "Apes" is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit
organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000
productions this year. Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangover Part Ⅱ" and
"Zookeeper," have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the
off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the
States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the Sates.241
27. What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?
A. They may be badly treated.
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B. They should take further training.
C. They could be traded illegally
D. They would lose popularity.
【答案】27.A
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了电影“猩球崛起”上个月首次与公众见面。动物爱好者聚集在好
莱坞前，感谢电影制作者，在电影拍摄时，没有使用真的类人猿。现在的动物拍摄使用的是数字化人猿的创造
技术，而一些电影的拍摄却存在着虐待动物的现象，这让一个非盈利的组织密切关注此事。但有些拍摄也是不
能够被监测到的。
27.推理判断题。根据最后一段In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has
activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about
the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the Sates.”
（在某些情况下，让活动人士担心的并不是电影棚里对动物的待遇;让人担忧的是训练和生活条件。还有一些关
于在美国以外拍摄的电影的问题，这些电影有时不像在美国拍摄的电影那样受到严密的监控。）可知，在某些情
况下，让活动人士担心的并不是工作室里动物的待遇;令人担忧的是训练和生活条件。由此判断出动物演员可能
受到虐待。故选A 项。
【精讲研法】
阅读理解III：推理判断考点1 引申推断题
【做题实践中找规律】
1.
When it comes to understanding how another person thinks and feels, it might be best to close your eyes and listen.
A study by Michael Kraus, a social psychologist at Yale University, suggests that people are better able to pick up on
the emotions of others when simply focusing on their voice, compared with both watching and listening to them, or just
watching them.
The study was published in the journal American Psychologist. It described a series of five experiments involving
more than 1,770 participants who were asked to rate how another person felt using a series of scenes reflecting different
emotions. Among the experiments, 266 strangers were paired up. They were asked to discuss film and TV then food
and drink in both a lighted room and a room with the lights off. In each case, participants then rated their own emotions
and those of their partner on a series of scenes. The results revealed that participants were better able to accurately
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estimate their partner’s feelings when the lights were off.
Ray Wilkinson, professor of human communication at the University of Sheffield, said that the study was
interesting. But he noted that the findings were based an experimental situations that might not reflect “real life”
interactions, Wilkinson added, “While the content of a person's speech is, unsurprisingly, important, other researches
have found that gestures can help to get a point across.”
Wilkinson continued with the idea that the “true” emotion is problematic. As verbal and facial cues (暗示) might
offer a different message, which thus leads to a different emotion, the so-called “true” emotion can be part of what we
are wanting to convey. In other words, it depends what the ‘true’ emotion is, for that in itself can be a rather
controversial concept.
1．What is Ray Wilkinson's attitude towards the research?
A．Tolerant.
B．Ambiguous.
C．Favorable.
D．Skeptical.
2．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．The true emotion can be easily judged.
B．Facial cues will convey the true emotion.
C．Verbal cues can definitely show the true emotion.
D．The true emotion may not be reflected thoroughly.
【答案】1．D2．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了耶鲁大学社会心理学家迈克尔·克劳斯的一项研究表明，人们如果仅仅
关注他人的声音，就能更好地了解他人的情绪，但我们无法去定义“真正”的感情。
1．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“But he noted that the findings were based an experimental situations that might
not reflect “real life” interactions.（但他也指出，这些发现是基于实验情境，可能并不能反映“现实生活”的互动。）”
可推断，Ray Wilkinson 对这项研究持怀疑态度。故选D 项。
2．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“As verbal and facial cues (暗示) might offer a different message, which thus leads
to a different emotion, the so-called “true” emotion can be part of what we are wanting to convey.（由于语言和面部线
索可能提供不同的信息，从而导致不同的情绪，所谓的“真实”情绪可能是我们想要传达的内容的一部分。）”可
推断，真实的情感可能不会被彻底地反映出来。故选D 项。
2.
Even with wonderful friends, family and a partner, I don't always want to be surrounded by people. “Table for one?
Or will someone else be joining you?” A dinner reservation for one person never fails to raise a few eyebrows. I
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actively choose to spend time alone when possible. But not everyone has the luxury of choosing to be alone, of course,
many are forced into one-on-one time because they have no one.
But for those of us who spend our days surrounded by colleagues in the workplace, our evenings and weekends
with family, friends and partners, all the while being constantly bombarded by WhatsApp,social media and email, time
to ourselves can be a rare treat. Time to yourself not only gives you the chance to do practical things you don't normally
get round to but also the activities your pals don't want to do. In a less real way, spending time alone also allows-or
perhaps forces- you to sit with your own thoughts, to think about things that might normally be drowned out by
conversation and the noise of companionship. When you're alone you get time to think without purpose.
It is worth noting that I'm a real introvert(性格内向者）,so perhaps sitting alone with my thoughts-refilling my
energy reserves-might just be indulging personality traits that others don't have. But I believe more people could benefit
from it.
Given this constant social conditioning since childhood that we should be surrounded by people , it's no wonder
many hesitate to press forward at the idea of spending time alone-a sign we've failed at climbing that social ladder. And
if you're an extrovert who gets their energy from other people, this must be even harder. But as someone who has come
to love spending time alone, even when there are many wonderful souls in my life I can spend time with, I wish more
people would give solo a go.
Reservation for one, please.
1．What can we learn from the first paragraph?
A．The author wants to be alone all the time.
B．The author feels bored with family and friends.
C．Surrounded by people, the author still feels lonely.
D．Reserving a table for one will draw disapproving looks.
2．How does an introvert regain their energy according to the author?
A．By eating delicious food.
B．By reflecting on their own thoughts.
C．By socializing with others.
D．By reading their favourite books.
3．The last sentence "Reservation for one, please." is intended to
.
A．quote others' words
B．answer the waiter's question
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C．excite the readers' appetite
D．stress the author's determination
【答案】1．D2．B3．D
【解析】这是一篇议论文。本文介绍了作者认为人都需要独处的时间，独处能让你远离社交软件的轰炸，留出
时间去做一些实事，整理自己的思绪，发展个人性格特质。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“A dinner reservation for one person never fails to raise a few eyebrows.”作者认为一个
人外出就餐时总是会引来别人的侧目，可知大多数人不赞成一个人外出吃饭。故选D 项。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“It is worth noting that I'm a real introvert(性格内向者）,so perhaps sitting alone with my
thoughts-refilling my energy reserves-might just be indulging personality traits that others don't have. ”(值得注意的
是，我是一个性格内向者，所以也许独自坐着思考——补充我的能量储备——可能只是满足于别人没有的个性
特征。)可知性格内向者可以通过独处深思补充能量，发展个人特质。故选B 项。
3．推理判断题。最后一段“Reservation for one, please.”（请预定一个人的位置）与第一段独自一个人用餐会引来
别人的侧目呼应，第二到第四段作者阐述了独处的益处及呼吁大家多留时间独处做些有意义的事情。所以最后
一段“Reservation for one, please.”是为了强调作者的决心，故选D 项。
3.
As France enters a strict four-week lockdown in order to prevent a dangerous second wave of coronavirus, its
independent booksellers have requested the status of an essential service．
A statement announced by booksellers' association wants bookshops to be listed alongside supermarkets and
drugstores as necessary to human well-being．Bookstores might not be the first thing that comes to mind when we think
about what's needed in a dangerous situation, but they offer mental comfort that few other businesses can
match．"Books satisfy our needs for understanding, reflection, sharing and communication, even in separation," says the
statement．They appeal to the French government to "leave our bookstores open, so that social separation is not also
cultural isolation．"
Bookstores have already established rules of conduct that allow shopping to occur in a safe, gem-free
manner．They want curbside（路边）pickup to be allowed to continue, which means placing a customer's order to his car
trunk without the buyer leaving his vehicle．The staff should wear a mask and maintain at least six feet of distance
while delivering goods．
We also reached out to the American Booksellers Association（ABA）to learn whether American booksellers also
view themselves as a much-needed service．CEO Allison Hill admits that booksellers "in no way outweigh healthcare
workers during the stay-at-home period," but the role of bookstores and books should not be underestimated．Books are
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important to many people this year for various reasons, including homeschooling, education, emotional support,
connection, and humanity．That is why "bookstores in the U．S．are given essential status during shutdowns so that they
can continue offering curbside service．" Despite this, independent booksellers are struggling across the US, as they are
in France．Hill said in a press release that one bookshop has closed per week since COVID-19 started and that 25% are
in danger of closing by January．
1．Why did the association announce the statement?
A．To keep bookstores running．
B．To run bookshops near markets．
C．To compete with US booksellers．
D．To stress the benefits of books．
2．What can we infer from Allison Hill's words?
A．American bookstores are considered necessary．
B．The great importance of books is overlooked．
C．Booksellers are more important than doctors．
D．A quarter of bookstores have closed by January．
【答案】1．A2．A
【解析】本文是说明文，介绍了在隔离期间，书店应该是一项必不可少的服务。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段的“A statement announced by booksellers' association wants bookshops to be listed
alongside supermarkets and drugstores as necessary to human well-being.( 书商协会宣布的一份声明希望书店与超
市和药店一起开市，作为人类福祉的必要条件)”以及下文“They appeal to the French government to "leave our
bookstores open, so that social separation is not also cultural isolation．(他们呼吁法国政府“让我们的书店开放，这
样社交隔离也不是文化隔离)”可推断，协会发表声明是为了让书店继续运营下去。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“CEO Allison Hill admits that booksellers "in no way outweigh healthcare workers
during the stay-at-home period," but the role of bookstores and books should not be underestimated．(首席执行官艾莉
森希尔承认，书商“在隔离期间绝不会超过医疗保健人员”，但书店和书籍的作用不应被低估)”可推断，从艾莉
森希尔的话中，我们知道书店在疫情之下的美国被认为是必要的。故选A。
4.
Starman, the dummy(仿真人) riding a cherry-red Tesla Roadster(特斯拉敞篷车) through space, has made his
closest approach ever to Mars. The electric roadster and its passenger were attached to the top of a Falcon Heavy rocket
during the SpaceX rocket’s first test launch on 6 February .
Two years later, the Falcon Heavy rocket and the vehicle at its tip are making their second trip around the Sun. Mr.
McDowell, a Harvard astrophysicist, found that Starman passed 7.4 million kilometers from Mars at 06:25 GMT 7
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October, .
The closest recent approach between the Earth and Mars was 56 million kilometers in 2003, though the planets are
often hundreds of millions of miles apart depending on where they are in their orbits. No one can see the Falcon Heavy
rocket at its current distance, but orbits over periods of a few years are fairly straightforward to predict, and Mr.
McDowell used data about how the rocket was moving when it left the Earth’s gravity behind to locate its recent
movements exactly.
Last time Starman circled the Sun, McDowell said, it crossed Mars’ orbit while the Red Planet was quite far away.
But this time the crossing lined up with a fairly close approach, though still not close enough to feel a strong tug from
Mars.
At this point in time, if you were able to go look at the Roadster, it would probably look pretty different. The
strong solar radiation environment between the planets would probably have destroyed all the exposed organic
materials.
Without the Earth’s atmospheric and magnetic(磁场的) protection, even the plastics and carbon-fibre materials
would start to break up. Over the course of decades or centuries, the car will end up with its aluminium(铝) frame and
hard glass parts----that’s assuming that none of them get destroyed in impacts with passing space rocks.
What can we infer from the first two paragraphs?
A．Starman is now circling around the Earth in its orbit.
B．Starman has set out on its second trip around the Sun.
C．Starman has traveled 7.4 million kilometers after launch.
D．Starman still has a long way to go before getting to Mars.
【答案】B
【解析】本文是新闻报道。主要讲述了Starman 和座驾特斯拉Roadster 接近了火星。
推理判断题。根据第一段的“Starman, the dummy(仿真人) riding a cherry-red Tesla Roadster(特斯拉敞篷车) through
space, has made his closest approach ever to Mars.( Starman，乘坐樱桃红的Tesla Roadster，已经离火星最近)”和第
二段的“the Falcon Heavy rocket and the vehicle at its tip are making their second trip around the Sun.(猎鹰重型火箭
和其顶端的运载工具正在进行第二次绕太阳飞行)”可推断，Starman 已经开始了它的第二次绕太阳飞行。故选B。
5.
Social media is taking over our lives: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and now, TikTok. These social media
platforms have transformed from a way to stay connected to an industry where even kids can make money off their
posts. While this may seem like another opportunistic innovation, it’s really full of hidden false realities.
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The median income (中位收入) recorded in the United States of America was about $63,000 in . TikTokers can
make anywhere from $50,000 to $150,000 for a TikTok brand partnership, and TikTokers with over a million followers
can make up to $30,000 a month — $360,000 a year. They are making more than the average person trying to feed their
family and keep a roof over their heads, simply by posting a 15-second video.
This is mad in more ways than one. Not only is it an overpaid “job”, it promotes undeserved admiration from
viewers and a false sense of reality. Many of these famous TikTokers are still teens, and the effects of fame at such an
early stage in life might cause issues later in life, such as mental illness. Teens between the ages of 13 and 17 make up
27% of TikTok viewers, who can be easily influenced by what they are watching. They can put a false sense of
self-value into who they look up to and what they represent: money, fame, being considered conventionally attractive.
While TikTok has become a great tool for marketing, it’s important to understand how this content affects young
viewers. If we’re constantly consuming content that hsows us all we need to do to be successful is be conventionally
attractive and post a 15-second video featuring a new dance, it will challenge our knowledge of what really makes
someone successful and will in turn affect our individual work ethics (伦理). What about the people who miss birthdays
and family holidays due to their jobs and aren’t getting paid nearly as much as these TikTokers?
Richard Colyer, president and creator of Metaphor, Inc., had his own view on this issue.
“It sounds great that kids can make money for doing the latest dance moves in a 15-second video, but we should
feed the minds of kids and not just their bank accounts. TikTok can be great if used properly. Money alone is not good,
technology alone is not good and connectedness can be bad if it’s only online.”
Again, as a fellow consumer of TikTok, I do enjoy the app when I have some time to kill and need a good laugh.
I’m not against someone making a living on entertainment, but what does getting famous of a 15-second video teach
young people?
What can we infer from Richard Colyer’s comments?
A．TikTok can be a positive influence if teens employ it wisely.
B．Young TikTokers should be banned form making money.
C．It is better to involve education on investment in TikTok videos.
D．Contents of videos need checking before their release online.
【答案】A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍当今社交媒体平台已经从一种保持联系的方式转变为一种连孩子都可以
通过发帖赚钱的行业，然而过早接触可能会在以后的生活中造成问题。
推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“TikTok can be great if used properly.(如果使用得当，TikTok 可以很棒)”可知，
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Richard Colyer 认为如果青少年明智地使用TikTok，它可以产生积极的影响。故选A 项。
规律方法：如何解决引申推断题？
引申推断题属于深层理解题，要求根据语篇内容，推断具体细节。做此类题目关键是要正确把握文章的内
在关系，理解文章的真正含义，要忠实于原文，千万不能主观臆断，随意揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者
的观点。此类题目的题干一般包括六个动词：infer(推断)，indicate(象征，暗示)，imply(暗示)，suggest(暗示)，
assume(假定，设想)和conclude(推断，做出结论)。
【变式精讲】
1.
In 1991, Keith White was at the centre of a 14-vehicle pile-up when a truck crossed the central reservation and hit
the van in which he was a passenger. White survived, but his left arm was crushed beyond repair, and he lost his
memory for two years.
His pilot license was removed and he could no longer follow his passion for diving. But he had been sailing since
he was 16, and so, in 2004, he decided to buy a boat, fitting it out so he could sail it single-handedly. “I didn’t know at
that point if I could sail with one hand,” he says. “But at the back of my mind I had always thought I could do anything
if I put my mind to it.”
Within a year, White had taken on the challenge of being the first one-armed sailor to circumnavigate (环航) the
British Isles. Then he crossed the Atlantic alone in 2008. Last year he became the first sailor with a disability to
circumnavigate the globe.
Sailing single-handed for weeks requires mental, as well as physical, strength, especially when you are alone. So
how does he do it? It’s a question that makes the yachtsman (帆船运动员) laugh. “When you have seven children it’s
lovely to have a little time on your own! It’s awesome,” he jokes. “I do a log every hour, and my diary, and I read a few
books. I have very little sleep.” “I’m a sociable person: I do like lots of people around. Answering emails and chatting
over Facebook can help stop any loneliness,” he adds.
When White made his first Atlantic crossing, he was disappointed to have his peace and quiet broken by his arrival
on land. But, he says, he threw himself into meeting new people. In between adventures, he likes sailing with people
who haven’t tried it before or get involved in yacht races with friends. Perhaps the main reason for his success in
adjusting to life after a big adventure, he says, is that he always has an idea for a new one in his back pocket. “It keeps
me ticking over — there’s always something new to do. I just like challenges and one leads to another.”
1．Why couldn’t White continue his passion for diving?
A．He lost his left arm.
B．His license was due.
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C．He had a new hobby.
D．His memory was poor.
2．How did White spend his time at sea?
A．By staying awake.
B．By visiting old friends.
C．By keeping himself busy.
D．By attending his children.
3．Which of the following best describes Keith White?
A．Creative.
B．Humorous.
C．Easy-going.
D．Adventurous.
【答案】1．A2．C3．D
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Keith White 身残志坚的励志故事，由于一次意外，他失去了左臂
并且失去了两年的记忆，但是最后他决定去航行，获得了成功。
1．推理判断题。通过文章第一段“White survived, but his left arm was crushed beyond repair, and he lost his memory
for two years.(White 活了下来，但他的左臂被压得无法修复，他失去了两年的记忆)”可推知，White 不能继续跳
水是因为他失去了左臂。故选A 项。
2．推理判断题。通过文章第四段White 的话“I do a log every hour, and my diary, and I read a few books. I have very
little sleep.(我每小时做一次日志，写日记，读几本书。)”可推知，White 通过让自己忙碌的方式度过在海上的时
光。故选C 项。
3．推理判断题。通过文章最后一句“I just like challenges and one leads to another.(我只是喜欢挑战，一个接一个)”
结合全文可知，Keith White 是一个喜欢冒险的人。故选D 项。
2.
There is more that comes with older age than greying hair and wrinkled skin When humans reach their later years,
they favour more established friends and their social circle is reduced.
Now, for what appears to be the first time, scientists have seen the same behaviour in another species. Twenty
years of observations of chimpanzees (猩猩) reveal that older males choose to hang out with their long-term friends at
the expense of other relationships.
The researchers studied 78, 000 hours of observations made between 1996 and 2016 that followed the social
interactions of 21 male chimpanzees between the ages of 15 and 58 years old. They classified the chimps’ relationships
depending on the amount of time they sat with others and groomed (梳毛) them. They then rated the various pairings as
mutual (相互的) friendships, where both chimps seemed to enjoy the relationship; one-sided friendships, where one
chimp was more keen to be friends than the other; and non-friendships, where neither chimp showed interest in the
other.
When the scientists looked at the patterns of friendships, they found that the older chimps had more mutual
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friendships and fewer one-sided friendships than younger chimps. Another feature seen in older humans was also
spotted in the chimps. As the males got older, their levels of aggression (挑衅) tailed off, meaning they started fewer
fights and tended to intimidate others in their group less often.
The observations have left the researchers puzzled. According to an idea in psychology known as socioemotional
selectivity theory, or SST, older humans prefer more positive relationships because they are aware time is running out.
But many animal experts argue that chimpanzees lack the human sense of mortality (死亡), suggesting something else
is driving the behaviour.
Robin Dunbar, a professor of evolutionary psychology at the University of Oxford, said in humans, the decline in
social circles with age is due to declining social motivation to get out and meet people combined by lack of opportunity.
In chimpanzees, as older males compete less for mates, they may focus on close, reciprocal (互惠的) relationships with
trusted partners, she said.
How did the researchers draw their conclusion about chimpanzees?
A．By turning to other scientists.
B．By introducing a new concept.
C．By forming relationships with them.
D．By analyzing two decades’ observations.
【答案】D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了黑猩猩的社交模式。
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The researchers studied 78, 000 hours of observations made between 1996 and 2016
that followed the social interactions of 21 male chimpanzees between the ages of 15 and 58 years old.(研究人员研究了
1996 年至2016 年间对21 只年龄在15 岁至58 岁之间的雄性黑猩猩进行的7.8 万小时的社会交往观察)”可推知，
研究人员是通过分析二十年来的观察得出关于黑猩猩的结论的。故选D 项。
3.
Gabriela worked for a multinational company as a successful project manager in Brazil. Later she was transferred
to manage a team in Sweden. She was excited about her new role but soon realized that managing her new team would
be a challenge.
Despite their friendliness, Gabriela didn’t feel respected as a leader. Her new staff would question her proposals
openly in meetings. When she gave them instructions on how to carry out a task, they would often go about it in their
own way without checking with her. When she announced her decisions on the project, they would continue giving
their opinions as if it were still up for discussion.
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What Gabriela was experiencing was a cultural shock in expectations. Dutch psychologist Geert Hofstede uses the
concept of “power distance” to describe how power is distributed in different cultures. In her previous work
environment, Gabriela was used to a high power distance culture where power is respected. In such a culture, leaders
make the big decisions and are not often challenged. Her Swedish team, however, were used to working in a low power
distance culture where employees often work together with their bosses to find solutions and make decisions. Here,
leaders act as coaches who encourage independent thought and expect to be challenged.
When Gabriela became aware of the cultural differences between her and her team, she took the initiative (主动权)
to have an open conversation with them about their feelings about her leadership.
Pleased to be asked for their thoughts, Gabriela’s team openly expressed that they were not used to being told what
to do. They enjoyed having more room for initiative and creative freedom. When she told her team exactly what she
needed them to do, they felt that she didn’t trust them to do their job well.
With a better understanding of the reasons behind each other’s behavior，Gabriela was able to make adjustments to
her management style. Finally she effectively motivated her team to achieve their goals.
1．Which of the following can best describe Gabriela?
A．Kind but arbitrary.
B．Strict but trustworthy.
C．Flexible and communicative.
D．Stubborn and aggressive.
2．What a lesson can we learn from Gabriela’s story?
A．Birds of a feather flock together.
B．Don’t judge a book by its cover.
C．Two heads are better than one.
D．When in Rome, do as Romans do.
【答案】1．C2．D
【解析】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了Gabriela 到瑞典工作中，经历了高权力距离文化和低权力距离文化的
文化冲击。她适应当地的工作文化，调整自己的工作方式。
1．推理判断题。文章第四段中提到“she took the initiative to have an open conversation with them…”，Gabriela 主
动和员工开诚布公地交谈，说明她有很强的沟通交流能力；第六段中提到“Gabriela was able to make adjustments
to her management style.”了解到原因之后，Gabriela 能够调整自己的管理方式。这说明她能根据具体情况，灵活
调整自己的工作方式。由此可以推断，Gabriela 是一个灵活的、善于沟通的管理者。故选C。
2．推理判断题。文章讲述了Gabriela 被派到瑞典管理一个新的团队，经历了低权力距离文化的冲击后，能够根
据当地的文化调整自己的管理方式。文章最后一段还提到“With a better understanding of the reasons behind each
other’s behavior，Gabriela was able to make adjustments to her management style.(Gabriela 对彼此行为背后的原因有
了更好的了解后，能够调整自己的管管理方式)”。由此推断，从Gabriela 的故事中，我们体会到了“When in Rome,
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do as Romans do.(入国问禁，入乡随俗)”。故选D。
4.
I grew up eating eggs from white shells; I didn't know they could be any other color.
Our eggs came from the grocery store in styrofoam packaging, and the eggs in the refrigerators at all my friends'
houses were exactly the same. Life in the 1970s and 1980s meant no farmer's markets, no trips to farms and no concept
of food variety.
When I began buying my eggs at the farmer's market, things changed. The eggs were brown and usually in
paperboard cartons or Styrofoam cartons that were clearly being reused.
I know I'm not the only one who had that experience with eggs, so it's no wonder that many people assume brown
eggs are more nutritious. If we're working off the assumption that all white eggs at the grocery store come from big
factory farms and that all brown eggs come from local farmers who raise free-range chickens... sure. Brown is better.
But is that true?
Eggshell color is determined by the breed of the hen, not by the conditions in which the chicken is raised.
Generally speaking, you can tell whether eggs will be white by looking at a hen's earlobes, the colored skin on the side
of the head. Hens with white earlobes generally lay white eggs. Hens with brown or reddish earlobes generally lay eggs
that are brown, or sometimes light green, blue or a speckled creamy color, according to Michigan State University
Extension.
No one breed of hen, however, is proven to lay a more nutritious egg than another, despite the color of the eggshell.
Not all eggs are created equal because not all hens are raised the same way.
A test done by Mother Earth News on eggs taken from 14 flocks around the country whose hens were allowed
frequent access to fresh pasture, land covered with grass, found that true free-range eggs were nutritionally superior to
eggs sold in grocery stores.
“True” free-range means just that eggs from the grocery store that are marketed as free range do not necessarily
come from hens that have spent their days wandering the barnyard, getting fresh air and eating a natural diet. When
“Free-range” is on an egg carton, it means that the chickens can move around their building and have access to the
outdoors “during their production cycle”．
But access doesn't guarantee time outside. There's no regulation that says getting to that door has to be easy, how
big the outdoor area must be, or that a chicken ever has to get outside. A chicken in a crowded henhouse may never get
to the door, and if it manages to go through it, it may find there's no room for it in the small area outside.
That's why it's so hard to determine if free-range eggs at the store come from truly free-range chickens. At a farm
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or farmers' market, you can ask about the conditions that the hens' are raised in before you buy.
Another factor in the nutrition of an egg is the hens' diet. Although chickens are not vegetarians by nature—bugs
and worms are part of their natural diets—Consumer Reports tested grocery store eggs and found that “hens fed
vegetarian diets tended to have more of certain vitamins and omega-3s than those from hens fed a conventional diet”.
So when you're choosing eggs and aiming for nutrition, don't judge an egg by its shell color. White eggs can be
just as nutritious as brown eggs. Hens that are kept in conditions that are natural to them—with access to the outdoors,
sunlight and exercise—and fed a good diet are what you're looking for. To find them, you'll need to ask some questions
and, perhaps, pay a little more, because raising hens in pastures costs more than raising them at factory farming.
1．It is implied in the passage that nowadays ________.
A．true free-range chickens can no longer be found anywhere
B．so-called free-range hens remain in henhouses all day long
C．the word “free-range” is only used as a means of cheating
D．the definition of “free-range” can sometimes be ambiguous
2．We can learn from the passage that ________.
A．nutritional value of eggs depends on nothing but what hens eat
B．a diet mixed with plants and worms makes eggs more nutritious
C．farmers should feed hens scientifically to get high-quality eggs
D．the breed of hens should be improved for the purpose of nutrition
【答案】1．D2．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。作者结合自身在农贸市场买鸡蛋，发现鸡蛋是棕色的为引入，告诉人们什么是真正
的“散养鸡”，影响鸡蛋营养的因素以及该如何选择有营养的鸡蛋。
1．推理判断题。根据倒数第五段““True” free-range means just that eggs from the grocery store that are marketed as
free range do not necessarily come from hens that have spent their days wandering the barnyard, getting fresh air and
eating a natural diet. When “Free-range” is on an egg carton, it means that the chickens can move around their building
and have access to the outdoors “during their production cycle”．(“真正的”自由放养是指食品杂货店里卖的鸡蛋并
不一定来自那些整天在院子里转悠、呼吸新鲜空气、吃天然食物的母鸡。当“自由放养”一词出现在鸡蛋盒上时，
这意味着“在生产周期”，鸡可以在它们的房子里走动，可以到户外活动)”以及倒数第四段“But access doesn't
guarantee time outside. There's no regulation that says getting to that door has to be easy, how big the outdoor area must
be, or that a chicken ever has to get outside. A chicken in a crowded henhouse may never get
to
the door, and if it manages to go through it, it may find there's no room for it in the small area outside.(但可以到户外
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活动并不能保证有时间外出。并没有规定说，到达那扇门必须很容易，户外区域必须有多大，或者鸡必须跑到
外面。在拥挤的鸡舍里，一只鸡可能永远不会走到门口，如果它成功地穿过了门，它可能会发现门外的小区域
已经没有它的空间了)”可推知，如今“自由放养”的定义有时会很模糊。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Consumer Reports tested grocery store eggs and found that “hens fed vegetarian
diets tended to have more of certain vitamins and omega-3s than those from hens fed a conventional diet”.(《消费者报
告》测试了杂货店里的鸡蛋，发现“喂食素食的母鸡往往比喂食传统饮食的母鸡有更多的特定维生素和omega -
3”)”可推知，农民应该科学喂养母鸡以获得优质鸡蛋。故选C。
5.
The spine (脊柱) stands at the center of your health, providing your body with structure and support. It also
contains a major collection of nerves that deliver electric signals from the rest of the body to your brain. Since your
spine is so central to health, it’s important to take care of it.
Staying in a good position is one of the most important things you can do to keep your spine healthy. A proper
position means standing or sitting while keeping your spine straight, except for its natural bending. Positions play a
vital part even when you’re asleep. Stomach sleeping is far from a good idea. Many people prefer sleeping on their side,
which is in the interests of their spine. Sleeping on your back has lots of benefits yet can cause lower back pain and put
some pressure on your spine.
Staying still for too long — even if your position is good — can be hard on your back. Especially if you work at a
task most of the day, it’s important to get up and stretch (伸展) periodically. Therefore, exercise is also a key part in the
health of your spine. Stretches can help the muscles (肌肉) around your spine relax. Strength exercises with light
weights or body weight exercises like push-ups can also help by strengthening the muscles. However, don’t overdo the
exercise, as repeated movements can hurt the muscles around the spine, as trying to lift heavy weights with poor
technique.
Your diet also affects the health of your spine because many vitamins are necessary for bones and nerves. In
particular, vitamin B and omega-3 fatty acids help keep nerves healthy. Another important part is vitamin D, which is
required for strong bones. Vitamin D can come from some foods, but it’s also absorbed from sunlight, so it may help to
do some exercises outside. At last, many of the actions necessary to keep a spine healthy are similar to those used to
protect your health in other ways. So protect your back, and the rest of the body will benefit.
1．What is suggested in Paragraph 3?
A．Doing a proper amount of exercise.
B．Staying still in a good position.
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C．Repeating a certain movement more.
D．Strengthening muscles of the whole body.
2．What can we infer about vitamins?
A．Vitamin B reacts with omega-3 fatty acids.
B．Abundant vitamin D guarantees strong bones.
C．Vitamin D can’t be absorbed without sunlight.
D．Doing push-ups outside increases vitamin D intake.
【答案】1．A2．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了脊柱对于身体的重要性，并提出一些有助于脊柱健康的锻炼方法。
1．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Therefore, exercise is also a key part in the health of your spine. Stretches can help the
muscles (肌肉) around your spine relax. Strength exercises with light weights or body weight exercises like push-ups
can also help by strengthening the muscles.”（因此，运动也是脊椎健康的关键部分。伸展运动可以帮助你脊椎周
围的肌肉放松。轻重量的力量练习或俯卧撑等体重练习也可以帮助增强肌肉。）等可知，做适量的运动有益于脊
椎。故选A 项。
2．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Vitamin D can come from some foods, but it’s also absorbed from sunlight, so it may
help to do some exercises outside.”（维生素D 可以来自一些食物，但也可以从阳光中吸收，所以在户外做一些运
动可能会有帮助。）可知，在室外做俯卧撑可以增加维生素D 的摄入量。故选D 项。
专题05 阅读理解III：推理判断
考点2 文章来源题
推理判断题
考点1 引申推断题
考点2 文章来源题
考点3 读者对象题
考点4 观点态度题
考点5 预测推断题
考点6 目的意图题
【考纲解读】
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考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
主。
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
【剖析全国高考真题】
阅读理解III：推理判断题考点2
文章来源题
1.C【·全国I】
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测
量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still
expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this
problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and the
pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force
of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can
determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected
to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a
keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times using the
smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they
typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to
commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near
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future.
31. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary.
B. A guidebook
C. A novel.
D. A magazine.
【答案】
31. D
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。目前，数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。
本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，这项技术通过记录用户的打字习惯来识别主人，为网络空间用户保护
隐私。
31. D 推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space 用户带来安全，由此可知，本文是
科技说明文，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本科研杂志上。故选D。
2.（新课标全国卷Ⅱ，B）
Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are in abundance. These
colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries contain
a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly high in
antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into
vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares? However, they are rich in
vitamin C.
When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling fruit
shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter. Remove the
skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas
will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their ripeness and the
temperature of the freezer.
If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a
“soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love feeding
the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
27. From which is the text probably taken?
A. A biology textbook.
B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper.
D. A travel brochure.
【文章大意】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文中讲述了人们热爱水果丰盛的7 月，这时候各种水果营养
丰富且含有对人体有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我们可以利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。
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【精讲研法】
阅读理解III：推理判断考点2 文章来源题
【做题实践中找规律】
1.
A simple mosquito bite can mean serious illness or death. So we spray large areas with chemicals to wipe out
mosquitoes. But this has a bad influence on the whole ecosystem and your health. Now there’s a new device (装置),
which claims to keep you and your loved ones mosquito-free：
What are we talking about?
Mosquitron, a brand new type of bug (虫子) catcher, designed by two German engineers, is perfect for clearing
your home of all annoying and dangerous flying pests!
How does it work?
◆It is easy to set up; plug it in — and away you go!
◆It lures (引诱) the flying pests near using a safe, completely harmless UV light.
◆A reverse fan sucks the insects through a one-way trapdoor.
◆Once trapped in the drying basket, they are dried to death by the fan within 2 minutes.
◆You can simply empty the dead bugs into the trash, without even touching them.
◆No need for batteries or any chemicals.
How much does it cost?
It’s now ＄179.99. It may seem expensive at first, but when you consider most devices need regular, expensive
refills and don’t work for more than 10 minutes, this is a pretty good deal. In fact, competitor products using the same
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UV technology are priced at over ＄250! Now you can buy it from the supplier’s website with 50% off and with free
shipping for a limited time by clicking here. Note: The device can only be returned or exchanged if it arrives damaged,
and you must pay in advance.
What type of writing is this text?
A．A review.
B．An advertisement.
C．An instruction.
D．A report.
【答案】B
【解析】本文是一篇广告。文章主要介绍了新型捕虫器Mosquitron 的工作方式和价钱。
推理判断题。根据全文，特别是文章最后一段“It’s now ＄179.99. It may seem expensive at first, but when you
consider most devices need regular, expensive refills and don’t work for more than 10 minutes, this is a pretty good
deal.（现在是179.99 美元。一开始可能看起来很贵，但当你考虑到大多数设备需要常规的、昂贵的补充，并且
工作时间不超过10 分钟时，这是一个相当不错的交易。）”可知，文章主要想让读者购买这一款驱蚊器，因此这
是一则广告。故选B 项。
2.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the greatest fear was that the human race, and possibly all advanced life forms on the
planet, could be wiped out by nuclear missiles. Today, however, environmental problems have taken over as the greatest
risk to life on Earth. Scientists are thinking of ways to lower this risk, such as replacing coal and oil with forms of
renewable energy. But they are also preparing for the worst: what can we do if the terrifying scenes in films such as The
Day After Tomorrow happen in real life? What is our plan B for Earth?
One option is to explore other planets to see if we could live on them. The most likely choice is Mars, which is
relatively close to Earth and has an environment less hostile than that of other planets. Mars has fascinated people since
ancient times, and today our interest in Martian exploration is greater than ever before. Besides, more governments are
making efforts to educate the public on the Red Planet.
There is no doubt that humankind is drawn towards Mars. However, sending people there will require all the skill,
courage and intelligence. While the Moon can be reached within days, it would take months to reach Mars, travelling
through dangerous solar radiation. And even if the first settlers do reach Mars safely, they may not be able to return to
Earth — ever. Staying alive will be a daily challenge, but as proved by the Biosphere 2 experiment, not impossible. As
early as the 1980s, scientists were building Biosphere 2 in the Arizona desert, consisting of a closed space in which
people, animals and plants could live together. Although the two-year experiment was not a success, it did provide us
with a better understanding of how humans might be able to live on another planet.
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For now, human settlement of Mars is still decades away. Until we are finally able to live on another planet, we
need to take much better care of our own. Right now, it's the only one we have!
1．What can be inferred from the passage?
A．Humans have visited Mars.
B．The Biosphere 2 experiment proved to be valueless.
C．Humans will have to go and live on another planet.
D．Our Plan A includes developing renewable energy resources.
2．From which magazine would the passage probably be taken?
A．The Traveler.
B．Environmental Concerns.
C．All About Space.
D．Biology for Fun,
【答案】1．D2．B
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨了面对环境问题，科学家们所想的解决办法以及可能存在的问题。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Scientists are thinking of ways to lower this risk, such as replacing coal and oil with
forms of renewable energy. But they are also preparing for the worst: what can we do if the terrifying scenes in films
such as The Day After Tomorrow happen in real life? What is our plan B for Earth?”可知，面对环境问题，科学家们
在考虑降低风险的方法。例如，用可更新能源来取代煤和石油。但是同时科学家们也为最坏的情况做好了准备。
他们也准备了B 计划。由此可知，用可更新能源来取代煤和石油属于A 计划。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Today, however, environmental problems have taken over as the greatest risk to life
on Earth(今天，环境问题是地球生命的最大威胁)”、第二段中的“One option is to explore other planets to see if we
could live on them.(一个选择就是探索其他星球看看是否我们可以在上面居住)”、第三段中的“However, sending
people there will require all the skill, courage and intelligence.(但是把人们送到那里需要技术、勇气和智力)”可知，
该段主要探讨的是如何解决环境问题。那么，这样的文章最有可能出现在和环境有关的杂志上。故选B。
3.
Do you want to have an interesting summer picnics with your family? Here we offer four of the top picnic
areas across the US.
Cumberland Islands, Georgia
Just hours south of Savannah, this national seashore is an ideal picnic place. It' s not a destroyed place in the Deep
South with over 50 miles of hiking trails (路线).Covered in Spanish moss (苔藓)，the paths are lined with trees and
since it' s still a rural area, the stars gather for a spectacular show at night and create the perfect evening starlit picnic
opportunity.
Grant Park, Chicago
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Go for a taste of a 20-day lakefront for delicious food in Chicago, because food festival happens in October each
year. Take a spot near the fountain to enjoy your picnic, appreciate the city scenery and lake views and relax with
family and friends. If you are there on July 1st, make sure to plan the day to include the fireworks display at the Navy
Pier.
Cranberry Islands, Maine
Here, you'll enjoy natural picnics with island views. The islands are a delightful group of islands about 20 minutes
offshore from Acadia National Park. You can visit the islands by private boat. Bring a picnic basket along for the ride as
it 's a romantic picnic area to go for a family outing to visit the islands.
Big Sur, California
The Point Lobos State Reserve is a small gem (胜地).Besides the coastal wildlife there are rare plant communities,
and unique geological formations. It's good to have a picnic there. You are recommended to bring a telescope, because
much of the wildlife can be seen only at a distance.
Where is the text most probably from?
A．A personal diary.
B．A travel magazine.
C．A science report.
D．A geography textbook.
【答案】B
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了美国的4 个顶级野餐区的相关信息。
推理判断题。根据第一段“Do you want to have an interesting summer picnics with your family? Here we offer four of
the top picnic areas across the US.(你想和你的家人有一个有趣的夏季野餐吗?在这里，我们为您介绍全美最适合野
餐的四个地方。) ”以及文章主要介绍了四个最佳野餐地点可知，最可能在一本旅游杂志上读到这篇文章。故选
B。
4.
I look around and can't recognize where I am. I see my friends gathered by a stage where music is playing and I
run over. As I begin running towards them, they become further and further away. I keep calling for them, but no one
hears me. I start hearing a distant alarm-like sound and I am transported away. I woke up in at a loss sitting in my bed.
“Oh, it was only a dream,” I said to myself. I have always had vivid and intense dreams.
Today, dreaming is being studied even more than ever. Some say that dreams are how your receptors (受体) make
sense of random thoughts while you sleep. Some say that you can't dream of a face you have never seen before, so
everyone you see in your dreams you have at least laid eyes on at one time or another.
Other people think dreams are ways of expressing stress or internal feelings you may be experiencing. A lot of
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people say that they have dreams about being chased (追逐).
A common interpretation of the “being chased” dream is that you are feeling threatened. Some dream
interpretation sites say you should try to reflect on what or who is chasing you to get a better idea of what is making
you feel this way.
Another dream that is often experienced is flying. This dream has a much more positive interpretation, which is
that you are feeling free or have broken out of a bad situation such as a relationship turned sour or a job you hate.
Unfortunately, if you even remember your dreams at all, you forget half of your dream within five minutes of
waking up and within 10 minutes, you usually forget 90 percent of it.
Dreamologists who devote time to the study of dreams, suggest if you want to try to remember and study your
dreams you should keep a journal beside your bed and jot down what you dreamt as soon as you wake up so you can
reflect on it later.
Where is the text most likely from?
A．A biology textbook.
B．
A travel guidebook.
C．A physics book.
D．A science newspaper.
【答案】D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章描述了研究发现人的梦境和自己的状态有关，并诠释了各种不同梦境的意义，
因此可以尽量将梦境记下来。
14．推理判断题。由第二段中的“Today, dreaming is being studied even more than ever.”（今天，做梦的研究比以
往任何时候都多。）和纵观全文可知，文章主要讲述研究发现人的梦境和自己的状态有关，并诠释了各种不同梦
境的意义，因此可以尽量将梦境记下来，这篇文章可能来自于一份科学报纸。故选D 项。
5.
The Apollo Missions
“That's one small step for a man. One giant leap for mankind.”
— Neil Armstrong
Apollo’s Goals
The national effort that enabled Astronaut Neil Armstrong to speak those words as he stepped onto the lunar
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surface fulfilled a dream as old as humanity. Project Apollo’s goals went beyond landing Americans on the moon and
returning them safely to Earth.
Apollo 13
Apollo 13 has been called a “successful failure,” because the crew never landed on the Moon, but they made it
home safely after an explosion crippled their ship. When the associated heater was turned on during flight, the tank
exploded depleting almost all of the power from the command module and forcing the crew to use the lunar module as
a lifeboat. Jim Lovell, Fred Haise and Jack Swigert came home safely thanks to the mission control team’s improvised
procedures and their own ability to implement them.(Launch: April 11, 1970; splashdown: April 17)
Apollo 14
Notable for the return of America’s first astronaut, Alan Shepard, to space, Apollo 14 also was probably the
smoothest lunar landing to that point. The crew spent more than nine hours outside the lunar module and set up a
number of experiments. Shepard set a new distance record by walking more than 9,000 feet on the lunar surface,
pulling a hand cart to carry their tools and samples.(Launch: Jan. 31, 1971: lunar landing: Feb. 5: splashdown, Feb. 9)
Apollo 15
For the first time, humans drove a car on the Moon. The first of the Apollo “J” Missions-designed for longer stays
on the Moon - the mission carried a lunar rover, which Commander David Scott and Lunar Module Pilot James Irwin
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used while they were on the surface for more than I8 hours. They traveled more than 17 miles in the rover, setting up
experiments and collecting 170 pounds of samples. Before leaving the lunar surface, Scott conducted an experiment to
test Galileo’s theory that objects in vacuum, without air resistance, would fall at the same rate. He dropped a geological
hammer and a feather, which hit the ground at the same time, proving Galileo right.(Launch: July 26, 1971, lunar
landing: July 30: splashdown: Aug. 7)
Which of the following column is this article most likely to be found?
A．Booming Science
B．Exploring the Unknown
C．Mechanical World
D．Transforming Moon
【答案】B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章简要地讲述了，阿波罗登月计划任务的目标及阿波罗的几次太空登月任务。
推理判断题。由第一段的““That's one small step for a man. One giant leap for mankind.”— Neil Armstrong”（“这
对一个男人来说是一小步。对人类来说是一个巨大的飞跃。”——尼尔·阿姆斯特朗），第二段最后一句“Project
Apollo’s goals went beyond landing Americans on the moon and returning them safely to Earth.”（阿波罗计划的目标
不仅仅是让美国人登上月球，还要让他们安全返回地球。）和各段小标题Apollo’s Goals、Apollo 13、Apollo 14
和Apollo 15，可知本文讲的是阿波罗太空登月计划，去探索未知的月球，推断出在文章的“探索未知”栏出现。
故选B 项。
规律方法：如何解决文章来源题?
做此类题目要求读者具备一定的常识，这样文章的内容才能与读者本身已具备的常识结合起来。做此类题
目应从文章的内容和结构来判断其出处。如果来源于报纸，前面一般会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；如果是
广告，其格式很容易辨认；产品说明和药品说明也很容易辨认。
【变式精讲】
1.
[Capital Beijing - Gong Wang Fu] Gong Wang Fu + Shichahai essence half day tour [Visit the palace of
Prince Gong [garden of Prince Gong's mansion]
Which is a famous official of the Qing Dynasty. Later, Empress Dowager Cixi awarded it to Prince Gong Yiluo,
and called it Prince Gong's mansion. It is divided into two parts: Prince Gong's mansion and garden. It is one of the best
preserved palaces in Beijing.
After the historical process of Qing Dynasty from prosperity to decline, it carries extremely rich historical and
cultural information, so there is a saying that "a royal palace, half of the history of Qing Dynasty".
14: 30, stroll around [Shichahai Scenic Spot], which used to be the back garden of Qing Dynasty princes and
nobles. Up to now, there are still many palaces, gardens and former residences of celebrities, and enjoy the natural
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landscapes with a hundred year history, such as "Yinding Guanshan", "Liuan Fenghe" and so on. Enjoy the most
beautiful and prosperous place in the old urban area of old Beijing, where you can feel the complete atmosphere of the
old Beijing Hutong quadrangle(四合院). When night falls, the bars around Shichahai are full of lights, giving you a
different glimpse(...的感受)of Beijing at night. At the end of the trip, the group broke up.
[Warm tips]
Please arrange your luggage in advance
Value added play:
Folk culture tour in old Beijing: human powered tricycle tour in Hutong (2 people / vehicle) + visit to old Beijing
Olympic family's courtyard + performance of overpass artists' unique skills hall, 150 yuan / person for self-care.
Where might this article come from?
A．In the newspaper
B．in the advertisementC．on the travel website D．in the chat record
【答案】C
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了宫王府和什刹海精华半日游的内容。
推理判断题。A. In the newspaper 报纸；B. in the advertisement 广告；C. on the travel website 旅游网站；D. in the chat
record 聊天记录。根据“Gong Wang Fu + Shichahai essence half day tour（宫王府和什刹海精华半日游）”可知，
文章主要介绍了宫王府和什查海精华半日游的内容，此篇文章是关于旅游的，所以它来自旅游网站。故选C。
2.
Most of the wind available on land is too gentle to push commercial wind turbine（涡轮机），but now researchers
in China have designed a kind of "tiny wind turbine,, that can use wind energy from breezes as little as those created by
a quick walk. The new device is not technically a turbine. It is a nanogenerator made of two plastic strips in a tube that
clap together when there is airflow. Like rubbing a balloon to your hair, the two plastics become electrically charged
after being separated from contact, a phenomenon called the triboelectric effect. But instead of making your hair stand
up like Einstein's, the electricity generated by the two plastic strips is captured and stored.
"Our intention isn't to replace existing wind power generation technology. "Our goal is to solve the issues that the
traditional wind turbines can't solve?" says Ya Yang, a researcher from Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and
Nanosystems. "Unlike wind turbines that use coils and magnets （磁石）where the costs are fixed, we can pick and
choose low-cost materials for our device. Our device can also be safely applied to nature reserves or cities because it
doesn't have the rotating （旋转）structures.
Yang says he has a small vision and a big vision for the project's next steps. In the past, Yang and his colleagues
have designed a nanogenerator as small as a coin, but he wants to make it even tinier and more compact with higher
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efficiency. Yang is also looking to make the device bigger and more powerful. "I'm hoping to scale up the device to
produce 1,000 watts. We can place these devices where traditional wind turbines can't reach. We can put it in the
mountains or on the top of buildings for sustainable energy.
In which section of a website can you find this text?
A．Science.
B．Culture.
C．Fashion.
D．Business.
【答案】A
【解析】这是一篇科技数明文。本文主要讲述中国的研究人员发明了一个小型风力涡轮机，可以把微乎其微的
风力利用起来。
推理判断题。通读全文，并根据第一段“but now researchers in China have designed a kind of "tiny wind turbine,, that
can use wind energy from breezes as little as those created by a quick walk. （但现在中国的研究人员已经设计出一
种“微型风力涡轮机”，它可以利用微风产生的风能，和快速行走产生的风能一样少。）”可知，本文主要介绍
了中国研究人员发明了一个小型风力涡轮机，以及该涡轮机的工作原理、优势等内容。该涡轮机是一项科学发
明，由此推知本文很可能出现在网站的科学部分。故选A。
3.
Devote yourself to the work you do, not the prize you might get. Hao Jingfang, a Tsinghua University alumna, is
pursuing her passion for writing and education.
In 2016, she won the prestigious Hugo Award with her novella, Folding Beijing, which made her the first female
writer in China to bring home this prize. Later on, the author turned to education. She set up Tongxing Academy for
public welfare education and WePlanets to foster children’s creativity after school.
“The major task for society is to help people get better education, to improve their skill set in line with future
technological advancements, and to broaden their horizons,” Hao said.
Since founding her company, Hao has been carrying out voluntary teaching programs in rural areas. “We really
want these kids to have better education resources like kids from the cities,” she said. “We hope that the children from
rural China, if one day they manage to live in the cities, can do more than car maintenance, for example. They will have
the skills to take on other jobs.”
Different from the typical Chinese parents so ambitious for their children, Hao suggests giving kids more space for
trial and error. “I do believe the best mentality for parents is to stand behind your children,” Hao said. “Let the child
cope with the reality and decide for themselves. If they struggle with obstacles, you can offer them some guidance or
encouragement.”
“I’ve had a wide variety of interests since childhood. I’ve got used to doing different things,” says the 35-year-old.
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Being an economic researcher, a writer and entrepreneur herself, she encourages all women to discover their
passions. “We live in a big, big world with boundless possibilities, various trades and different vocations. Don’t be too
afraid to try something new. When you find the one thing that you want to commit to, you will become fearless to
follow your dream.”
Where is the passage taken from?
A．A textbook.
B．A newspaper.
C．an autobiography.
D．A fiction.
【答案】B
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。对中国第一位雨果文学奖获得者郝景芳的事迹进行了详细报道。
4.推理判断题。根据文本写作风格确定体裁和文章出处。全文以时间为线索注重人物事迹报道，符合新闻特写
特点，故选B。
4.
Among the international students in Canada who are struggling to find a job there after graduation, some of them
eventually make it with relative ease. They're the ones who've already built up much internship (实习) experience while
still attending university, as their majors offer a co-operative program.
Co-op programs, a feature (特色) of Canadian university programs, allow academic studies to be combined with
work experience. During school years, students get to network with employers, gain internship experience in relevant
fields, and earn academic credits that count toward their degree or diploma.
Co-op programs are available in most comprehensive universities, like the University of Waterloo, Wilfrid Laurier
University and York University. These programs are not only open to students majoring in business but also to many
science and art majors. Statistics show that nearly 30 percent of recent foreign applicants have chosen majors that also
subscribe to the co-op program.“It's easy to understand，” said a senior education counselor. He noted that working
opportunities are provided by employers that build bridges with the university and most of them are well-known
companies or local government organizations.
Moreover, the average salary for interns is as high as C$ 30,000 to
C$ 40,000 a year.
Students can choose to work during vacations or term times freely. The required duration of the internship for
undergraduates ranges from eight to twelve months, or four to six months for graduate students.“The programs also
benefit those students who want to apply for immigration，” added the counselor.“That's because the policies of many
provinces in Canada require a certain length of work experience of the applicants.”
Which section of a website does the text probably come from?
A．Business.
B．Education.
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C．Lifestyle.
D．Culture.
【答案】B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了在加拿大的针对留学生的一个合作项目，学生们可以边学习边工作，
这样毕业后可以找到好工作。
10．B 细节理解题。根据第1 段开头，结合全文，都是介绍留学生在加拿大学习并参加合作项目为的是毕业后
找到好工作，与教育有关，故选B。
5.
China is famous for its various hot pots, but the Japanese also love this delicious cuisine, where hot pots are
known as nabemono. Here’re four tasty versions worth eating.
Shabu- Shabu
Many types of hot pots exist, but one of the most popular in Japan is called Shabu-Shabu. Featuring thinly sliced
cuts of meats, fish and vegetables, the dish, whose name imitates the sound “swish swish” as the food is cooked in the
boiling pot, is said to have been created in Osaka in the 1950s.The food is typically dipped in a sauce with a citrus(柑
橘)flavor.
Chankonabe
Since the late 1800s, Chankonabe has been served to sumo(相扑)wrestlers looking to gain weight. Interestingly,
there is no fixed recipe fr this style of hot pot. In other words, any type of meat and vegetables can be thrown in. It’s
served in large portions, often with other food such as fried chicken so that sumo wrestlers can keep their significant
body weight.
Mille-Feuille Nabe
A less fattening Japanese hot pot that has an attractive visual element is Mille-Feuille Nabe. Made with mostly
pork and cabbage, it’s easy to prepare since this hot pot requires fewer ingredients(原料)than other kinds of nabemono.
The remaining soup can also be enjoyed with steamed rice or noodles.
Yaminabe
Yaminabe is a dining experience like no other. Everyone brings their own ingredients to add to the pot,but with
their eyes covered, they don't know what else is being added. Therefore,no one knows exactly what they’re picking out
of the pot. Sounds like the ultimate surprise,doesn’t it.
That’s only the tip of the iceberg when it comes to nabemono. These hot pots are just the start of a wonderfully
delicious nabemono journey!
Where is this text most likely from?
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A．A food and travel blog.
B．A history textbook.
C．A Japanese cookbook.
D．A news website.
【答案】A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了日本四种锅物料理。
3．推理判断题。本文笼统地介绍了日本的四种锅物料理，并未详细说明每一种的做法，所以很可能出现在食物
和旅行博客上。因此，A 项“A food and travel blog.(美食和旅游博客)”符合题意。故选A 项。
专题05 阅读理解III：推理判断
考点3 读者对象题
推理判断题
考点1 引申推断题
考点2 文章来源题
考点3 读者对象题
考点4 观点态度题
考点5 预测推断题
考点6 目的意图题
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
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主。
【剖析全国高考真题】
阅读理解III：推理判断题考点3
读者对象题
Write a one-page report titled “The Best Book I Read This Year” and enter it in the Boys’Life
“Say Yes to
Reading!” contest.
The book can be fiction or nonfiction. But the report has to be in your own words — 500words tops. Enter in one
of these three age categories:
8 years old and younger
9 and 10 years old
11 years old and older
First-place winners in each age category will receive a $100 gift card from Amazon.com. Second-place winners
will receive a $75 gift card; third-place winners, a $50 gift card.
Everyone who enters will get a free patch like the one on this page. The patch is a temporary sign, so it can be
worn on the right pocket of the Scout uniform shirt. Proudly display it there or on another item such as a vest, plaque or
trophy! In coming years, you’ll have the opportunity to earn other patches.
The contest is open to all Boys’Life readers. Be sure to include your name, address, age and grade in school on the
entry.
Send your report, along with a business-size, self-addressed, stamped envelope, to:
Boys’Life Reading Contest
S306
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P.O. Box 152079
Irving, TX 75015-2079
Entries must be postmarked by Dec. 31,
and must include entry information and a self-addressed, stamped
envelope.
1．Who are the contest intended for?
A．All school students. B．Only teenagers.
C．Boy’s Life readers.
D．Boy students.
2．What is a winner supposed to do for the contest?
A．Writing a report of over 500 words.
B．Sending their entries by 12-31-.
C．Wearing a special patch.
D．Sending some stamps.
3．Which of the following will sponsor the prizes for winners?
A．Boy’s life club.
B．A famous publisher.
C．A high school.
D．An online bookstore.
【答案】1．C2．B3．D
【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了一个名为“The Best Book I Read This Year”的写作竞赛。
1．推理判断题。根据第五段第一句“The contest is open to all Boys’ Life readers(比赛面向所有《男孩生活》的读
者开放)”可知，该比赛面向所有《男孩生活》读者。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段中“500 words tops(最多500 字)”排除A 选项；根据最后一段“Entries must be
postmarked by Dec. 31, (参赛作品需在年12 月31 日之前寄出)”可知，选项B 与文意一致，所以为正确答案；
第四段中“Everyone who enters will get a free patch like the one on this page.(每个参赛者都会得到一个免费徽章，
就像这个页面上的那样的)”可知，参赛者能免费获得徽章，并不是参赛要求，排除C 选项；选项D 文章未提
及。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段中的“First-place winners in each age category will receive a $100 gift card from
Amazon.com.(每个年龄组的第一名优胜者将获得一张来着亚马逊网站的100 美元的礼品卡)”可知，奖品赞助商
为亚马逊网。故选D。
【精讲研法】
阅读理解III：推理判断考点3 读者对象题
【做题实践中找规律】
1.
When a child is choking, it means that an object is stuck in the trachea. When this happens, air can't flow normally
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into or out of the lungs, so the child can t breathe properly.
The trachea is usually protected by epiglottis(喉头盖) . It allows food to pass down and go into our stomach and it
also prevents food from going down the trachea. But every once in a while, the epiglottis doesn't close fast enough and
an object can slip into the trachea. This is what happens when something goes down the wrong pipe.
Most of the time, the food or object only partially blocks the trachea. If coughed up, breathing returns to normal
quickly. Kids who seem to be choking and coughing but still can breathe and talk usually recover without help. It can
be uncomfortable for them, but they're generally fine after a few seconds.
Sometimes, an object can get into the trachea and completely block the airway. If airflow into and out of the lungs
is blocked and the brain will become short of oxygen, choking can become a life-threatening emergency. A child may
be choking and need help right away if he or she can’t breathe or can’t talk or make noise.
If you have kids, it’s important to get trained in both CPR（心肺夏苏）and the technique of abdominal thrusts (腹
部施压). Even if you don't have kids, knowing how to perform these first-aid procedures will let you help if someone is
choking.
All kids are at risk for choking, but those younger than 3 are especially at risk. Young kids tend to put things in
their mouths, have smaller airways that are easily blocked, and don't have a lot of experience chewing, so they might
swallow things whole.
Take the time now to become prepared CPR and first-aid courses are a must for parent, other caregivers, and
babysitters. To find one in your area, contact your local American Red Cross, YMCA, or American Heart Association,
or check with hospitals and health departments in your community.
1．When does choking take place?
A．An object gets down into the trachea.
B．An object gets down into the stomach.
C．Children eat too much food.
D．An object chokes the trachea partly.
2．A child will need first aid when______.
A．he or she doesn't feel comfortable
B．he or she is short of food
C．the child cannot breathe
D．the child coughs badly
3．Whom is the text written for?
A．American parents.
B．Japanese volunteers.
C．British doctors.
D．Australian visitors.
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4．What does the text mainly tell us?
A．Different ways of first aid.
B．How choking takes place.
C．When to offer first aid.
D．The necessity of learning first aid.
【答案】1．A2．C3．A4．D
【解析】本文是说明文。文章通过说明窒息是怎样发生的以及窒息可能会危及生命，呼吁照顾孩子的人学习一
些急救知识。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“When a child is choking, it means that an object is stuck in the trachea.”（当一
个孩子窒息时，这意味着有东西卡在气管里了。）可知，当有物体卡在气管，孩子就可能会窒息。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中“If airflow into and out of the lungs is blocked and the brain will become short of
oxygen, choking can become a life-threatening emergency. A child may be choking and need help right away if he or
she can’t breathe or can’t talk or make noise. （如果进出肺部的气流受阻，大脑会出现缺氧，窒息就会危及生命。
如果他或她不能呼吸、不能说话或不能发出声音，孩子可能会窒息，就立即需要帮助。）”可知，当孩子不能呼
吸时，需要马上进行急救。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Take the time now to become prepared CPR and first-aid courses are a must for
parent other caregivers, and babysitters.（现在花点时间学习CPR，急救课程是父母、照顾孩子的人和保姆所必须
的。）”可知，这篇文章是写给父母看的。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。文章第一、二段提到如果东西卡进孩子的气管，就会引起窒息；第四段提到“choking can become
a life-threatening emergency.”（窒息会成为危及生命的紧急情况。）说明窒息可能会危及生命；第五段提到“If you
have kids, it’s important to get trained in both CPR and the technique of abdominal thrusts”（如果你有孩子，接受心
肺复苏和腹部按压技术的培训是很重要的）说明父母学习一些急救知识的重要性；第七段中提到“first-aid courses
are a must for parent，other caregivers, and babysitters.”（急救课程是父母、其他照顾者和保姆必须参加的课程。）
说明急救课程是照顾孩子的人所必学的。因此文章是告诉我们学习一些急救知识的必要性。故选D。
2.
Hot Spots for Retirees to Start Their Encore Career
Encore Career: Vocational School Instructor
Retire in: Los Angeles, CA
Ever since IBM CEO Ginni Rometty coined the term “new collar” to describe well-paid jobs that require specific
skills but not necessarily a degree, vocational schools have made a serious comeback. Apparently instructors are in
short supply in sunny L.A．, where there are 13 jobs at vocational schools for every applicant on the market. This is a
great opportunity for skilled retirees since, unlike teaching at a public school that requires a state certificate, the only
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requirement here is that you be a seasoned expert in your field.
Encore Career: Business Consultant
Retire in: Miami, FL
Consulting is a great option for a retired business professional looking to make their own hours, be their own boss,
and earn as much or as little as needed to maintain their standard of living. For every consultant in Miami right now
there are 13 businesses hoping to hire them. There’s even greater demand here than in Washington D．C．, which is
typically considered the consulting capital of the world.
Encore Career: Tourist Wrangler
Retire in: Austin, TX
As the economy continues to boom and more Americans have extra income to spend, the tourism industry has
taken off. This is particularly true in Austin, TX, where there were astonishing 36 tourism jobs for every applicant in
July. Between four-star hotels, the noisy rock n’ roll scene, and a new food culture, Austin is the place to be if you want
to work in service industry.
Encore Career: Supporter of the Arts
Retire in: Charleston, SC
If you’re a Baby Boomer with a degree in the arts, now could be the perfect time to revisit your passion for
creativity, especially if you also want to live in the center of southern charm. Between the 14 art galleries on King
Street in Old Town, an abundance of acting companies and theaters, and music festivals, it’s not surprising there were
25 jobs for every arty applicant iii Charleston.
1．Which career focuses on an applicant’s skills instead of a diploma?
A．Vocational School Instructor.
B．Business Consultant.
C．Tourist Wrangler.
D．Supporter of the Arts.
2．Which city offers an applicant more job options than the others?
A．Los Angeles.
B．Miami.
C．Austin.
D．Charleston.
3．Who is the text intended for?
A．Children.
B．Graduates.
C．Retirees.
D．Tourists.
【答案】1．A2．C3．C
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四个退休人员可以重新开始职业生涯的热门地点，以及这些地点的详细
情况和职业的要求。
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1．细节理解题。第一段最后一句This is a great opportunity for skilled retirees since, unlike teaching at a public school
that requires a state certificate, the only requirement here is that you be a seasoned expert in your field.可知Vocational
School Instructor 岗位对有技能的退休人员来说是一个很好的机会，因为不像在公立学校教书需要国家证书，这
里唯一的要求是你在你的领域里是一个经验丰富的专家，即注重申请人的技能，而不是文凭。所以“职业学校讲
师”这个职业更注重求职者的技能，而不是文凭。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段第一、二句As the economy continues to boom and more Americans have extra
income to spend, the tourism industry has taken off. This is particularly true in Austin, TX, where there were
astonishing 36 tourism jobs for every applicant in July.可知随着经济持续繁荣，越来越多的美国人有额外的收入可
以消费，旅游业也开始腾飞。德克萨斯州奥斯汀的情况尤其如此，今年7 月，该州旅游业的就业岗位达到了惊
人的36 个。可知奥斯汀给求职者提供的工作选择比其他城市多。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据文章的标题Hot Spots for Retirees to Start Their Encore Career 以及文章主要介绍了两个退休
人员可以重新开始职业生涯的热门地方，故文章是针对退休人员的。故选C。
规律方法：如何解决读者对象题？
做此类题目通常从文章内容入手，明确所谈话题及具体内容，体会作者使用的语言适合于哪一群体，这样
才能根据文章的特点对号入座，从而得出正确判断。
【变式精讲】
1.(B)
How to get your tax refund
At the store
Get a Global Blue Tax Free Form. If you do not have a SHOP TAX FREE Card, see “How to fill in
your Tax Free Forms”.
Make sure your Tax Free Form is filled in before arriving at the point of departure.
Remember no refund without:
Completed
Form
Receipts
attached
Customs
validation (验证)
At the point of departure
For non-EU residents only
Goods carried in checked-in luggage:
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1. Check your luggage in at the check-in counter; tell the check-in clerk you need it back for Customs
purposes.
2. Take the labelled luggage to Customs, show the goods, and have your Tax Free Forms stamped.
3. Cash in your stamped Form at the appropriate refund service provider.
Goods carried in hand luggage:
1. Go to Customs after passport control, show the goods, and have your Tax Free Forms stamped.
Please note: Customs clearance of goods in hand luggage can only take place at the last EU airport
before you finally leave the EU.
2. Cash in your stamped Form at the appropriate bank counter or post it to the appropriate refund
service provider.
Allow time for the refund process. Go to Customs before or after check-in, see Refund Office list.
Present your completed Tax Free Forms, receipts, passport, and purchased items to get a stamp.
Go to a Refund Office displaying the Global Blue logo (标识). Receive your refund paid to your credit
card within five days or in cash.
In a rush? Mail your stamped and completed Tax Free Forms and receipts back to us in the envelope
provided and get your refund paid to your credit card within three weeks.
* EU: European Union
60. Whom is the above information intended for?
A. EU residents who want to get their tax refunded.
B. Non-EU residents who are going to travel in EU.
C. EU residents who have Global Blue Tax Free Forms.
D. Non-EU residents who are leaving EU after purchases.
61. To get your tax refund, you need to _____ after having your luggage checked in if you’ve put your purchased goods
in your check-in luggage.
A. show your purchased goods to the check-in clerk
B. cash in your stamped Form at the check-in counter
C. take back your luggage to the Customs to get a stamp
D. go to the Customs to fill in a form without the luggage
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62. What can be learned from the passage?
A. It’s a must to attach the receipts to the form to get your tax refund.
B. It’s unnecessary to show your passport to the Customs for a stamp.
C. You can get your refund in cash after posting your form if in a hurry.
D. You can get your refund by credit card at once at the appropriate counter.
【答案】60. D
61. C
62. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是如何办理退税。
60.细节理解题。根据文中For non-EU residents only 和Customs clearance of goods in hand luggage can only
take place at the last EU airport before you finally leave the EU.可知，以上资料是提供给“购买后即将离开欧盟
的非欧盟居民。”故选D。
61.细节理解题。根据Go to Customs before or after check-in，see Refund Office list. Present your completed Tax Free
Forms，receipts，passport，and purchased items to get a stamp.可知，如果您已将购买的物品放入托运行李中，您
需要在办理行李托运手续后将行李带回海关盖章，以便退税。故选C。
【点睛】做推理判断题时，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、
态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。本题第3
小题，根据最后一段中In a rush? Mail your stamped and completed Tax Free Forms and receipts back to us in the
envelope provided and get your refund paid to your credit card within three weeks.可知，你必须把收据附在表格上才
能退税。故选A。
2.
A subscription to TIME for Kids includes the following:
Key articles available at two reading levels; select articles available at three reading levels;
Accessibility features available through the digital magazine including key articles with full Spanish translation,
read-aloud, and embedded vocabulary support;
Lesson plans and teaching resources for each issue, including reading assessments.
- Half Year Pricing
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Prices are per student for half the school year.
Shipping & Handling included in pricing.
Need a custom price quote?
If you are ordering more than 750 subscriptions, we are here to help with a volume discount. Complete this form
or contact customer service at 1-800-777-8600.
Need to try it?
Great news! TIME for Kids student access is free to subscribers! However, for ALL the great functionality of
TIME for Kids, subscribe today for full access to new features as they are released.
Need help with funding?
If you are interested in purchasing a subscription to TIME for Kids for your students but are struggling with
funding, the following resources may help you locate additional funding from government programs and grants.
1．How much should you pay if you are ordering 500 subscriptions for a whole year ?
A．$1600
B．$1780
C．$3200
D．$ 3560
2．Subscribers of TIME for Kids will get the following EXCEPT______.
A．key and select articles
B．teachers' guides
C．digital materials
D．school funds
3．This passage is most likely intended for ___________.
A．teachers
B．parents
C．students
D．children
【答案】1．C2．D3．A
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了《时代周刊》儿童版的内容、订阅价格以及优惠等。
1．细节理解题。从价格表可知，预定价格超过300 份的话，半年价格是3.2 美元/份，所以预定500 份一年是
3200 美元。故选C。
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2．细节理解题。根据文中第一部分的关键词“Key articles available at two reading levels；the digital magazine；
Lesson plans and teaching resources” ，D 选项不包括在内，故选D。
3．推理判断题。根据第一部分第三条“Lesson plans and teaching resources for each issue, including reading
assessments.”可知此版本中有课程计划和教学资源，是为教师准备的。另外最后一段“If you are interested in
purchasing a subscription to TIME for Kids for your students but are struggling with funding,”中的关键词“your
students”可知，此广告是针对教师的，故选A。
专题05 阅读理解III：推理判断
考点4 观点态度题
推理判断题
考点1 引申推断题
考点2 文章来源题
考点3 读者对象题
考点4 观点态度题
考点5 预测推断题
考点6 目的意图题
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
主。
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
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【剖析全国高考真题】——预测高考命题方向
阅读理解III：推理判断题考点4
观点态度题
【·全国I】
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer
injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the
50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race
walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all
times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an
assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers
moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice
as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more
calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her
research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not
leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among
race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a
history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking
should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some
practice.306
Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A．Skeptical.
B．Objective.
C．Tolerant.
D．Conservative.
【答案】B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运
动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely
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contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健
身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选
B 项。
【精讲研法】
阅读理解III：推理判断考点4 观点态度题
【做题实践中找规律】
1.
Beijing resident Hou Lixin started eating meal replacement products in February when she wanted to lose weight.
She bought various meal replacement products online and ate them for more than a month.
“Most of them don’t taste good, but at least they have low calories and are convenient to buy, store and cook,” she
said, adding the product she consumed gave a strong sense of fullness.
Hou is by no means alone. Meal replacement products, or substitutes for regular meals that can fill you up with
low-calorie intakes, appear as a potential big market in China, driven by Chinese consumer’ demand for products that
can help in weight control and offer convenience, experts said.
The most common meal replacement products include powders, liquids, shakes, porridges and energy bars
containing fiber, protein, vitamin, minerals and other nutritious content.
The meal replacement market is at the early stage of competition and there is big room for future development,
like in the United States and Japan. Euromonitor International, a market research company, said sales revenue of meal
replacement products in China hit 57.17 billion yuan in 2017 and is expected to reach 120 billion yuan by 2022. More
fast-moving consumer goods giants are partaking in the market action. PepsiCo’s oat brand Quaker released a new
shake product in June. A major Chinese snack brand Bestore released 27 meal replacement products in August.
Jia Jianbin, secretary general at Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, told CCTV reporter that despite its possible
effectiveness that many people believe, this way of weight loss may bring greater harm as it breaks the balance of
nutrition and food. As a result, it can only be a temporary move, not a long-term use.
“Cereal meal replacement powder, for example, is mainly composed of carbohydrates (碳水化合物), which have
enough calories，but the vitamins and minerals are not enough. Instead, it is better to soak oatmeal (燕麦片) in milk,
which may be more nutritious and more economical,” said Gu Zhongyi, a dietitian of the Beijing Dietetic Association.
“Meal replacements can be an alternative for busy workers, but they are no substitute for a balanced diet, and try not to
eat more than one meal a day.”
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1．The author quotes the example of Hou Lixin to _________.
A．show an efficient way to lose weight
B．promote the meal replacement products
C．introduce the topic of meal replacement products
D．arouse readers’ interest in the meal replacement products
2．Why are meal replacement products popular among many Chinese consumers?
A．Because they are highly recommended by health experts.
B．Because they are helpful to control weight and bring convenience.
C．Because they have a large market share in the food market.
D．Because they provide various forms and flavors for the consumers.
3．What does the underlined word “partaking” in Paragraph 5 mean?
A．Participating.
B．Advertising.
C．Experimenting.
D．Cooperating.
4．What attitude do Jia Jianbin and Gu Zhongyi have towards the meal replacement products?
A．Cautious.
B．Favorable.
C．Disapproving.
D．Confused.
【答案】1．C2．B3．A4．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章对代餐产品市场的火爆和专家们对此所持的态度进行了说明。
1．目的意图题。根据第三段第一句和第二句“Hou is by no means alone. Meal replacement products, or substitutes for
regular meals that can fill you up with low-calorie intakes, appear as a potential big market in China, driven by Chinese
consumer’ demand for products that can help in weight control and offer convenience, experts said.(侯立新绝非个例。
专家称，由于中国消费者对有助于控制体重和提供方便的产品的需求，膳食替代产品，即可以用低热量摄入填
饱肚子的常规膳食的替代品，在中国似乎是一个潜在的大市场)”可知，作者以侯立新为例是为了介绍代餐产品
的话题。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“Meal replacement products, or substitutes for regular meals that can fill you up
with low-calorie intakes, appear as a potential big market in China, driven by Chinese consumer’ demand for products
that can help in weight control and offer convenience, experts said. (专家称，由于中国消费者对有助于控制体重和提
供方便的产品的需求，膳食替代产品，即可以用低热量摄入填饱肚子的常规膳食的替代品，在中国似乎是一个
潜在的大市场)”可知，因为它们有助于控制体重和带来方便，所以代餐产品在许多中国消费者中非常流行。故
选B。
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3．词句猜测题。根据第五段最后两句“PepsiCo’s oat brand Quaker released a new shake product in June. A major
Chinese snack brand Bestore released 27 meal replacement products in August. (百事公司的燕麦品牌桂格在六月发
布了一款新的奶昔产品。今年8 月，中国主要的零食品牌百思买推出了27 款代餐产品)”可推知，更多的快消品
巨头也参与了市场行动。fast-moving consumer goods giants (快消品巨头)指的就是桂格、百思买等公司。由此推
知，划线词partaking 意为“加入，参加”。故选A。
4．观点态度题。根据倒第二段第一句“Jia Jianbin, secretary general at Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, told
CCTV reporter that despite its possible effectiveness that many people believe, this way of weight loss may bring
greater harm as it breaks the balance
of nutrition and food. ”(中国粮油协会秘书长贾建斌告诉央视记
者，尽管很多人认为这种减肥方式可能有效，但它可能带来更大的危害，因为它打破了营养和食物的平衡。)
和最后一段最后一句“Meal replacements can be an alternative for busy workers, but they are no substitute for a
balanced diet, and try not to eat more than one
meal a day.”(代餐可以替代忙碌的工人，但他们不能替
代均衡的饮食，尽量不吃超过一餐一天。)可知，这两人认为代餐的坏处大过好处，所以对此持否定态度。故选
C。
2.
Andrew Grey doesn’t fit most people’s idea of an astronomer. He works in a car repair shop, not in a lab or
university, yet the Australian repairman discovered a star system hiding in data from NASA’s Kepler space telescope.
Mr. Grey is one of millions of citizen scientists helping researchers to expand collective understanding. For
centuries, only a few ordinary people had been contributing to science, but advances in technology have brought a
higher level of democratization (民主化) to science.
“This is a collaborative (合作的) effort that anyone could get involved in,” says Chris Lincoln, an Oxford
University astrophysicist (天体物理学家) and cofounder of Zooniverse, a platform that hosts dozens of citizen science
projects. Citizen scientists can contribute to breakthroughs in almost any field, from ecology to astrophysics.
“As long as pattern recognition is involved, there are no limits to what can become a citizen science project,” Dr.
Linton says. “Anyone can identify patterns in images, graphs, or even seemingly boring data after a short tutorial.
Machine learning allows computers to do some pattern recognition. But humans, particularly amateur scientists, don’t
stay focused on what they’re supposed to. And that’s good, because people who do that notice the unusual things in s
data set.
“And citizen science doesn’t have to be directed by a scientist,” says Sheila Jasanoff, director of the Program on
Science, Technology and Society at Harvard University. “Citizens producing knowledge in places where official organs
have failed then can also be citizen scientists,” she says. That’s what happened in Flint, Michigan, when a local mother
started drinking water tests that caused a broader investigation of lead levels.
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Citizen-powered research is as old as scientific inquiry. For centuries before science became professionalized,
regular people looked for patterns in the world around them. Despite a lot of advanced equipment and computer models,
scientists still welcome help from everyday people.
As a professional scientist himself, Lintott says, “People think that were intelligent, but science is easy and we
need your help.”
1．What made citizen scientists appear?
A．The high level of science projects
B．The development of technology.
C．The support of the government.
D．The foundation of Zooniverse.
2．What is a human advantage in pattern recognition compared with machines?
A．Humans can identify patterns mare swiftly.
B．Humans focus their attention on data.
C．Humans can observe uncommon things.
D．Humans have stronger emotions.
3．What is Lincon’s attitude towards citizen science?
A．Favorable.
B．Cautious.
C．Indifferent.
D．Doubtful.
【答案】1．B2．C3．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了这样的观点：科学研究并不专属于科学家，平民科学家对科学研究
也有很大的帮助。
1．细节理解题。由第二段中的For centuries, only a few ordinary people had been contributing to science, but
advances in technology have brought a higher level of democratization to science.（几个世纪以来，只有少数普通人
对科学作出了贡献，但技术的进步使科学的民主化程度提高了。）可知，由于科技的发展使得科学趋于民主化，
更多的平民才能接触到科学。故选B 项。
2．推理判断题。由第四段中的Machine learning allows computers to do some pattern recognition. But humans,
particularly amateur scientists, don’t stay focused on what they’re supposed to. And that’s good, because people who do
that notice the unusual things in a data set.（机器学习允许计算机进行一些模式识别。但是人类，尤其是业余科学
家，不会专注于他们应该做的事情。这很好，因为这样做的人会注意到数据集中不寻常的东西。）可推知，和机
器相比，人更能注意到数据里一些特殊的东西。故选C 项。
3．推理判断题。由最后一段中的As a professional scientist himself, Lintott says, “People think that we’re intelligent,
but science is easy and we need your help”（作为一名专业的科学家，Lintott 说:“人们认为我们很聪明，但是科学
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很简单，我们需要你的帮助。”）可推知，Lintott 认为科学家需要这些平民科学家的帮助，因此Lintott 对平民
科学是非常赞同的。故选A 项。
3.
The shadow play is a typical traditional entertainment that has survived and thrived over the centuries. It is taken
as an earliest ancestor of modern cinema.
Legend has it that more than 2,000 years ago, Emperor Wu of Han was very depressed about the death of his
favorite concubine (妃子). To help him get over his sadness, a minister made a puppet out of cotton and silk in the
likeness of the concubine and projected its shadow on a curtain for the emperor to see. The show brought the emperor
some comfort. He somehow believed the shadow was his lover's spirit. This is thought to be the beginning of the
shadow play.
One mouth tells stories of thousands of years; a pair of hands operate millions of soldiers. This is how the shadow
puppeteer works. Nicknamed “the business of the five”，a shadow play group is made up of five people. One operates
the puppets, one plays a suona and a yueqin, one plays the banhu, one is in charge of percussion (打击乐器)
instruments, and one sings.
During performances, “actors” are held close to a white curtain with their colored shadows cast on it by a strong
light from behind. The operator plays five puppets at the same time, each of which has three threads. Ten fingers handle
fifteen threads. Moved by guiding sticks, the puppets play roles with musical accompaniment. The popularity of the
shadow play in some way lies in the equipment being light and easy to carry, the small number of people needed for a
performance, and the flexible requirements for performance places. The plays can be quite dramatic and, when it comes
to myths or kung fu stories, the “actors” may be made to ride on clouds or perform unusual feats, to the great enjoyment
of the audience, especially children.
The design of the figures follows traditional moral evaluation. The audience can tell a figure's character by seeing
his mask. Like the masks in Beijing opera, a red mask represents loyalty and bravery, a black mask, integrity (正直)
and selflessness, and a white one, wickedness and betrayal.
Nowadays, the shadow play has been industrialized and developed a series of tourist products for the promotion of
Chinese culture and tourism.
1．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．A love story of Emperor Wu of Han.
B．How to please an emperor.
C．The origin of the shadow play.
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D．How to make a cotton puppet.
2．According to the author, the audience may take great pleasure ________.
A．when roles are played without music
B．because the equipment is light to carry
C．when the puppets give lively performances
D．because the number of the operators is small
3．What is the best title for the text?
A．The Rapid Development of Beijing Opera
B．Shadow Puppetry: A Traditional Art
C．The Business of the Five: A Shadow Play Group
D．Traditional Characters and Masks in Beijing Opera
4．What is the author's attitude towards the future of the shadow play?
A．Negative.
B．Doubtful.
C．Positive.
D．Unconcerned.
【答案】1．C2．C3．B4．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了皮影戏是一种典型的传统娱乐活动，在过去的几个世纪中一直存在并
繁荣发展，它被认为是现代电影的雏形。
1．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Legend has it that more than 2，000 years ago，Emperor Wudi of the Western Han
Dynasty was very depressed over the death of his favorite concubine（妃子）.To help him get over his sadness，a
minister made a puppet out of cotton and silk in the likeness of the concubine and projected its shadow on a curtain for
the emperor to see. The show brought the emperor some comfort. He somehow believed the shadow was his lover's
spirit. This is thought to be the beginning of the shadow play.(相传在2000 年前，西汉皇帝汉武帝因其最爱的妃子去
世而感到沮丧。为了帮助他摆脱悲伤，一名大臣用棉花和丝线制成了一个像妃子一样的木偶并将其影子投射在
幕布上供皇帝看。这个表演使皇帝感到了些安慰。他相信影子是妃子精神的存在。人们认为这是皮影戏的开始。)”
因此第二段主要讲的是皮影戏的由来。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段中的“the “actors” may be made to ride on clouds or perform unusual feats, to the
great enjoyment of the audience, especially children.(“演员”骑在云上或表演非凡的壮举，以使观众特别是孩子们感
到极大的享受。)”可知，当有人操作木偶进行活跃的表演时观众可能会很高兴。故选C。
3．主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，皮影戏是一种典型的传统娱乐活动，在过去的几个世纪中一直存
在并繁荣发展，它被认为是现代电影的雏形。因此文章的最佳标题是“皮影戏：传统手工艺”，它符合文章的内
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容。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Nowadays, the shadow play has been industrialized and developed a series of
tourist products for the promotion of Chinese culture and tourism.”可知，如今皮影戏已经产业化，并开发了一系列
旅游产品来促进中国文化和旅游业的发展。)”因此作者对皮影戏的未来持肯定态度。故选C。
4.
Walk past any Bath & Body Works store and you' ll see a colourful display of popular antibacterial soaps. Sold in
thick plastic containers with heavy foam （泡沫）—producing pumps on top and loaded with nice smell, these liquid
soaps are seen everywhere. Besides their plastic packaging, they are ' antibacterial, ' as are so many other soaps, body
scrubs（磨砂膏）,and lip sticks these days, not to mention household cleaners and even mattresses. The world has gone
crazy for antibacterial products-but, unfortunately, antibacterial is bad.
Keep in mind that antibacterial soap is no more effective at killing germs than regular soap. Using antibacterial
soap may even lead to the development of bacteria that are resistant to the products antimicrobial agents-making it
harder to kill these germs in the future.
The problem is that they leave a surface leftover after being washed or wiped away. This leftover is supposed to
continue killing afterwards, but it can also promote the growth of resistant bacteria, which are stronger than the original
bacteria. Triclosan （三氯生），a common mixed material in antibacterial soaps and hand washing liquids, is a probable
human carcinogen （致癌物）.Triclosan, also known as Microban, has been found in breast milk and exists in 60
percent of American waterways, which opens a pathway for potential pollution of food. In 2009, the Canadian Medical
Association called on its government to ban all antibacterial products but was unsuccessful.
As unexciting as it is, plain old bar soap is the way to go. Regular soap works by loosening dirt, oil, and microbes
so they can be washed away. Effective hand washing requires vigorous washing of all surfaces and should last at least
20 seconds. A bar of soap requires little to no packaging, and the greenest option is one with a vegetable glycerine base,
free from chemical smell and harmful materials.
1．What does using antibacterial soap result in?
A．Making things cleaner.
B．Killing more germs.
C．Keeping things more healthy.
D．Promoting the development of bacteria.
2．What' s the author '
s attitude towards the antibacterial soaps?
A．supportive
B．anxious
C．opposed
D．uninterested
3．What does the underlined "they"in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Original bacteria.
B．Antibacterial soaps.
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C．Household cleaners.
D．Antimicrobial agents.
4．What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?
A．Using regular soaps is the best option.
B．Washing hands needs longer time than ever.
C．Buying soaps with no packing and chemicals.
D．Keeping antibacterial soap is beneficial to health.
【答案】1．D2．C3．B4．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了抗菌肥皂带来的负面影响，并建议使用常规肥皂。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“This leftover is supposed to continue killing afterwards, but it can also promote the
growth of resistant bacteria, which are stronger than the original bacteria.（这种残余物之后应该会继续杀灭，但它也
能促进耐药细菌的生长，比原来的细菌更强。）”可知，使用抗菌肥皂会促进细菌的成长。故选D 项。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The world has gone crazy for antibacterial products-but, unfortunately, antibacterial
is bad.（世界为抗菌产品疯狂——但不幸的是，抗菌是有害的。）”以及第二段“Keep in mind that antibacterial soap
is no more effective at killing germs than regular soap.（记住，抗菌肥皂并不比普通肥皂更有效地杀灭细菌。）”可
判断，作者对抗菌皂持反对态度。故选C 项。
3．词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“Using antibacterial soap may even lead to the development of bacteria that are
resistant to the products antimicrobial agents-making it harder to kill these germs in the future.（使用抗菌肥皂甚至可
能导致对抗菌产品产生抗药性的细菌的产生——使将来更难杀死这些细菌。）”以及第三段“The problem is that
they leave a surface leftover after being washed or wiped away.（问题是它们在被清洗或擦拭后会留下表面残留
物。）”可知，第三段的they 指的是抗菌肥皂。故选B 项。
4．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“As unexciting as it is, plain old bar soap is the way to go.（虽然平淡无奇，但
普通的肥皂还是不错的选择。）”可知，作者建议使用常规肥皂是很好的选择。故选A 项。
5.Many people believe that there is one form of their language that is more correct than others. They may believe
for example that British English is more correct than other varieties; or that written English is more correct than spoken
English. Often this belief is supported by reference books to grammars, usage guides or dictionaries: If something goes
against a rule in a grammar, or if the word isn’t in the dictionary, it “must be wrong”. Since the reference books are
most often based on observation of the standard written language, the argument is really circular: These books will
naturally describe standard usage, because that is what they are for; but this does not mean that there is anything wrong
with other kinds of usage that are less often described.
A better way of looking at things is to say that usage is “correct in its place”. Standard American English is correct
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in America, and formal written grammar is employed in formal writing. So this means there is no answer to the
question: “What kind of English should learners study?” It depends on their purposes. For many learners, the best
model is one or other of the two main standard varieties: British or American English. Neither of these is “better” than
the other, and they are both used and understood worldwide.
People are also worried by language change. If younger people “break” the rules that older people have learnt,
older people often feel disturbed: they are concerned that younger people no longer know their grammar, and that the
language is going downhill. This is a needless worry: change is natural and inevitable, it cannot be stopped, and it does
not generally affect a languages efficiency as a communicative tool. A great deal of modem English grammar would
have been wrong three hundred years ago, and will perhaps be wrong again three hundred years from now.
1．What can we infer from paragraph 1?
A．Learners are always confused by the reference books.
B．Some wrong usages can be found in the reference books.
C．Nobody can challenge the authority of the reference books.
D．Usages not mentioned in the reference books are not necessarily wrong.
2．What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
A．There is no “standard English”.
B．American English is better than British English.
C．A learner should master all the distinctions of different English.
D．The differences between British English and American English.
3．Which word can replace the underlined word “inevitable” in paragraph 3?
A．Avoidable.
B．Formal.
C．Certain.
D．Temporary.
4．What is the authors attitude towards the changes of English?
A．Disturbed.
B．Optimistic.
C．Cautious.
D．Doubtful.
【答案】1．D2．A3．C4．
B
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者对于语言方面的看法。作者认为没有所谓的“一定正确”和“一定
错误”的语言，同时也不必担心语言的发展变化，它通常不会影响语言作为交流工具的效率。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段末尾句内容“…but this does not mean that there is anything wrong with other kinds
of usage that are less often described.”可知，这并不意味着较少被描述的其他用法有任何问题。由此可知，选项
D“Usages not mentioned in the reference books are not necessarily wrong.(参考书中没有提到的用法不一定是错
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的。)”为基于原文基础上的合理推论。故选D 项。
2．主旨大意题。通过阅读文章第二段可知：So this means there is no answer to the question: ‘What kind of English
should learners study?’(所以这就意味着这个问题没有答案：“学习者应该学什么样的英语?”)应是本段主旨句，即，
并没有标准英语之说。故选A 项。
3．词义猜测题。根据划线单词所在句后文的进一步解释“it cannot be stopped”可知，变化是不能停止的，由此可
推知，划线单词所在句“change is natural and inevitable”应与后文表达含义相同，即变化是自然的，无法停止，不
可抗拒。因此，“inevitable”应是“必然的；无法避免的”含义，与选项C“Certain(肯定的)”含义相同。故选C 项。
4．推理判断题。根据文章末尾内容“This is a needless worry: change is natural and inevitable, it cannot be stopped,
and it does not generally affect a languages efficiency as a communicative tool.”可知，在作者看来这是一个不必要的
担忧，因为变化是自然的和不可避免的，它不能停止，它一般不会影响语言作为交流工具的效率。由此可推知，
对于英语的变化，作者是持乐观态度的。故选B 项。
规律方法：如何解决观点态度题？
做此类题目必须透过文章的字面意义去理解。作者的态度和观点无非也就是三种：支持、赞同、乐观；反
对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。作者的态度和观点常用一些形容词、副词和不定意义的动词来表达，如
possible, impossible, seem, strange 等。这时需要注意的是：一定要理清作者所列举的事例与其观点、态度是一
致的还是相反的。有些文章作者的观点态度隐含在文章的字里行间，需要通读全文，才能做出正确的判断。注
意熟悉一些常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语。
褒义词有：supportive(支持的)；positive(积极的)；optimistic(乐观的)；enthusiastic(热情的)等。
贬义词有：negative(否定的，消极的)；ironic(讽刺的)；critical(批评的)；disgusted(厌恶的)；disappointed(失
望的)等。
中性词有：indifferent(漠不关心的)；uninterested(不感兴趣的)；objective(客观的)；neutral(中立的)等。
【变式精讲】
1.
Just over 12 months ago I gave myself a challenge: give up spending on all but the essentials for a whole year. It
hasn't always been easy, but a year on I am wealthier and wiser. Embarrassingly, I have also realized just how much
money I've squandered down the pub, in restaurants and through mindless shopping.
Free of any financial worries, I was spending without thinking. Stuck in a cycle of consumerism, I was struggling
in vain to spend my way to happiness. Giving up spending for a year was an extreme approach but I wanted to taste
extreme frugality (节俭), shake up my spending patterns and overpay my mortgage (按揭) instead of shopping. I could
continue to pay my bills, including mortgages, broadband, phone bill, charity donations, life insurances, money to help
my family and basic groceries.
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It was not easy, especially in the first few months. There were lows, such as when I missed my favourite jazz
concerts and hit films. There have also been some awkward moments when I've turned up to a friend's house for dinner
empty-handed. I did a lot of washing up at my friends' houses in return this year.
I did find new ways to live, however. Using sites such as Eventbrite I have been to film screenings, wine tasting
evenings and theatre productions for free. Living in London I have a wealth of free cultural activities on my doorstep
and I've been to more art exhibitions this year than ever before. I even managed a free holiday, cycling the Suffolk and
Norfolk coast and camping on beaches. It's something I'd never done before and probably wouldn't have, were it not for
the challenge.
The last 12 months have taught me what things I really need. I can honestly say I'm happier now. I've gained
confidence and skills, done things and met lovely people I wouldn't have otherwise done or met.
1．What does the underlined word “squandered” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A．Saved.
B．Wasted.
C．Donated.
D．Earned.
2．We can infer that the purpose of the- author's no-spending challenge is to ________.
A．try to form a virtue of frugality
B．change her former spending habits
C．pay off her mortgage as soon as possible
D．reserve money for her everyday bills
3．What do we know about the author during her no-spending year?
A．She did a lot of washing and cooking in pubs.
B．She tried cycling and camping for the first time.
C．She explored more cultural activities in London.
D．She attended concerts and wine evenings for free.
4．How does the author eventually feel about her no-spending year?
A．Discouraging
B．Challenging
C．Beneficial
D．Embarrassing
【答案】1．B2．B3．C4．C
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者为了改变自己的消费模式，而进行了为期一年的除必需品以外无消
费挑战，描述了自己在此期间的体会和改变，作者觉得这一挑战是有益的。
1．词义猜测题。由第一段“Just over 12 months ago I gave myself a challenge: give up spending on all but the
essentials for a whole year. It hasn't always been easy, but a year on I am wealthier and wiser. Embarrassingly, I have
also realized just how much money I've squandered down the pub, in restaurants and through mindless shopping.”（就
在12 个多月前，我给自己一个挑战：放弃一整年除了必需品以外的所有开支。这并不总是那么容易，但一年过
去了，我变得更富有、更聪明了。令人尴尬的是，我也意识到我在酒吧、餐馆和盲目购物中squandered 多少钱。），
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可知作者进行了为期一年除必需品以外的无消费挑战，发现自己更富有了，说明以前作者在酒吧、餐馆和盲目
购物中浪费了许多钱，squandered 在此处意为“Wasted（浪费）”。故选B 项。
2．推理判断题。由第二段中的“Giving up spending for a year was an extreme approach but I wanted to taste extreme
frugality (节俭), shake up my spending patterns and overpay my mortgage (按揭) instead of shopping.”（放弃一年的
消费是一种极端的做法，但我想尝尝极端节俭的滋味，改变我的消费模式，多付房贷，而不是购物。），可知作
者放弃一年的消费是为了尝尝极端节俭的滋味，改变自己以前的消费模式。故选B 项。
3．细节理解题。由第四段中的“Living in London I have a wealth of free cultural activities on my doorstep and I've
been to more art exhibitions this year than ever before.”（我住在伦敦，家门口有丰富的免费文化活动，今年参加的
艺术展览比以往任何时候都多。），可知在作者没有花钱的那一年里，作者参加的艺术展览比以往任何时候都多，
换句话说，即作者在伦敦探索了更多的文化活动。故选C 项。
4．推理判断题。由最后一段“The last 12 months have taught me what things I really need. I can honestly say I'm
happier now. I've gained confidence and skills, done things and met lovely people I wouldn't have otherwise done or
met.”（过去的12 个月教会了我真正需要的东西。老实说，我现在更快乐了。我获得了自信和技能，做了一些
我不可能做或遇到的事情，遇到了可爱的人。），可知在作者没有花钱的那一年里，作者感觉自己学到了很多东
西，得到了快乐，获得了自信和技能，于作者而言，这无疑是有益的。故选C 项。
2.
When talking about the economics of online publishing, the first thing to remember is that job No. 1 isn’t to get the
news to you. Rather, it is to monetize you, by selling you off, in real time, to the highest bidder. This happens every
time you click on a link, before the page has even started to load on your phone. Once upon a time, if you and I both
visited the same web page at the same time using the same web browser, we would end up seeing the same thing. Today,
however, an almost unthinkably enormous ecosystem of scripts and cookies and often astonishingly personal
information is used to show you a set of brand messages and sales links which are tailored almost uniquely to you.
That ecosystem raises important questions about privacy—the way that the minute you look at a pair of shoes
online, for instance, they then start following you around every other website you visit for weeks. But whether or not
you value your privacy, you are damaged, daily, by the sheer weight of all that technology.
Online ads have never got less annoying over time, and you can be sure that mobile ads are going to get more
annoying as well, once Silicon Valley has worked out how to better identify who you are. The move to greater privacy
protections might help slow the pace with which such technologies are adopted. But there’s no realistic hope that
websites will actually improve from here. If you want to avoid the dreadful experience of the mobile web, you’ll only
have one choice—which is to start reading your articles natively, in the Facebook or Apple News app. But it won’t be
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Facebook and Apple who killed the news brands. It’ll be ad tech.
1．What will happen if two people click on the same link today?
A．They will immediately get the news that they want.
B．They will see the same thing whenever they browse.
C．They will see different brand messages and sales links.
D．They will be recommended to the same bidder.
2．Why can the online ads send you the links unique to you?
A．Because the ecosystem knows who you are.
B．Because they know how to identify who you are.
C．Because you don’t care about your privacy.
D．Because you always use the same web browser.
3．How could we protect our privacy against mobile ads?
A．By slowing the pace with such technologies.
B．By improving the website functions.
C．By stopping using the mobile phones.
D．By reading articles in specific apps.
4．What’s the author’s attitude to the ad tech?
A．Negative.
B．Positive.
C．Unconcerned.
D．Optimistic.
【答案】1．C2．B3．D4．A
【解析】本文是议论文，文章批判智能设备中植入的广告科技给读者带来一系列的隐患，侵犯了人们的隐私。
1．推理判断题。题干强调的是“today”。根据第一段最后一句“Today, however, an almost unthinkably enormous
ecosystem of scripts and cookies and often astonishingly personal information is used to show you a set of brand
messages and sales links which are tailored almost uniquely to you”（然而，今天，一个几乎无法想象的巨大的脚
本和cookie 的生态系统，以及经常令人吃惊的个人信息被用来向你显示一组品牌信息和销售链接，这些几乎是
为你量身定制的。）可推知，现在如果两个人点击同一链接，他们会看到不同的广告和销售链接，这些广告和信
息是依据他们的个人信息推送的，故选C 项。
2．推理判断题，根据第三段“Online ads have never got less annoying over time, and you can be sure that mobile ads
are going to get more annoying as well, once Silicon Valley has worked out how to better identify who you are.”（在
线广告从来没有随着时间的推移变得不那么烦人，而你可以肯定的是，一旦硅谷找到了更好地识别你是谁的方
法，移动广告也会变得更烦人。）可知，硅谷（技术）可以更好地确定你的个人信息，因此在线广告能给你发送
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独特的链接。故选B 项。
3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“If you want to avoid the dreadful experience of the mobile web, you’ll only have one
choice—which is to start reading your articles natively, in the Facebook or Apple News app”（如果你想避免可怕的
移动网络体验，你只有一个选择，那就是开始在Facebook 或苹果新闻应用程序上原生阅读你的文章。）可知要
想避免链接广告的烦扰只能在某些固定的应用程序上阅读文章，故选D 项。
4．推理判断题。根据整篇文章描述，可判知作者对链接广告很是烦扰，尤其最后一段最后一句“But it won’t be
Facebook and Apple who killed the news brands. It’ll be ad tech.”（但杀死新闻品牌的不会是Facebook 和苹果。它
将是广告技术。）可知真正起到破坏作用的是“ad tech”，由此推知，作者对此持反对态度，故选A 项。
3.
British beer and pubs are famous around the world. Things are changing, however. Is this the end of a great British
tradition?
For thousands of years, a very important building in any British village has been the pub. In fact, until a place has
a pub, it is not really considered a community worthy of a name. Traditionally, the pub is at the heart of any village or
town, since it is where people gather to socialize and exchange news. It is an institution at the heart of British society.
After all, the word “pub” is actually short for “public house”.
As a result, British pubs are often old and well preserved. Many of them have become historic sites that tourists
visit. Many British pubs have names referring to monarchs, such as The King's Head or The Queen Victoria, but of
course this doesn't mean they are only for kings and queens. Pubs have always welcomed people from all classes and
parts of society. On a cold night, the pub boss can always find a warm place for customers by the fire. There is always
honest and hearty food and plenty of drink available at an affordable price.
That's how it used to be, but there are worrying signs that things are beginning to change. Economic downturns,
governmental austerity measures and cultural changes are causing many pubs to go out of business. People do not have
a lot of spare money to spend on beer. On top of that, in 2007 smoking was banned in all public indoor spaces,
including pubs, which may also have affected the number of customers going to pubs since then. This decline is
happening despite the fact that pubs are now allowed by law to stay open after 11p.m..
In order to save their businesses, pubs are trying to diversify to attract new customers. And with various “save the
pub” campaigns, there are signs that people are gathering around pubs to support this great British institution with
pride.
1．Why are British pubs often old?
A．Because the British want to attract tourists.
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B．Because the birth of a community often results from a pub in it.
C．Because they are where people socialize and exchange news.
D．Because they follow in the tradition of British kings and queens.
2．What does the underlined word “monarchs” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Emperors.
B．Bosses.
C．Special tourists.
D．Ordinary people.
3．What causes many pubs to close down?
A．Cultural differences.
B．Economic decline.
C．Changes in opening hours.
D．Regulations against drinking.
4．What is the author's attitude towards the future of British pubs?
A．Conservative.
B．Skeptical.
C．Hopeless.
D．Objective.
【答案】1．B2．A3．B4．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国的酒吧文化，介绍了英国酒吧兴起的原因，酒吧的特色，酒吧
如今面临的困境以及人们为拯救酒吧所付出的一些努力。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In fact, until a place has a pub, it is not really considered a community worthy of a
name. Traditionally, the pub is at the heart of any village or town, since it is where people gather to socialize and
exchange news. It is an institution at the heart of British society. After all, the word “pub” is actually short for “public
house”.(事实上，直到一个地方有了酒吧，它才被认为是一个名副其实的社区。传统上，小酒吧位于任何村庄或
城镇的中心，因为人们聚集在这里进行社交和交流新闻。它是英国社会核心的一种机构。毕竟，“pub”这个词
实际上是“public house”的缩写)”以及第三段中“As a result, British pubs are often old and well preserved.(因
此，英国的酒吧往往历史悠久，保存完好)”可知，英国酒吧总是很老，是因为一个社区的诞生往往源于其中的
酒吧。故选B。
2．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“such as The King's Head or The Queen Victoria, but of course this doesn't mean
they are only for kings and queens”可知，比如“国王头”或“维多利亚女王”，但当然这并不意味着只有国王
和女王才能光顾酒吧，这说明很多英国酒吧的名字都与君主有关，故画线词意思为“君主”。A. Emperors.君主；
B. Bosses.老板；C. Special tourists. 特殊的游客；D. Ordinary people.普通人。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Economic downturns, governmental austerity measures and cultural changes are
causing many pubs to go out of business.(经济衰退、政府紧缩措施和文化变革正导致许多酒吧倒闭)”可知，导致
许多酒吧关门的原因是经济衰退。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In order to save their businesses, pubs are trying to diversify to attract new customers.
And with various “save the pub” campaigns, there are signs that people are gathering around pubs to support this great
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British institution with pride.(为了挽救他们的生意，酒吧正试图通过多样化来吸引新的顾客。在各种各样的“拯
救酒吧”运动中，有迹象表明人们正聚集在酒吧周围，自豪地支持酒吧这一英国机构)”可推知，作者在最后一
段中客观陈述了人们为拯救酒吧进行的努力，没有提到个人对英国酒吧未来的看法，即对英国酒吧的未来持客
观态度。故选D。
4.
Think “art”. What comes to your mind? Is it Greek or Roman sculptures in the Louvre, or Chinese paintings? Have
you ever imagined it’s a dancing pattern of lights?
The artworks by American artist Janet Echelman look like colourful floating clouds when lit up at night. Visitors
could not only enjoy looking at them but also interact with them literally — by using their phones to change the colors
and patterns. But are they really art?
Whatever your opinion, we cannot deny art has existed for thousands of years and art and technology have always
been two separate things.
Today, however, technological advances have led to a combination of art and technology, changing the art world
greatly. Now art is more accessible to us. For example, people used to queue six hours but spend limited time admiring
the famous 5-metre Chinese painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival. Thanks to technology, however,
viewers can leisurely experience a digital version of this painting, where the characters can move and interact with their
surroundings.
The art-tech combination is also changing our concepts of “art” and the “artist”. Not only can we interact with art,
but take part in its creation. With new technological tools at our fingertips, more people are exploring new art forms,
such as digital paintings and videos. However, it has also raised questions over its overall quality. Can a video of
someone slicing a tomato really be called “art”?
Similarly, such developments are making the line between art and technology less distinct. Can someone
unfamiliar with traditional artists’ tools really call themselves an “artist”? And is the artist the creator of the art itself, or
the maker of the technology behind it?
Where technology will take art next is anyone’s guess. But one thing is for sure — with
so many artists
exploring new possibilities, we can definitely expect the unexpected.
1．How could viewers interact with Janet Echelman’s artworks?
A．By talking to her on the phone.
B．By lighting up the artworks.
C．By touching their phone screens.
D．By coloring the patterns.
2．What does the example in Paragraph 4 indicate?
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A．Achievements of China’s technology.
B．The influence of art on technology.
C．Interaction between viewers and art.
D．Easier access to art caused by technology.
3．What do we know about the art-tech combination?
A．It lowers the quality of artworks.
B．It involves common people in innovation.
C．It shortens the time of painting.
D．It makes scientists the real creators of art.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards combining technology with art?
A．Regretful.
B．Objective.
C．Disapproving.
D．Conservative.
【答案】1．C2．D3．B4．B
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了将技术与艺术结合的优缺点。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Visitors could not only enjoy looking at them but also interact with them literally —
by using their phones to change the colors and patterns.”（参观者不仅可以欣赏它们，还可以通过手机改变它们的
颜色和图案来与它们进行互动。）可知，观众通过触摸手机屏幕来与珍妮特·埃切曼的作品互动。故选C。
2．推理判断题。例子是为了证明观点的，根据文章第四段“Now art is more accessible to us.”（现在我们更容易
接触艺术了。）可知，这个例子表明科技使人们更容易接近艺术。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“Not only can we interact with art, but take part in its creation.With new
technological tools at our fingertips, more people are exploring new art forms, such as digital paintings and videos. ”
（我们不仅可以与艺术互动，还可以参与艺术的创作。通过触手可及的新兴科学技术，更多的人正在探索新的
艺术形式，如数字绘画和视频。）可知，它让普通人参与创新。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“However, it has also raised questions over its overall quality.”（然而，它也引发
了人们对其整体质量的质疑。）和最后一段“Where technology will take art next is anyone’s guess. But one thing is
for sure — with
so many artists exploring new possibilities, we can definitely expect the unexpected.”（技术下一步
将把艺术带到哪里，谁也说不准。但有一件事是肯定的——有这么多艺术家在探索新的可能性，我们肯定可以
期待意想不到的事情。）可知，作者既提到了缺点，也提到了优点。由此可知，作者对技术与艺术结合的态度是
客观的。A. Regretful 后悔的；B. Objective 客观的；C. Disapproving 不同意的；D. Conservative 保守的。故选B。
5.
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In the past few decades, parental fears over their children's “fragile” egos (脆弱的自我) have dominated thinking.
Rather than using failure to improve, participation and effort have become what is celebrated. Parents now see failure
as a terrible disaster with negative consequences as opposed to something their children could recover and grow from.
In a recent study, administrators at Harvard observed that despite awesome grades, the kids entering college seem
unable to take care of themselves and think for themselves. The study points to the fact that for all their lives their
parents have taken care of every need, told them what path to follow and if any difficulty occurs, have made sure to fix
it for them. As a result, children have lost the ability to feel competent and to be in charge of their own lives.
I was a baseball player. When the opportunity to coach my son's team came up, I was in two minds. I wanted my
kids to do activities without their dad hanging around. But an old friend happened to be the head coach and he
convinced me to help out. I coached it well, rarely having a hand in training my son. I found out the learning
opportunities on and off the field were even better than I had imagined.
Last season, our team lost 0-13. In the post-game meeting, my message was, “You have to learn how to lose if you
ever want to win.” When saying this to the team, I was met with blank stares. When I said it to the parents, there was
some nodding but not everyone was on board. Shouldn't I be praising the kids for their every action? Why didn't I put
only the best players at the “important” positions? How come I didn't replace kids who were struggling with players
who could do better?
Luckily, the parents eventually got my message and I didn't get any push-back at all. They desired to learn more
about life lessons that failure could teach their kids. And the team began to win games after early losses.
1．What does children's failure mean to parents?
A．Children's self-reflection.
B．Destructive effects on children.
C．A steppingstone to children's success.
D．Parental irresponsibility in raising children.
2．What prevents children thinking independently based on the study?
A．The rapidly-developing society.
B．Parents' high expectations of children.
C．Children's wrong attitude towards failure.
D．Too much parental intervention in children's life.
3．How did the author feel when offered the chance to coach his son's team?
A．Excited.
B．Confident.
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C．Hesitant.
D．Uninterested.
4．What do the three questions in paragraph 4 imply?
A．Some parents doubted the author's strategies.
B．The players felt confused about their failure.
C．The author was to blame for the team's defeat.
D．The author ignored the head coach's good advice.
【答案】1．B2．D3．C4．A
【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，文章中作者通过现在孩子们经受不起失败的现状，引出家长要引导孩子正确
面对失败。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Parents now see failure as a terrible disaster with negative consequences as opposed
to something their children could recover and grow from.”（父母现在认为失败是一场可怕的灾难，会带来负面的后
果，而没有看待成他们的孩子可以从中恢复过来和成长机会。），可知，父母害怕孩子失败后受到严重地打击，
于是鼓励孩子们参与与努力即可。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“The study points to the fact that for all their lives their parents have taken care of
every need, told them what path to follow and if any difficulty occurs, have made sure to fix it for them. ”（研究指出，
对于他们的生活而言，他们的父母已经照顾到每一个需求，并告知他们沿什么样的道路去走，及如果出现任何
困难，父母都会确保为他们解决好），可知，孩子的失败对父母意味着灾难性的影响。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句，“When the opportunity to coach my son's team came up, I was in two
minds. ”（当可以给儿子的棒球队当教练的机会来临时，我是犹豫不决的），可知，作者当时是犹豫不决的，in two
minds 是固定短语，意为“犹豫不决的，三心二意的”。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据文章第四段第四句，“When I said it to the parents, there was some nodding but not everyone was
on board.”（当我把这句话说给父母们听时，他们有一些人点头，但是不是每个人都同意这种说法）由此判断出，
第四段中的三个问题暗示有些人怀疑作者策略。故选A。
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专题05 阅读理解III：推理判断
考点5 预测推断题
推理判断题
考点1 引申推断题
考点2 文章来源题
考点3 读者对象题
考点4 观点态度题
考点5 预测推断题
考点6 目的意图题
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
主。
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
【剖析全国高考真题】
阅读理解III：推理判断题考点5
预测推断题
What to endure before publication?
It takes a lot to write a novel. Even those who haven’t tried would say, “Well, duh!” to this. But it’s not much the
mind space or the considerable time it takes to write a novel that is as discouraging as how many times any writer must
go back to the drawing board for yet another draft. To really ready a novel for publication, a writer must spend time
with his or her book. Like any promising relationship, you, the writer , must date your novel, take it out to dinner, meet
its parents, and see it through its most trying and desperate times. As a writer, you have to stay up all night with your
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novel crying and talking and sometimes even pulling your hair out before that perfect moment of inspiration can truly
help you cross the finish line.
For many published authors I know, myself included, a completed novel takes them about 10, that’s right, 10 drafts,
and at least a year of real editing. Will you be spending every single second editing your novel? No, of course not. Just
as drafts need some real time on the surgery table, they also need rest in the recovery room. You don’t nurse a
relationship by spending every waking second with them until you can’t stand the sight of each other, and you can’t
produce a novel by breathing down its literary neck. However, a novel should undergo many drafts---and different
kinds of drafts—before declaring it ready for an agent or editor to see.
Everyone has their own way to write a novel, and not all craft advice (or even craft “rules”) should all be followed
by everyone, but when it comes to the many drafts of a novel, there are specific things a writer should focus on during
each revision to help create a smooth transition from the initial idea to final products.
Which of the following is most likely to come after the last paragraph?
A. The importance of using proper transitional words in writing.
B. The writing experience shared by famous successful write.
C. Tips on how to make ten drafts to complete a good novel.
D. Setbacks writers may suffer if ignoring the craft advice.
【答案】C
【解析】本文为说明文。写小说要花很多时间，一部小说在出版前，需要进行不断的修改再修改。
推理判断题。根据最后一段中的there are specific things a writer should focus on during each revision to help
create a smooth transition from the initial idea to final products.（在每次修改的过程中，作者都应该关注一些具
体的事情，以帮助创建从最初想法到最终产品的平稳过渡。）可推知，接下来极可能会谈论一些关于如何通过
打草稿来完成一部好小说的建议。故选C。
【精讲研法】
阅读理解III：推理判断考点5 预测推断题
【做题实践中找规律】
1.
The other day, I bought an expensive anti-aging cream that promised to make my face look several years younger
than other women by fighting free radicals(自由基). It made me curious about what free radicals are. Is the anti-aging
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cream the only way I need to protect myself?
“As a scientific term, free radicals are essentially unstable atoms, ” says Arizona-based doctor, Natasha Bhuyan, M.
D．“In medicine, they cause cells to break down over time and are linked to aging. ”
A super simple chemistry review for you：Atoms from different elements are the building blocks that make up
water, nitrogen and more. Electron(电子) are the negatively charged atoms, and they like to be in pairs. When an
electron loses its partner, it creates a free radical, which is usually unstable and highly reactive. Free radicals typically
go through the body to seek out a replacement for their missing electron, and that can result in damage to cells, proteins
and DNA．
So how do free radicals form and why do they happen? Bhuyan says, “Scientifically, free radicals are unpaired
electrons that are seeking a mate to bond with. The theory behind free radicals is that they can lead to the imbalance
between free radicals and antioxidants(抗氧化剂). ” Another mini-science lesson for you：Antioxidants are natural or
man-made matters that can help delay or prevent some types of cell damage. They’re often found in fruits and
vegetables.
A lot of the aspects of modern life--our diet, lifestyle and environmental factors like pollution, can cause
oxidative(氧化的) stress. Over time, oxidative stress weakens cells and tissues and can leave you more easily exposed
to certain health issues, including cancer. And, as beauty marketers are keenly aware, oxidative stress can also speed up
the aging process. Now that you know free radicals can weak on your health, you’re probably wondering if there are
any ways to prevent them from forming or at least to minimize their negative effects.
1．What does the author intend to do in paragraph 1?
A．Explain the process of aging.
B．State the formation of free radicals.
C．Introduce the topic of free radicals.
D．Describe the harm of anti-aging cream.
2．Which of the following do free radicals refer to?
A．Unpaired electrons.
B．Steady atoms.
C．Replacements of atoms.
D．Functions of electrons.
3．What can we learn about antioxidants from the text?
A．They have never been found in nature.
B．They do harm to cells proteins and DNA．
C．They can slow down the damage of some cells.
D．They always keep balance with free radicals.
4．What will the author probably tell us next?
A．What exactly oxidative stress is.
B．How beauty marketers promote sales.
C．Where a variety of diseases come from.
D．How free radicals can be prevented.
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【答案】1．C2．A3．C4．D
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章以作者购买抗衰老的面霜来抵抗自由基给脸部留下岁月的痕迹的事情为开
头，介绍了自由基是怎样形成的和自由基是怎样影响人的身体的。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段The other day, I bought an expensive anti-aging cream that promised to make my face look
several years younger that other women by fighting free radicals. It made me curious about what free radicals ares. Is
the anti-aging cream the only way I need to protect myself?可知，前几天，我买了一款昂贵的抗衰老面霜，据说它
能对抗自由基，让我的脸看起来比其他女性年轻好几岁。这让我好奇什么是自由基。抗衰老面霜是我唯一需要
保护自己的方法吗？由此可推知，作者第一段讲述了她买了一个抗衰老的面霜来抵抗自由基给脸部留下岁月的
痕迹的事，从而引出自由基的话题。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中Electrons (电子) are the negatively charged atoms, and they like to be in pairs.可知，
电子是带负电荷的原子，它们喜欢成对出现。以及第四段中Bhuyan says, “Scientifically, free radicals are unpaired
electrons that are seeking a mate to bond with.可知Bhuyan 说：“从科学上讲，自由基是寻找配偶的未配对电子。”
由此可知，自由基指的是不成对的电子。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中Another mini-science lesson for you: Antioxidants are natural or man made matters that
can help delay or prevent some types of cell damage.可知，另一个小科学课：抗氧化剂是天然或人造物质，可以帮
助延缓或防止某些类型的细胞损伤。由此可知，抗氧化剂可以减缓一些细胞的损伤。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中Now that your know free radicals can weak on your health, you’re probably
wondering if there are any ways to prevent them from forming or at least to minimize their negative effects.可知，既然
你知道了自由基会损害你的健康，你可能想知道是否有办法阻止它们的形成，或者至少把它们的负面影响降到
最低。由此可推知，作者接下来可能会围绕“自由基的形成是否能被阻止”展开。故选D。
2.
On the way to his home the child turned many times and beat the dog,declaring with childish gestures that he held
him in contempt(茂视）as an unimportant dog.the dog apologized for being this quality of animal and expressed regret
in fine form,but he continued stealthily to follow the child.
When the child reached his door-step,the dog was a few yards behind,moving slowly toward him.He became so
anxious with shame when ho again faced the child that he forgot the dragging rope . He tripped(绊倒）upon it and fell
forward.
The child sat down on the step and the two had another interview. During it the dog greatly exerted himself to
please the child. He performed a few playful jumps with such abandon(尽情地）that the child suddenly saw him to be
a valuable thing. He made a swift,greedy charge(猛冲）and seized the rope.
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He dragged his captive(俘虏）into a hall and up many long stairways in a dark building. The dog made willing
efforts, but he could not walk very skillfully up the stairs because he was very small and soft,and at last the pace of the
child grew so energetic that the dog became panic-stricken. In his mind he was being dragged toward somewhere
unknown. His ayes grew wild with the terror of it. He began to wiggle his head wildly and to brace his legs.
The child redoubled his efforts.They had a battle on the stairs.The child was victorious because he was completely
absorbed in his purpose,and because the dog was very small.He dragged his acquirement to the door of his home,and
finally with victory across the doorway.
No family member was in.The child sat down on the floor and made overtures to(向....示好）the dog.These the
dog instantly accepted.He smiled with affection upon his new friend.In a short time they were firm and abiding(矢志不
渝的）comrades.
1．What might have happened before the first paragraph?
A．The child had wanted to own the dog for a long time.
B．The dog had been someone else' s pet but lost his way.
C．The child had been looking for the lost dog for a long time.
D．The dog had been driven out of home by the child's family.
2．What directly made the boy change his mind?
A．The dog's apology.
B．His first interview with the dog.
C．His pity on the dog.
D．The dog's pleasing performance.
3．What can we know from paragraph 4 and 5?
A．The boy was naughty.
B．The dog was foolish.
C．The boy was a devoted friend.
D．The dog was a faithful friend.
4．Which of the following best describe the change of the dog's feeling?
A．Frightened-relieved-anxious-happy.
B．Worried-angry-scared-delighted.
C．Guilty-anxious-nervous-pleased.
D．Angry-regretted-scared-puzzled.
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【答案】1．B2．D3．A4．C
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了小狗走失后偶遇一个男孩，最终成功跟随小男孩回家的故事。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“On the way to his home the child turned many times and beat the dog, declaring with
childish gestures that he held him in contempt(茂视）as an unimportant dog. the dog apologized for being this quality of
animal and expressed regret in fine form, but he continued stealthily to follow the child.(在回家的路上，孩子多次转过
身来打那条狗，用孩子气的手势宣称他蔑视那条狗，认为它是一条不重要的狗。狗为自己是这样的动物而道歉，
并以良好的形式表示遗憾，但它继续偷偷地跟着孩子。)”可知，孩子试图摆脱狗，而且他们在此之前并不认识，
可见他们是无意间遇到的。从而推断，这条狗曾是别人的宠物，但迷路了。小狗是丢失后才遇到男孩的。故选
B。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“He performed a few playful jumps with such abandon(尽情地）that the child
suddenly saw him to be a valuable thing.(它尽情地跳了几下，孩子突然觉得它很有价值。)”可知，小狗努力的取悦
男孩，使得男孩改变了主意。故选D。
3．推理判断题。文章四五两段在描述男孩拖拉小狗上楼梯的过程，看得出小男孩精力充沛，一直不懈的努力着，
尽管当时小狗是有点害怕的，但小男孩没有停止自己的行为，可见这个男孩子有点调皮。故选A。
4．推理判断题。狗的心情和它的遭遇是一致的，第一段狗尽管被嫌弃但还是跟着，心情是有点罪恶感的，从
apologized 可以看出；第二段出现了anxious and shamed，可见狗的心情是紧张羞愧；第三段狗取悦小孩；四五
段就是狗被带上楼梯的过程，从panic-stricken 可以看出，狗因为未知的地方感到害怕；最后一段狗和小孩已经
交好，推断出心情愉悦。故选C。
规律方法：如何解决预测推断题？
有些题目要求根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容等进行猜测推理。做此类题目时，务
必把握作者的写作思路，如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述，从而做出
比较科学的、合情合理的预测判断。特别要注意文章最后一段的内容及最后几句话。
【变式精讲】
1.
China is one of the first countries to breed a medical culture. In comparison with Western methods, traditional
Chinese medicine (TCM) adopts a vastly different approach. For thousands of years, Chinese people have accumulated
rich experience in fighting all sorts of diseases, therefore forming a unique medical theory under the guidance of
ancient Chinese philosophies (哲学).
The core behind TCM is that the human body's life is the consequence (结果) of the balance between Yin and
Yang. Yang functions to safeguard us against outer harm, and Yin is the inner base to store and provide energy. When
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the balance between the two aspects is disturbed, people fall ill.
One of the traditional techniques of TCM, acupuncture (针刺疗法) means insertion of needles into superficial (表
面的) structures of the body—usually at acupoints (穴位)—to restore the Yin Yang balance. It is often accompanied by
moxibustion (艾灸疗法), which involves burning mugwort on or near the skin at an acupoint.
The first known text that clearly talks about something like acupuncture and moxibustion as it is practiced today is
The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon. It is the earliest and most important written work of TCM and is considered the
fundamental and most representative medical text in China.
Acupuncture and moxibustion have aroused the interest of international medical science circles. And TCM is
gradually gaining worldwide recognition. The WHO issued a document in 2002 that appealed to more than 180
countries to adopt TCM as an alternative in their medical policies. In 2010, acupuncture and moxibustion of traditional
Chinese medicine were added to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the
UNESCO. Presently, TCM has been back in the news for its effectiveness in improving the cure rate of the COVID-19
since its outbreak in January .
1．What is the key feature of TCM?
A．It adopts different medical approaches.
B．It's based on ancient Chinese philosophies.
C．It helps to restore body's self-balance.
D．It's gained experience through rich practice.
2．What can we learn about The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon from the text?
A．It distinguishes acupuncture from moxibustion.
B．It's a foundation of world medical research.
C．it stresses the importance of using acupoints.
D．It greatly contributes to the development of TCM.
3．Why does the writer write this text?
A．To review the development of TCM.
B．To introduce TCM to the world.
C．To tell TCM and Western medicine apart.
D．To argue for TCM in fighting COVID-19.
4．What might be talked about in the paragraph following the text?
A．How TCM helps in the current situation.
B．Why TCM is gaining popularity.
C．Why TCM gets recognition from WHO.
D．How other countries adopt TCM.
【答案】1．C2．D3．B4．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了，中国传统的中医文化，它与西医不同，有着独特的理论和治疗体系，
针灸引起了国际医学界的关注。
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1．细节理解题。由第二段“The core behind TCM is that the human body's life is the consequence (结果) of the balance
between Yin and Yang. Yang functions to safeguard us against outer harm, and Yin is the inner base to store and provide
energy. When the balance between the two aspects is disturbed, people fall ill.”（中医学的核心是人体的生命是阴阳
平衡的结果。阳的功能是保护我们免受外界的伤害，而阴是储存和提供能量的内在基础。当这两方面的平衡被
打破时，人们就会生病。）和第三段中的“One of the traditional techniques of TCM, acupuncture (针刺疗法) means
insertion of needles into superficial (表面的) structures of the body—usually at acupoints (穴位)—to restore the Yin
Yang balance.”（针灸是中医传统技术之一，是指将针头插入身体的浅表结构，通常在穴位处恢复阴阳平衡。），
可知身体阴阳平衡被打破时，人们就会生病，而中医（例如针灸）的核心就是通过中医技巧恢复身体的自我平
衡，达到阴阳平衡。故选C 项。
2．推理判断题。由第四段“The first known text that clearly talks about something like acupuncture and moxibustion as
it is practiced today is The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon. It is the earliest and most important written work of TCM
and is considered the fundamental and most representative medical text in China.”（已知的第一个明确提到针灸之类
的东西的著作是《黄帝内经》。它是中医学最早、最重要的著作，被认为是我国最基本、最具代表性的医学著作。），
可知《黄帝内经》是我国最基本、最具代表性的医学著作，说明《黄帝内经》在中国医学史上占有重要地位，
肯定也为后来中医的发展提供了基础，为中医药的发展做出了巨大的贡献。故选D 项。
3．推理判断题。第一段引入“不同于西医的中国医学——中医学”，第二段讲“中医的核心就是通过中医技巧恢
复身体的阴阳平衡”，第三段讲“中医传统技艺——针灸”，第四段讲“为中医药发展做出了巨大贡献的著作《黄
帝内经》”，第五段讲“针灸已引起国际医学界的兴趣，中医药正逐渐得到世界的认可”，可知文章主要向读者介
绍了中医，因此作者写这篇文章的目的是向世界介绍中医药。故选B 项。
4．推理判断题。由最后一段中的“Acupuncture and moxibustion have aroused the interest of international medical
science circles.The WHO issued a document in 2002 that appealed to more than 180 countries to adopt TCM as an
alternative in their medical policies.”（针灸已引起国际医学界的兴趣。中医药正逐渐得到世界的认可。世卫组织
在2002 年发布了一份文件，呼吁180 多个国家在其医疗政策中采用中医药作为替代品。）和“Presently, TCM has
been back in the news for its effectiveness in improving the cure rate of the COVID-19 since its outbreak in January .”
（目前，中医药因其在提高COVID-19 治愈率方面的有效性而重新成为新闻，自从COVID-19 在年1 月爆发。），
可知中医药的价值正逐渐得到世界的认可，而中医药在提高COVID-19 治愈率方面的有效性更佐证了它的价值，
文章接下来可能就中医如何帮助解决目前的情况来展开。故选A 项。
2.
On Monday, about 270 pilot whales got into difficulty on a sandbank at Macquarie Heads, near Strahan on
Tasmania’s west coast, about 190 kilometres from Hobart. Another 200 of the animals were found early on Wednesday,
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making it Tasmania’s largest recorded stranding event. The Department of Primary Industry, Parks, Water and
Environment (DPIPWE) said that about a third had died.
Marine biologists arrived in the area to carry out rescue operations. They planned to use specialized equipment
such as special tarpaulins to push the whales back into the deep water. The local police also assisted in the rescue.
The whales that were stranded are Pilot Whales, and they are found in almost all the oceans of the world,
according to the Marine conservation group. Pilot whales are in fact one of the largest members of the dolphin family,
but they are treated as whales for the Marine Mammals Protection Regulations issued in 1992.They were named pilot
whales because it was thought that each pod followed a ‘pilot’ in the group.
Cetacean stranding, commonly known as beaching, is a phenomenon in which whales and dolphins strand
themselves on land, usually on a beach. Several explanations for why cetaceans strand themselves have been proposed,
including changes in water temperatures, unusual features of whales’ echo location in certain surroundings, and
geomagnetic disturbances, but none have so far been universally accepted as a definitive reason for the behavior.
In recent years, whale strandings have become more frequent around the world. In November , a dead sperm
whale that had washed ashore in eastern Indonesia consumed a horrifying collection of plastic trash, including 115
drinking cups, 25 plastic bags, plastic bottles, two flip-flops and a bag containing more than 1,000 pieces of string. In
all, the plastic contents of the whale’s stomach weighed 13.2 pound (six kilograms). The bags are black due to a
reaction with the creature’s stomach acids, according to Thai Whales organization. A person, on average, breathes or
swallows at least 74,000 microscopic particles of plastic each year.
1．How many whales died according to DPIPWE?
A．About 160.
B．About 200.
C．About 270.
D．About 470.
2．What does the underlined word “stranding” mean in Paragraph 1?
A．Being put into danger.
B．Being trapped in trouble.
C．Being found in extinction.
D．Being left or driven ashore.
3．What does the author want to tell us by the numbers in Paragraph 5?
A．Whales mistake plastics for food.
B．Whales need the ability of self-protection.
C．Whales’ living conditions are worsening.
D．Whales have an excellent digestive system.
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4．What will be discussed probably following the last paragraph?
A．Protective measures for whales.
B．The reasons for whale stranding.
C．Studying whales’ stomach deeply.
D．Researching the oceans’ ecosystem.
【答案】1．A2．D3．C4．A
【文章大意】这是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述了星期一，大约270 头领航鲸在麦格理海兹的沙洲上搁浅了。
1．细节理解题。由第一段“On Monday, about 270 pilot whales got into difficulty on a sandbank at Macquarie Heads,
near Strahan on Tasmania’s west coast, about 190 kilometres from Hobart. Another 200 of the animals were found early
on Wednesday, making it Tasmania’s largest recorded stranding event. The Department of Primary Industry, Parks,
Water and Environment (DPIPWE) said that about a third had died.”（星期一，大约270 头领航鲸在麦格理海兹的沙
洲上遇到了麻烦，这里靠近塔斯马尼亚州西海岸的斯特拉汉，距离霍巴特大约190 公里。周三早些时候又发现
了200 只这种动物，这是塔斯马尼亚有记录以来最大的鲸搁浅事件。DPIPWE 说，大约三分之一的鲸已经死亡。）
可知总共有470 头鲸搁浅，三分之一的鲸已经死亡，说明157 头鲸死亡,即大约有160 头。故选A 项。
2．词句猜测题。由第二段中的“Marine biologists arrived in the area to carry out rescue operations. They planned to
use specialized equipment such as special tarpaulins to push the whales back into the deep water.”（海洋生物学家抵达
该地区展开营救行动。他们计划使用特殊的设备，如特殊的防水布将鲸鱼推回到深水中。）可知海洋生物学家要
把鲸鱼推回到深水中，说明这些鲸鱼在岸上搁浅了，stranding 在此处意为“被留在或者被驱赶上岸”。故选D 项。
3．推理判断题。由第五段中的“In November , a dead sperm whale that had washed ashore in eastern Indonesia
consumed a horrifying collection of plastic trash, including 115 drinking cups, 25 plastic bags, plastic bottles, two
flip-flops and a bag containing more than 1,000 pieces of string. In all, the plastic contents of the whale’s stomach
weighed 13.2 pound (six kilograms).”（年11 月，一头在印尼东部被冲上岸的死抹香鲸吃掉了一堆骇人听闻的塑
料垃圾，包括115 个饮水杯、25 个塑料袋、塑料瓶、两个人字拖和一个装有1000 多条细绳的袋子。总的来说，
鲸鱼胃中的塑料物质重13.2 磅（6 公斤）。）可知这头鲸鱼吃了很多的塑料垃圾，作者想通过第五段中的数字告
诉我们鲸鱼的生存条件正在恶化。故选C 项。
4．推理判断题。由第五段中的“In recent years, whale strandings have become more frequent around the world. In
November , a dead sperm whale that had washed ashore in eastern Indonesia consumed a horrifying collection of
plastic trash, including 115 drinking cups, 25 plastic bags, plastic bottles, two flip-flops and a bag containing more than
1,000 pieces of string. In all, the plastic contents of the whale’s stomach weighed 13.2 pound (six kilograms). The bags
are black due to a reaction with the creature’s stomach acids, according to Thai Whales organization.”（近年来，鲸鱼
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搁浅在世界各地变得越来越频繁。年11 月，一头在印尼东部被冲上岸的死抹香鲸吃掉了一堆骇人听闻的塑料垃
圾，包括115 个饮水杯、25 个塑料袋、塑料瓶、两个人字拖和一个装有1000 多条细绳的袋子。总的来说，鲸
鱼胃中的塑料物质重13.2 磅（6 公斤）。根据泰国鲸鱼组织的说法，这些袋子是黑色的，这是因为它们与胃酸发
生反应。）可知搁浅鲸鱼越来越多，有些还吃了很多的塑料垃圾，鲸鱼的生存环境不好，导致鲸鱼死亡，接下来
应该谈保护鲸鱼的措施。故选A 项。
考点6 目的意图题
推理判断题
考点1 引申推断题
考点2 文章来源题
考点3 读者对象题
考点4 观点态度题
考点5 预测推断题
考点6 目的意图题
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
主。
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
【剖析全国高考真题】
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阅读理解III：推理判断题考点6
目的意图题
1. C【·全国新高考I 山东卷】
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically
broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an
article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the
Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of
lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land,
and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English
in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In
Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police
methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange
drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from
the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of
Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate
stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is,
the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
11．What is the purpose of this text?
A．To introduce a book.
B．To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C．To remember a writer.
D．To recommend a travel destination.
【答案】11．A
【解析】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了Bissell 写的《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》这本书。这本书是Bissell
在乌兹别克斯坦做志愿者后写的，是对乌兹别克斯坦人生活的一个快速观察。
11．推理判断题。文章第一段提到书的作者的乌兹别克斯坦之行，引出他写的书，接下来三段讲述了他的书《追
逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》的故事内容，是乌兹别克斯坦生活的一个快速观察。因此推断本文的写作目的
是介绍一本书。故选A。
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2. A【·天津卷】
How to Use a Modern Public Library
Has it been a while since your last visit to a public library? If so, you may be surprised to learn that libraries have
changed for the better. It’s been years since they were dusty little rooms with books. They have transformed themselves
into places where you can develop your love of knowledge meet interesting people, or find out how to start a business.
Check out a book. While libraries still loan out(出借)books, you’ll find it easier to get a copy of whatever you’re
looking for, thanks to a cooperative network of area libraries. Via such networks, libraries share their books with each
other through the use of delivery vehicles. Once the book you’ve requested is delivered to the nearest branch, they will
inform you by e-mail, so you can pick it up.
Check out other items. The library is now a multimedia zone, loaded with information in many formats(载体形式).
You can borrow movies on DVDs, music on CDs, and popular magazines. Some libraries even loan out toys and games.
If a popular magazine you want isn’t offered and the library keeps a list of such requests, they may bring it in when
enough interest is shown.
Join targeted reading groups. Libraries will often hold reading-group sessions targeted to various age groups.
Perhaps you’d like to learn a language or improve your English. The library may sponsor a language group you could
join. If you have difficulties reading, ask about special reading opportunities. Your library might be able to
accommodate you. And you might find it relaxing to bring your small kid to a half-hour Story Time while you sit
quietly in a corner with a good book.
Start a business using the help of your local library. If you want to have a business of your own, your local library
can become a launch space for it. In library books and computers, you can find information on starting a business.
Many libraries will help you with locally supplied information about business management shared through chambers of
commerce(商会)and government agencies, and they will offer printing, faxing and database services you need.
40．What is the purpose of the passage?
A．To point out the importance of public libraries.
B．To encourage people to work in public libraries.
C．To introduce the improved services of public libraries.
D．To call for the modernization of public library systems.
【答案】40．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何使用改造升级后现代公共图书馆。
40．推理判断题。根据文章标题How to Use a Modern Public Library（如何使用一个现代公共图书馆）和第一段
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中的“you may be surprised to learn that libraries have changed for the better. They have transformed themselves into
places where you can develop your love of knowledge meet interesting people, or find out how to start a business.（你
可能会惊讶地发现图书馆已经变得更好了。他们已经把自己变成了一个地方，在那里你可以发展你对知识的热
爱，遇见有趣的人，或者发现如何创业）。再结合几个小标题：Check out a book（借一本书）；Check out other items
（借其他物品）；Join targeted reading groups（加入有针对性的阅读小组）；Start a business using the help of your
local library（在当地图书馆的帮助下创业）可知，本文主要介绍了在经过改善后的图书馆里，人们可以做些什
么，即：经过改善后的图书馆可以给人们提供什么服务。故选C。
3. D【·天津卷】
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of
great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man
who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more that ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious
when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like
Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture
them.
“The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We
stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It
encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how
terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity
and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange
flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. How she is one of the experts, writing books on
flower arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t; there are
only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things
done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that
Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she
was 78.
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However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than
you are at this moment.
51．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________.
A．propose a definition
B．make a comparison
C．reach a conclusion
D．present an argument
【答案】51．D
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了获得成就的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。
51．推理判断题。根据第一段内容After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the
difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance curiosity and discontent. I have never
known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong
together.可知，作者经过多年对人性的观察，认为成就非凡的人和平庸的人的区别在于好奇心和不满足，而且两
者是相辅相成的。由此推知，作者写第一段的目的是提出一个论点。故选D。
4. D【·江苏卷】
I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a
small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often than
not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without
running water or electricity It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am
not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of
passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goal
keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, “In your home, do you have a moon too?” I was
surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏)
at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan’s world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan’s world. the
unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible.
In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found
all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan’s village. There
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are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thought about Juan’s question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part, an
ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects
remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant
(无知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not
know constantly bothered me.
I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they appear.
My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with
dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to
fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on
things thought to be useless, life even without DNA．I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more
slowly, but all the same, it fills.
In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists,
usually brilliant occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that
other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽), and
at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and
how their lives changed our view of the world.
We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think that insects
were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new
turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
68．What was the author’s initial purpose of collecting newspaper articles?
A．To sort out what we have known.
B．To deepen his research into Amazonians.
C．To improve his reputation as a biologist.
D．To learn more about local cultures.
【答案】68．A
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和妻子来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作者感到非
常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的过程中，作者
意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。
68．推理判断题。根据第七段“I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new spider...,and on and on
they appear, my drawer quickly filled, I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system
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discovered with dozens of nameless species ...I started a third drawer for these big discoveries.”可知，我开始收集报纸
上关于新物种、新蜘蛛的文章……它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽屉来储存
更普遍的发现:在新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种……我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽屉。由此判
断，作者收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A 项。
【精讲研法】
阅读理解III：推理判断考点6 目的意图题
【做题实践中找规律】
1.
Muir Woods and Sausalito Half Day Tour
Wander through an ancient coastal redwood forest and explore the artistic bayside on this half-day tour from San
Francisco. Travel across the Golden Gate Bridge to visit Muir Woods,
home to some of the oldest and tallest
trees
on
Earth.
At
the
end
of
your
tour
choose
between getting dropped off at Union Square in San Francisco
or taking the ferry back to San Francisco.
Yosemite National Park and Giant Sequoias Day Trip
Discover the beauty of the Sierra Nevada on this full-day trip to Yosemite National Park from San Francisco.
Travel aboard a comfortable van through historic Gold Rush towns to reach the park, where you’ll be amazed by
supersized natural wonders. Take a hike among ancient trees, and enjoy several hours to explore the park’s wonders on
your own.
Niagara Falls Tour
Escape from New York City and head north to see both sides of the Canadian border on this guided, 2-day tour to
Niagara Falls. Visit Niagara Falls on both the American and Canadian sides and take a ride on the famous Maid of the
Mist boat. Then, on the road back to New York City, make a stop to shop at the Crossings Premium Outlets, one of the
largest outlet malls in the US.
Napa and Sonoma Wine Country Tour
Escape to California’s famous wine country on this full-day tour from San Francisco. Taste regional varietals at
three different wineries including both big-name and family-run estates (庄园). Learn about the winemaking process
during guided tours, and appreciate the regional culture with
a stop for lunch.
What does the writer intend to do by writing the passage?
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A．To introduce some outdoor activities.
B．To share some tour experiences.
C．To advertise for the wine country.
D．To call for protecting natural wonders.
【答案】A
【解析】本文是一篇广告布告类短文阅读。文章主要向读者介绍了四个不同户外活动。
目的意图题。根据全文内容可知，本文是一篇广告布告类短文阅读。文章主要向读者介绍了四个不同户外活动。
故选A。
2.
There was a time when the major concern with AI safety had been the one evil super intelligence, reflected in the
movie “The Terminator”. However, the game “Tacoma” takes a different approach. It assumes that there will be
numerous AGI (artificial general intelligence) in the world and that any AGI, even a safely designed one, in the wrong
hands at the wrong time could cause live« to be lost. That's the future that a growing number of AI safety experts are
worried about.
This is not a new idea. In the book “Engineering a Safer World,” MIT professor Nancy G. Leveson addresses
common misunderstandings about safety-critical systems engineering: engineering systems whose failure could lead to
human loss. Such safety-critical technologies include aviation, nuclear power, automobiles, heavy chemicals,
biotechnology, and, of course, AGI.
So what can be done?
Technology isn’t always the solution. A famous example is the invention of sonic radars (声波雷达) that were
supposed to help ships detect nearby obstacles, but which only increased the rate of accidents. Why? Captains sailed
faster, thinking they could get away with it thanks to the new safety technology.
Instead of technologies, Leveson's book suggests, we should be making organizational changes. Additionally,
Leveson suggests, among many complicated guidelines, organizations should be aware that safety guidelines will
inevitably become lax over time. As a consequence, measures should be carried out to prevent potential disasters.
What lessons can we draw from concern with AI safety? The answer may lie in recent disaster narratives (叙述),
which remind us that, especially in limes like this, we shouldn't forget the potential for other disasters. Public
conscience really does matter. And if we're all better at thinking about safety we citizens, maybe we really can prevent
disasters.
Why does the author mentioned “The Terminator” in the first paragraph?
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A．To arouse readers' interest in The Terminator.
B．To introduce the topic of concern with AI safely.
C．To mention the similarity between “The Terminator” and “Tacoma”.
D．To make readers recall the evil super intelligence reflected in the movie.
【答案】B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人们对人工智能安全的担忧，作者提出如果公民都能更好地考虑
安全问题，也许我们真的可以预防灾难的想法。
推理判断题。根据第一段“There was a time when the major concern with AI safety had been the one evil super
intelligence, reflected in the movie “The Terminator”.”（曾经有一段时间，人们对人工智能安全的主要担忧是电影
《终结者》中那个邪恶的超级智能。）可推断，作者提及《终结者》是为了介绍本文对人工智能安全的担忧的主
题。故选B 项。
3.
Friday was "Chatty Bus day", an experiment aimed at getting people to talk to each other on public transport.
This is not an idea that would appeal to those who commute in the rush hour, because there is a smaller distance within
which it's just as uncomfortable to talk. Elbow(肘) room is a precondition for sociability. It is no coincidence that the
first truly personal music player, the Sony Walkman, was invented in Japan where the commuter trains are literally
crowded with people.
We will also not talk to strangers who are physically too far away, of course. No one wants to shout their small talk.
Only on country buses or similar unhurried and uncrowded forms of public transport can people reach out to their
neighbors, confident that they are doing so from a position of strength and autonomy.
For all these drawbacks, the idea of talking to strangers is still a good one, and the promotion of sociability is good
for society. Although it does seem to be a general rule that people are friendlier the fewer there are of them and more
hostile and indifferent as cities get more crowded, there are still considerable cultural variations. And there is evidence
that friendlier places are also healthier, and their inhabitants happier.
It is true that the apparent loneliness of many people on public transport is a false impression.
Many will be caught up with conversations with distant friends on their phones; some will be talking to the people
in books. Some may be in willed solitude with their headphones. But there are always people who would be interested
in an unexpected conversation with a stranger. This need not go on for too long.
It is not large and possibly life-changing conversations that are what most people in loneliness miss most. What
they really need is not deep thought but superficiality. The kind of conversation that you could have with anyone
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reminds you that you yourself might be anyone. It is a release from the prison of the self, which is where lonely people
serve their sentences, uncertain whether they ever can be paroled(假释). Friendship may be too rare a gift to hope for,
but sometimes the kindest thing to say is also the simplest: "Don't be a stranger"-and sometimes that's also enough.
1．What is the author most likely to agree with?
A．Small talk to strangers will help ease loneliness on the road.
B．Lonely people are in desperate need of deep conversation.
C．People in less populated cities tend to be cold and distant.
D．It's inadvisable to talk to strangers who are physically too close.
2．What is the author's main purpose in writing the text?
A．To cast new light on human loneliness.
B．To introduce an experiment and its effects.
C．To advocate striking up conversations with strangers.
D．To explore the relationship between physical distance and willingness to reach out.
【答案】1．A2．C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。作者介绍了在现代社会，陌生人之间建立沟通交流的阻碍因素以及这种陌生人之间
随意的交谈带来的益处，最后呼吁大家敞开心扉，通过沟通交流积极打破这种陌生人之间的距离感。
1．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It is a release from the prison of the self, which is where lonely people serve their
sentences, uncertain whether they ever can be paroled(假释)。（孤独的人会给自己设置牢笼，宣判自己而且不确定
自己是否可以被假释，这样一种闲聊对他们来说就是一种释放。）”可知，作者认为，与陌生人在路上的闲聊可
以帮助缓解孤独。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Friendship may be too rare a gift to hope for, but sometimes the kindest thing to say
is also the simplest:"Don't be a stranger"-and sometimes that's also enough.（友谊可能是一份太稀有的礼物因而无法
去期待，但是有时候最好的也就是最简单的，就是说出“不要成为一个陌生人”，这就够了。）”可知，作者在文
章中叙述的阻碍陌生人之间的闲聊的因素以及这种闲聊的好处，都是为了提倡大家探索物理距离、积极地与陌
生人之间建立起沟通交流。故选C。
4.
With advanced communication technologics making the iconic British red telephone boxes expendable（可抛弃
的）, a US firm is all set to bring them back to use. Call boxes would be changed into mini-offices for workers
on-the-go and will offer free coffee to subscribers（认购者）.
Bar Works Inc's chief executive Jonathan Black, a Briton living in New York, said that his company will renew
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telephone boxes with fully functional printers, scanners, 25-inch screens and Wi-Fi. Bar Works specializes in offering
bar-themed work stations in prime locations, charging customers with a monthly subscription in return for free access
to the business and office supplies. The company plans to operate in a similar manner, offering British customers with
monthly memberships to "Pod Works" for £19.99（$29）.
The company will refit telephone boxes in five major British cities and has already rented and changed 15 old call
boxes in London and Edinburgh. As expected, they are coming into use by the public in the coming months. "Given the
prime location, above all else, of the telephone boxes, the launch is expected to gain at least 10, 000 members by the
end of 2021. It's an alternative to, say, Starbucks but obviously it provides you with total privacy. " said Black.
Thanks to mobile phones, the red telephone boxes have been effectively made expendable. According to a report
by the Daily Mail, retired telephone boxes, especially those damaged deliberately, are sent to a "telephone box
graveyard" of sorts, where they take great pains to restore to their former glory before being sold to collectors across
the globe. Such is the demand for properly restored telephone boxes, that it is not uncommon for them to be sold for
amounts as high as £10, 000.
Despite its setback, in a recent survey, the British red telephone box, which was originally designed in 1920, was
voted the greatest British design of all time.
1．What is Black's attitude towards the launch?
A．Doubtful.
B．Confident.
C．Cautious.
D．Uncertain.
2．What's the purpose of writing about the telephone boxes in this passage?
A．To arouse concern for them.
B．To introduce their new role.
C．To expand a larger market.
D．To advertise their launch.
【答案】1．B2．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。在经历了时代进步后，原本已经废弃不用的红色电话亭即将有自己新的角色，它将
成为迷你办公室，成为提供完全的隐私的星巴克替代品。
1．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“It's an alternative to, say, Starbucks but obviously it provides you with total
privacy.”（它是星巴克的替代品，但显然它为你提供了完全的隐私。）可知，布莱克认为电话亭是星巴克的替代
品，但是又在隐私方面比星巴克有优势。所以布莱克对此的态度是非常自信的。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第一段“With advanced communication technologics making the iconic British red telephone
boxes expendable（可抛弃的）, a US firm is all set to bring them back to use. Call boxes would be changed into
mini-offices for workers on-the-go and will offer
free coffee to subscribers（认购者）.”（随着先进的通
信技术使英国标志性的红色电话亭变得不再重要，一家美国公司准备重新使用它们。电话亭将被改成为忙碌的
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员工的迷你办公室，并将为订户提供免费咖啡。）可知，文章介绍红色电话亭目的是介绍其新的角色和作用。故
选B。
5.
Gracefully spinning among a group of dancers in pink, Anthony Madu stood out in black leggings. The
11-year-old boy's dance in the rain in Lagos, Nigeria, not only touched the hearts of millions who saw his passion but it
is helping make his dream come true.
A video of him dancing barefoot in the rain on concrete outside the studio where he trains, the Leap of Dance
Academy, became a hit last month—more than 15 million people have watched his joyful leaps and pirouettes, not
discouraged by the rain and rough surface.
Accompanying Anthony's video, the Academy wrote some words, "Behind those fanciful beauty and costumes are
lots and lots of backstage hard work. With very little or no resources our kids are training to be the best they can.”
The video caught the eye of the American Ballet Theatre, which gave Anthony a scholarship and arranged Internet
access for virtual training this summer. Anthony will now have the chance to train with some of the best ballet dancers
in the world. When asked how ballet makes him feel, the boy said, "It makes me feel strong and happy. When I am
dancing, 1 feel as if I am on top of the world. I see my future like that I'm going to be a professional dancer when I
grow up," Anthony said.
Cynthia Erivo, an actress of the Theatre, was greatly moved by the young dancer's performance. "I think it's
extremely important because I think boys are encouraged to do this incredibly hard craft that actually encourages
strength and stamina and beauty," she said. In addition, the Theatre's famous performer Calvin Royal III offered
encouragement from half a world away. "You are not only changing your world there in Africa but you're changing the
hearts and minds of so many people," Royal said.
The last paragraph is intended to show that _______________.
A．Erivo and Royal are famous performers
B．ballet is an incredibly hard craft
C．boys are not encouraged to dance
D．Anthony is thought highly of
【答案】D
【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。主要介绍了一个11 岁尼日利亚男孩Anthony 在雨中光脚跳舞的视频风靡一时，许
多观看了这个视频的人被他的激情所感动，Anthony 也因为这段视频得到了美国芭蕾舞剧院提供的奖学金有机
会和世界上最好的芭蕾舞演员一起训练。
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Cynthia Erivo, an actress of the Theatre, was greatly moved by the young dancer's
performance. "I think it's extremely important because I think boys are encouraged to do this incredibly hard craft that
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actually encourages strength and stamina and beauty," she said. In addition, the Theatre's famous performer Calvin
Royal III offered encouragement from half a world away. "You are not only changing your world there in Africa but
you're changing the hearts and minds of so many people," Royal said.(剧院女演员Cynthia Erivo 被这位年轻舞者的
表演深深打动了。她说：“我认为这是非常重要的，因为我认为男孩们被鼓励去从事这种难以置信的艰苦的艺术，
这实际上鼓励了人们的力量、坚韧的耐力和美丽。”此外，剧院的著名演员Calvin Royal III 在地球另一端给予了
鼓励。Calvin 说：“你不仅改变了你在非洲的世界，还改变了很多人的心和思想”)”可推知，最后一段旨在说明
安东尼受到高度评价。故选D。
规律方法：如何解决目的意图题？
常见的设问方式：
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
The purpose of the text is to get more people to _______.
The writer of the story wants to tell us that________.
The fact…is mentioned by the author to show________.
The author writers the last paragraph in order to ________.
写作意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图及作者运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一
般不直接表明自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考
生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行分析和归纳总结的能力。
一般来说，我们可以通过分析文章的文体特点，理解作者的词句选择和识别文章的语气来推断出作者的写
作意图。
【变式精讲】
1.
As people get older, the types of friends they have tend to change. As young adults, humans have a lot of friends.
With age, they often prefer to spend their time with just a few close, positive individuals. Researchers long believed that
this change was unique to humans, but a new study finds that chimps also have similar tendencies.
One explanation for the humans to get picky about social connections has to do with awareness of our limited life
span. “People monitor how much time we have left in our life and choose emotionally-fulfilling relationships in old
age,” says one of the study's lead authors Alexandra G. Rosati, a psychologist at the University of Michigan. As people
age, they don’t want to be surrounded by a large group of negative friends, but would prefer to be near a handful of
optimistic individuals.
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Rosati and her colleagues were curious whether chimps would show similar features even though they don’t seem
to be aware of their upcoming death. Researchers used 78, 000 hours of observations made over 20 years from the
Kibale Chimpanzee Project in Uganda. The data looked at the social interactions of 21 male chimps between 15 and 58
years old. The researchers only studied male chimps because they show stronger social bonds and have more social
interactions than female chimps.
Researchers found that wild chimpanzees share a similar pattern. “They interact with others in more positive ways
as they get older. Younger adults, in contrast, show more aggression and were more likely to form one-sided
relationships where their partner did not reciprocate. ”says Rosati. For example, the older chimpanzees would sit close
to their long-time companions and groom (给……梳毛) each other, while younger chimps had more one-sided
relationships where they would groom a friend, but the action wasn't returned. The study was published in the journal
Science.
“This aging pattern may be the result of shared changes in our abilities to manage our emotions with age,” Rosati
says. “This shared pattern between chimpanzees and humans could represent an adaptive response where older adults
focus on important social relationships that provide benefits and avoid interactions that have negative consequences as
they lose competitive fighting ability.”
1．Why do humans change their preference for friends in old age?
A．They don’t like making new friends.
B．Their friends pass away one by one.
C．They adapt to the changes in nature.
D．They know their life is running out.
2．What is the purpose of Paragraph 3?
A．To show the study was done scientifically.
B．To show how scientists tried to prove their assumption.
C．To show how hard it was to observe the chimps.
D．To show male chimps are unaware of upcoming death.
3．What does the underlined word “reciprocate” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A．Repay their kindness.
B．Take care of them.
C．Get along well with them.
D．Sit close to them.
4．Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A．People Prefer Positive Partners in Old Age
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B．Positive Bonds Benefit Chimps in Many Ways
C．Aging Chimps like Us Get Picky About Friends
D．Chimps Share Similar Tendencies with Humans
【答案】1．D2．A3．A4．D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文通过科学研究来说明猩猩与人类一样，随着年龄变大，他们所交的朋友类型也
会发生变化，年老时喜欢选择少数几个亲近的又积极活跃的朋友。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“One explanation for the humans to get picky about social connections has to do
with awareness of our limited life span.(与人类有限的寿命有关的意识是人类对社会联系很挑剔的原因的一种解
释)”可知，D 项“They know their life is running out(他们知道自己的生命快要耗尽了)”表述与原文解释一致。故选
D。
2．推理判断题。根据文中的句子“Researchers used 78, 000 hours of observations made over 20 years from the Kibale
Chimpanzee Project in Uganda. The data looked at the social interactions of 21 male chimps between 15 and 58 years
old.(研究人员花了78，000 小时对乌干达基巴莱黑猩猩项目观察了20 多年。数据分析21 只15-58 岁的猩猩的
社会相互关系)”中的大量科学数据，以及样本选择更典型“The researchers only studied male chimps because they
show stronger social bonds and have more social interactions than female chimps.(研究人员只研究雄猩猩，因为他们
的社交纽带更强，比雌性猩猩有更多的社交互动)”说明了文中所提的研究的科学性，具有说服力。故选A。
3．词意猜测题。根据划线词所在句前半句“Younger adults, in contrast, show more aggression and were more likely to
form one-sided relationships(相反，年轻的成年猩猩表现出更有攻击性，更有可能地形成单方面的关系)”及后面的
举例解释“For example, the older chimpanzees would sit close to their long-time companions and groom (给……梳毛)
each other, while younger chimps had more one-sided relationships where they would groom a friend, but the action
wasn't returned.(比如，年长点的猩猩愿意坐在它们长期的同伴身边，彼此相互给对方梳毛，然而年轻点的猩猩
有更多的单方面的关系，它们给一个朋友梳理毛发，但是它们的行为没有得到回报)”可以推出划线词的意思是
“Repay their kindness(付出的善意行为得到回报)”故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据首段末句“Researchers long believed that this change was unique to humans, but a new study
finds that chimps also have similar tendencies.(研究人员长期认为这变化是人类特有的，但是一个新的研究发现猩
猩也有与人类相似的趋势)”及最后一段“This shared pattern between chimpanzees and humans could represent an
adaptive response where older adults focus on important social relationships that provide benefits and avoid
interactions that have negative consequences as they lose competitive fighting ability.(这种猩猩与人类共有的模式呈
现了一种适应性的反应，在这反应中，年老的会集中于重要的社会关系，这种关系提供了利益，避免了那种因
失去竞争战斗能力而产生的负面后果的相互关系)”可知，本文自始至终都围着中心大意“Chimps Share Similar
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Tendencies with Humans(猩猩享有与人类一样的变化趋势)”。故选D。
2.
It was the first day of Spring here but it didn't feel like it. The Coronavirus(冠状病毒) Pandemic was sweeping the
globe and everywhere there were feelings of uncertainty, fear, loneliness and even despair. "Social Distancing" had
become the new norm. Here the schools had been closed, the restaurant dining rooms had been shut, and people had
been told to work from home whenever they could. Even the sheltered workshop where my oldest son worked had been
closed until furl her notice. People had made a run on the stores and large areas of the shelves were bare. On the news
the numbers of sick and dead continued to rise. It felt like there was a weight on the souls of everyone in the world.
My own family was staying at home as much as possible and as I looked out my window I wondered how long this
crisis would last. It was then, however. that I saw something that lifted that weight off of my soul, made my face smile,
and made my heart feel happy again. On the street below my house there was an old friend of mine from high school
who was a teacher there now. With him was my younger son s former aide from the high school as well. They were
delivering the school lunches door to door to the hungry children who were stuck al home. Watching them made me
think of something everyone's childhood television neighbor. Mr. Roger's once said:“ In the bad times, always look for
the helpers. ”
I have no doubt this crisis will pass as all the crisis before it have. But it is our choice on whether it brings out the
best in us or the worst in us. Let it bring out the best in you. Use it to strengthen your faith. Use it to free yourself from
fear. Use it to grow kinder, more giving, and more loving. Become a helper to all those in need and you will be a happy
person today and in all the days to come.
1．How did people feel in face of the epidemic?
A．Disappointed.
B．Confident.
C．Tense.
D．Doubtful.
2．What made the author happy?
A．Seeing someone delivering lunches from door to door
B．Staying together with his families in time of danger
C．Seeing a childhood television in time of danger
D．Standing by the window and look out into the street
3．What Mr. Roger said actually means ______.
A．in bad times we should watch mon TV programs
B．school lunches arc not easy to forget for many people
C．we should prepare more lunches for school children
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D．people look forward to helping hands in bad times
4．What is the purpose of the text?
A．To express his expectation to end the epidemic soon
B．To encourage people to bring out their best in had times
C．To show that he is ready to help others in time of danger
D．To explain why we should have strong faith in ourselves
【答案】1．C2．A3．D4．B
【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。在新春来临之际，新型冠状病毒席卷全球。在这危难的时刻，作者欣喜地看
到街道上有人在挨家挨户地给困在家里饥饿的儿童送餐。作者认为，在危急的时刻，人们仍然掌握着选择权，
选择守望相助。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The Coronavirus(冠状病毒) Pandemic was sweeping the globe and everywhere
there were feelings of uncertainty, fear, loneliness and even despair. (新冠肺炎疫情席卷全球，人们感到恐惧和孤独，
甚至绝望。)”和“People had made a run on the stores and large areas of the shelves were bare. On the news the numbers
of the sick and dead continued to rise, It felt like there was a weight on the souls of everyone in the world.(人们纷纷涌
向商店，大面积的货架都是光秃秃的。在患病和死亡人数持续上升的新闻报道中，感觉好像有一种重量压在了
世界上每个人的灵魂上。)”可推断，面对新冠疫情，人们感到非常紧张、焦虑。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They were delivering the school lunches door to door to the hungry children who
were stuck at home.(他们正在挨家挨户地为被困在家里的饥饿的孩子们送学校的午餐。) ”可知，让作者深感欣慰
的是看到有人在挨家挨户地给人送餐。故选A。
3．句意猜测题。根据第二段Roger 的这句话“In the bad times, always look for the helpers.”再结合上下文，疫情
期间，人们相互帮助，可以推测，Roger 的这句话意为“在危急的时刻，人们都应该互相帮助”。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据本文的最后一段，特别是“Let it bring out the best in you.(让它激发出你最好的一面。)”。我
们可以看出作者写作本文的目的就是要鼓励人们在危急的时刻展现他们最善良的一面。故选B。
3.
I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a
small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often than
not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without
running water or electricity It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am
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not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of
passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goal
keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, “In your home, do you have a moon too?” I was
surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏)
at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan’s world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan’s world, the
unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible.
In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found
all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan’s village. There
are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thought about Juan’s question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part, an
ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects
remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant (无知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not
know constantly bothered me.
I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they appear.
My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with
dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to
fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on
things thought to be useless, life even without DNA．I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more
slowly, but all the same, it fills.
In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists,
usually brilliant occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that
other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽), and
at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and
how their lives changed our view of the world.
We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think that insects
were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new
turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
1．What made that Amazonian evening wonderful?
A．He learned more about the local language.
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B．They had a nice conversation with each other.
C．They understood each other while playing.
D．He won the soccer game with the goal keeper.
2．Why was the author surprised at Juan’s question about the moon?
A．The question was too straightforward.
B．Juan knew so little about the world.
C．The author didn’t know how to answer.
D．The author didn’t think Juan was sincere.
3．What was the author’s initial purpose of collecting newspaper articles?
A．To sort out what we have known.
B．To deepen his research into Amazonians.
C．To improve his reputation as a biologist.
D．To learn more about local cultures.
4．How did those brilliant scientists make great discoveries?
A．They shifted their viewpoints frequently.
B．They followed other scientists closely.
C．They often criticized their fellow scientists.
D．They conducted in-depth and close studies.
【答案】1．C2．B3．A4．D
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和妻子来到了亚马逊，妻子是一名医学研究者。一踏上这里，作者感到非
常不适应，通过与当地人的接触，作者了解一些人对外部的世界并不了解。在生物多样性发现的过程中，作者
意识到，很多东西是人类已知的，还有很多是人类未知的。
1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We
understood one another perfectly.”可知，每个人都知道规则，在传球和射门方面，我们说着同样的语言，彼此非
常了解。由此可知，踢球时他们的彼此理解使得他们的亚马逊夜晚很美好。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段“In Juan’s world, the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous.”可知，在胡安
的世界里，未知的东西和未被发现的东西是浩瀚而神奇的。由此推知，作者对胡安关于月球的问题感到惊讶，
是因为胡安对这个世界知之甚少。故选B。
3．推理判断题。根据第七段“I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new spider...,and on and on they
appear, my drawer quickly filled, I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered
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with dozens of nameless species ...I started a third drawer for these big discoveries.”可知，我开始收集报纸上关于新
物种、新蜘蛛的文章……它们源源不断地出现，我的抽屉很快就填满了。我开始用第二个抽屉来储存更普遍的
发现：在新的洞穴系统发现了几十个无名的物种……我还为这些重大发现准备了第三个抽屉。由此推知，作者
收集报纸文章的初始目的是为了分类我们所知道的事情。故选A。
4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“but they pay more attention to them ,and they focus on them to the point of
exhaustion ,and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers.”可知，但他们更多地关注这些发现，他们把注意力集中在这
些发现上直到精疲力竭的地步，冒着被同龄人嘲笑的风险。由此可知，杰出的科学家进行深入细致的研究，做
出重大的发现。故选D。
4.
I often find peacefulness in a soaring stone church, a cool open place to sit and contemplate. The giant trunk-like
pillars (柱子) and the gentle play of the light cast through a church's stained glass windows create a shaded garden of
stone and multicolored light.
Glass itself is one of the fruits of the art of fire. It is a fusion (熔接) of the Earth's rocks melted at high
temperatures. Glass's liquid-like structure is one of the main reasons it is transparent (透明的). However, "transparent"
does not necessarily mean that all light can pass through it. Some obsidian (黑曜石) glasses are so darkly colored that
they are effectively black and opaque (不透光的). This is because electrons of some elements in the obsidian are
arranged in such a way that their energy is the same as the energy of visible light.
This ability of certain elements to absorb light and give color is used to great effect in stained glass windows. For
example, adding cobalt oxide (氧化钴) to the glass during melting will make it blue because cobalt absorbs
wavelengths at the red end of the spectrum (光谱)but does not absorb blue.These colors were discovered by the
ancients through trial and error, adding different minerals to the melting pot and melting for different periods of time,
even though they had no idea what caused them.
The term "stained glass" telescopes (精简) three different processes: coloring, staining and painting, each one
complex and requiring the application of many skills. In the mid-16th century, however, different colored enamels (珐
琅) began to be used. It has been said that the appearance of enameling was the death of the great stained glass window
artists. I am not sure if this is true, but I do know that standing in front of a great stained glass window is a magical
experience. Next time you are in a soaring cathedral, take a moment to admire the windows.
1．Why does the author write this passage?
A．To show the actual way to make stained glass.
B．To express his appreciation of stained glass.
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C．To talk about the function of stained glass.
D．To review the history of stained glass.
2．What does “their energy” underlined in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The energy of high temperatures.
B．The energy of obsidian glasses.
C．The energy of some electrons.
D．The energy of all elements.
3．How is stained glass made?
A．By melting some of the Earth's rocks with sun energy.
B．By painting some colors on rocks before melting them.
C．By absorbing fire and sunlight to make varied colors.
D．By adding some minerals to glass when it is melted.
4．What can we know from the last paragraph?
A．Stained glass was invented in the mid-16th century.
B．Making enamels was more complex than making stained glass.
C．The number of stained glass artists may have declined since the 1550s.
D．The author admiringly welcomes the change caused by colored enamels.
【答案】1．B2．C3．D4．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章是关于彩色玻璃的介绍，也表达了作者对这种彩色玻璃的喜爱。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“I often find peacefulness in a soaring stone church, a cool open place to sit and
contemplate. The giant trunk-like pillars (柱子) and the gentle play of the light cast through a church's stained glass
windows create a shaded garden of stone and multicolored light. (我常在高耸的石头教堂里找到平静，一个很酷的可
以坐下来沉思的地方。巨大的柱子和透过教堂彩色玻璃的温和的光线形成了一座石柱影子与五彩斑斓光线之
园)”及文章最后一句“Next time you are in a soaring cathedral, take a moment to admire the windows. (下次你在高耸
入云的大教堂时，花点时间欣赏一下窗户)”可知，作者使用了大量景物和感官的描写，目的是表达对教堂里的
彩色玻璃的喜爱。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“Some obsidian (黑曜石) glasses are so darkly colored that they are effectively black
and opaque (不透光的). This is because electrons of some elements in the obsidian are arranged in such a way that
their energy is the same as the energy of visible light. (一些黑曜石玻璃的颜色非常深，以至于它们实际上是黑色和
不透明的。这是因为黑曜石里的某些元素的电子以某方式排列，以致于their energy 与可见光一样)”可推知，黑
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曜石里的某些元素的电子以某方式排列，使得具备的能量和可见光一样，所以才能阻断可见光。由此推知，their
energy 指的是“黑曜石里的某些元素的电子的能量”。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“These colors were discovered by the ancients through trial and error, adding
different minerals to the melting pot and melting for different periods of time, even though they had no idea what
caused them. (这些颜色是古人通过反复试验发现的，他们在熔炉中加入了不同的矿物质，并在不同的时间里融
化，尽管他们不知道是什么导致了它们)”可知，彩色玻璃是在玻璃熔化时加入一些矿物质制成的。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“In the mid-16th century, however, different colored enamels (珐琅) began to be
used. It has been said that the appearance of enameling was the death of the great stained glass window artists. (在16世
纪中叶，然而，不同颜色的珐琅开始被使用了。据说珐琅的出现也就是伟大彩色玻璃窗户艺术家的死亡)”可知，
C 项“The number of stained glass artists may have declined since the 1550s. (自从1550 年起彩色玻璃艺术家的数量
开始下降)”符合原文语意。故选C。
5.
Imagine a world where you move around in front of a personal computer in your own sound space. You listen to
your favorite songs, play loud computer games or watch a movie — all without other people hearing the sound and
without headphones.
That is the possibility presented by “sound beaming”, a new technology from Noveto Systems, an Israeli company.
On Friday, the company introduced a desktop device that sends sound directly to a listener without the need for
headphones or a special receiver.
Noveto Systems gave The Associated Press (AP) a chance to test its SoundBeamer 1.0 before its introduction. The
AP’s Louise Dixon writes that listening to the device is like something from a science fiction movie.The sound seems
so close that it feels like it is inside your ears while also in front, above and behind them.
Noveto expects the device will have many uses. Office workers could listen to music or conference calls without
others hearing. People could play a game, a movie or music without waking up others in the same room. Because the
device does not use headphones, it is possible to hear other sounds in the room clearly.
The device uses a 3-D sensing module that finds and follows the ear position of the listener. It sends ultrasonic
waves (超声波) to create sound pockets by the user’s ears. The 3-D method creates sound on all sides of the listener,
therefore the listeners feel completely transported into the scene.
By changing a setting, the sound can follow a listener around when he moves his head. It is also possible to move
out of the sound beam's path and hear nothing at all.
While the idea of sound beaming is not new, Noveto was the first to launch the technology.
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According to the chief executive officer Christophe Ramstein, a “smaller” version of the device will be ready for
release to consumers next year.
1．What does the underlined word “possibility” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A．The listener may put on music to block out other sounds.
B．The listener may hear sound only for him or her without using headphones.
C．The listener may enjoy songs or movies without being interrupted by others.
D．The listener may have the ability to pick up some special sounds.
2．What does Louise Dixon think of SoundBeamer 1.0?
A．Amazing.
B．Impossible.
C．Strange.
D．Meaningful.
3．How does SoundBeamer put sound in the listener's head?
A．It places the listener on the scene to hear the sound.
B．It fixes a sound beam’s path which can not be changed.
C．It follows the listeners around to send and receive sounds.
D．With 3-D tracking technology, it sends ultrasonic waves to the target listener.
4．What is the purpose of the passage?
A．To promote the SoundBeamer.
B．To introduce a new sound device.
C．To recommend new headphones.
D．To explain a technical phenomenon.
【答案】1．B2．A3．D4．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍一种新的声音设备。该设备没有耳机，采用3D 技术可以发现并跟踪耳
朵的位置。
1．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句后文“On Friday, the company introduced a desktop device that sends sound
directly to a listener without the need for headphones or a special receiver (上周五，该公司推出了一款台式设备，可
以直接将声音发送到听筒，而不需要耳机或特殊的接收器)”可推知，划线词possibility 指的是“听众可能只听他
或她的声音而不使用耳机” 。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The AP’s Louise Dixon writes that listening to the device is like something from a
science fiction movie.The sound seems so close it feels like it is inside your ears while also in front, above and behind
them. (美联社的路易丝·狄克逊写道，聆听该新设备就像置身于科幻电影中一样。感觉声音像在耳朵内以及耳朵
前方，上方和后方立体环绕)”可知，Louise Dixon 觉得SoundBeamer 1.0 是令人惊讶的。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“The device uses a 3-D sensing module that finds and follows the ear position of the
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listener. It sends ultrasonic waves (超声波) to create sound pockets by the user’s ears. The 3-D method creates sound
on all sides of the listener, therefore the listeners feel completely transported into the scene. (该设备使用3d 感应模块，
可以发现并跟踪听者的耳朵位置。它通过发送超声波在使用者的耳朵旁制造出声音袋。3-D 方法在听者的四周
创造声音，因此听者感觉完全被传送到场景中)”可知，声波激光发射器是通过三维跟踪技术，它向目标监听器
发送超声波将声音传入听者的大脑的。故选D。
4．目的意图题。根据最后两段“While the idea of sound beaming is not new, Noveto was the first to launch the
technology. According to the chief executive officer Christophe Ramstein, a “smaller” version of the device will be
ready for release to consumers next year. (虽然声音传输的想法并不新鲜，但Noveto 是第一个推出这项技术的公
司。据该公司首席执行官克里斯托夫·拉姆斯坦表示，该设备的“更小”版本将于明年向消费者发布)”可知，这篇
文章的目的是介绍一种新的声音设备。故选B。
专题06 阅读理解IV：词义猜测
【构建知识体系】
词义猜测题
考点1 猜测词义题
考点2 猜测短语题
考点3 猜测指代题
考点4 猜测句意题
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
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主。
【剖析全国高考真题】
阅读理解IV：词义猜测题
1. 【浙江1 月】
Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use to communicate.
They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a "vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The
scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000
incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be
recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they
deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures," she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human language
in that respect. ”
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another
animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a
significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one
case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling:" Climb on me. " The youngster immediately jumps on to
its mothers back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species (物种)
out there. that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans," said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy
in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were "a little
disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still
missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions," she said. "Moreover, the meanings seem to not
go beyond what other animal convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains. "
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9．What does the underlined word "gulf" in the last paragraph mean?
A．Difference.
B．Conflict.
C．Balance.
D．Connection.
【答案】9．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们通过跟踪和拍摄乌干达的黑猩猩群，翻译出了黑猩猩用来交流
的手势含义。
9．词义猜测题。首先根据第三段中的“They’re the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.（在
这方面，它们是唯一看起来像人类语言的东西）”可知，黑猩猩的手势交流很像我们人类语言的交流方式。但
是根据最后一段中的“Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal
communications.（此外，这些含义似乎并不超越其他动物通过非语言交流所传达的信息）”可知，黑猩猩手势
的交流方式还是和我们语言的交流方式存在不同的，也就是“So, it seems the gulf remains.（所以，看来差异依
然存在）”，故gulf 的意思是difference，故选A。
2.B【·浙江卷】
The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of
green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds.
By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135.
Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around
the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive
signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a
researcher at Florida Atlantic University.
For all of Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research
engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly
beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make
a meaningful difference. “It’s not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he
says.
In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the
past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue
Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their
streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.292
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25．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Increased length of green lights.
B．Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C．Flexible timing of traffic signals.
D．Smooth traffic flow on the road.
【答案】25．C
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。美国华盛顿州的Bellevue 采用了能随交通状况而调节交通灯时间的适应性信
号灯，大大缓解了交通压力，也表明人们对于交通阻塞问题不再只是拓宽道路，而是能够采用新方法。
25．指代猜测题。That 位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段的内容。根据第一段内容尤其是第一段最后一句“Just
like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.(就像交通本身一样，信号灯的时间也会变化)”可知，第一段
主要讲述的是信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.”意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That 指代第一
段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。故选C 项。
3. 【·全国新高考I 山东卷】
In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically
broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an
article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the
Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of
lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land,
and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English
in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In
Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police
methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange
drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from
the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of
Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate
stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is,
the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
9．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Developing a serious mental disease.
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B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
【答案】9．D
【解析】本文是记叙文。文章讲述了Bissell 写的《追逐大海:迷失在中亚帝国的幽灵》这本书。这本书是Bissell
在乌兹别克斯坦做志愿者后写的，是对乌兹别克斯坦人生活的一个快速观察。
9．词句猜测题。划线句是第二段首句，that 用来指代上文提的事情，因此推断that 指代第一段的内容，根据第
一段最后一句”A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the
disappearance of the Aral Sea(几年后，仍然被这个国家所吸引。他回到乌兹别克斯坦写了一篇关于咸海消失的文
章)”可知，that 指代写了一篇关于死海消失的文章这件事，故选D。
4. 【·新高考全国II 卷（海南卷）】
The end of the school year was in sight and spirits were high. I was back teaching after an absence of 15 years,
dealing with the various kinds of "forbidden fruit" that come out of book bags. Now was the spring of the water pistol
（手枪）.
I decided to think up a method of dealing with forbidden fruit.
"Please bring that pistol to me," I said. "I'm going to put it in my Grandma's Box."
"What's that?" they asked.
"It's a large wooden chest full of toys for my grandchildren," I replied,
"You don't have grandchildren," someone said.
"I don't now." I replied. "But someday I will. When I do, my box will be full of wonderful things for them."
My imaginary Grandma's Box worked like magic that spring, and later. Sometimes. students would ask me to
describe all the things I had in it. Then I would try to remember the different possessions I supposedly had taken away
—since I seldom actually kept them Usually the offender would appear at the end of the day, and I would return the
belonging.
The-years went by, and my first grandchild Gordon was born. I shared my joy with that year's class. Then someone
said, "Now you can use your Grandma's Box." From then on instead of coming to ask their possessions back, the
students would say, "That's okay. Put it in your Grandma's Box for Gordon."
I loved talking about the imaginary box, not only with my students but also with my own children. They enjoyed
hearing about all the forbidden fruit I had collected. Then one Christmas I received a surprise gift—a large, beautifully
made wooden chest. My son Bruce had made my Grandma's Box a reality.
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25. What do the underlined words "the offender" in paragraph 8 refer to? （
）
A. The student's parent.
B. The maker of the Grandma's Box.
C. The author's grandchild.
D. The owner of the forbidden fruit.
【答案】25．D
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲叙了作者为收集学生们带到学校的玩具，想出了一个“奶奶的盒子”的
办法。到后来，作者的第一个孙子出生，学生们也不再来要求归还他们的财物了，作者也在某一年圣诞节收到
了儿子制作的大木箱，将“奶奶的盒子”变成了现实。
25．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“I would return the belonging”结合上文提到作者把学生带到学校的玩具称为
“禁果”，且作者的“盒子”里装的就是“禁果”，所以作者等到这些禁果的拥有者在一天结束的时候出现，
然后就会归还他们的物品。由此可知，划线词意思为“禁果的拥有者”。故选D。
5. 【·全国新课标I】
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity
- but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t
change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s
true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and
what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their
own weight.
There are three books I reread annually The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A
Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶
醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her
poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected
Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to
them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest
currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you
that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
26．What does the underlined word ＂currency＂in paragraph 4 refer to?
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A．Debt
B．Reward.
C．Allowance.
D．Face value.
【答案】26．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者
鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
26．词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而必要的)”
可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader
can pay them.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断出划线词的意思是“回报”。
故选B 项。
6. 【·全国新课标II】
When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t
cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made
from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have(showcased)nutria fur made into clothes in different
styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands
every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the
fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there
can’t handle this non-native species(物种).It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.” says Michael Massimi, an
expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the
cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince people
that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of
Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says，”To give people a guilt-free option that they can
wear without someone throwing paint on them-1 think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.”
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Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her
creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
30．What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A．Boomed.
B．Became mature.
C．Remained stable.
D．Crashed.
【答案】29．A
【解析】本文是说明文。介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。海
狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平衡表示
了担忧。
30．词义猜测题。根据第五段The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed
in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年的控制，但是当
海狸鼠市场在20 世纪80 年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but 判断，这是转折关系，以前由
于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，
可以推断出划线词collapsed 是和D.crashed 倒闭的意思最相近。故选D。
7. 【·全国新课标II】
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic
reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played
ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did everything
from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had
several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to
the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It
was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library
lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, I’ve found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when
they can’t afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps
put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers
should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library
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announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.335
33．What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Pleasure from working in the library.
B．Joy of reading passed on in the family.
C．Wonderment from acting out the stories.
D．A closer bond developed with the readers.
【答案】33．B
【解析】本文是夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者是一个热情的读者，孩提时热衷读书，第一份工作在图书馆。有
了孩子以后，一家人去图书馆读书，阅读的习惯代代传承下去。作为小说家，作者呼吁其他作家支持图书馆，
宣传图书馆。
33．词句猜测题。根据上文As I grew older and became a mother 可知，我长大了成了一位母亲，结合下文I had
several children and books were our main source (来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to
the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them(我有几个孩子，
书是我们娱乐的主要来源。对于我们来说，坐上车去当地的图书馆是件大事，在那里我的孩子们可以挑选要阅
读的书或者想让我给他们读的书)可推断，作者成了母亲以后，带着孩子去图书馆，孩子挑选书籍来阅读，或者
作者读给他们听，因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义，阅读的乐趣在家庭中代代相传”。故选B。
8. 【·全国新课标III】
When "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists
gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead,
one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: "Thanks for not using
real apes (猿)!"
The creative team behind "Apes" used motion-capture ( 动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals,
spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that I records an actor’s performance and later processes it with
computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet "Apes" is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit
organization, which monitors the treatment or animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000
productions this year. Already, a number of films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangover Part Ⅱ" and
"Zookeeper," have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the
off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the
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States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the Sates.241
26. What does the underlined phrase "keeping tabs on" in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Listing completely.
B. Directing professionally.
C. Promoting successfully.
D. Watching carefully.
【答案】26.D
【文章大意】本文是一篇新闻报道。短文报道了电影“猩球崛起”上个月首次与公众见面。动物爱好者聚集在好
莱坞前，感谢电影制作者，在电影拍摄时，没有使用真的类人猿。现在的动物拍摄使用的是数字化人猿的创造
技术，而一些电影的拍摄却存在着虐待动物的现象，这让一个非盈利的组织密切关注此事。但有些拍摄也是不
能够被监测到的。
26.词句猜测题。根据第三段划线前的句子“One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment or animal
s in filmed entertainment”（一个非营利组织，监控动物在电影娱乐中的待遇）以及下文Already, a number of
films, including "Water for Elephants," "The Hangover Part Ⅱ" and "Zookeeper," have drawn the anger of act
ivists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.（许多电影,包括“大象的眼泪”,“宿醉
Ⅱ”和“管理员”,引起了动物保护人士的愤怒，他们说影片中的动物没有遭到很好的对待。）由此可知，其中一家
监控动物待遇的非营利组织，今年正密切关注着2000 多部影片。由此判断出，划线词的意思是“密切关注”。故
选D 项。
9. 【·江苏卷】
For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first,
according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known
about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy
young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the men’s
fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists’ lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that,
in theory should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast,
meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion,
they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.
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Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men’s blood and fat tissue.
Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower
blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result,
they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other hand, they burned
slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found.
Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these
genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout the
body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had
fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip
eating first.
61．The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “______”.
A．digest the meal easily
B．manage without breakfast
C．decide wisely what to eat
D．eat whatever is offered
【答案】61．B
【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，结果表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可能对健康
更有益。
61．词句猜测题。根据下文working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first 可知，早
餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断划线词
与B 项”不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。
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【精讲研法】
阅读理解IV：考点1 猜测词义题
【做题实践中找规律】
1.
Ever wonder how your brain works when making decisions bigger than medium versus spicy salsa, like buying a
car or accepting a job offer? Researchers from the University of Dundee in Scotland conducted a study that
clarifies why you may want to have a small bite before making that big decision.
Benjamin Vincent from the University of Dundee’s Psychology department and his co-author Jordan Skyrnka
tested 50 people two times: once when they followed their normal eating patterns and once when they did not eat
anything during the day. Using three different types of rewards (food, money, and song downloads), the team
discovered when presented with the choice of receiving the reward now versus double the award at some point in the
future, participants would usually volunteer to wait for 35 days to earn a larger bounty, but when they were hungry, they
said they would only wait three days.
“We wanted to know whether being in a state of hunger had a specific effect on how you make decisions only
relating to food or if it had broader effects, and this research suggests decision-making gets more present-focused when
people are hungry,” Vincent said in a story about the study on the university’s website. “You would predict that hunger
would impact people’s preferences relating to food, but it is not yet clear why people get more present-focused for
completely unrelated rewards. Hunger is so common that it is important to understand the non-obvious ways in which
our preferences and decisions may be affected by it,” he said.
In an earlier study of the subject by a team at Cambridge University in England, the researchers noted that
serotonin plays a major role in the decision-making process. “Since the raw material for making serotonin—an amino
acid called tryptophan — only comes from diet, levels of the chemical decline between meals,” reports a piece in
the Telegraph about the study. “This can lead to aggressiveness and impulsiveness,” say the team.
33．The underlined word “bounty” in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ________.
A．bonus.
B．quantity.
C．income.
D．fortune.
【答案】33．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。一项研究表明，饥饿会影响人的决策，文章介绍了这一研究开展的过程以及研究发
现和意义。
33．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Using three different types of rewards (food, money, and song downloads), the
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team discovered when presented with the choice of receiving the reward now versus double the award at some point in
the future, participants would usually volunteer to wait for 35 days to earn a larger”以及后文“but when they were
hungry, they said they would only wait three days.”可知，利用三种不同类型的奖励（食物、金钱和歌曲下载），团
队发现，当让参与者选择现在领取奖励与未来某个时间点的双倍奖励时，参与者通常会自愿等待35 天，以获得
更大的奖金，但当他们饥饿时，他们说他们只会等待三天。即划线词意思是“奖金”。A. bonus.奖金；B. quantity.
数量；C. income.收入；D. fortune.财富。故选A。
2.
As the effects of climate change become more disastrous, well-known research institutions and government
agencies are focusing new money and attention on an idea: artificially cooling the planet, in the hopes of buying
humanity more time to cut greenhouse gas emissions.
That strategy, called solar climate intervention (干预) or solar geoengineering, involves reflecting more of the
sun’s energy back into space — abruptly reducing global temperatures in a way that imitates the effects of ash clouds
flowing out from the volcanic eruptions. The idea has been considered as a dangerous and fancied solution, one that
would encourage people to keep burning fossil fuels while exposing the planet to unexpected and potentially
threatening side effects, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters.
But. as global warming continues, producing more destructive hurricanes, wildfires floods and other disasters,
some researchers and policy experts say that concerns about geoengineering should be outweighed by the imperative to
better understand it, in case the consequence of climate change become so terrible that the world can’t wait for better
solutions.
One way to cool the earth is by injecting aerosols (气溶胶) into the upper layer of the atmosphere. where those
particles reflect sunlight away from the earth. That process works, according to Douglas MacMartin, a researcher at
Cornell University.
“We know with 100% certainty that we can cool the planet,” he said in an interview. What’s still unclear, he added,
is what happens next. Temperature, MacMartin said, is an indicator for a lot of climate effects. “What does it do to the
strength of hurricanes?” he asked, “What does it do to agriculture production? What does it do to the risk of forest
fires?”
Another institution funded by the National Science Foundation will analyze hundreds of simulations of aerosol
injection, testing the effects on weather extremes around the world. One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot:
the amount of artificial cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional
rainfall patterns or similar impacts.
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15．What does the underlined words “sweet spot” in the last paragraph mean?
A．The rainfall pattern of a region.
B．The modest drop in temperature.
C．The number of extreme weather events.
D．The injection amount of aerosol.
【答案】15．B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述全球气候变化带来各种灾难性的天气，政府和相关研究机构提出的各
种可能的应对办法。
15．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在句“One goal of the research is to look for a sweet spot: the amount of artificial
cooling that can reduce extreme weather events without causing broader changes in regional rainfall patterns or similar
impacts.(这项研究的目标之一是寻找一个“最佳点”：人工降温的数量，既可以减少极端天气事件，又不会造成
区域降雨模式的广泛变化或类似影响)”可知，这里的“最佳点”指的是，人工降温要适度，既可以解决气候变暖
带来的极端天气，又不会给气候造成太大的影响，因此“a sweet spot”指的是适度的降温。故选B 项。
规律方法1：如何解决猜测词义题？
此类题目有的可利用构词法来解答，首先要弄明白构词法的三种形式：派生法、转
化法和合成法，高考阅读理解题中的猜测词义题主要集中表现为派生和合成两种形式。有的题需要利用上下文
的已知部分进行推理；有的还需要依靠常识和经验来猜测词义；还有的可以根据定义、解释和举例猜测词义。
【变式精讲】
It sounds like something out of Dr. Seuss, but artist Sam Van Aken is developing a tree that blooms(开花)in pink,
purple and red in the spring-and that is capable of bearing 40 different kinds of fruit.
No, it's not genetic engineering. Van Aken, an associate professor in Syracuse University's art department, used an
age-old technique called grafting(嫁接)to attach branches from 40 different kinds of stone fruit onto a single tree. But
during the process of creation, he soon discovered that it was actually pretty hard to find so many distinct varieties of
stone fruit in New York. "I realized the extend which we've created these massive monocultures(单种作物)." Most
grocery stores and markets only sell a few varieties-and most of them are grown in California.
Van Aken believes our national security is dependent upon our fond security. Now that we have created these
monocultures that only grow a few varieties of each crop, if something happens to just one of those varieties, it can
have a dramatic impact upon our food supply. And the key to maintaining our food security is preserving our
biodiversity.
100 years ago, there were far more varieties of fruit growing in the backyards of the Americans. Today, only a
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small part of those remain, and what is left is threatened by industrialization of agriculture, disease and climate change.
Most of those threatened varieties were introduced to the US by immigrants. They cared for and cultivated them, and
valued them so much that they saw them as a connection to their home. "More than just food, embedded in these fruit is
our culture…In many ways these fruit is our story. And I was fortunate enough to learn about it through an artwork that
I created entitled the "Tree of 40 Fruit'," Van Aken says.
14．What does the underlined word "embedded" mean in the last paragraph?
A．Carried.
B．Located.
C．Enhanced.
D．Applied.
【答案】14．A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了艺术家Sam Van Aken 正在开发一种树，这种树在春天会开出粉色、
紫色和红色的花朵，而且能够结40 种不同的果实。并通过创作的一幅名为《40 颗水果之树》让人们了解到生
物多样的重要性。
14．词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“More than just food, embedded in these fruit is our culture…In many ways these
fruit is our story.”可知，不仅仅是食物，这些水果中embedded 我们的文化……在很多方面这些水果就是我们的
故事。根据句意，尤其these fruit is our story 可知，此处是指水果蕴含、蕴藏了我们的文化。即划线词意为“蕴
藏、蕴含”，与carried 同义。故选A。
阅读理解IV：考点2 猜测短语题
【做题实践中找规律】
Sometimes buying groceries can be an expensive thing. We go in, thinking that we won't be buying any
big-expense item, and start picking up small items here and there, in fact, getting practically anything that comes to
mind. As we reach the check-out counter, we can't believe the check, But it's too late to do anything by then. Here are a
few money-saving tips to remember for the next time you go shopping for groceries.
Being prepared matters a lot when it comes to buying groceries. This means taking the trouble to come up with a
list of things you need. Look around the house first and list down things as you go along. After you have your list, add
up all the amounts and see if that's what you want to spend. If not, then cross out some items on the list.
Importantly: preparing a List is one thing, but following it to the letter is another. Make sure that once you're in the
supermarket, you don't pick up things that aren't on your list. Remember, that's accurately why you came up with the
list in the first place.
Choosing the best and most cost-effective store around is also important. Compare prices at different places.
Compare quality. Check out the discounts that they are offering. At first glance, the prices of goods may differ by an
insignificant value, but adding them all up can burn a hole in your pocket.
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Here's another tip from my brother, Leonard. He often eats at home before heading to the grocery. Of course, you
know why. Once you get there, there are just so many delicious-looking and fine-smelling treats all over the place that
we can hardly resist.
Remember to use these tips to save money when you go to buy groceries.
10．What does the underlined phrase “to the letter" in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Freely.
B．Secretly.
C．Strictly.
D．Traditionally.
【答案】10．C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些省钱的购物贴士。
10．词义猜测题。根据画线短语前“Importantly: preparing a list is one thing, but following it...”（重要的是:准备清
单是一回事，但要按照清单去做……）及画线短语后“Make sure that once you' re in the supermarket, you don’t pick
up things that aren't on your list.”（确保一旦你进入超市，你不会买清单上没有的东西。）可推断，画线短语所在
句的句意是“值得一提的一点是，准备购物清单是一件事，严格按照购物清单采购是另外一件事”。由此可猜测，
画线短语的意思与Strictly 的意思最为接近。故选C 项。
规律方法2：如何解决猜测短语题?
猜测短语题要利用出现短语的上文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述来猜测它
的意思或利用文章中所出现的与短语意思相反的内容来猜测其语意。
【变式精讲】
According to a survey, the waste of food on the dining table occupies 10% of the total grain output. Last week
Meituan co-published a proposal with a number of business organizations, calling on restaurants to stop food waste and
help develop new eating habits for customers. “Restaurants should use official accounts on social media and
live-streaming to promote and advocate food-saving actions,” the proposal said.
Meituan and the organizations are advocating that merchants offer guidance for consumers, including reminding
them during the ordering process about the taste of the ingredients, portion sizes and other information about the dishes,
to help them avoid food waste due to misleading information.
Catering associations in more than 18 provinces have also joined the campaign to remove food waste. The Wuhan
Catering Association proposed an “N-1” ordering code for restaurants in which a group of 10 diners would only order
enough for nine people. More food is only brought to the table if required. It has inspired people to rethink their
relationship with food and waste.
On Friday, the China Cuisine Association announced that it had teamed up with Ele. me, a food delivery platform,
to launch a “ half-dish plan", encouraging restaurants to provide customers with the option to order smaller portions.
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Besides, customers are encouraged to take their leftovers home.
To reduce food waste on social media platforms, some popular video platforms have stepped up content reviews of
food-related live streams and implemented regulation of online eating shows. Now, if users search certain keywords,
such as “eating show" or “competitive eaters", a cautionary message pops up to remind them to cherish food and keep a
reasonable diet.
11．What does the underlined phrase “pops up” in the last paragraph mean?
A．Appears unexpectedly.
B．Spreads widely.
C．Moves quickly.
D．Fades slowly.
【答案】11．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。据调查，餐桌上的食物浪费占粮食总产量的10%。上周，美团网与一些商业组织
联合发布了一项提案，呼吁餐馆停止食物浪费，帮助消费者养成新的饮食习惯。文章介绍了应对节约粮食的各
种做法。
11．词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“if users search certain keywords, such as “eating show" or “competitive eaters", a
cautionary message”以及后文“to remind them to cherish food and keep a reasonable diet.”可知，当用户搜索与食物
有关的关键词时，警示信息就会“突然出现，弹出”，提醒他们珍惜食物，保持合理饮食。故画线词意思是“突然
出现，弹出”。故选A。
阅读理解IV：考点3 猜测指代题
【做题实践中找规律】
While I was growing up, I often heard my teachers say, “Oh, Tina is gifted in algebra.” While watching the
Olympics, my parents would say, “These gymnasts are born with such ability.” Statements like these made me believe
people were born with certain talents and if they didn't have a particular one at birth, then they never would. Therefore,
I rarely focused on algebra. Nobody told me that if you keep trying and trying, one day a difficult task will seem easy.
Actually, I learnt this from my young daughter, Samaya. One day, I was finishing some paperwork and I said, “Oh
no, how could I have made that mistake!” Samaya instantly said, “Mum, don't worry. Mistakes make your brain grow
bigger.”
Actually, we all need to be reminded that mistakes or failures are just fine and that they are a huge part of growth
and success. However, the regular belief is the opposite. We must correct this with our children. We must encourage
them to make mistakes because that means they are trying out new ideas.
Billionaire Sara Blakely, founder of the shapewear business Spanx, has seen many failures. She made a living by
selling fax machines for seven years. Knocking on many doors and making a lot of mistakes was a journey she calls
educational. Sara Blakely owes her risk-taking skills to the weekend talk she had with her father.
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As a child, her father would ask her the same question every weekend. "What did you fail at this week, Sara?" He
did not care how high her scores were. He wanted to know what she had tried but failed at. When she told him about
her failures and mistakes, he would give her a high five. He was reprogramming her mind to believe that mistakes and
failures are fine.
So go ahead and ask yourself and your children, “What did we fail at this week?”
5．What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Keep trying is necessary.
B．Failure is a path to success.
C．Mistakes are not acceptable.
D．Encouragement is significant.
【答案】5．C
【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文．作者借自身经历和Sara Blakely 的故事,讲述了失败和犯错误的重要性。
5．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Actually, we all need to be reminded that mistakes or failures are just fine and that they
are a huge part of growth and success. However, the regular belief is the opposite. We must correct this with our
children. ( 事实上，我们都需要被提醒，错误和失败都是好的，它们是成长和成功的重要组成部分。然而，人
们的普遍看法恰恰相反。我们必须给我们的孩子纠正这一点。)”可知,this 指的是“犯错误是不可以接受的”的这
个观点。故选C。
规律方法3：如何解决猜测指代题？
此类题目应注意代词指代的总原则——代词通常指代上文已提到的内容。代词指代
要注意在数、格、逻辑、意义、位置等方面与之接近的名词。就位置而言，代词所指代的名词通常在本句或其
上句中。只有好好把握代词指代所在段落或前面段落的整体意思，问题才能迎刃而解。
【变式精讲】
Almost every community has some form of rules and some way of enforcing them. So why do we have rules, and
what makes people follow them?
Studies have suggested that the reason we don't like rule-breaking is because fairness is programmed into our
brains. Scientists have found that the brain reacts in a particular way when we feel we are being treated unfairly. A fair
situation makes us feel comfortable and even happy, but unfairness causes our brains to respond with negative feelings.
The study found that this a so happened when subjects saw others being treated unfairly. They concluded that fairness is
one of basic human needs.
Arriving at a feeling of fairness means considering different, often conflicting, points of view. Regardless of the
disagreement, people almost always need to compromise. But it can be difficult to arrive at a compromise when there
are conflicting interests. This is why communities have rules that everyone must follow.
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Social controls are an important factor in setting and following rules. They influence the way we be have, and can
be internal (内在的) or external. Internal controls come from within and are based on our values and fears. Most of us
don't steal, for example, because we believe that theft is unfair and wrong. We also don't want to disappoint our family
and friends. In other words, our internal controls keep us from behaving in ways that cause conflict.
External controls include rewards and punishments. Rewards, such as job promotions and praise, are designed to
encourage people to be have and action the interest of the whole community.
Punishments, such as public embarrassment, fines, and even imprisonment can prevent people from acting against
the community's best interests.
People need their communities to function smoothly. If there were no rules, most people would probably still
behave positively. However, there would always be a minority who would not. This is why a society without rules is
unlikely to exist.
8．What does the underlined word ''this'' in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．A program in human brains.
B．A comfortable situation.
C．The response with bad feelings.
D．The requirement off fairness.
【答案】8．C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。本文主要讲述了人们生活的社区和社会都需要有规则来促进公平，如果没有规则社
会就无法运行。
8．词义猜测题。根据第二段的A fair situation makes us feel comfortable and even happy, but unfairness causes our
brains to respond with negative feelings. The study found that this a so happened when subjects saw others being
treated unfairly.可知，一个不公平的情况会让我们感到舒适甚至开心，但是不公平会让我们的大脑产生负面情绪。
他们的研究发现，当受到不公平待遇时，这种情况就会发生。根据句意可知this 指代上文提到的“大脑会产生负
面情绪”。C. The response with bad feelings.(负面情绪的反应)符合以上说法，故选C 项。
阅读理解IV：考点4 猜测句意题
【做题实践中找规律】
It was the first day of Spring here but it didn't feel like it. The Coronavirus(冠状病毒) Pandemic was sweeping the
globe and everywhere there were feelings of uncertainty, fear, loneliness and even despair. "Social Distancing" had
become the new norm. Here the schools had been closed, the restaurant dining rooms had been shut, and people had
been told to work from home whenever they could. Even the sheltered workshop where my oldest son worked had been
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closed until furl her notice. People had made a run on the stores and large areas of the shelves were bare. On the news
the numbers of sick and dead continued to rise. It felt like there was a weight on the souls of everyone in the world.
My own family was staying at home as much as possible and as I looked out my window I wondered how long this
crisis would last. It was then, however. that I saw something that lifted that weight off of my soul, made my face smile,
and made my heart feel happy again. On the street below my house there was an old friend of mine from high school
who was a teacher there now. With him was my younger son s former aide from the high school as well. They were
delivering the school lunches door to door to the hungry children who were stuck al home. Watching them made me
think of something everyone's childhood television neighbor. Mr. Roger's once said:“ In the bad times, always look for
the helpers. ”
I have no doubt this crisis will pass as all the crisis before it have. But it is our choice on whether it brings out the
best in us or the worst in us. Let it bring out the best in you. Use it to strengthen your faith. Use it to free yourself from
fear. Use it to grow kinder, more giving, and more loving. Become a helper to all those in need and you will be a happy
person today and in all the days to come.
14．What Mr. Roger said actually means ______.
A．in bad times we should watch mon TV programs
B．school lunches arc not easy to forget for many people
C．we should prepare more lunches for school children
D．people look forward to helping hands in bad times
【文章大意】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。在新春来临之际，新型冠状病毒席卷全球。在这危难的时刻，作者欣喜
地看到街道上有人在挨家挨户地给困在家里饥饿的儿童送餐。作者认为，在危急的时刻，人们仍然掌握着选择
权，选择守望相助。
14．D 句意猜测题。根据文章第二段Roger 的这句话“In the bad times, always look for the helpers.”再结合上下文，
疫情期间，人们相互帮助，可以推测，Roger 的这句话意为“在危急的时刻，人们都应该互相帮助”。故选D。
规律方法4：如何解决猜测句意题？
此类题目通常需要猜测意思的是一个具有概括性的句子，或是格言、谚语等，做题时只要通过阅读文章，对原
句进行语法和词义上的准确分析，并和答案选项做一番比较，不难找出正确选项。一般来说，正确选项的意思
与原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用了其他的英语词汇表述而已。
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【变式精讲】
【·浙江卷】
Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last
month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, "Give What You Can, Take What
You Need."
People quickly caught on. And while many took dollars, many others pinned their own cash to the board. “People
of all ages, races, and socio-economic(社会经济的)backgrounds gave and took, ”said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox,
which created the project. "We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars."
Most of the bills on the board were singles, but a few people left fives, tens and even twenties. The video clip(片
段)shows one man who had found a $ 20 bill pinning it to the board.
“What I can say for the folks that gave the most, is that they were full of smiles,” Bridges said. “There’s a certain
feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most." Most people who took dollars
took only a few, but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could.
While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign, Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and
sympathy. He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the
Internet.
“After all, everyone has bad days and good days," he said. “Some days you need a helping hand and some days
you can be the one giving the helping hand.”
24. What does the expression "money with no strings attached" in paragraph 1 mean?
A. Money spent without hesitation.
B. Money not legally made.
C. Money offered without conditions.
D. Money not tied together.
【答案】24. C
【文章大意】文章介绍了Tyler Bridges 所发动的一个项目，让有善心的人捐助钱财，让需要的人自取钱财，而
这个项目的宗旨就在于让人们能够互相帮助。
24．C 句意理解题。根据下文的故事并结合第一段板上写的言语“Give what you can. Take what you need”可知，
这里的钱是可以随意拿取的，并不附带任何条件，故选C 项。
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专题07 阅读理解V：篇章结构题
【构建知识体系】
篇章结构题
考点段落层次、写作方法和行文走势
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
要求考生阅读4 篇短
文，从每题所给的4 个选
项中选出最佳选项。题材
广泛，包括科普、社会、
文化、政治、经济等多方
面内容。体裁多样，以记
叙文、议论文、说明文为
主。
考查
主旨大意、
细节理解、
推理判断、
词义猜测、
篇章结构
等题型。
主旨大意题包括精确归纳标题、概括文章大意
和总结段落大意，主要考查考生能否分辨主题和细
节，是否具备提纲挈领的能力，也就是能否在理解
全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑
方法对文章进行高度概括和总结，做这类题目时要
高瞻远瞩，不可以以偏概全。
【剖析全国高考真题】
篇章结构题
段落层次、写作方法和行文走势
近年考点再现
1.【·全国新课标III】
We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years ago. As scientists look
deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past few thousand years. People
in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in East Africa and northern
Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to air or
to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers. The Bajau,
as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have
traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they've also built houses on stilts (支柱) in coastal waters. “They are
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simply a stranger to the land," said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as divers,
spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. "We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local
islanders," Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea."
In201, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the Bajau.
She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the task easier
for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population," said Dr. Ilardo. She also said
there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.299
32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin.
D. Significance of food selection.
【答案】32.B
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿
年前，而且最近几千年也有。Bajau 人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
32.推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred
billions of years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes, they are finding examples of human
evolution in just the past few thousand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。
当科学家更深入的研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一
段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New
knowledge of human evolution.(人类进化的新知识)符合以上说法，故选B 项。
2.D【·天津】
Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle
against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison.
Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was
Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why do some
people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about those
who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing
because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
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Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then
become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are willing to lean，the
opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can't
change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love
us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have
meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than
our own little egos（自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.
Many of us equate（视……等同于）“commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But
doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such
excellence whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-make the world better just by being the kind of people
they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_________.
A. loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity
B. age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
D. disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A. End one's struggle for liberty.
B. Waste one's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D. Lose the interest to continue learning.
53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？
A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.
B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.
D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？
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A. A tough man can tolerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live without self-pity.
C. A man should try to satisfy people around him.
D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.
55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？
A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
【答案】51. B
52. D
53. C
54. D
55. A
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述了如何过一种有意义的成人的生活。
51. B 推理判断题。根据第一段中此人53 岁，有债务，生活不幸，身上还有伤，但他下决心写一本，而且此书
还获得了成功，350 年依旧受欢迎，可知作者通过Cervantes 的故事来表明年龄不是一个人实现目标的障碍，故
答案为B。
52. D 词义猜测题。根据划线单词下的作者说我要讨论的是那些停止学习的人的成长，他们在流逝的岁月里采
用的是固定的态度和观点，不想通过学习进步，可知划线短语的意思是“无兴趣学习的人”，故答案为D。
53. C 推理判断题。根据第四段中我们在自己专业的领域里取得成功，然后深陷其中，没有什么使我们吃惊，
我们也没有惊奇的意识，即指我们失去了好奇心。但后一句说，如果我们愿意学习的话，我们还有机会成功。
暗含的意思就是如果我们有好奇心的话，我们就有机会获得成功，故答案为C。
54. D 推理判断题。作者在文中告诉我们要学会忍受我们不能改变的事物，要学会避免自怜，要学会不管我们
怎么表现，总有人不喜欢我们等等方法，可知第5 段的主要意思是告诉我们要用合适的方法去对待生活。故答
案为D。
55. A 主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，作者通过一个例子引出他的主题：一个人如何过一个有意义的成年
人生活。作者为我们提供了一些指导，要有动力，要有好奇心，要用适当的方式去生活等，故答案为A。
3.B【·天津卷】
When I was 17, I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay, once the home of a watercolorist
named Marian McNay. She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death. On a sunny Saturday,
Sally and I drove over to the museum. She asked, "Do you have the address? ""No, but I'll recognize it, there was a
picture in the magazine. "
"Oh, stop. There it is!”
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The museum was free. We entered, excited. A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us.
"May I help you?" a man asked. "No, "I said. "We're fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves. What if they talked a
long time about a painting you weren't that interested in? Sally had gone upstairs. The people in the hall seemed very
nosy(爱窥探的), keeping their eyes on me with curiosity. What was their problem? I saw some nice sculptures in one
room. Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me. "Where do you think you are? " he asked. I turned sharply. "The
McNay Art Museum!" He smiled, shaking his head. "Sorry, the McNay is on New Braunfels Street." "What’s this
place?” I asked, still confused. "Well, it's our home." My heart jolted(震颤). I raced to the staircase and called out,
"Sally! Come down immediately! "
"There's some really good stuff(艺术作品) up there." She stepped down, looking confused. I pushed her toward
the front door, waving at the family, saying, "Sorry, please forgive us, you have a really nice place." Outside, when I
told Sally what happened, she covered her mouth, laughing. She couldn't believe how long they let us look around
without saying anything.
The real McNay was splendid, but we felt nervous the whole time we were there. Van Gogh, Picasso. This time,
we stayed together, in case anything else unusual happened.
Thirty years later, a woman approached me in a public place. "Excuse me, did you ever enter a residence, long ago,
thinking it was the McNay Museum?"
"Yes. But how do you know? We never told anyone."
"That was my home. I was a teenager sitting in the hall. Before you came over, I never realized what a beautiful
place I lived in. I never felt lucky before. You thought it was a museum. My feelings about my home changed after that.
I've always wanted to thank you."
44. Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words?
A. The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her.
B. She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum.
C. The McNay was disappointing compared with the house.
D. The event happening in the house was more significant.
【答案】44. D
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4. [全国卷Ⅰ，D]
Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never
practiced ever since. A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he
gets back in the water. He can get on a bicycle after many years and sti ll ride away. He can play catch and hit a ball as
well as his son. A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins
"Twinkle, twinkle, little star" or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
One explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: Once we have learned something,
additional learning trials(尝试) increase the length of time we will remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long
after we have learned them. We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as "Twinkle, twinkle, little
star" and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks. We not only learn but overlearn.
The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表) are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things
that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.
The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade,
is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. By cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by
on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand,
is really necessary for one's future development.
68.The author explains the law of over learning by_________.
A. presenting research findings
B. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D. using examples
【答案】68. D
【解析】
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【精讲研法】
篇章结构
【做题实践中找规律】
【例1】
There is always no lack of ordinary people taking action for extraordinary change. Aghan Oscar is just among
them. Thirteen years ago, Aghan. bothered by the ever-increasing quantity of plastinc waste in this low-income suburb
of Nairobi, decided to find a way to recycle it.
Nou his company. Continental Renewable Energy Co.Ltd(COREC) produces poles for use in construction,
farming and road signs. So far he's sold 96,000, and he says his potential ior growth is limited only by the considerable
expense of setting up plastic recycling plants.
Most of Aghan's customers are farmers and developers who once used wooden fence poles. Customers say they
have other benefits as well. "I have fenced my piece of land three times using wood posts, but most of the time the
fence was vandalized(故意破坏)by villagers who used the posts as firewood." said Caleb Kapten. Now plastic posts
have stopped the problem, he said.
The Kenya National Highways Authority is one of COREC s biggest customers. It approached the company after
road signs were vandalized by criminals who sold the metal poles to steel manufacturing companies. Aghan reckons (估
计)that COREC's products have saved the government millions of shillings, besides preventing road accidents. And he
also points out that COREC has been able to conserve large numbers of trees by producing plastic poles.
When Aghan started this recycling business in 2003, most of his employees were his family members due to
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financial constraint(限制).Now he employs 250 young people to collect plastic waste. Fifty more youths work on the
production line, where the waste is sorted according to quality before being crushed and washed, melted and cast into
diflerent shapes. The poles arc then arranged by shape and size for sale in the yard of the recycling plant.
27、Which best shows thc structure of the text?
【答案】27.D
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。受日益增多的塑料垃圾所扰的Aghan 创办了自己的公司来解决这个问题他们回收
利用废弃塑料来生产塑料杆儿用于建筑、农业和交通领域。
27.篇章结构题。通读全文可知第一段属于主旨段，引出本文的话题；第二段讲的是Aghan 创办了自己的公司，
生产用于建筑、农业和路标的塑料杆儿；第三段和第四段分别介绍塑料杆儿在农业和交通领域的应用，属于对
第二段内容的扩展；第五段主要介绍这种塑料杆儿的生产过程，与第二段是并列关系。故选D。
2. The new social robots, including Jibo, Cozmo, Kuri and Meccano M.A．X., bear some resemblance to assistants
like Apple’s Siri, but these robots come with something more. They are designed to win us over not with their smarts
but with their personality. They are sold as companions that do more than talk to us. Time magazine hailed (称赞) the
robots that “could fundamentally reshape how we interact with machines.” But is reshaping how we interact with
machines a good thing, especially for children?
Some researchers in favor of the robots don’t see a problem with this. People have relationships with many kinds
of things. Some say robots are just another thing with which we can have relationships. To support their argument,
roboticists sometimes point to how children deal with toy dolls. Children animate (赋予…生命) dolls and turn them
into imaginary friends. Jibo, in a sense, will be one more imaginary friend, and arguably a more intelligent and fun one.
Getting attached to dolls and sociable machines is different, though. Today’s robots tell children that they have
emotions, friendships, even dreams to share. In reality, the whole goal of the robots is emotional trickery. For instance,
Cozmo the robot needs to be fed, repaired and played with. Boris Sofman, the chief executive of Anki, the company
behind Cozmo, says that the idea is to create “a deeper and deeper emotional connection ... And if you neglect him, you
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feel the pain of that.” What is the point of this, exactly? What does it mean to feel the pain of neglecting something that
feels no pain at being neglected, or to feel anger at being neglected by something that doesn’t even know it is
neglecting you?
This should not be our only concern. It is troubling that these robots try to empathize with children. Empathy
allows us to put ourselves in the place of others, to know what they are feeling. Robots, however, have no emotions to
share, and they cannot put themselves in our place. No matter what robotic creatures “say” or squeak, they don’t
understand our emotional lives. They present themselves as empathy machines, but they are missing the essential
equipment. They have not been born, they don’t know pain, or death, or fear. Robot thinking may be thinking, but robot
feeling is never feeling, and robot love is never love.
What is also troubling is that children take robots’ behavior to indicate feelings. When the robots interact with
them, children take this as evidence that the robots like them, and when robots don’t work when needed, children also
take it personally. Their relationships with the robots affect their self-esteem (自尊). In one study, an 8-year-old boy
concluded that the robot stopped talking to him because the robot liked his brothers better.
For so long, we dreamed of artificial intelligence offering us not only simple help but conversation and care. Now
that our dream is becoming real, it is time to deal with the emotional downside of living with robots that “feel.”
47．Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?
I: Introduction
P: Point
Sp: Sub-point (次要点)
C: Conclusion
A．
B．
C．
D．
【答案】47．B
【解析】
这是一篇议论文。新的社交机器人与以往机器人不同，他们不仅比我们聪明还有他们的个性。时代周刊称它彻
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底改变了我们与机器互动的方式。但是对这种改变有的科学家赞同而有很多人也很担忧。
47．篇章结构题。分析文章内容，第一段提出观点：社交机器人改变了我们与机器互动的方式。第二段提出一
些支持这一改变的专家的想法，第三段提出一些人对这一改变的担忧，并且第三段后半部分以及第四段、第五
段分别是这些人的三点担忧。最后一段总结这一趋势面临的现状。所以文章提出观点后，分为支持和反对两个
观点，反对方面又列出了三点担忧，最后一段总结。故选B。
规律方法：如何分析段落层次段落层次、写作方法和行文走势？
解答此类题目首先要了解文章结构，从段落组织方式上看，有三种形式：总分式结构(总→分→总；总→分；
分→总)、并列式结构(段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立)、对照式结构(结构形式是一正一反)。要想准确深
刻地理解一篇文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握文章的脉搏，特别是把握段与段之间的逻辑关系，然后
分析作者采用了什么论证手段（举例、比较、类比等）证明主题，从而正确解答试题。近几年还有些试题考查
全文或某一段落是以什么样的形式展开论述的，一般来说有的按事情发展的顺序，有的按时间的先后顺序，有
的按人物的活动内容，还有的按地点或空间的位置变换，阅读时要特别注意。
考查组织结构的文章通常行文组织结构都比较清晰、规范，因此,具备文体、写作方式和文章组织结构方
面相关知识对于有效解答此类题目具有至关重要的作用。
1、记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进
行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他，最后写高潮，这种
叙事手法叫做倒叙。
2、议论文总体上可以分为四类：
第一类，“提出论点——分论点一——分论点二——分论点三……——结论”；
第二类，“引入段——导出论点——分点论述——结论”；
第三类，“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”；
第四类，“提出反面观点——批驳反面观点——提出正面观点”。
3、说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文
章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
【方法指导】文章的基本结构是高考阅读测试的目标之一。从其考查内容而言，可分为三种：考查考生对整个
文章结构的组织能力；考查考生对后文内容的预测能力；考查考生对文章写作手法、修辞手段的鉴赏能力。
A 篇章结构主要的设题方式常有：
（1）How is the passage organized?
（2）Which of the following best shows the structure/organization of the passage?
（3）What will the author most probably talk about next?
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（4）The author develops the passage mainly by _________.
（5）The first paragraph serves as a（n）__________.
（6）The example of … is given to show/illustrate that__________.
B 篇章结构主要的解题策略常有：
（1）了解文章结构的组织形式。从段落组织方式上讲，常见的文章结构有三种：总分式结构（总→分；总→分
→总；分→总）、并列式结构（段落之间是平行关系，并且相对独立）、对照式结构（结构形式上是一正一反）。
（2）了解文章的论证方法。从论证方法上讲，常见的议论文结构有以下两类：Put forward a question →Analyze
the question →Solve the question 即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程；Argument/idea →Evidence →
conclusion/ restating the idea 即“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。
（3）了解文章的修辞手法。从修辞手法上讲，在高考阅读中主要考查下定义、分类说明、列举例证和对比等写
作手法。其中，“引用”和“例证”是议论文和说明文中最常用的写作手法之一。是历年高考阅读试题中必不可缺
的命题方向。“引用”和“例证”的共同目的就是增强说服力，以更好的达到说理、说明的目的。“引用”和“例证”
的共同功能就是服务于段落或篇章的主题。
【变式精讲】
1. D
Many parents worry that showing negative emotions in front of their children will cause them to suffer. For
example, children may end up thinking it's their fault or simply "catch" the emotion. Indeed, this worry has a sound
basis — the phenomenon of “emotional contagion"（情绪感染）is real, and one recent study found that parents can
transfer their fear of going to the dentist, for example, to their children.
On the other hand, there is the natural idea that we should “be real" with our children, and that they will benefit
from watching a parent who struggles and eventually deals with their negative emotions like any other human being.
There are three concepts to consider when it comes to emotional display in front of children: suppression （压抑），
"uncontained" expression, and talking about emotions. Suppression of emotion is when you hide the outward signs of
an emotion. Unfortunately, it doesn't work very well — the act of suppressing your emotion actually increases your
blood pressure. Observers can pick up on your distress despite your efforts to hide it, making them feel stressed. The
recent research has also found that when parents feel negative emotions and keep them from their children, they
experience lower relationship quality and decreased responsiveness to their child's needs.
On the other hand, “uncontained" expression of anger and sadness by the parent is also not salutary for the child.
Uncontained means high intensity emotion, with no attempts to regulate or take ownership of it. Shouting, smashing
（摔）things and blaming someone else for "making you angry" are all example of this .
So, what is the middle ground? That would be talking about emotion taking ownership of them and showing your
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child that you are trying to deal with them. Classic research found that six-year-old kids had better emotional
understanding and perspective-taking skills if their mothers had talked to them about their emotions at the age of three.
In fact, the more the mothers had talked, the better the outcome would be.
So next time you feel sad, angry or frustrated and your child is watching you expressing emotion, do explain what's
going on in terms they can understand.
55.
What's the structure of the text?
【答案】55. B
55.篇章结构题。
通读全文可知，一、二段阐述了最近的一项研究发现，父母可以把他们的情绪转移给孩子。三、四、五段阐述
父母的情绪对孩子的影响，与孩子谈论情绪，找到中间地带；最后一段提出建议。故选B。
2.D
The organic food has gained a lot of [popularity as they are being considered as healthier and tastier.
A fair
number of people advocate a large-scale shift to organic farming from conventional agriculture. But this might not
seem well-founded.
Since the mid-19th century, conventional industrial agriculture has become incredibly efficient on a simple land to
food basis. Conventional farming gets more and more crop per square foot of land, which can mean less wilderness
needs to be transformed to farmland.
To make farming more efficient, conventional agriculture uses a significant amount of synthetic fertilizer（合成肥
料）each year, and all that nitrogen（氮）enables much faster plant growth. However, the cost is paid in vast polluted
dead zones at the months of many of the world’s rivers, because much of the nitrogen ends up running off the soil and
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into the oceans. This also makes conventional farming one of the major threats to the environment.
To weaken the environmental impact of agriculture, improve soil quality as well as produce healthier foods, some
farmers have turned to organic farming. Environmentalists have also welcomed organic food as better for the planet
than the food produced by agricultural corporations. Organic practices --- refusing artificial fertilizers and chemical
pesticides –are considered far more sustainable. Sales of organic food rose 7.7% in 2010, up to $26.7 billion—and
people are making those purchases for their moral senses as much as their tongues.
Yet a new meta-analysis in Nature does the math and comes to a hard conclusion: organic farming produces 25%
fewer crops on average than conventional agriculture.
In the Nature analysis, scientists performed an analysis of 66 studies comparing conventional and organic methods
across 34 different crop species, from fruits to grains. They found that organic farming delivered a lower output for
every crop type, though the difference varied widely. For crops like fruit trees, organic trailed（落后于）conventional
agriculture by just 5%. Yet for major grain crops and vegetables – all of which provide the world’s main calories –
conventional agriculture outperformed organics by more than 25%.
What that means is that while organic farming may be more sustainable than conventional agriculture, there are
trade-offs（此消彼长）with each. So an ideal global agriculture system may borrow the best from both systems rather
than upholding merely organic or conventional practices.
15. Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?
CP: Central Point
P: Point
Sp: Sub-point（次要点）
C: Conclusion
A.
B.
C.
D.
【答案】
15. A
15. A 篇章结构题。根据第一段The organic food has gained a lot of popularity as they are being considered as
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healthier and tastier. A fair number of people advocate a large-scale shift to organic farming from conventional
agriculture. But this might not seem well-founded.可知这是句子的中心论点，“有机食品越来越受欢迎，因为它们
被认为更健康、更美味。”；根据文章第二、三段阐述了conventional agriculture 的观点；根据第四段和第五、
六段阐述了从conventional agriculture 向organic farming 的转变，以及新的研究发现；文章最后一段得出了结论，
一个理想的全球农业系统可以从两个系统中获得最好的贷款，而不是仅仅支持有机或常规的做法。由此可知A
项符合题意。
专题08 阅读填空
【构建知识体系】
阅读填空
考点1 细节理解类题型
考点2 篇章结构类题型
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
给出一篇缺少5 个句
子的文章，对应有七个选
项，要求考生根据文章结
构、内容，选择正确的句
子，填入相应的空白处。
考查考生的逻辑思维
能力，也就是对上下
文之间、层次之间逻
辑关系的判断能力
主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构，以
及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。选项特点：主
旨概括句（文章整体内容）；过渡性句子（文章结
构）；注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）。
【剖析全国高考真题】
阅读填空
1. 阅读填空
You run into the grocery store to pick up one bottle of water. You get what you need, head to the front, and
choose the line that looks fastest.
You chose wrong. People who you swear got in other lines long after you are already checked out and off to the
parking lot. 11．
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It turns out, it's just math working against you; chances are, the other line really is faster.
Grocery stores try to have enough employees at checkout to get all their customers through with minimum delay.
12．Any small interruption - a price check, a chatty customer-can have downstream effects, holding up an entire line.
If there are three lines in the store, delays will happen randomly at different registers. Think about the
probability:13．So it's not just in your mind: Another line probably is moving faster.
Researchers have a good way to deal with this problem. Make all customers stand in one long, snaking line- called
a serpentine line - and serve each person at the front with the next available register. 14．This is what they do at most
banks and fast-food restaurants. With a serpentine line, a long delay at one register won't unfairly punish the people
who lined up behind it. Instead, it will slow down everyone a little bit but speed up checkout overall.
15．It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly, and some stores can't afford the space or manpower.
So wherever your next wait may be: Good luck.
A．Why does this always seem to happen to you?
B．So why don't most places encourage serpentine lines?
C．Some of the may have stood in a queue for almost an hour.
D．The chances of your line being the fastest are only one in three.
E. How high is the probability that you are in the fastest waiting line?
F. With three registers, this method is much faster than the traditional approach.
G. But sometimes, as on a Sunday afternoon, the system gets particularly busy.
【答案】11．A12．G13．D14．F15．B
【解析】本文是说明文。文章说明了杂货店排队方式以及研究人员提出的蛇形队伍的新方式，并分析了各自的
利弊。
11．下文“It turns out, it's just math working against you; chances are, the other line really is faster. （原来，这只是
你的数学问题；很可能，另一个队伍真的更快。）”解释了上文“You chose wrong.(你选错了)”的原因，下文与
空格处是因果关系，所以本空应该是对前文选错提出疑惑，故选A 项。
12．上文“Grocery stores try to have enough employees at checkout to get all their customers through with minimum
delay.（杂货店尽量让足够的员工在结账时让所有的顾客以最小的延误完成结账。）”解释了杂货店之前的工作
模式，下文“Any small interruption a price check, a chatty customer -can have downstream effects, holding up an
entire line.（任何一个小小的中断，一个价格检查，一个喋喋不休的顾客，都会产生下游效应，拖住整个生产线。）”
描述了杂货店的特殊情况，故本空应该填出现特殊情况的原因，故选G 项。
13．根据上文“If there are three lines in the store, delays will happen randomly at different registers. （如果杂货店
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中有三列队伍，延迟将在不同的队伍中随机发生。）”联系下文“So it's not just in your mind: Another line probably
is moving faster.（所以这不仅仅是在你的脑海里：另一条队伍可能移动得更快。）”可知本空说的是任何一个队
伍都有可能出现问题。你的队伍跑得最快的几率只有三分之一。故选D 项。
14．根据“上文Researchers have a good way to deal with this problem.(我们得知研究人员有一个很好的方法来处
理这个问题)”以及下文“This is what they do at most banks and fast-food restaurants. With a serpentine line, a long
delay at one register won't unfairly punish the people who lined up behind it. Instead, it will slow down everyone little
bit but speed up checkout overall.（这个大多数银行和快餐店都是这样做的。有了一条蜿蜒的队伍，在一个登记处
长时间拖延不会不公平地惩罚后面排队的人。相反，它会减慢每个人一点点，但加快了整体结帐速度。）”说明
这个新方案迅速有效，联系上下文可知，空格中应该是与旧的结账方案作比较。故选F 项。
15．结合下文“It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly, and some stores can't afford the space or
manpower.（要保持一条生产线的快速运转，需要很多的收银机，而且有些商店负担不起空间和人力。）”说明
了一个原因，由此可知，空格处提出了一个问题；通过“It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly.(保
持一条生产线的快速运转)”可知这里描述的是不鼓励蛇形队伍的原因。故选B 项。
2. 【·海南卷】阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。
Talking with your doctor
Talking freely with your doctor can make you feel better and gives your doctor the information she or he needs to
give you the best care. Don't be afraid or embarrassed to discuss something that is bothering you.
36
●Stay positive.
Go to your doctor's visits with a good attitude.
37
Think teamwork! Think positive!
●Keep track of how you are feeling.
38
This will make it easier for you to answer questions about your symptoms（症状）and how medicines
make you feel. It also makes it easier for you to bring up anything that you are worried about. Make sure to be honest
about how you feel and how long you've felt that way.
●
39
Your medical history is a list of your illnesses, treatments, what the doctors told you to do, and anything else you
think your doctor should know. Also, if you are allergic（过敏）to any medicines, be sure to mention that to your doctor.
●Ask questions.
Do not be afraid to ask your doctor any questions you have. To remember all the questions you have when you are
not in the doctor's office, write them down and bring the list with you to your appointment.
40
Remember—
there's no such thing as a stupid question. If you don't understand the answer to a question, ask the doctor to explain it
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again until you do understand.
A. This will make getting answers easier.
B. Here are some tips for talking with your doctor.
C. You can talk to another doctor if the treatments don't work.
D. Before your doctor's visit, keep notes on how you are feeling.
E. Remember, your doctor and other caregivers are on your side.
F. Bring your medical history, including a list of your current medicines.
G. Writing down what the doctor says will help you remember important information.
【答案】36．B37．E138．D39．F40．A
【解析】这是一篇应用文，文章讲述了与医生谈话的几个小建议。
36．根据文章第一段“Talking freely with your doctor can make you feel better and gives your doctor the information
she or he needs to give you the best care. Don't be afraid or embarrassed to discuss something that is bothering you.”
可知，与你的医生畅所欲言可以让你感觉好些，并向你的医生提供她或他需要的信息，以便为你提供最好的护
理。不要害怕或尴尬地讨论困扰你的事情。再结合下文为几条具体的建议，所以B 项：Here are some tips for talking
with your doctor.（这里有一些与你的医生交谈的小建议。）符合题意，为顺承关系，故选B。
37．根据文章第二段“teamwork!”意为团队可知，E 项：Remember, your doctor and other caregivers are on your
side.（记住，你的医生和其他护理人员都站在你这边。）与此呼应，故选E。
38．根据文章“This will make it easier for you to answer questions about your symptoms（症状）and how medicines
make you feel. It also makes it easier for you to bring up anything that you are worried about. Make sure to be honest
about how you feel and how long you've felt that way.”可知，这将使你更容易回答关于你的症状和药物让你感觉
如何的问题。这也让你更容易提出你担心的任何事情。一定要诚实地说出你的感受，以及你这种感觉持续了多
久。由此可知，这都是在讲感受，故D 项：Before your doctor's visit, keep notes on how you are feeling.（在你的
医生来之前，记下你的感受。）与之呼应，故选D。
39．根据文章“Your medical history is a list of your illnesses, treatments, what the doctors told you to do, and
anything else you think your doctor should know. Also, if you are allergic（过敏）to any medicines, be sure to mention
that to your doctor.”可知，你的病史是你的疾病，治疗，医生告诉你做什么，以及你认为你的医生应该知道的
任何事情的清单。如果你有过敏的话，你也要提一下。因此可知看出，这是关于病史和清单的，故F 项：Bring
your medical history, including a list of your current medicines.（带上你的病史，包括你目前的药物清单。）符合题
意，相呼应，故选F。
40．根据文章“Do not be afraid to ask your doctor any questions you have. To remember all the questions you have
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when you are not in the doctor's office, write them down and bring the list with you to your appointment.”可知，不要
害怕问你的医生你有的任何问题。当你不在医生办公室时，为了记住你的所有问题，把它们写下来，并带着清
单去你的预约。以及“Remember—there's no such thing as a stupid question. If you don't understand the answer to a
question, ask the doctor to explain it again until you do understand.”可知，记住，没有什么愚蠢的问题。如果你不
明白问题的答案，请医生再解释一遍，直到你明白为止。因此中间缺少过渡句，故A 项：This will make getting
answers easier.（这将使获得答案更容易。）正好可以连接两句，故选A。
3. 阅读填空【·浙江卷】
I experienced years of loneliness as a child. 31．His friends teased him about babysitting his sister and his
interests were far different from mine. With no other kids of my age in the neighborhood, I had to spend hours by
myself.
A bright spot for me turned out to be reading. My love of the written word began early as my mother read to me
every evening. 32．I started reading books on my own before age 5 and my mother took me to the public library once a
week to borrow several books. I quickly graduated from typical children’s books to ones with fewer pictures and longer
chapters. Reading opened new worlds to me. 33．
My mother also encouraged me to make what I wanted. I tried making toy cars with cardboard boxes and
constructing buildings from leftover cardboard and bits of wood my father gave me. When my mother saw my creations,
she told me how creative my designs were. 34．I learned a lot about how to extend the life of objects and transform
them into something new and useful. It was a trait(特点) others found helpful, and I soon had friends who wanted to
make things with me.
35．My parents made it a point for their two kids to spend time outside, no matter the weather or season. My
brother, of course, raced off to be with his friends, while I had plenty to do myself. There was making leaf houses in
autumn, ice skating in winter, and so much more. They’re all memories I treasure today.
A．I wasn't alone any longer.
B．I enjoyed reading stories aloud.
C．I was invited to play with another kid.
D．I loved the colorful photographs in the books.
E. Another habit I formed early was being outdoors.
F. Thus, I began my lifelong interest in making things.
G. My older brother couldn’t be bothered to play with me.
【答案】31．G32．D33．A34．F35．E
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【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者养成几个生活习惯的原因。
31．设空在段中，应是承前启后句。根据后文“His friends teased him about babysitting his sister and his interests were
far different from mine”可知，设空句应提及“his”的身份，即G 项中的“My elder brother”，且G 项“我哥哥懒得和
我一起玩”在此起到了承上启下的作用。故选G 项。故选G 项。
32．根据前句提到“我对文字的爱始于母亲每天晚上给我读故事的时候”可知，D 项“我喜欢书中的彩色照片”和
上句构成进一步说明。同时D 项中的“书”指代上句提到的母亲每天给我读故事的书。D 项切题。故选D 项。
33．根据前句提到“阅读为我打开了新世界”可知，A 项“我不在孤独”和上句构成了因果关系。A 项切题。故选
A 项。
34．根据前句“当我的母亲看到我的创作时，她说我的设计很有创意”可知，F 项“于是，我开始对制造东西产生
了长久的兴趣”和上句构成因果关系，我正是在听了母亲那句话后才开始了对制造东西产生兴趣。F 项切题。故
选F 项。
35．根据后句“无论天气或季节，我的父母都要让他们的两个孩子花时间在户外”可知，E 项“我很早养成的另一
个习惯是去户外”和前句表示因果逻辑。作者有去户外的习惯是因为后句提到的父母的影响。E 项切题。故选E
项。
4. 【·全国新高考II 山东卷】阅读下面短文, 从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项
为多余选项。
Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking.
16
Do you want to be a good public speaker?
Here are some principles you must master.
People want to listen to someone who is interesting, relaxed and comfortable. Too often, when you stand up to
give a speech, you focus on the “public” at the expense of the “speaking.”
17
Focus on the speaking. Talk
directly to your audience, be yourself and make a connection.
Even the most successful public speaker will make mistakes. Yet, the only one who cares about any mistake is the
one who is speaking. People's attention wanders constantly. In fact, most people only absorb about 20 percent of a
speaker's message. So, don't stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it's a truly serious one.
18
Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker.
19
And like everything else in life, that takes practice.
Remember, even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent basis.
20
It's rare to hear someone say, “I wish that speaker had spoken longer.” On the other hand, you probably
can't count the times that you've thought, “I'm glad that talk is over. It seemed to go on forever!” So surprise your
audience. Always make your presentation just a bit shorter than anticipated. It's better to leave your listeners wishing
for more than shifting restlessly in their seats waiting for your speech finally to end.
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A. Do the opposite.
B. You want to be an effective public speaker.
C. You don't need to apologize for a minor slip.
D. When it comes to public speaking, less is usually more.
E. The objective of most speeches is to benefit the audience.
F. Take the fear out of public speaking by focusing on your listeners.
G However, the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be.
【答案】16.G 17.A18.C 19.B 20.D
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了成为好的演讲者需要掌握的一些原则。
16.G 本文主题是介绍成为好的演讲者要掌握的一些原则。上句提到有些人生来就有演讲的天赋。G 项：然而，
大多数人之所以能成为有影响的演讲者，是因为他们受过训练。与上句转折，引出本文主题——演讲者要训练。
故选G。
17.A 下句Focus on the speaking.是本段主题，建议演讲者把注意力集中在演讲上。上句提到一种常见现象，当
站起来发表演讲时，演讲者往往会把注意力放在“公众”上，而不是“演讲”上。这是错误的做法，A 项
Do the opposite.说明了上句做法的错误，引出了下句正确的做法。承上启下，故选A。
18.C 本段提到即使成功的演讲者也会犯错误，观众不会太在意你的错误。上句建议当出错时不要停止演讲，除
非是非常严重的错误。C 项：你不需要为一个小失误道歉。与上句承接，是对待演讲出错的方法。故选C。
19.B 本段是说明练习的重要性。上句提到你的目标不是成为一个完美的演说家，下句应该说明目标是什么。
B. You want to be an effective public speaker.与上句衔接，是我们演讲的真正目的。故选B。
20.D 下文提到观众并不是认为演讲越长越好，根据
Always make your presentation just a
bit shorter than anticipated. 可知作者建议让演讲比预期的短一点，给观众更多的期待胜过让他们坐立不安地等待
演讲结束。D 项：公开演讲时，通常少就是多。说明了演讲时多和少的辩证关系。故选D。
5. 阅读填空【·全国新课标I】
A Few Tips for Self-Acceptance
We all want it to accept and love ourselves. But at times it seems too difficult and too far out of reach. 36．Here’s
a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.
●37．Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough. Why do you follow them? Are you hoping
that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs? Know that your life is your own; you
are the only you in this world.
●Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made. We are often ashamed of our shortcomings, our mistakes and
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our failures. 38．You will make mistakes, time and time again. Rather than getting caught up in how you could have
done better, why not offer yourself a compassionate (有同情心) response? ＂That didn’t go as planned. But, I tried my
best.＂
●Recognize all of your strengths. Write them down in a journal. Begin to train your brain to look at strength before
weakness. List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You have a job, earned your degree, and you got out of
bed today. 39．
●Now that you’ve listed your strengths, list your imperfections. Turn the page in your journal. Put into words why
you feel unworthy, why you don’t feel good enough. Now, read these words back to yourself. 40．Turn to a page in
your journal to your list of strengths and achievements. See how awesome you are?
A．Feeling upset again?
B．Where do you start?
C．Nothing is too small to celebrate.
D．Remember, you are only human.
E. Set an intention for self-acceptance.
F. Stop comparing yourself with others.
G. When does the comparison game start?
【答案】36．B37．F38．D39．C40．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几个自我接纳的小技巧。
36．根据题目A Few Tips for Self-acceptance 及下文的Here's a handful of ways that will set you in the right
direction.(这有很多可以帮你找到正确方向的方法。)可知，选项B. Where do you start? (从哪里开始那？)最合下
文语境，故选B 项。
37．根据下文Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs? Know
that your life is your own; you are the only one in this world.(你是否希望最终你会因为自己的生活比他们的好而感
到有力量？要知道，你的生活是你自己的；你在这个世界上是独一无二的。)可知，本段主要讲述不要把自己和
别人作比较，因为生活是我们自己的，我们也是世界上独一无二的。故F. Stop comparing yourself with others.(停
止把自己和别人进行比较。)可以作为本段中心句，故选F 项。
38．根据本文的中心句Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made. (原谅自己所犯的错误。)及下文的You will
make mistakes, time and time again. (你会一次又一次地犯错误。)可知，选项D. Remember, you are only human.(记
住，你只是个人。)与上下文衔接最好，故选D 项。
39．根据上文List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You have a job, earned your degree, and you got out
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of bed today.(列出你所有的成就。你有了一份工作，拿到了学位，今天就起床了。)可知，选项C. Nothing is too small
to celebrate.(没有什么事是太小而不值得庆祝。)与上文衔接最好，故选C 项。
40．结合上文Put into words why you feel unworthy, why you don't feel good enough. Now, read these words back to
yourself.(用语言来解释为什么你觉得自己不值得，为什么你觉得自己不够好。现在，自己读一下这些话。)和下
文的Turn to a page in your journal to your list of strengths and achievements. See how awesome you are? (翻到你日
记本上记下你的有点和成就的那页。看到你有多棒了吗？)可知，选项A. Feeling upset again?(再次感觉心烦意乱
了吗？)最合上下文语境，故选A 项。
6. 阅读填空【·全国新课标II】
Emoji(表情符号) and Workplace Communication
In Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in the hundreds of millions, both at work and play.
36．. It’s been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.
Written communications can often read as cold and dull. Using emojis can add humor and feeling, keeping
intention clear. 37．, encouraging better and more frequent communication.
In any given office, employees can range from age 22 to 70 and beyond, and finding common ground in
communication style can be a challenge. 38．. While the younger generations prefer to communicate visually, for those
used to working with traditional tools like email, it may feel like a learning curve(曲线). The good news is that it’s
simple to learn and can be worth the effort.
There is also the matter of tone(语气). Who hasn’t received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day? 39．.
Emoji can help communication feel friendlier, and even a serious note can be softened with an encouraging smile.
40．, and emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome. And when your employees begin adding smiling
emojis to their business communication, you’ll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.
A．Message with emojis feel more conversational
B．Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly
C．Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange
D．The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally
E. Giving employees the tools enables them to communicate honestly
F. Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace
G. An easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform
【答案】36．D37．A38．G39．B40．F
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了表情符号以及在工作交流所带来的优势。
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36．根据前句“In Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in the hundreds of millions, both at work
and play.(在亚洲，即时通讯平台正在迅速发展，无论是工作还是娱乐，都有数亿用户)”和后句“It's been reported
that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.(据报道，在一些西方国家，76%的
员工在工作中使用表情符号)”可知，前后句都说明了即时通讯平台受欢迎程度。所以选择项D. The popularity of
these platforms is spreading globally. (这些平台的受欢迎程度正在全球蔓延)符合题意。故选D。
37．根据前句“Using emojis can add humor and feeling, keeping intention clear.(使用表情符号可以增加幽默和感情，
保持明确的意图)”和后半句“encouraging better and more frequent communication.(鼓励更好更频繁的交流)”可知，
这里陈述使用表情符号的优点。所以选择项A. Messages with Emojis feel more conversational. (使用表情符号的信
息让人感觉更健谈)符合题意。故选A。
38．根据前句“In any given office, employees can range from age 22 to 70 and beyond, and finding common ground in
communication can be a challenge. (在任何一间办公室，员工的年龄从22 岁到70 岁甚至更大，在交流中找到共
同点可能是一项挑战)” 中关键词句“employees can range from age 22 to 70 and beyond,”与选择项中“all work
generations”是一致的。故选G。
39．根据前句“ Who hasn’t received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day? (谁没有收到过毁掉了一整天的
邮件呢？)”和后文介绍表情的优点，可知，这里陈述电子邮件的缺点。所以选择项B. Even a formal email can seem
cold and unfriendly. (即使是一封正式的电子邮件也会显得冷淡和不友好)故选B。
40．根据后句“and Emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome. (并且表情符号可以直接促成这种积极的结
果)”可知，这里陈述表情符号能给工作场所带来的好处。所以选择项F. Studies show that friendlier communication
leads to a happier workplace. (研究表明，更友好的沟通会带来更快乐的工作场所)故选F。
7. 【·全国新课标III】第二节（共5 小题；每小题2 分，满分10 分）阅读填空
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
A housewarming party is a special party to be held when someone buys or moves into a new apartment or house.
The person who bought the house or moved is the one who throws the panty. The party is a chance for friends and
family to congratulate the person on the new home.
36
And it is good time to fill the new space with love and
hopefully presents.
37
Some people register a list of things they want or need for their new home at a local or store or stores.
Some common things people will put on a gift registry include kitchen tools like knives and things like curtains. Even if
there isn’t a registry, a good housewarming gift is something to decorate the new house with, like a piece of art or a
plant.
38
This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn’t a lot of food served. There are usually no
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planned activities like games at a housewarming party. The host or hostess of the party will, however, probably give all
the guests a tour of their new home. Sometimes, because a housewarming party happens shortly after a person moves
into their new home, people may be asked to help unpack boxes.
39
Housewarming parties get their name from the fact that a long time ago people would actually bring firewood to a
new home as a gift.
40
Now most homes have central heating and don’t use fires to keep warm.
A. This isn’t usual though.
B. It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.
C. You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.
D. If you’re lucky enough to receive gifts, keep them in a safe place.
E. It also gives people a chance to see what the new home looks like.
F. The best housewarming parties encourage old friends to get together.
G. This was so that the person could keep their home warm for the winter.
【答案】36.E37.B38.C39.A40.G
【文章大意】本文是说明文，介绍了乔迁聚会的目的，礼物的选取，活动安排和名称的由来。
36.上句The party is a chance for friends and family to congratulate the person on the new home.(这个聚会
是朋友和家人祝贺新家的机会)。介绍庆祝乔迁之喜的聚会是亲戚朋友祝贺搬新家的人的一次机会，下句And i
t is a good time to fill the new space with love and hopefully presents.(现在是时候用爱和希望的礼物来填补
新家了)。介绍这也是给新家装满爱和希望礼物的好时机。E 项：它也给了人们一次看看新家什么样的机会。与
上下句并列，都是庆祝乔迁之喜聚会的目的，故选E。
37.下文Some common things people will put on a gift registry include kitchen tools like knives and things li
ke curtains.和like a piece of art or a plant. 列举了参加聚会所带礼物的清单，可以是厨房工具、窗帘、艺术品
或绿植。这些都和参加聚会带礼物有关，B 项：带礼物去参加乔迁派对是一种传统，概括了本段内容，引出下
文，故选B。
38.本段介绍了聚会的活动安排，根据后文This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn' t a lot
of food served.(这一点通常是值得赞赏的，因为在乔迁派对上不会提供很多食物)。指出因为新搬家，所以主人
不会准备太丰盛的食物或太多的活动。那么本句是在建议你可以带上自己的食物或饮料与其他客人分享搬家，
所以主人不会准备太丰盛的食物或太多的活动。C 项：你也可以带上食物或饮料与其他客人分享。故选C。
39.本段提到在乔迁聚会上人们会聚餐，主人带领客人参观新家。上句提到，由于乔迁聚会是在搬进新家后不久
举行的，人们可能会被要求帮助打开箱子。根据常识可知在乔迁聚会上让客人们帮忙干活是不常见的，A 项：
但这并不常见。表达了此意，与上文衔接，故选A。
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40.上句介绍了乔迁聚会名称的由来，根据bring firewood to a new home as a gift.可知人们会带柴火作为礼物，那
么本空承接上文说明了带柴火的目的和作用。G 项：这样人们就可以在冬天的时候保持家里温暖。符合语境。
故选G。
【精讲研法】
考点一
细节理解类题型
（1）词汇复现
【例1】
It seems that society has placed so much value on the word “humility (谦逊)”, sometimes we’re told to lower
ourselves in order to be recognized as a more modest student or employee.
16．, rather than how society looks at you, according to a US-based business magazine. Here are three ways to start
developing a more modest personality.
A．Be eager and flexible
B．Be determined and hard-working
C．Develop a healthier relationship with uncertainty
D．Uncertainty is a double-edged sword in many cases
E. Remember that you are valuable regardless of outside variables
F. This can allow you to interact with the people around you in new ways
G. The true humility，however, is more about the way you relate to yourself and your surroundings
【答案】16．G
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章向读者介绍了三种培养谦虚性格的方法。
16．由第一段“It seems that society has placed so much value on the word “humility (谦逊)”, sometimes we're told to
lower ourselves in order to be recognized as a more modest student or employee.”（似乎社会如此重视“谦逊”这个词，
有时为了被认为是一个更谦虚的学生或雇员，我们被告知要降低自己。）和后半句“rather than how society looks at
you, according to a US-based business magazine”（根据美国一家商业杂志的报道，而不是社会如何看待你。）可知，
上文提到谦逊，结合转折词rather than 后文讲到谦逊不是社会如何看待你，此处应该讲的是谦逊的真正含义，
应该表转折含义，前后句意义不同，承接上下文，G 选项“然而，真正的谦虚更多的是你与自己和周围环境的相
处方式”切题。词humility 复现，还有其同义词modest。故选G 项。
规律方法1：词汇复现法
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复现是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行
重复描述。包括原词复现、同源词复现、同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现等。
【变式精练】
20．Having a large house doesn’t guarantee the best party. In fact, larger space can be worse, as people can
become segregated more meaning they’re more unlikely to bump into each other and start a conversation. At the other
end of the scale, you need to ensure your guests don’t feel as though they’re stood on top of each other.
Wish your next party a great success!
A．Use space well.
B．Use paper plates.
C．Remember to thank everyone when they leave.
D．There’s often something we don’t like about our homes.
E. If people don’t want to get involved in an activity, let them watch instead.
F. If you’re looking for a guide for hosting a great party, you’re in the right place.
G. It’s the perfect opportunity to bring friends together and enjoy each other’s company.
【答案】20．A
【解析】这是一篇应用文。文章介绍了在家举办派对的四个小窍门。
20．根据下文“In fact, larger space can be worse (事实上，更大的空间可能更糟糕)”可知，此处是本段小标题，总
领本段，内容与空间有关，选项A “Use space well. (充分使用空间。)”符合题意。故选A。
（2）代词线索
【例2】
But it seems that many people don’t cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person
per year ，but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home. Buying ，storing ，and cooking fish isn ’ t
difficult.__17__This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.
A．Do not buy it.
D．It just requires a little knowledge.
【解析】空格上一句提到买鱼、贮藏鱼和烹饪并不难，启承上句，此处指只是需要一些这方面的知识。D 选项
中的代词“It”指代前面提到的“Buying，storing，and cooking fish”。
答案：__D__
规律方法2：代词线索
英语表达中代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用无非是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代
关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。it 可指代单数名词或整个句子；they 或them 指代复数名
词;one 指代单数可数名词；that 指代不可数名词或句子；this 指代单数名词或句子；these 或those 指代前句的
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复数名词。
【变式精练】73 They say the first step is to admit that you are angry and to recognize the
real cause of the anger, then decide if the cause is serious enough to get angry about.
B. They said that laughter is much healthier than anger.
F. Anger is a normal emotion that we all feel from time to time.
G. Doctors say the solution is learning how to deal with anger.
【答案】G
【解析】73 空后的they 与A 项doctors 照应。
（3）数字线索
【例3】As in China, the weather is different from area to area.___17____ The temperatures can
fall to –60℃，which is 60℃below freezing. In the capital, Ottawa, the average of winter
temperature is –10℃,and in summer 21 ℃.___18____ The average January temperature is 3 ℃,and in July it is 18 ℃
F. In the North, the winters are long and hard with snow for six months.
G. The west coast of Canada is the warmest place in winter
【答案】
17. F
18.G
规律方法3：数字线索
包括具体数字以及和数字相关的词汇诸如ratio, rate 等等。作者列出数字，除了和其他数字进行对比和比较
之外，还可以用数据来说明一个观点。
【变式精练】Researchers analyzed the contents of 28 strawberry-flavored products sold in stores．72 Of the
11 products that did contain strawberries, five of them contained less than one percent real fruit．In addition, each juice
box contained nearly eight teaspoons of sugar．
A．The products which contain real fruit are popular with people.
B．Even products advertised as more natural often contained no fruit.
C．They found that about 60 percent of them didn't contain any fruit at all.
D．If companies can cut their costs by using flavoring, they are likely to do so.
E. It is important and necessary to demand a small amount of flavoring in the products.
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F. Actually the product contains just a tiny percentage of strawberry or even no fruit at all.
G. The Food Commission suggested all flavors used in a product should be listed on the packaging.
【答案】
72. C
（4）逻辑关系线索
【例4】
There was a time when I was very concerned about what other people thought of me, especially when I was
misunderstood and labeled incorrectly.16．Of course, you need to do something to let go of that mental suffering if you
are stuck in such a similar situation.
●Identify and understand why you care. What makes what other people think of you so important? If other
people's opinions cause you to worry, chances are that you have a tendency to be pleased. Being favored might be a
winning formula for you in the past. 17．But if it doesn't come as expected, just be yourself.
●Understand you can't control others. The reality is that you cannot control what another person thinks of you.
What most people don't understand is that we often form opinions of others based on associations we had in the past.
And the bottom line is that it's none of your business what another person thinks of you. 18．
●Practice daily self-love and acceptance. Your situation may come from a concept that we are not as worthy as
another person and our needs are not as important as theirs. Recognize you are equal to every other person. 19．We all
have different roles but that does not make anyone more valuable as a human being.
●Live a life that pleases you. Constant worry about what others think of you must create considerable stress and
will impact your relationships, your health, and your peace of mind.
●20．You will not need to be concerned with the few people who just don't seem to understand you. You can live
your fulfilling life and they can live theirs.
A．That's his or her private views.
B．Don't take your role to your heart.
C．Everyone deserves respect and admiration.
D．Stay true to your values and do your own thing.
E. That's to say, there is no one above or below you.
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F. Certainly, there are advantages to having someone's high regard.
G. Caring too much about their views was energy-consuming and unnecessary.
【答案】16．G17．F18．A19．E20．D
【解析】本文是说明文。讲述我们经常被别人误解，对于这种情况我们应该做些什么来释放精神痛苦。文章给
出了几点建议。
16．后文“Of course, you need to do something to let go of that mental suffering if you are stuck in such a similar
situation.”提及，陷入类似情况要做一些事情来释放精神痛苦，所以说明过分关注他们的观点是一件耗精力，不
必要的事，故选G。
17．下文“But if it doesn't come as expected, just be yourself.”说明但是事与愿违，表转折，说明此空应填好的事情，
F 项“当然，有人高度尊重是有好处的。”符合语境，certainly 说明与上文“被青睐可能是你过去成功定式。”一致，
故选F。
18．本段首句“Understand you can't control others.”说明你不能控制别人，以及空前一句“And the bottom line is that
it's none of your business what another person thinks of you.”说明别人对你的看法与你无关，可知那是他或她的个
人观点，故选A。
19．上文“Recognize you are equal to every other person.”说明要认识到你与别人是平等的，E 项中“there is no one
above or below you(没有人比你好或者比你差)”与此处语境相符，That's to say 说明前后内容一致。故选E。
20．此空为总领句，应为动词开头。以及后文的“You will not need to be concerned with the few people who just don't
seem to understand you.（你不需要关心那些似乎不理解你的少数人）”可知你应该坚持你的价值观，做你自己的
事。故选D。
规律方法4：逻辑关系线索
(a)并列与递进关系：and, or, also，neither…nor…,either…or…,likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is
to say ,as well as, the same …as, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition to ,what is more
(b)因果关系：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to,
as a result ,because of ,in that, for this reason, of course
(c)转折让步关系：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas,
unlike, rather than ,instead of, it is true that, of course, although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in
spite of
(d)时间关系：afterwards, at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start with，in the mean time, last,
later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with 以及一些具体的时间。
【变式精练】
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There has been a remarkable rise in the popularity of house plants over the past few years, with trendy new shops
popping up all over the country selling every kind of plant you can imagine.16．But follow a few basic tips aid you'll
soon get the hang of it.
Choosing your plant doesn't seem that simple. It's a common mistake to wander into a shop and grab the plant that
you first fall fox, but it's important to understand what type of environment you're introducing it to before picking one
out.17．For example, some plants arc better suited to maximum light and heat, while others prefer cooler spots.
18．One of the most common reasons for houseplant killing is overwatering. You might think it has a constant
thirst but chances are it won't take to spending extended periods sitting in wet soil. Every plant is different, so research
is once more key, but generally home-dwellers like watering most when they're growing rapidly（spring and summer）
and prefer an occasional water when the soil is dry, rather than as a daily routine.19．
Your plants may actually need feeding. While some louse plants don't need many nutrients to grow, others are
greedy for extra nutritional goodness（especially those that display flowers and fruits）.20．And you'll also need to check
what type of fertilizer each variety requires and how much to use each time.
A．Using good soil for your plant is vital.
B．Different plants require different amounts of water.
C．Taking care of plants is much easier than raising other creatures.
D．And always use water that has been brought up to room temperature
E.
Looking after house plants isn't always as straightforward as some think.
F.
As with watering，they'll need more food during their growing season than during winter.
G.
A little research before buying will save you lots of stress when you get you plants home.
【答案】16．E17．G18．B19．D20．F
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章从室内植物的种类选择、浇水和营养等方面介绍了如何照顾室内植物。
16．上文“There has been a remarkable rise in the popularity of house plants over the past few years, with trendy new
shops popping up all over the country selling every kind of plant you can imagine（过去几年来，室内植物的受欢迎
程度显著上升，时髦的新商店如雨后春笋般出现在全国各地，出售各种你能想到的植物）”说明，人们对室内
植物的需求增多。结合下文“But follow a few basic tips aid you'll soon get the hang of it（但是遵循一些基本的技巧，
你会很快掌握它）”和后面四个小题的解析可知，下文主要从室内植物的选择、浇水和营养方面介绍了如何种植
室内植物。该空和下一句构成转折关系，应该说明种植室内植物不易。故E 选项（照看室内植物并不总是像一
些人想的那么简单）符合语境。故选E。
17．上文“it's important to understand what type of environment you're introducing it to before picking one out（在选
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择之前，了解你要将它引入的环境类型是很重要的）”说明，买植物之前，首先要进行一番了解。该空承接上文，
应该介绍这么做的好处。结合选项，G 选项（在你把植物带回家之前做一些调查会帮你减轻很多压力）符合语
境，故选G。
18．空后“One of the most common reasons for houseplant killing is overwatering（室内植物死亡最常见的原因之一
是过度浇水）”说明，很多植物不需要那么多的水分。所以空前应该提到和植物需水量有关的话题。结合选项，
B 选项（不同的植物需要不同的水量）符合语境，故选B。
19．上文“generally home-dwellers like watering most when they're growing rapidly（spring and summer）and prefer an
occasional water when the soil is dry, rather than as a daily routine（一般来说，家居植物最喜欢在它们生长迅速的
时候(春天和夏天)被浇水，并且喜欢在土壤干燥的时候偶尔浇水，而不是每天浇水）”说明，该部分介绍的是
给家居植物浇水的时候应该注意的问题。该空承接上文，应该继续介绍浇水时需要注意的地方。结合选项，D
选项（而且一定要用已经加热到室温的水）符合语境。故选D。
20．上文“Your plants may actually need feeding. While some louse plants don't need many nutrients to grow, others are
greedy for extra nutritional goodness（你的植物可能真的需要喂养。虽然一些室内植物不需要太多的营养来生长，
但其他一些植物却渴望额外的营养）”说明，室内植物需要营养。下文“And you'll also need to check what type of
fertilizer each variety requires and how much to use each time（你还需要检查每种品种需要哪种肥料，每次使用多
少）”说明，在给植物提供营养的时候，还要注意肥料种类和数量。该空和后文并列，应介绍和植物营养有关的
话题。结合选项，F 选项（和浇水一样，它们在生长季节比冬天需要更多的食物）符合语境。故选F。
考点二
细节理解类题型
（1）问题在段首或是小标题
iPad vs textbooks
18．. Students usually have multiple classes, which results in multiple textbooks. Heavy backpacks filled with books
can cause back problem. A solution to that is an iPad, which only weighs 1.33 pounds and can hold all of a student's
textbooks.
A．iPads absorb the need to buy calculators, dictionaries, and other items that are found within the device.
B．Schools have every reason to do away with their school books and switch to iPads.
C．Moreover, in high school, textbooks have an average of 4.8 pounds each.
D．iPads have already replaced textbooks in over 600 American counties.
E. Therefore, they can use the saved money for other programs.
F. Secondly, iPads cost less and are more popular.
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G. iPads are perfect for busy students.
【答案】18．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了可以当作书本使用的iPads 的情况，与普通书本相比iPads 更有优势。
18．本句为段落的主题句。根据下文“Heavy backpacks filled with books can cause back problem.”（装满书的沉重
背包会引起背部问题。）可知，提到了书本的重量会引发背部疾病，所以主题句应该讲述书包的重量。C 选项
“Moreover, in high school, textbooks have an average of 4.8 pounds each.”（此外，在高中，教科书平均每本4.8 磅。），
与下文最符，故选C。
法1：如果问题在段首或是小标题？
通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题
句。关注每段首尾句，了解大意知主题。
【变式精练】
4. 39．
Let's say you've taken the advice above, but you're still feeling heated. If so, changing the topic of conversation
can also be a good way to cope with anger in the moment.40．If you were discussing something serious-or something
that needs to be explained finally-table the discussion for later or the next day, when you calm down.
A．Change the subject of the conversation.
B．Stop the conversation with your partner.
C．Anger will do damage to your lungs and heart.
D．Try responding to your loud voice by gradually lowering it.
E. Now that you've calmed down, think about what's motivating your anger.
F. Make a joke and reroute the conversation to a safe, calm, enjoyable dialogue.
G. Anger will often cause changes in our body, such as muscle tension or sore neck.
【答案】39．A40．F
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章给出了当人愤怒时，怎样冷静下来的几个方法。
39．下文“If so, changing the topic of conversation can also be a good way to cope with anger in the moment. ( 如果是
这样的话，改变谈话的主题也可以是一个很好的方式来处理愤怒的时刻)”说明改变谈话主题也可以处理愤怒，A
项“改变谈话的主题”作为小标题，点明段落中心。选项中的Change the subject of the conversation 和下文中的
changing the topic of conversation 语义一致。故选A 项。
40．上文“If so, changing the topic of conversation can also be a good way to cope with anger in the moment.（如果是
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这样的话，换个话题也是应对当下愤怒情绪的好方法。）”说明换个话题是应对愤怒情绪的好办法，F 项“讲个笑
话，让谈话转向安全、平静、愉快的对话。”承接上文，说的是换个话题的具体方法。故选F 项。
（2）问题在段尾
【例2】
Making beer is complex and variable enough to be interesting. The basic reward of a good bottle of beer is easy to
enjoy and from there you can create your own personal variety. If you're someone who likes to experiment, this could
be a fun hobby for you. 19．
A．The activity combines several senses.
B．This hobby has grown in popularity in recent years.
C．Gardening involves creativity and time outside in nature.
D．Developing film used to be time-consuming and expensive.
E. Studies have looked at how hobbies make you better at your job.
F. Plus, you'll always have a great homemade gift to give friends and family.
G. In fact, a lot of research has looked at the stress-reducing properties of hobbies.
【答案】19．F
【解析】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了几种爱好。
19．由上三句“Making beer is complex and variable enough to be interesting. The basic reward of a good bottle of beer
is easy to enjoy and from there you can create your own personal variety. If you're someone who likes to experiment,
this could be a fun hobby for you.”（酿造啤酒是复杂多变的，足以让人感兴趣。一瓶好啤酒的基本奖励很容易享
受，从那里你可以创造自己的个人品种。如果你是一个喜欢实验的人，这对你来说可能是一个有趣的爱好）可
知，上文中作者认为自己酿造啤酒很有趣，讲了自己酿造啤酒的优点（即创造自己的个人品种），并建议读者把
自己酿造啤酒作为爱好，可得出此空填写内容应与自己酿造啤酒的优点有关，承接上文，F 选项“另外，你将永
远有一个伟大的自制礼物送给朋友和家人”切题，其中“自制礼物”指的就是“自己酿造的啤酒”，故选F 项。
规律方法2：如果问题在段尾？
通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore, as a result,
thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word 等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。
【变式精练】
Do you often go out for shopping? How to avoid germs when shopping in the grocery store? 16．.
A．you decrease your risk of becoming infected
B．If you have an elderly neighbor who needs help
C．you had better stay at home instead of going out
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D．As a result, avoid touching your face while shopping
E.
As a result, you should wear a mask when you go shopping
F.
Moreover, try to maintain a safe, six-foot distance from other shoppers
G.
Before you head out to one, you need some guidelines to ensure your safety
【答案】16．G
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了出去购物时避免感染病毒的几个建议。
16．空前提出问题“在杂货店购物时如何避免细菌呢？”，下文是具体的方法，所以G 项“在你出去进一个杂货店
之前，你需要一些指导来确保你的安全”承上启下，符合语境，故选G 项。
专题09 短文改错
【构建知识体系】
短文改错
考点1 动词的形误用（时态与语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词）
考点2 名词误用
考点3 冠词误用
考点4 代词误用
考点5 形容词或副词误用
考点6 介词（短语）误用
考点7 连接词（并列连词、从属连词）误用
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
给出一篇约100 个单
词的短文，文中有10 处错
误，要求考生对每个句子
进行判断，如有错误将其
改正。错误类型包括词法、
考查考生发
现、判断、纠正文
章错误的能力，进
而考查学生的词
法、句法及行文逻
辑等方面的水平。
短文改错中常见的错误类型：1、动词的形（时
态、语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词）；2、名词的数
（单、复数）和格（主格、宾格）；3、冠词（不定冠、
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句法、行文逻辑等方面的
错误。每句中最多有两处
错误仅涉及一个单词的增
加、删除或修改。
定冠、零冠）或代词的格和性；4、形容词或副词；5、
介词（短语）；6、连接词（并列连词、从属连词）
【剖析全国高考真题】
短文改错
1.假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10 处语言错误，每
句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10 处，多者(从第11 处起)不计分。
Today I tried cooking a simply dish myself. I like eating frying tomatoes with eggs, and I thought it must to be
easy to cook. My mom told me how to preparing it. First I cut the tomatoes into pieces but put them aside.
Next I
broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick. After that I poured oil into a pan and turned off the
stove，I waited patiently unless the oil was hot.
Then I put the tomatoes and the beaten eggs into pan together.
＂
Not that way，＂my mom tried to stop us but failed.
She was right.
It didn’t tum out as I had wished.
【答案】
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者做西红柿炒鸡蛋的过程。
1.考查形容词。句意：今天我自己尝试做一道简单的菜。根据名词dish 可知，此处应用形容词作定语，故将simply
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改为simple。
2.考查非谓语动词。句意：我喜欢吃西红柿炒鸡蛋。动词fry 与tomatoes 之间是动宾关系，所以此处应用过去分
词作定语，故将frying 改为fried。
3.考查情态动词用法。句意：并且我认为它一定很简单。must 是情态动词，后接动词原形，to 多余，故将to 去
掉。
4.考查非谓语动词。句意：我妈妈告诉我如何准备这道菜。分析句子可知，“how+不定式”作told 的宾语，to 是
不定式符号，后应接动词原形，故将preparing 改为prepare。
5.考查连词。句意：首先我把西红柿切成块，并把它们放在一边。I cut the tomatoes into pieces 与put them aside
之间是并列关系，应使用and 连接，故将but 改为and。
6.考查名词复数。句意：下一步我把鸡蛋打到一个碗里，然后用筷子快速搅拌。chopstick 是可数名词，意为“筷
子”，通常以复数形式出现，故将chopstick 改为chopsticks。
7.考查介词。句意：之后我把油倒进一个平底锅，然后开火。根据I poured oil into a pan 及常识可知，把油倒进
锅里后应是打开炉子，所以此处应使用短语turn on，故将off 改为n。
8.考查连词。句意：我耐心等待，直到油烧热。此处是指“直到”油烧热，应使用until/till 引导时间状语从句，故
将unless 改为until/till。
9.考查冠词。句意：然后我把西红柿和打好的鸡蛋一起放进平底锅。此处特指上文提到的pan，所以其前应加定
冠词the，故在pan 前the。
10.考查代词。句意：“不是那样。”我的妈妈尽力阻止我，但是失败了。根据上文可知，是作者一个人做菜，此
处指妈妈尽力阻止“我”，应使用第一人称单数的宾格，故将us 改为me。
2.【·全国新课标II】假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有
10 处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10 处，多者(从第11 处起)不计分。
Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy. I’m glad to know that you’ve come China to learn kung fu
in a school in my hometown. I’m surely you’ll have a good time. Actually, I start to learn kung fu when I was seven
years old, for I have long been out of practice. Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacations. Then I can
spare some time to learn it again, such that we can practice together on every day. Best of luck with yours learning kung
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fu in China. See you sooner.
【答案】1.what→which
2.come 后加to
3.surely→sure
4.start→started
5.for→but / yet
6.vacations→vacation
7.such→so
8.去掉on
9.yours→your / you
10.sooner→soon
【解析】
这是一篇记叙文。文章作者给他的朋友回信。很高兴听说他的朋友在学功夫，也很期待能和他一起学习中国功
夫。
1.考查非限制性定语从句。句意：谢谢你的来信，你的信真正让我开心。分析句子，逗号后的从句为非限制性
定语从句，修饰先行词your letter，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。故将what
改为which.
2. 考查固定搭配。句意：我很高兴知道你来中国在我家乡的一所学校学习功夫。分析句子，此处come 为不及
物动词，后接宾语是需加相应介词。come to 译为“来到”是故定短语。故在come 和China 之间加to。
3. 考查形容词。句意：我相信你会玩得很开心的。分析句子，此处be 动词am 后面需用形容词作表语。故将surely
改为sure。
4.考查时态。句意：事实上，我七岁时就开始学功夫了。分析句子，此处动词start 讲述的是7 岁的时候，动词
应该用过去时。故将start 改为started。
5.考查连词。句意：但我早就不练习了。分析句子，此处前句提到“我7 岁开始学功夫”，后句提到“很久没有练
习了”。此处前后应是转折关系。故将for 改为but / yet。
6.考查不可数名词。句意：幸运的是，两周后我就要回家过暑假。分析句子，vacation 译为“假期”是个不可数名
词，后面不可加s 表示复数。Summer vacation 译为“暑期”是固定搭配。故将vacations 改为vacation。
7.考查副词。句意：然后我就可以抽出时间重新学习它，这样我们就可以每天一起练习。分析句子，此处应表
示“以便；所以”。故将such 改为so.
8.考查介词。句意：我们就可以每天一起练习。介词on 后接的是具体时间。every day 译为“每一天”，前不能用
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有任何介词修饰。故on 多余，应去掉。
9.考查代词。句意：祝你在中国学习功夫好运。分析句子，best luck of you 译为“祝你好运”是固定短语。故将
your 改为you。/句中的yours 为名词性物主代词，不可修饰后面的动名词。故将yours 改为your。
10.考查固定短语。句意：希望尽快见到你。See you soon 译为“希望尽快见到你”，是固定短语。此处不需用比
较级。故将sooner 改为soon。
3.【·全国新课标III】短文改错（共10 小题；每小题1 分，满分10 分）
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10 处语言错误，
每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10 处，多者（从第11 处起）不计分。
My mom is really concerning with the health of everyone in our families. In order to make surely all of us are in
good health, and she makes specific plans for us. For example, every morning, my dad has to have the bowl of egg soup
while I had to eat an apple. My dad don’t like the soup and I don’t enjoy apples. I tell my mom that if we’re forced eat
things, we may become ill.
But he insists on us eating healthy food. Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by
Mom with appreciation.
【答案】
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲了作者的妈妈坚持让全家人吃健康食物，确保每个人身
体好。一开始，家人有些排斥。在母亲的坚持下，我充满感激地接受了母亲的好意。
第一处：考查固定短语。句意：我的妈妈真的关心我们家庭里每个人的健康。be concerned with 关心，
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该短语是固定短语，所以concerning 改成concerned。
第二处：考查名词单复数。句意同上。family 当“家庭”讲时，是集合名词，这里表示“我们一个家庭”，
所以用单数，families 改成family。
第三处：考查固定短语。句意：为了确保我们所有人身体好，她为我们制定了特殊的计划。make su
re 确保，该短语是固定短语，所以surely 改成sure。
第四处：考查简单句。句意同上。这是一个简单句，前面in order to…作目的状语，不用连词and，
所以去掉and。
第五处：考查冠词。句意：例如：每天早晨，我的父亲不得不喝一碗鸡蛋汤，然而，我不得不吃一个
苹果。泛指“一碗鸡蛋汤”，bowl 以辅音音素开头，用不定冠词a，所以the 改成a。
第六处：考查时态。根据时间状语every morning，可知这里表示经常或反复发生的事情，用一般现在
时，主语为I，谓语动词要用原形。所以had 改成have。
第七处：考查主谓一致。句意：我爸爸不喜欢汤，我也不喜欢苹果。表示经常或反复发生的事情，用
一般现在时。主语my dad 是第三人称单数，谓语动词用单数，所以don’t 改成doesn’t。
第八处：考查固定句型。句意：我告诉我妈妈，如果我们被迫吃东西，我们可能会生病。be forced t
o do sth.被迫做某事，所以forced 后面加to。
第九处：考查代词。句意：但是她坚持让我们吃健康的食物。文中指“我的妈妈”，是女性，所以he
改成she。
第十处：考查定语从句。句意：出于对妈妈好意的理解，我满怀感激地吃着妈妈提供的所有食物。这
里含有一个定语从句，先行词是all the food，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，可用that 或which，先
行词被all 所修饰，只能使用that，不能使用which，且what 不能引导定语从句，所以what 改成that。
4.【·全国I】假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10 处语
言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10 处，多者(从第11 处起)不计分。
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I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident. One afternoon where I was in primary school, I was
walking by the school playground. Suddenly football fell just in front of me but almost hit me. I stopped the ball and
kicked it hardly back to the playground. To everyone`s surprising, the ball went into the net. All the football player on
the playground cheered loudly, say that I had a talent for football. From now on, I started to play my football with
classmates after school. I am a good player now.
【答案】interesting→interested
where→when
football 前面加上a
but→and
hardly→hard
surprising→surprise
player→players
say→saying
now→then
去掉my
【解析】
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。由于一次偶然的经历，“我”喜欢上了踢足球，后来经过自己努力，我成了一
名优秀球员。
1. interesting 改为interested 考查形容词用法。“interest（使感兴趣；使关注）”的形容词有interesting（使人感兴
趣的）常修饰物；与interested（表现出兴趣的）常修饰人。本句的意思为：多亏一个偶然的事件，我对踢足球
产生了兴趣。主语是I，故将interesting 改为interested。
2. where 改为when 考查定语从句。先行词one afternoon 表示时间在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词使用when。
故将where 改为when。
3. 在football 前加a。考查冠词。名词football 为可数名词，前边需要有限定词。这里football 第一次出现，故
在football 前加a。
4. but 改为and 考查连词。句意：突然一个足球落在我前边并且差点打到我。“足球落下来”与“打到我”两个动作
是顺承关系，不是转折关系。故将but 改为and。
5. hardly 改为hard 考查副词。hard（努力地；费力地）与hardly（几乎不；几乎没有）都为副词，但是词义不
同。文中表示我挡住足球，并使劲地将它踢回操场，故将hardly 改为hard。
6. surprising 改为surprise 考查固定搭配。“to one’s + 名词”意为“令某人……”，此处为to one’s surprise 意为“让
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某人惊讶的是”。故将surprising 改为surprise。
7. player 改为players。考查名词的数。player（运动员）为可数名词，此时all（所有的）后需要用player 的复
数形式。故将player 改为players。
8. say 改为saying。考查非谓语动词。句中谓语动词为cheered，say 在这里作伴随状语。与主语players 是主动
关系，故将say 改为saying。
9. now 改为then 考查上下文逻辑。结合语境可知，文中指从那时开始，我放学后跟同学一起踢足球。表示“从
那时起”需用from then on，故将now 改为then。
10. 将my 去掉考查固定搭配。踢足球的英语表达“play football”，中间不能加冠词或者代词。故将my 去掉。
5.【·全国II】假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10 处语
言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2. 只允许修改10 处，多者(从第11 处起)不计分。
Since I was a kid, I’ve considered different job I would like to do. First, I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform
looked so coolly. Then, when I was in the five grade, I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher too
much. When I studied chemistry high school, I reconsidered mg goal or decided to be a doctor. They were two reasons
for the decision. One was that I was amazing at the fact that a sick person could feel much more better after seeing a
doctor. And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.
【答案】job→jobs
coolly→cool
five→fifth
too→very/so
chemistry 后面加上in/at
or→and
They→There
amazing→amazed
去掉more
is→was
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【解析】
本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了“我”随着年龄的变化对未来职业选择的变化。
71. job 改为jobs 考查名词。本句中的different 表示“不同的”，后面的名词job 应该使用复数形式，故job 改为
jobs。
72. coolly 改为cool 考查形容词。looked 是系动词，表示“看起来”，后面使用形容词作表语，故coolly 改为cool。
73.five 改为fifth 考查序数词。“在五年级”有两种表达方式。in the+序数词+grade，或者使用in Grade 5 的形式。
故five 改为fifth。
74.too 改为very/so 考查副词。too much 表示“太多”，而very/so much 表示“非常”，故改为very 或so。
75.在high 前面加at/in 考查介词。在高中，短语为at/in high school。故在high 前面加at/in。
76. or 改为and 考查连词。本句中的reconsidered 和decided 这两个谓语动作是递进关系，故or 改为and。
77.They 改为There 考查副词。考查存在句，应该是there be 句型，故将They 改为There。
78. amazing 改为amazed 考查非谓语动词。根据前面的主语I 可知，后面应该使用amazed 表示“感到惊奇”。
79.去掉more 考查形容词比较级。本句中better 本身已经是比较级，前面只需要much 来修饰，改变程度，more
是多余的。故删除more。
80. is 改为was 考查时态。综合分析全文，从开始的第一句话就知道作者描述自己过去的事情，因此将is 改为
was。
6.【·全国III】假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10 处
语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改:在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意:
1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2.只允许修改10 处，多者(从第11 处起)不计分。
I've had many dreams since I was a child. Now my dream is to opens a cafe. Though it may appear simple, it required a
lot of ideas and efforts. What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one. I want my cafe have a special
theme such as like "Tang Dynasty". In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment what is
created for them. If I succeed in manage one, I will open more. I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.
Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style.
[答案]
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I've had many dreams since I was a child. Now my dream is to opens a cafe. Though it may appear simple, it
required
open
requires
a lot of ideas and efforts. What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one. I want my cafe ^have a
ordinary
to
special theme such as like "Tang Dynasty". In the cafe, customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment
themselves
what is created for them. If I succeed in manage one, I will open more. I wish to have a chain of cafes in many
that/ which
managing
different city. Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style.
cities
a
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了“我”的梦想——要开一家别有韵味，与众不同的咖啡馆。
1. opens 改为open 考查非谓语动词。此处指我的梦想是开一家咖啡馆。句中需用不定式to do 作表语。故将opens
改为open。
2.
required 改为requires 考查动词时态。句中需使用一般现在时，主语为it，谓语动词需用第三人称单数形式。
故将required 改为requires。
3. ordinarily 改为ordinary 考查形容词副词。修饰名词作前置定语，此处应用形容词表示“一家普通的咖啡馆”。
故将ordinarily 改为ordinary。
4. 在my cafe 后加to 考查非谓语动词。根据短语want sb. to do sth 可知需加上to，此处为不定式作宾补。故在
my cafe 后加to。
5. 去掉such as 后的like 考查固定短语。such as 意为“比方说……”，用来列举，后面无需加上like。故将like
去掉。
6. yourselves 改为themselves 考查反身代词前后一致。此处指顾客们在这种氛围中会很开心，需用第三人称单
数形式的反身代词，且为复数形式。故将yourselves 改为themselves。
7. what 改为that/which 考查定语从句。分析可知先行词为environment，指物，定语从句中缺少主语，需用关系
代词that 或者which。故将what 改为that 或者which。
8.manage 改为managing 考查非谓语动词。in 为介词，后接动词时需用动名词。故将manage 改为managing。
9. city→cities 考查名词的数。many 修饰可数名词的复数。故将city 改为cities。
10. 答案an→a 考查冠词。unique 为辅音音素发音的单词，用不定词时需用a。故将an 改为a。
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【精讲研法】
考点一
动词误用（时态与语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词）
【例1】
In the translation process, she thinks carefully about every word and every sentence, as a result of whicht, Yang Jiang
finished the translation of Don Quixote over a period of 10 years.
【答案】thinks →thought
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：在翻译的过程中，她每一个字、每一句话都要仔细思考，因此杨绛花了10 年的
时间完成了《堂吉诃德》的翻译。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。故将thinks 改为thought。
【例2】
To have better a understanding of daily basic science, we first attend a professional lecture on the theme of Life and
Water. The highlight of the visit were the hands-on experience in the science lab.
【答案】attend →attended；were →was
【解析】考查一般过去时。句意：为了更好地了解日常基础科学，我们首先参加了一个主题为“生命和水”的专
业讲座。文章描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，故将attend 改为attended。
考查主谓一致。句意：本次参观的精彩部分是在科学实验室的亲身体验。主语highlight 为可数名词单数，谓语
动词用单数形式，故将were 改为was。
规律方法1：动词的时态、语态
此类题型的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面：（1）短文中时态的使用前后不一致；（2）在特定语境条件下
时态的误用（如含有状语从句的复合句中，主句用将来时态，而从句中则用一般现在时态）；（3）主动语态与被
动语态的混用。
解决方案：（1）通读全文，搞清文中动词时态的主旋律；（2）结合语境，灵活使用时态形式；（3）认真推
敲，准确把握主动与被动。
【变式精练】
It's great to hear from you. You ask me about my life in high school.
【答案】ask →asked
【解析】考查动词时态。句意：你问了我关于我在高中的生活。根据上文“It's great to hear from you.”可知，收到
了信件，说信件中提到的事情，用一般过去时，故将ask 改为asked。
【例3】
To his delight, one of his books were given the title of The Best Seller in 2010, and got the world’s attention.
【答案】were →was
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【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：令他高兴的是，他的一本书在2010 年获得了最佳畅销书的称号，并引起了全世
界的关注。此处主语为“one of his books”，谓语动词应用单数。故were 改为was。
规律方法2：主谓一致
此类题型的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面：（1）主谓在人称或单复数上不一致；（2）在含有定语从句或
强调结构中的主谓不一致；（3）非谓语动词短语作主语或主语从句作主语时的主谓不一致。
解决方案：（1）做题时要有全局观念，前后联系；（2）搞清句子结构，分析句子成分；（3）全面掌握有关
主谓一致方面的规则。
【变式精练】
As is known to everyone, parents are too much concerned about their children, especially when the young meet with
challenges. So does my parents.
【答案】does →are
【解析】考查倒装句。句意：我的父母也是。本句是“So+情态动词/助动词/be 动词”句式，表示前面所说的肯定
情况也适用于后者，意为“……也……”，根据上文的are worried 可知，此处应用be 动词，主语是my parents，
be 动词用are。故将does 改为are。
【例5】
My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish. (·全国卷Ⅰ)
【答案】sell 改成selling
【解析】考查动名词。“我”爷爷说去年夏天他们通过卖鱼挣了一大笔钱。此处介词by 后用动名词,故用selling。
【例4】
Faced such a great opportunity, we both felt excited. In order to make the ceremony successful, we made enough
preparations for it.
【答案】Faced →Facing
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：面对这样一个非常好的机会，我们都感到很兴奋。分析句子结构可知face 在
句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语we 构成主动关系，故应用现在分词作状语。故Faced 改为Facing。
【例5】
I felt a great sense of joy in rescue the poor little fellow.
【答案】rescue →rescuing
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我在营救那个可怜的小家伙的过程中感到了极大的喜悦。介词in 后面的动名
词形式做宾语。故将rescue 改为rescuing。
规律方法3：非谓语动词
此类题型的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面：（1）谓语动词与非谓语动词的混用；（2）非谓语动词之间的
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混用；（3）在并列结构中非谓语动词的误用。
解决方案：（1）纵观全文或全句，明确句中动词所做的句子成分；（2）系统掌握非谓语动词的句法功能；
（3）前后联系，整体把握。
【变式精练】
The valley is now part of the reservoir create by the Three Gorges Dam.
【答案】create 改为created
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：这个山谷现在是三峡大坝建造的水库的一部分。名词reservoir 与create 之间
为被动关系，所以用过去分词作定语。故将create 改为created。
考点二
名词误用
【例】(·全国卷Ⅰ)
Mount Huangshan has more famous scenic attractions than many other mountains in China. It is especially well
known for the beautifully-shaped pine tree, clouds and rocks.
【答案】tree →trees
【解析】考查名词。句意：尤其以其造型优美的松树、云和岩石而闻名。tree 为可数名词，根据语境可知，“松
树”应为复数形式，故将tree 改为trees。
规律方法：名词误用
此类题型的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面：（1）可数名词与不可数名词的混用；（2）用于固定词组中的
一些名词的误用；（3）同义名词或近义名词的混用。
解决方案：（1）理清可数与不可数名词之间的区别与联系；（2）记清一些用于固定词组中名词的特殊用法；
（3）结合语境认真分辨同义名词或近义名词。
【变式精练】
It enjoys a warm climate with an annual average temperatures of 20℃.
【答案】temperatures →temperature
【解析】考查名词的数。句意：这里气候温暖，年平均气温为20℃。根据句中不定冠词an 可知，年平均气温
应为单一数值，故用单数。故将temperatures 改为temperature。
考点三
冠词误用
【例】
With its strong waves, Riyue Bay is a ideal beach for surfing, which always offers an incredible surfing experience.
【答案】a →an
【解析】考查冠词。句意：日月湾有着强烈的海浪，是一个理想的冲浪海滩，它总是提供令人难以置信的冲浪
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体验。句中名词beach 为可数名词，泛指，且形容词ideal 发音以元音音素开头，所以用不定冠词an。故将a
改为an。
规律方法：冠词误用
此类题型的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面：（1）定冠词和不定冠词的混用；（2）零冠词和非零冠词的混
用；（3）某些习语或固定搭配中冠词的使用。
解决方案：（1）牢固掌握定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词的使用规律；（2）注意含有冠词（零冠词）习语和固
定搭配积累和总结；（3）留意阅读中冠词的准确使用，培养语感。
【变式精练】
To make our city the better place to live in，we still have a lot to do.
【答案】the →a
【解析】考查冠词。句意：为了使我们的城市成为一个更适合居住的地方，我们还有很多事情要做。place 为可
数名词，此处泛指“一个地方”应用不定冠词，故the 改为a。
考点四
代词的误用
【例】
I will let them know I have a goal and will work hard to achieve them.
【答案】them 改为it
【解析】考查代词。句意：我会让他们知道我有一个目标，我会努力去实现它。此处指代的是前面的“a goal”，
需用代词it。故将them 改为it。
规律方法：代词的误用
此类题型的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面：（1）代词指代的人或事物前后不一致；（2）“it”的不当使用（包
括用于从句中做形式主语或形式宾语）；（3）不定代词或反身代词的误用。
解决方案：（1）顺藤摸瓜，理清短文中代词的指代关系，注意联系上下文；（2）系统掌握it 的各种用法；
（3）准确把握不定代词和反身代词在文中的正确使用。
【变式精练】
My exchange year was a great experience for me. I successfully enhanced their language skills.
【答案】their →my
【解析】考查形容词性物主代词。句意：我成功地提高了我的语言能力。此处是指“我”的语言能力。故将their
改为my。
考点五
形容词或副词误用
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【例】
Because of his encouragement, I calmed down and everything worked out smooth as expected.
【答案】smooth →smoothly
【解析】考查副词。句意：因为他的鼓励，我冷静下来，一切都如预期的顺利进行。修饰动词短语work out 应
用副词smoothly，作状语。故smooth 改为smoothly。
规律方法：形容词或副词的误用
此类题型的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面：（1）形容词和副词的混用；（2）比较级和最高级的混用或误
用；（3）比较级和最高级修饰语的误用；（4）近义词的误用。
解决方案：（1）熟知形容词和副词的句法功能；（2）理清短文中形容词和副词比较等级的关系；（3）结合
短文内容，准确使用形容词和副词。
【变式精练】
I am so delightedly that my grandparents will come to stay with us for a few days.
【答案】delightedly→delighted
【解析】考查形容词。句意：我很高兴，我的祖父母要来和我们住几天。根据“I am”可知，此处应是用形容词
做表语，delightedly 为副词，应改为形容词delighted，意为高兴的。故将delightedly 改为delighted。
考点六
介词（短语）误用
【例】
So, I gathered my courage and was able to move it onto a small piece of string attached on my hairbrush.
【答案】on→to
【解析】考查介词。句意：于是，我鼓起勇气，把它放到了我梳子上的一根细绳上。固定短语attach to 使依附。
故将on 改为to。
规律方法：介词（短语）误用
此类题型的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面：（1）一些固定短语中介词的误用；（2）介词与连词或副词的
混用；（3）及物动词后面介词的多用或不及物动词后面介词的漏用。
解决方案：（1）主要积累语言知识，特别是加强对一些固定搭配的记忆；（2）强化语法训练，分清连词、
副词和介词之间的区别和句法功能；（3）语法知识的记忆和语感的培养结合起来。
【变式精练】
I'm writing to tell you our plan to visit to Mount Huangshan.
【答案】去掉to
【解析】句意：我写信告诉你我们游览黄山的计划。visit 为及物动词，所以其后的to 多余，故去掉to。
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考点七
连接词（并列连词、从属连词）误用
【例】
The hot springs, that come out from deep underground, are suitable to bathe in and even to drink.
【答案】that →which
【解析】考查关系代词。句意：这些从地下深处冒出来的温泉既适合洗澡，也适合饮用。分析句子成分可知，“…
come out from deep underground”为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“The hot springs”，先行词在定语从句中作主
语，非限制性定语从句不能用that 引导，故将that 改为which。
规律方法：连接词（并列连词、从属连词）误用
此类题型的错误设置一般包括以下几个方面：（1）并列连词but, and, or, so 等的混用；（2）并列连词和从属
连词的误用；（3）平行结构方面的错误。
解决方案：（1）依据短文中的逻辑关系，准确把握词与词，句与句或段与段之间的关系；（2）分析句子结
构，确定句子的类型（简单句、并列句、复合句）；（3）排除汉语影响，识别although…but 或because…so 等句
子结构方面的错误。
【变式精练】
I am out-going and want to make more friends, because I joined some clubs.
【答案】because →so
【解析】考查连词。句意：我是外向的，想多交些朋友，因此我加入了一些俱乐部。前后是因果关系，前因后
果，故将because 改为so。
专题10 书面表达
【构建知识体系】
基础写作
考点1 记叙文型书面表达
考点2 应用文型书面表达
考点3 说明文型书面表达
考点4 议论文型书面表达
【考纲解读】
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考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
根据提示进行书面表
达。考生应能：
（1）准确使用语法和
词汇；（2）使用一定的句
型、词汇，清楚、连贯地
表达自己的思想。
要求考生根据所给
情景，用英语写一
篇100 个单词左右
的短文。情景包括
目的、对象、时间、
地点、内容等；提
供情景的形式有图
画、图表、提纲等。
书面表达的评分标准：1.信息内容的完整性
(Completeness)；2.信息内容的连贯性(Coherence)
；3.句子结构的正确性(Correctness)；4.句子结构的复
杂性(Variety)。
【剖析全国高考真题】
书面表达
1.【·全国新课标I】你校正在组织英语作文比赛。请以身边值得尊敬和爱戴的人为题，写一篇短文参赛，内容
包括:
1. 人物简介；
2. 尊敬和爱戴的原因。
注意:
1. 词数100 左右；
2. 短文题目和首句已为你写好。
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_____
【答案】The person I respect
We have a lot of respectable people around us. They may be our teachers, parents or one of our elders. As for me,
my father is the person I respect most. My father is a teacher who loves his work and his students very much. He works
very hard every day but he will also spare some time to accompany me and share many funny things with me about his
work.
When I come across the problems of learning in my study, my father will listen to me patiently and encourage me
to overcome the difficulties bravely. He achieved a lot in his work, respected by his students. So, in my mind my father
is the person I respect most and I love him deeply.
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【解析】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求学生以身边值得尊敬和爱戴的人为题，写一篇短文参赛。
第一步：审题
体裁：应用文。
时态：根据提示，时态应为一般现在时。
结构：总分法。
要求：
1.人物简介：
2.尊敬和爱戴的原因。
第二步：列提纲（重点短语）
As for me；spare some time；listen to me patiently;
第三步：连词成句
1.As for me, my father is the person I respect mostly.
2.He works very hard every day but he will also spare some time to accompany me and share many funny things with
me about his work.
3.My father will listen to me patiently and encourage me to overcome the difficulties bravely.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇
1.表示文章结构顺序：介绍人物；阐述原因
2.表示并列补充关系：As for; and; but; So
第五步：润色修改
【点睛】
范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯。复合逻辑关系。作者在范文中
使用了较多的高端句式，如定语从句：My father is a teacher who loves his work and his students very much；非谓
语动词：He achieved a lot in his work, respected by his students；时间状语从句：When I come across the problem of
learning in my study, my father will listen to me patiently and encourage me to overcome the difficulties bravely…等。
文章思路清晰，层次分明，上下句转换自然。为文章增色添彩。
2.【·全国新课标II】上周末，你和同学参加了一次采摘活动。请你为班级英语角写一篇短文，介绍这次活动，
内容包括:
1. 农场情况；
2. 采摘过程；
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3. 个人感受
注意:
1. 词数100 左右；
2. 题目已为你写好。
题目:My Weekend
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
My Weekend
Last weekend，we took part in a picking activity. We drove from the school, and the farm was about 2 kilometers
away from our school. When we arrived at the farm, there are all kinds of animals, green fresh vegetables and fruit trees
in the farm. We were divided into two groups. One group was responsible for picking fruits, the other packed up the
fruits. Time flying quickly, the activity was over. But it was a meaningful day, when we learn a lot form it. Through this
activity, we know how hard the farmers are and how precious the food is. We should treasure the food planted by the
farmers.
【解析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求学生为英语角写一篇关于和同学一起参加采摘活动的短文。
第一步：审题
体裁：应用文。
时态：根据提示，时态应为一般现在时。
结构：总分法。
要求：
1.农场情况；
2.采摘过程；
3.个人感受
第二步：列提纲（重点短语）
took part in；was responsible for ；a meaningful day；should treasure
第三步：连词成句
1. Last weekend, we took part in a picking activity.
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2. One group was responsible for picking fruits, the other packed up the fruits.
3. But it was a meaningful day, when we learn a lot form it
4. We should treasure the food planted by the farmers.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇
1.表示文章结构顺序：介绍农场；描述采摘过程；个人感受
2.表示并列补充关系：and ;But; Through
第五步：润色修改
【点睛】
范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯。复合逻辑关系。作者在范文中
使用了较多的高端句式，如定语从句：But it was a meaningful day, when we learn a lot form it.；非谓语动词：We
should treasure the food planted by the farmers；时间状语从句：When we arrived at the farm, there are all kinds of
animals, green fresh vegetables and fruit trees in the farm. We were divided into two groups…等。文章思路清晰，层
次分明，上下句转换自然。为文章增色添彩。
3.【·全国新课标III】书面表达（满分25 分）
假定你是李华，你和同学根据英语课文改编了一个短剧。给外教Miss Evans 写封邮件，请她帮忙指导。邮
件内容包括：
1. 剧情简介；
2. 指导内容；
3. 商定时间地点。
注意：
1. 词数100 左右;
2. 结束语已为你写好。
【答案】Dear Miss Evans,
How is everything going! I am writing in sincerity to ask you a favor regarding a play we adapted ac
cording to the textbook.
We’d like to combine your culture with ours by adapting the classic novel The Steamboat for a short
English play. The play is set on a big storm after midnight, on the raft down the river navigation, we see
a steamboat that is going to sink. We saved a scared boy. However, the adaption is quite a challenge. Havi
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ng written the English script, we don’t want anything inappropriate to spoil the play. So would you please
spare some time to review the draft script attached to this email and make necessary changes? If it is conv
enient, may I pay you a visit at your office next Tuesday to give you more details?
Given your busy schedule, I’d be very appreciative if you offer to give some professional advice. Look
forward to your early reply. Best regards!
Yours truly,
Li Hua
【解析】本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生写一封邮件，请求外教Miss Evans 对于《the Steamboat》改编
短剧的支持。
第一步：审题
体裁：应用文
时态：根据提示，时态应为一般现在时，一般过去时和一般将来时。
结构：总分总法
第一段说明写这封邮件的目的；第二段详细说明英语戏剧的剧情介绍和指导内容细节问题；第三段表达感谢，
并期待早日得到回复。
第二步:列提纲（重点词组）
write to；according to ；combine ；adaption ；challenge；attached to ；convenient
第三步：连词成句
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
第五步：润色修改
范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中
使用了较多主从复合句，如：If it is convenient, may I pay you a visit at your office next Tuesday to give you more
details? 这句话运用了if 引导的条件状语从句。全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。
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另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换自然，为文章增色添彩。
4.【·全国I】假定你是李华，暑假在伦敦学习，得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展。请写一封信申请做志愿者，
内容包括:
1.写信目的:
2.个人优势:
3.能做的事情。
注意:
1.词数100 左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.结束语已为你写好。
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
I'm LiHua, an outgoing boy, who is studying in London. I am writing to apply to be a volunteer of your team,
having heard that a Chinese Painting Exhibition will be held in this local city. I have some advantages for the job.
First of all, having lived in China for sixteen years and having learnt English since I was a child , I have a good
command of English and Chinese, which is beneficial for introducing Chinese paintings. Besides, having a good
knowledge of Chinese paintings because of my familiarity with Chinese painting culture, I can get foreigners and the
locals to know more about it. Last but not least，through my introduction and efforts, I believe, I can strengthen the
friendship between China and England.
I would appreciate it if you could take my application into consideration.
【解析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文。
1.审题立意
本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生写申请信，人称使用第一人称和第二人称，时态用一般现在式。
2.谋篇布局
书信格式，称呼和落款文中已经给出。首段，写信的目的，中间段写个人优势和能做的事，最后一段总结。
3.关键词
根据写作要点及构思好的提纲我们可以初步确定文章可能使用到的词汇有：volunteer，a Chinese Painting
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Exhibition，local city，advantages，a good command of，beneficial for，familiarity with，appreciate ，take my application
into consideration。通过词汇铺垫，我们就很容易地行文了，文章写完之后要检查文中是否存在拼写或语法错误，
并增加一些细节和过渡性的词汇，如First of all, Besides, to begin with，moreover，as for me，Last but not least，
等，使全文衔接自然，语义流畅。
【点睛】本文首段开门见山，表达了写信的目的；第2 段详细介绍了个人的优势和能做的事情，an outgoing boy,
who is studying in London.此处使用了同位语和非限制性定语从句。having heard that a Chinese Painting Exhibition
will be held in this local city.使用了分词做状语和宾语从句及被动语态。having lived in China for sixteen years and
having learnt English since I was a child, I have a good command of English and Chinese, which is beneficial for
introducing Chinese paintings.使用了分词和非限制性定语从句。另外First of all, Besides, Last but not least 的使用
使文章富有条理性。此外，还使用了高级句式结构，如I would appreciate it if you could take my application into
consideration 条件状语从句。
【思路点拨】无论是在学校还是今后读大学再到走上工作岗位，写好一份申请都是你必不可少的一项技能。
这种形式的写作，学生需结合自身优势，
考生成文时应注意：1. 要点要齐全：(1)提出写信的目的——申请做这个志愿者；(2)提出个人优势；(3)表达
出自己能做的事情；2. 时态：以一般现在时为主；3. 人称：第二人称为主；4. 注意恰当使用一些连词，使文
章自然、流畅；5. 适当使用一些高级句型和词汇以提高作文档次。
【参考范文】
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am Li Hua, a 17-year-old teenager studying in London. Learning that a volunteer is needed for an exhibition of
Chinese traditional painting , I am writing to apply for it.
I have some advantages for the job. First of all, having lived in China for years and learnt English since I was a
child , I have a good command of both English and Chinese, which is beneficial when introducing Chinese paintings to
foreign friends. Besides, because of my familiarity with Chinese painting culture, I can get foreigners and the locals to
know more about it. Last but not least, through my efforts, I believe, I can strengthen the friendship between China and
England.
I would appreciate it if this wonderful chance would be offered to me. Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
LiHua
5.【·全国II】假定你是校排球队队长李华。请写封邮件告知你的队友Chris 球队近期将参加比赛，内容包括:
1.比赛信息；
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2.赛前准备；
3.表达期待。
注意:
1.词数100 左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【解析】本文要求给你的队友Chris 写一封邮件，告知他关于近期参加排球比赛的情况。邮件的主要内容
包括：1. 比赛信息；2. 赛前准备；3. 表达期待。
1.考生在写作的时候，要注意：由于书面表达开放性很强，只为考生提供了一个笼统的写作提纲，因此首
先，要在邮件的开始点明排球比赛的具体信息，可以自己增加一些内容等。其次，写明比赛的赛前准备等。另
外，在邮件中最后表达自己的期望等。
2.时态：以一般将来时为主；3. 人称：第一人称；4. 注意恰当使用一些连词，使文章自然、流畅。5. 适当
使用一些高级句型和词汇以提高作文档次。
同时要灵活运用英语知识，采用不同的表达方式将各要点完整地表述出来，注意主次分明，详略得当。语
言力求准确、简洁。
【参考范文】
Dear Chris,
I’m writing to let you know that we will have a volleyball match next month. The match will take place in our
school gym on the morning of July 8th. We will play against a team from ChaoYang High school. For good performance
in the match, we must get fully prepared and practice hard. So starting morning, we all need to train for two hours after
school every day. In addition, we should avoid getting hurt during the training and have a healthy diet to keep fit.
You’re an excellent player. With you on the team, we have every hope of beating another team. Let’s try hard
together.
Sincerely,
Li Hua
6.【·全国III】假定你是李华，你校将举办音乐节。请写封邮件邀请你的英国朋友Allen 参加，内容包括:
1.时间；
2.活动安排；
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3.欢迎他表演节目。
注意:
1.词数100 左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【解析】
随着网络的发展，写电子邮件是中学生经常与朋友沟通的一种方式，这种形式的写作贴近学生生活，使他们
感到熟悉。
考生成文时应注意：1. 要点要齐全：(1)音乐节的时间(2)活动的安排(3)欢迎朋友表演一个节目2. 时态：以一
般将来时和一般现在时为主；3. 人称：第二人称为主；4. 注意恰当使用一些连词，使文章自然、流畅；5. 适
当使用一些高级句型和词汇以提高作文档次。
【参考范文】
Dear Alien,
I am writing to invite you to attend the Music Festival to be held from 8：00 a. m .to 5：00 p.m. next Sunday in my
school.
In order to enrich our after-class life, our school is to organize this festival, which is intended to promote Chinese
traditional folk music as well as enjoy foreign ones. Not only will you appreciate wonderful folk music items like
performances of Erhu and Guzheng, but also you can give a performance to us in person. I hope you can play the piano
or sing an English song for us.
Looking forward to your coming. I promise it will be a feast for your eyes and ears.
Best wishes!
Yours sincerely，
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【精讲研法】
考点一
记叙文型书面表达
【例】假定你是李华，上周日你班在老师的带领下进行了一次帮助附近的小区清扫、消毒的义务活动。请以A
Meaningful Cleanup 为题写一篇英语短文，内容包括:
1.活动时间、地点和目的;
2.活动过程;
3.你的感受。
注意:
1.词数100 左右;
2.短文题目已为你写好。
参考词汇:消毒disinfect (vt. )
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】One possible version:
A Meaningful Cleanup
In order to encourage us students to participate in volunteer activities and prevent virus spreading, our class
organized a meaningful cleanup in a nearby community last Sunday morning.
We gathered on the playground and then we walked in a line to the community. Under the guidance of our teachers,
we were divided into two groups. Students in Group One did some cleaning, like sweeping floors and mopping stairs.
Meanwhile, students in Group Two disinfected the buildings. With everyone's efforts, we finished the task successfully.
I've benefited a lot from the activity. It makes me learn teamwork and I've realized community health is crucial and
that I can also do something worthwhile for our community.
【解析】
本篇书面表达属于记叙文，要求考生以A Meaningful Cleanup 为题写一篇英语短文。
第一步：审题
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体裁：应用文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般过去时和少量现在完成时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1.活动时间、地点和目的;
2.活动过程;
3.你的感受。
第二步:列提纲（重点词组）
encourage sb. to do sth.; participate in; organize a meaningful cleanup; under the guidance of; with everyone's efforts
divide into
第三步：连词成句（包含关键句，至少3 句）
1. In order to encourage us students to participate in volunteer activities and prevent virus spreading, our class
organized a meaningful cleanup in a nearby community last Sunday morning.
2. We gathered on the playground and then we walked in a line to the community.
3. Under the guidance of our teachers, we were divided into two groups.
4. Students in Group One did some cleaning, like sweeping floors and mopping stairs.
5. Meanwhile, students in Group Two disinfected the buildings. With everyone's efforts, we finished the task
successfully.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last（供参考）
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also),
including（供参考）
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although+clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing,On the one hand…,On
the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…（供参考）
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result（供参考）
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰
【点睛】
[高分句型1] In order to encourage us students to participate in volunteer activities and prevent virus spreading, our
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class organized a meaningful cleanup in a nearby community last Sunday morning. （运用In order to、participate in
等高级短语，且起到开门见山的作用，使文章更高级）
[高分句型2] It makes me learn teamwork and I've realized community health is crucial and that I can also do
something worthwhile for our community.（运用宾语从句，使句子更加高级）
规律方法1：记叙文型书面表达
记叙文是以叙述为主要表达方式，以写人物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的一种文体，包括记人、记
事方面的故事、日记、游记、新闻、通讯等。记叙文通常要将时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果这六个要
素交代清楚。通常使用第一人称或第三人称来写，第一人称主要用于写自传或本人的经历，第三人称用于写他
人的经历或事迹。写作时要注意以下几点：
(1)注意不要漏掉信息点，但也不要为了生动而随意添加信息。
(2)信息点的表述不一定完全按照题目所给的顺序，可能要适当重组。要特别注意故事发展的线索和时间顺
序等。
(3)记叙文写作的时态多数用一般过去时，但也要注意灵活运用其他时态。
(4)高考中记叙文的话题通常是与中学生的生活阅历有关，如校园生活、旅游、交通、交友等，因此平时要
注意积累这些方面的词汇。
【变式精练】
你校“英语角”向你约稿，请你用英语介绍上周末你参与的由学校组织的“秋收体验”活动。内容包括：
1.秋收地点及其变化；
2.秋收活动；
3.自己的感悟。
注意：
1.词数100 左右；
2.题目已给出。
The Autumn Harvest Experience
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】One possible version:
The Autumn Harvest Experience
Last weekend, I was pleased to participate in “The Autumn Harvest Experience” organized by our school.
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Early in the morning, we gathered at the gate of the school and set out. The village we went to was very poor and
dirty. But when we arrived, we found it beautiful and well-organized. We witnessed the workers harvesting corn with a
machine effectively and another one tidying and ploughing the field quickly afterward. We helped packing the corn and
enjoyed some fresh and delicious corn before leaving.
Through this experience, I witnessed the change in the village and learned the knowledge that technology and hard
work matter in our life.
【解析】
本篇书面表达属于记叙文，要求考生给英语角写稿件，介绍由学校组织的“秋收体验”活动。
第一步：审题
体裁：记叙文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般过去时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1. 秋收地点及其变化；
2. 秋收活动；
3. 自己的感悟。
第二步:列提纲（重点词组）
be pleased to do; participate in; set out; harvest corn with a machine; tidy and plough the field; pack the corn; through
sth
第三步：连词成句
1.Last weekend, I was pleased to participate in “The Autumn Harvest Experience” organized by our school.
2.Early in the morning, we gathered at the gate of the school and set out.
3.We witnessed the workers harvesting corn with a machine effectively and another one tidying and ploughing the field
quickly afterward.
4. We helped packing the corn and enjoyed some fresh and delicious corn before leaving.
5. Through this experience, I witnessed the change in the village and learned the knowledge that technology and hard
work matter in our life.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
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表文章时间顺序：at first; in the beginning; in the end; finally(供参考)
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
【点睛】
[高分句型1]
Last weekend, I was pleased to participate in “The Autumn Harvest Experience” organized by our school.(上周末，我
很高兴地参加了学校组织的“秋收体验”活动。)
本句中“organized by our school”为过去分词做后置定语修饰名词“The Autumn Harvest Experience”。
[高分句型2]
Through this experience, I witnessed the change in the village and learned the knowledge that technology and hard
work matter in our life.( 通过这次经历，我见证了村里的变化，也了解到了技术和努力在我们生活中的重要性。)
本句中“that”引导同位语从句，对之前名词“the knowledge”起到解释说明的作用。
考点二
说明文型基础写作
【例】高中三年，我们不仅仅收获了知识，还参加了很多校园活动。在这些校园活动中，哪一个让你最受益？
请以“The campus activity that benefits me most”为题写一篇英语短文，参加你校正在组织的英语作文比赛，内容
包括：
1.校园活动的主题；
2.受益的原因或方面。
注意：
1.词数100 左右；
2.题目已为你写好。
The campus activity that benefits me most
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】
The campus activity that benefits me most
It is well known that my school has held a large number of activities in the past three years, which benefits us
students a lot.
From my perspective, the most beneficial one is “Long distance Running for Love” organized by the Students
Union when I was a freshman. And the money collected by this activity is contributed to the Project Hope. It is really
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my honor to participate the long running, because it benefits me greatly not only in body but also in mind.
In conclusion, although I have taken part in many campus activities, I think the running for love most beneficial to
me. And I am looking forward to that more wonderful and meaningful activities will be held in our campus.
【解析】
本篇书面表达属于说明文，要求考生以“The campus activity that benefits me most”为题写一篇英语短文，参加你
校正在组织的英语作文比赛。
第一步：审题
体裁：说明文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时、现在完成时和一般过去时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1.校园活动的主题；
2.受益的原因或方面。
第二步：列提纲（重点词组）
a large number of; benefit a lot; from one’s perspective; beneficial; freshman; contribute to; participate; not only…but
also…; in conclusion; take part in; look forward to
第三步：连词成句
1. It is well known that my school has held a large number of activities in the past three years, which benefits us
students a lot.
2. From my perspective, the most beneficial one is “Long distance Running for Love” organized by the Students Union
when I was a freshman.
3. And the money collected by this activity is contributed to the Project Hope.
4. It is really my honor to participate the long running, because it benefits me greatly not only in body but also in mind.
5. In conclusion, although I have taken part in many campus activities, I think the running for love most beneficial to
me.
6. And I am looking forward to that more wonderful and meaningful activities will be held in our campus.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second, And then, Finally, In the end, At last（供参考）
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2.表并列补充关系：not only…but also...
3.表转折对比关系：Although+clause(从句)
4.表因果关系：Because
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
【点睛】
[高分句型1] It is well known that my school has held a large number of activities in the past three years, which
benefits us students a lot. (运用了which 引导非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2] It is really my honor to participate the long running, because it benefits me greatly not only in body but
also in mind. (运用了because 引导原因状语从句)
规律方法2：说明文型基础写作
说明文是用简洁的文字介绍事物的特性、构造、变化、结果的文章。高考中，说明文常见的话题有：产品
介绍、地点描述、方位描写、变化分析、购物指南和操作说明等。近几年的说明文主要是即时性的说明文。写
这类文章需注意以下几点：
(1)首先要读题审题，弄清需要介绍的内容，把握信息要点，不可遗漏也不能添加。
(2)写作内容要条理清楚、层次分明。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法和因果法等；
说明自然环境方面的内容常用时空次序法和分类法等。
(3)时态常用一般现在时，若是介绍其历史，要用一般过去时；语态可能用到被动语态；若是介绍地点环
境等，要善于运用there be 结构。
【变式精练】
目前，全国很多中小学都在课后开展阳光体育活动（Sunshine sports），校报英语专栏也即将推出阳光体育系
列专题“My Favorite Sports”。请你用英语写一篇文章给校报英语专栏投稿，介绍你最喜欢的一项体育运动，
要点如下：
1. 你最喜欢的运动；
2. 你喜欢该运动的理由。
注意：1.词数100 左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【答案】Among all the sports, I have a preference for table tennis. I got to know table tennis at the age of ten, when I
watched a table tennis match on TV. It was so competitive that I couldn’t move my eyes away. From then on, I devoted
myself to learning it. Table tennis is an absolutely fantastic sport. Apart from strengthening my body, it can steel my
willpower as well. Another major factor is that it brings the whole body into action and I must react swiftly, which is
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really challenging. In addition, table tennis provides me with more chances to make friends and together we enjoy
ourselves to the utmost. Table tennis is so attractive that I expect more and more people join in the fun.
【解析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生写一篇文章给校报英语专栏投稿，以“My Favorite Sports”为主题，介绍你
最喜欢的一项体育运动。
第一步：审题
体裁：应用文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为过去时和一般现在时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1. 你最喜欢的运动；
2. 你喜欢该运动的理由。
第二步：列提纲（重点词组）
have a preference for；devote oneself to；apart from；bring sth into；provide sb with sth；enjoy oneself to the utmost；
join in
第三步：连词成句
1. Among all the sports, I have a preference for table tennis.
2. From then on, I devoted myself to learning it.
3. Apart from strengthening my body, it can steel my willpower as well.
4. Another major factor is that it brings the whole body into action and I must react swiftly, which is really challenging.
5. In addition, table tennis provides me with more chances to make friends and together we enjoy ourselves to the
utmost.
6. Table tennis is so attractive that I expect more and more people join in the fun.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last（供参考）
2.表并列补充关系：In addition
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although +clause(从句), In spite of+n/doing, On the one
hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…（供参考）
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4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result （供参考）
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
【点睛】
[高分句型1]：I got to know table tennis at the age of ten, when I watched a table tennis match on TV.这句话运用了
when 引导的时间状语从句。
[高分句型2]：Another major factor is that it brings the whole body into action and I must react swiftly, which is really
challenging.这句话运用了which 引导的非限制性定语从句。
[高分句型3]：Table tennis is so attractive that I expect more and more people join in the fun. 这句话运用了so …
that…引导结果状语从句。
考点三
应用文型书面表达
【例】你校正在组织英语演讲比赛。请你以“The moment that moved me”为题，写一篇英语演讲稿参赛，内容包
括:
1.感动你的瞬间；
2.感动你的原因。
注意:
1.词数100 左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.开头和结尾已为你写好。
The moment that moved me
Ladies and gentlemen,
I'm honored to stand here and present my speech.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thanks for your listening!
【答案】The moment that moved me
Ladies and gentlemen,
I’m honored to stand here and present my speech. Everyone must have experienced a touching moment, and I’d
like to share mine with you.
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It was a rainy summer afternoon several months ago. I was going home by bus after school. It was the rush hour,
so there was heavy traffic on the road. A great number of cars and buses were waiting in line. Suddenly our bus driver
rushed out. He ran to an old lady who was struggling to cross the road slowly. All the passengers and cars were waiting
patiently without any complaints while the driver was helping the old lady cross the road safely. What a touching
moment!
If everyone cares for others, we will live in a harmonious world full of love, which benefits us all!
Thanks for your listening！
【解析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生以“The moment that moved me”为题，写一篇英语演讲稿，参加学校正在组
织英语演讲比赛。
第一步：审题
体裁：应用文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般过去时和过去进行时以及少量一般现在时、一般将来时等。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1. 感动你的瞬间；
2. 感动你的原因。
第二步:列提纲（重点词组）
a touching moment; share with you; a rainy summer afternoon; the rush hour; heavy traffic on the road; wait in line; bus
driver; run to an old lady who was struggling to cross the road; waiting patiently without any complaints; care for
others; a harmonious world full of love
第三步：连词成句
1. Everyone must have experienced a touching moment, and I’d like to share mine with you.
2. It was a rainy summer afternoon several months ago.
3. It was the rush hour, so there was heavy traffic on the road.
4. A great number of cars and buses were waiting in line.
5. Suddenly our bus driver rushed out.
6. He ran to an old lady who was struggling to cross the road slowly.
7. All the passengers and cars were waiting patiently without any complaints while the driver was helping the old lady
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cross the road safely.
8. If everyone cares for others, we will live in a harmonious world full of love, which benefits us all!
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表并列补充关系：and
2.表因果关系：so
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，
【点睛】
[高分句型1] He ran to an old lady who was struggling to cross the road slowly.(who 引导的限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2] If everyone cares for others, we will live in a harmonious world full of love, which benefits us all!(条件
状语从句和which 引导的非限制性定语从句)
规律方法3：应用文型基础写作
应用文是指在日常生活和工作中为某种具体的实用目的而写的文体，主要有书信、通知、海报、演讲稿、
倡议书、请柬、请假条、便条、日记、启事、祝辞、履历表等。应用文的语言力求平实、准确、简洁。由于应
用文的使用广泛而频繁，其表达的内容结构严谨、易于理解掌握，所以写作时要注意以下几点：
(1)正式的应用文有比较规范的格式，但高考中的基础写作至今尚未考查过格式，只要求准确地表达正文内容。
(2)注意时态，如日记常用过去时态，通知、请柬通常要用将来时态，而履历表用现在时态。
(3)应用文的写作往往有一些特定的习惯语句或套话，这些语句在考试中可能会被考查到，所以要重点掌握。
【变式精练】
假设你是学生会主席李华，你校将于4 月23 日举行“Let’s Read Aloud”的朗读活动。请给你校美国交换生David
写一封e-mail，询问他是否感意参加。要点如下：
1.活动时间、地点和意义
2.活动内容：自选400 字左右文章参加朗读
3.回复时间：2021 年4 月20 前
注意：词数100 左右；开头和结尾语已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear David,
I am Li Hun, Chairman of the Students’ Union.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】One possible version.
Dear David,
I am Li Hua, Chairman of the Students’ Union. I’m writing to ask whether you are glad to participate in a reading
activity entitled “Let’s Read Aloud”, which will be held on April 23th in the lecture hall. Every participant is required to
prepare an essay of about 400 words for reading aloud.
Reflecting on our bad reading habits, we decide to host this event to arouse our passion for reading aloud. When
reading aloud, we find ourselves so touched and immersed in the beauty of language and we can precisely convey our
deepest feelings. Moreover, it is reading aloud that provides a wonderful chance to improve our language proficiency
especially for us language learners.
If you are interested, could you please reply before April 20th? Looking forward to your early response.
Yours sincerely.
Li Hua
【解析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生给美国交换生David 写一封e-mail，询问他是否感意参加学校举行“Let’s
Read Aloud”的朗读活功。
第一步：审题
体裁：应用文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和一般将来时时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1.活动时间、地点和意义
2.活动内容：自选400 字左右文章参加朗读
3.回复时间：2021 年4 月20 前
第二步：列提纲（重点词组）
be glad to; participate in; be required to; reflect on; decide to; provide … for …; look forward to
第三步：连词成句
1. I’m writing to ask whether you are glad to participate in a reading activity entitled “Let’s Read Aloud”, which will be
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held on April 23th in the lecture hall.
2. Every participant is required to prepare an essay of about 400 words for reading aloud.
3. Reflecting on our bad reading habits, we decide to host this event to arouse our passion for reading aloud.
4. Moreover, it is reading aloud that provides a wonderful chance to improve our language proficiency especially for us
language learners.
5. Looking forward to your early response.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）（供参考）
1.表文章结构顺序：First of all, Firstly/First, Secondly/Second… And then, Finally, In the end, At last
2.表并列补充关系：What is more, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore, In addition As well as, not only…but (also),
including,
3.表转折对比关系：However, On the contrary, but, Although +clause(从句), In spite of +n/doing, On the one
hand…,On the other hand… Some…,while others…,as for, so…that…
4.表因果关系：Because, As, So, Thus, Therefore, As a result
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
【点睛】
[高分句型1] I’m writing to ask whether you are glad to participate in a reading activity entitled “Let’s Read Aloud”,
which will be held on April 23th in the lecture hall.这句话运用了宾语从句和关系代词which 引导的非限制性定语
从句。
[高分句型2] Reflecting on our bad reading habits, we decide to host this event to arouse our passion for reading aloud.
这句话运用了现在分词作状语。
[高分句型3] If you are interested, could you please reply before April 20th? 这句话运用了if 引导的条件状语从句。
考点四
议论文型基础写作
【上海高三】
图画作文
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（·上海高三）
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
请认真观察这幅图片，然后结合自己的生活实际写一篇发言稿，在班会上与同学们分享你对该现象的思考。你
的作文中必须包括:
1、简述图片内容；
2、分析产生这一现象的原因；
3、谈谈你的看法。
注意:作文中不得出现你本人的姓名、班级及学校等真实信息；
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】As is shown in the picture, with the popularity of Internet, more and more people rely on the Internet and smart
mobile phones, which cause many to flood into the places with free WIFI, while the public library is seldom visited by
them.
So, how does it happen? Firstly, with the help of information technology, we can look through different kinds of
information on our gadgets, text, pictures, videos and something like that. So it is very easy to spend too much time and
energy on it without noticing it. What’s more, more and more mobile phone users take advantage of their smart
equipment to read and study, which means they can read and study anywhere and anytime.
However, the knowledge from the mobile gadgets is trivial, but the systematic knowledge contributes to our better
understanding of something. All in all, we can’t ignore the power of library more.
【解析】
本文属于看图写作作文，时态用一般现在时，本文主要要点如下：①描述图片内容，越来愈多的人集中在免费
WIFI 的地方，而图书馆去的人寥寥无几。这也可以的出几个原因：②第一个，互联网和智能手机的发展，人
们有更丰富的娱乐资源用来消磨时间，大量的时间和精力就被消磨在手机上了；③第二，在手机上和互联网上
学习变得越来越流行，因此很多人不必去图书馆。④但是我们应该要看到，手机的信息多是碎片化信息，系统
知识还是需要借助纸质书籍，因此不可忽视图书馆的作用。
第二步：根据关键要点，确定关键词，information technology（信息技术），mobile phone users（手机用户），systematic
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knowledge（系统知识）等。
第三步：根据提示及关键词进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题以及句子结构完整。
第四步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，使之自然流畅，书写一定要规范清晰，
保持整洁美观的卷面。
【点睛】
本篇范文结构清晰，内容完整，过渡衔接严谨自然，符合看图作文的要求，其中不乏亮点句型。
非限制性定语从句的使用As is shown in the picture, with the popularity of Internet, more and more people rely on
the Internet and smart mobile phones, which cause many to flood into the places with free WIFI, while the public
library is seldom visited by them.
It 作形式主语So it is very easy to spend too much time and energy on it without noticing it.
规律方法4：议论文型基础写作
议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，以表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种
文体。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确、概括得当、有实际意义，能恰
当地综合运用各种表达方式；论据的基本要求是：真实可靠、充分典型；论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合
逻辑。议论文的写作要注意以下几点：(1)准确找出论点、论据及其之间的相互关系，即找出要点。(2)合理安
排材料的顺序，即论点、论据和结论之间的表述方式。(3)注意文章的时态、语态等。议论文通常用一般现在时，
但叙述过去的事实时，应用过去时态；预测将来的事情时，要用将来时态。议论文也经常使用被动语态；有
时假设一种虚拟情况时，还需要用虚拟语气。
【变式精练】（·湖北省高三）你校美国交换生Clement 很喜欢中华成语故事，看到下面的图片，想了解关于
此图片的具体信息，请你用英语给他写一篇短文。内容包括：
1. 描述画面；
2. 概述其含义；
3. 谈谈个人感想。
注意：
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1.词数100 左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】As you can see, in the picture, an old man along with his family is breaking up rocks and carrying the earth.
They are trying to remove the mountains standing near his home.
The story, from an ancient Chinese idom, goes like this: once upon a time, there lived an old man who was nearly
90 years old. His home faced two high mountains, making it inconvenient for him and his family to get around.
Troubled by the great inconvenience, the old man discussed with his family and decided to remove the mountains
which blocked the way. They kept moving them day after day.
Of course, things are totally different today. With society developing, we can build a road or tunnel rather than
remove the mountains. But what is reflected in the story counts. It tells us that whatever difficulty we meet, we should
never give up. If we don’t have the courage and determination to overcome every difficulty, nothing will be
accomplished.
【解析】
这是一篇图画作文。
第一步：审题。审题的目的是获取重要信息。通过审题我们可以确定几个方面的信息。第一，1. 描述画面；2. 概
述其含义；3. 谈谈个人感想。第二，人称用第三人称，兼用第一人称。第三，时态为一般现在时和一般过去时。
第二步：布局段落，确定主要段落，次要段落，段落数量。这篇写作段落数量为三段。第一段，描述画面。第
二段，概述其含义。第三段，谈谈个人感想。
第三步：确定关键词汇和短语: ancient ，face，inconvenient，encourage ,determination ,break up rocks and carry the
earth，remove the mountains，get around，decide to do sth , block the way, keep doing sth, build a road, give up,
overcome every difficulty, accomplish。
第四步：确定较为高级的句子:现在分词作伴随状语His home faced two high mountains, making it inconvenient for
him and his family to get around.过去分词作原因状语和which 引导的定语从句Troubled by the great
inconvenience, the old man discussed with his family and decided to remove the mountains which blocked the way.
what 引导的主语从句what is reflected in the story counts. that 引导的宾语从句和whatever 引导的让步状语从句It
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tells us that whatever difficulty we meet, we should never give up. if 引导的条件状语从句If we don’t have the
courage and determination to overcome every difficulty, nothing will be accomplished。
第五步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连接词进行过渡衔接:Of course，But 。
第六步：注意书写，保持卷面整洁，避免划线，乱擦。
专题11 新高考应用文写作
【构建知识体系】
应用文写作
考点1 邀请信
考点2 建议信
考点3 申请信
考点4 通知
考点5 演讲稿
考点6 倡议书
考点7 新闻报道
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
根据提示进行书面表
达。考生应能：
（1）准确使用语法和
词汇；（2）使用一定的句
型、词汇，清楚、连贯地
表达自己的思想。
要求考生根据所给
情景，用英语写一
篇80 个单词左右
的短文。文章要求
能用准确的语言，
表达基本的日常生
活的事物。语言要
简洁，准确，内容
完整。
书面表达的评分标准：1.信息内容的完整性
(Completeness)；2.信息内容的连贯性(Coherence)
；3.句子结构的正确性(Correctness)；4.句子结构的复
杂性(Variety)。5.注意词数60---100 之间。
【剖析全国高考真题】
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应用文写作
1.【浙江1 月】假定你是李华，下周有新西兰学生访问你校，你将作为学生代表致欢迎辞。请为此写一篇发言
稿，内容包括：
1. 表示欢迎；
2. 介绍活动安排；
3. 表达祝愿。
注意：
1. 词数80 左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【答案】Distinguished guests:
On behalf of our school, I would like to convey my sincere welcome for your visiting.
At first, it is of significance to fully understand the school. As scheduled, all of you will visit the museum, which
contains the splendid history of our school. Furthermore, our classes are worthy of being attended, because you can
appreciate the differences between Chinese and western teaching methods. After that, it is at canteen that you can have
a special lunch with our students.
As mentioned above, I extremely expect your coming. May you have an unforgettable experience.94
【解析】
本文是一篇应用文，要求考生写一篇发言稿，向即将到校的新西兰学生致欢迎辞。
第一步：审题
体裁：应用文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般现在时和一般将来时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
1．表示欢迎；
2．介绍活动安排；
3．表达祝愿。
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第二步:列提纲（重点词组）
on behalf of; would like to; convey; sincere welcome; be of significance; splendid; be worthy of; appreciate; teaching
methods; canteen; extremely expect; unforgettable
第三步：连词成句
1. On behalf of our school, I would like to convey my sincere welcome for your visiting.
2. At first, it is of significance to fully understand the school.
3. As scheduled, all of you will visit the museum, which contains the splendid history of our school.
4. Furthermore, our classes are worthy of being attended, because you can appreciate the differences between Chinese
and western teaching methods.
5. After that, it is at canteen that you can have a special lunch with our students.
6. As mentioned above, I extremely expect your coming.
7. May you have an unforgettable experience.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：at first
2.表并列补充关系：Furthermore
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
【点睛】
[高分句型1] As scheduled, all of you will visit the museum, which contains the splendid history of our school. (运用
了which 引导的非限制性定语从句)
[高分句型2] After that, it is at canteen that you can have a special lunch with our students. (运用了强调句型)
2.【·浙江卷】假定你是李华，你校来自爱尔兰的外教Peter 因病回国休假。请给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括:1.
询问近况；2. 分享班级最新消息；3. 表达祝愿。
注意:1. 词数80 左右；2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文1】Dear Peter,
I am sorry to hear that you have gone back home on sick leave. How are you feeling now?
I hope my good news for you will sweep away the shadow of disease. Last month, an English festival was held in
our school, and our class performed a song which you taught us at the festival. As soon as we finished the song, all the
audience gave us warm applause. If only you had been there.
We all miss you very much and wish you a quick and complete recovery.
Yours,
Li Hua
【参考范文2】
Dear Peter,
Hearing the news that you’re ill and you have returned to Ireland, I feel very sorry. I’m wondering whether you
have recovered from your sickness. Therefore, I am writing to you to show my concern for your health.
Through your tireless work, all of us have achieved much progress in English study, especially in speaking.
What’s more, with the approaching of Gaokao, we are making full preparations for it. I believe in the near future, you
will get our good news and we will live up to you expectations.
We do sincerely hope that you will gain health soon and we are also expecting your early return to China.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文，要求考生写一封邮件，向因病假回国休假的外教老师询问近况，分享消息和表达祝
愿。
第一步：审题
体裁：应用文
时态：根据提示，时态应为一般过去时和一般现在时。
结构：三段式结构。第一段询问近况；第二段告知班级消息；第三段表达祝愿。
要求：1.询问近况（How are you feeling now?）
2.告知班级消息（my good news; performed a song which you taught us）
3.表达祝愿（wish you a quick and complete recovery）
第二步:列提纲（重点词组）
be sorry to do; on sick leave; sweep away; as soon as; give sb. warm applause; recovery
第三步：连词成句
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1. I am sorry to hear that you have gone back home on sick leave.
2. I hope my good news for you will sweep away the shadow of disease.
3. As soon as we finished the song, all the audience gave us warm applause.
4. We all miss you very much and wish you a quick and complete recovery.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，
第五步：润色修改
【点睛】
范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。
1.作者在范文中使用了主从复合句，如：
I am sorry to hear that you have gone back home on sick leave.( 听说你请病假回家了，我很难过。)这句话运用了
that 引导宾语从句。
Last month, an English festival was held in our school, and our class performed a song which you taught us at the
festival.(上个月，我们学校举办了英语节，我们班在节上表演了一首您教我们的歌曲。)这句话运用了which 引
导限制性定语从句。
As soon as we finished the song, all the audience gave us warm applause.(我们一唱完这首歌，所有的观众都给了我
们热烈的掌声。)这句话中as soon as 引导时间状语从句。
2.使用了一些固定词组，如be sorry to do; on sick leave; sweep away; as soon as; give sb. warm applause 等。
全文中没有中国式英语的句式，显示了很高的驾驭英语的能力。另外，文章思路清晰、层次分明，上下句转换
自然，为文章增色添彩。
3.【·全国新高考II 山东卷】假定你是李华, 上周日你校举办了5 公里越野赛跑活动。请你为校英文报写一篇报
道, 内容包括：
1. 参加人员：
2. 跑步路线：从校门口到南山脚下：
3. 活动反响。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80 左右：
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
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A Cross-Country Running Race
【参考范文1】
A Cross-Country Running Race
Last Sunday witnessed an extraordinary cross-country running race, which nearly drew the attention of every student
and teacher of our school.
The students selected from every class took part in the competition. The route measured five kilometers, from our
school gate to the foot of Nanshan Mountain. Every runner tried their best to finish the task, with their classmates along
the way giving them necessarily help as well as encouragement. At last, all the runners managed to arrive the finish line,
receiving cheers from all the directions.
The activity was highly spoken of, because not only did it provide chance for us to exercise, but also made us more
cohesive.110
【参考范文2】
Last Sunday witnessed a Cross-country Running Race held by our school. Joining in it were teachers and students
from different grades, all of whom made it to the destination successfully despite the scorching heat and the rugged
road. The whole journey covered five miles from the school gate to the foot of the south mountain . Surprisingly,
exercise routine as it was, the race received an immediate and warm welcome in that it not only strengthened one’s
health but also was a great test of his stamina.
【参考范文3】
A Cross-Country Running Race
A Cross-Country 5000-metre race, part of the Sports Festival of our school, was held by the school students’ union
last Sunday. 150 participants from three grades were involved in the race. Among the most of the participants were
students and teaching staff. The racing route started at the school gate and ended at the foot of the South Hill. It turned
out to be a great success. Not only does it build up our body but it also enriches our school life.
【解析】
这是一篇应用文。本篇要求考生就上周日学校举行的5 公里越野赛活动写一篇新闻报道。
体裁：应用文
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时态：根据提示，时态应以一般过去时为主
结构：总分总
要求：
1.
参加人员
2.
跑步路线
3.
活动反响
第二步：列提纲（重点词组）
attend/witness/ draw one’s attention/ manage to do sth./ measure/ speak highly of/ provide sth. for sb.
第三步：连词成句
1.Last Sunday witnessed an extraordinary cross-country running race, which nearly drew the attention of every student
and teacher of our school.
2.The students selected from every class took part in the competition.
3.The route measured five kilometers, from our school gate to the foot of Nanshan Mountain.
4.Every runner tried their best to finish the task, with their classmates along the way giving them necessary help as well
as encouragement.
5.At last, all the runners managed to arrive the finish line, receiving cheers from all the directions.
6.The activity is highly spoken of, because not only does it provide chance for us to exercise, but also makes us more
cohesive.
第四步：连句成篇（加入衔接词或从句）
表示并列的连词：and/but/or/so…
状语从句连词：because/ if/ though/ although…
定语从句连词：which/ that/ when/ where…
第五步：修改润色（加入高级词汇或短语）
【点睛】
范文内容完整，要点全面，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。作者在范文中
使用了一些高分举行，例如：Last Sunday witnessed an extraordinary cross-country running race, which nearly drew
the attention of every student and teacher of our school. 中which 引导非限制性定语从句；The activity is highly
thought of, because not only does it provide chance for us to exercise, but also makes us more cohesive.中使用了部分
倒装。
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【精讲研法】
应用文写作：考点1 邀请信
假定你是李华，你校要举办中文诗词大赛(Chinese Poetry Contest)你的英国学生Michael 对中国传统文化很感兴，
请给他写封邮件邀请他参赛，内容包括：
1. 报名方式
2. 比赛要求
3. 期待交流
注意：
1.词数80 左右
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答
【参考范文】
Dear Michael,
I’m glad to tell you our school is going to hold the Chinese Poetry Contest, whose aim is to arouse the foreign
students’ interest in Chinese culture and popularize Chinese poetry. Therefore, I suppose it is a good opportunity for
you.
Firstly, you should hand in the application to your teacher before the deadline. Miss the deadline, and you will
completely miss this competition. Besides, plenty of details should be considered, such as your self-introduction and so
on. If you want to achieve a good result, you need make preparations in advance.
I hope we can have a good competition. May you have a success.101
Yours,
Li Hua
规律方法1：
1.段首常用语:
(1)I am writing to invite you to…
Yours,
Li Hua
【参考范文】
Dear Adam,
I am writing to invite you to join in the read-and-share activity by our school reading club.
The activity is to be held in the lecture hall at 3 p.m. next Wednesday. It is intended to awake the students’ interest
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in English literature and broaden their mind. In the activity, the club members will take their turns to share their favorite
classic English books and some effective reading methods.
We sincerely hope that you can join us and give us some guidance on English reading.85
Yours,
Li Hua
应用文写作：考点2 建议信
假定你是李华，你的留学生好友Tina 发邮件说想要参加学校举行的中文歌曲大赛，特询问你的意见。请你回复
邮件，内容包括：
1. 表示支持；
2. 给出准备建议；
3. 表达希望。
注意：1. 词数80 左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Dear Tina,
I’m glad to hear that you are interested in the Chinese Singing Contest to be held in our school. In my opinion, you
should participate in it.
Firstly, you are supposed to choose the songs you are familiar with. In this way, you will be confident about
yourself. Besides, it is a good idea to know your strengths and weaknesses so that you can make improvements on
Chinese songs. Finally, you can turn to your music teacher for help,
who can give you some advice .
I hope you find my advice useful and you can perform well in the competition.102
Yours,
Li Hua
规律方法2：
1.段首常用语:
(1)I am writing to express my views concerning…
(2)You have asked for my advice about…and I will try to make some suggestions.
2.表达建议常用语:
(1)I think the most suitable…for you is…
(2)I would like to suggest that…
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(3)You d better…/It s better to…
(4)As far as I am concerned…/In my opinion…
(5)For one thing…; for another…
(6)If I were you, I would…
(7)It seems to me that you could…
3.段尾常用语:
(1)I think it would be more beneficial if you could…
(2)I believe you will take my advice into account/consideration.
(3)I hope you will find these proposals/suggestions practical/useful/helpful.
(4)I will be more than happy to see improvements in this regard.
(5)I will be ready for discussing this matter into further details.
【黄金模板】
建议信格式模板:
Dear
,
I am
.Your collection of suggestions on
is
. As is known to
all,
. My suggestions are as follows:
Firstly,
.(People can
.)
Secondly,
. (To make economic profits,
.)
Thirdly,
.(Many of them
.)
I hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you into further
details./Your kind consideration of my suggestions will be highly appreciated.
Good luck with your
.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
【变式精讲】
假定你是李华，你的朋友Lynn 最近很苦恼，因为不善于表达，与同学交流出现诸多问题。请你给她回一封信，
内容包括:
1.表达安慰；
2.分析现状
3.提出建议。
注意:1.词数80 左右；2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Lynn，
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
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【参考范文】
Dear Lynn,
Sorry to learn that you are having trouble in communicating with your classmates, I’m writing to give you a
helping hand.
I quite understand your depression, since it is quite common for a shy student like you to have difficulty
associating with others. Probably, your classmates just feel unsure whether you’re interested in their topics. To help you
out, I highly suggest you step out of comfortable zone and take an active part in after-class activities where you can
naturally establish a closer relationship and find common talking materials.
Hopefully, you can find your problem solved soon!97
Yours,
LiHua.
应用文写作：考点3 申请信
假定你是李华，2022 北京冬奥组委会正在招募志愿者，其职责为接待各国运动员及宣传中国文化，组委会要求
志愿者能够熟练运用英语，请你用英文写一封申请信。
内容包括：1. 申请原因。2. 你的优势。3. 相关经历。
注意：1. 词数80 左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【参考范文】
Dear Sir or Madam,
I’m writing to apply to be a volunteer for Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games.
I’m convinced that I’m well qualified for the position. First, I have a good command of oral English, which
enables me to communicate with others freely. What’s more, I have some relevant work experience, working as a
volunteer for years at international football and basketball games. I regard it a great opportunity and a privilege to
introduce China to foreign friends in my own way.
Any favorable consideration of my application would be highly appreciated. Looking forward to your reply.94
Yours,
Li Hua
规律方法3：
1.说明应聘原因常用语:
(1)I learned from sb/the newspaper that your company wanted to hire…
(2)I was told that…
(3)I have just read in the newspaper that…
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(4)I am writing to inquire opportunities for…
2.介绍个人简历和优势常用语
:
(1)Now I’d like to introduce myself to you.
(2)My name is…I’m…years old. I’m…cm tall.
(3)I graduated from…University in…
(4)I like swimming, singing and dancing in my spare time.
(5)I work hard and I can get along/on well with others.
(6)I’m good at English and my spoken English is fairly good.
(7)I can understand Japanese and I can talk to foreigners in Japanese freely.
(8)I am currently studying…
(9)I would be interested in…
(10)My main specialty is…
3.表示感谢,表达决心,请求答复并提供联系方式常用语:
(1)Thank you very much.
(2)Thank you for your consideration of my application.
(3)If you agree with me, I’ll work hard and try to be a(n)…
(4)I am available for an interview…
(5)I look forward to hearing from you.
(6)If you agree with me, please write a letter to me or phone me. I live at…
(7)My telephone number is…
【黄金模板】
申请信格式模板:
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in
( 报纸名称) on
(广告发布时间).
I am
from
.As a(n)
,I have been
.Besides, I won
in
.If you consider me appropriate for the job, please call me at
.
I will appreciate it very much if you could give me an early reply./Thank you for considering my application, and I
am looking forward to meeting you.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
【变式精讲】
假定你是李华，暑假在伦敦学习，得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展。请写一封信申请做志愿者，内容包括：
1.写信目的；
2.个人优势；
注意：1.词数80 左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
展览exhibition；美术馆art gallery
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【参考范文】
Dear Sir/Madam,
I'm Li Hua, a Chinese high school senior currently studying in London. Hearing that the local art gallery is hosting
a Chinese painting exhibition, I'm writing to apply to be a volunteer for the event. To begin with, I'm a big fan of
traditional Chinese painting, and therefore I'm capable of offering visitors detailed explanations on the anecdotes of
famous Chinese painters. Secondly, with a good command of English, I can overcome the language barrier, which
allows me to communicate smoothly with British painting lovers.
I would appreciate it if you could take my application into consideration.97
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
应用文写作：考点4 通知
近期你校将举办英语听力竞赛，请用英文给你校英语俱乐部成员写一则通知，内容包括：
1.竞赛信息；
2.表达期待。
注意：
1.写作词数应为80 左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
NOTICE
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
English Club
【参考范文】
NOTICE
In order to stimulate an active role in learning English, an English listening contest is going to be organized in the
school hall on October 10th.We hope all of you take an active part.
There will be 12 teams competing for the contest, which will begin at 9:00 am and end at 11:45 am. You can sign
up at our school website. You’d better prepare for it ahead of time, such as practicing listening by yourself.
At last, I hope every team will arrive there on time and get a good mark to make great progress in English.98
English Club
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规律方法4：
1.段首常用语:
(1)May I have/call your attention, please?
(2)Attention, please, everybody!
(3)I have an announcement to make.
(4)I have something to tell you.
2.段中常用语:
(1)There will be a talk this afternoon.
(2)The Students’ Union has decided that…
(3)We shall have a lecture on…
(4)It has been decided that we’ll pay a visit to…
3.段尾常用语:
(1)Please be there on time and don’t be late.
(2)I hope you can have a good time.
(3)That’s all. Thank you.
书面通知格式模板:
Notice
In order to
,
is to be held on
(date), at
(time) in
(place). Whoever is interested in it is welcome to attend
. Those who want to take part in
,
please sign up at the Students’ Union.
Please remember:
.
Students’ Union
April 1st,
口头通知格式模板:
Ladies and gentlemen,
Your attention, please. I have something to tell you.
具体内容:
Please remember: Time:
Place:
Thank you for listening.
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【变式精讲】
你受学生会委托，为学校宣传栏“英语天地”写一则英文通知。为弘扬女排精神，请大家观看电影《夺冠》(英文
名Leap)。通知内容应包括：
1．放映时间、地点。
2．内容简介：中国女排三代人的奋斗历程以及他们顽强拼搏，为国争光的感人故事。
3．观看后写影评。
注意：
1．词数80 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：影评film review
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Notice
In order to carry forward the Spirit of Chinese Women Volleyball Team, a fantastic movie will be shown in the
school hall from 7:00 to 9:15 on the Evening of October 1st. It is organized by the Student Union. Here are some
relevant details about it.
To begin with, the movie, whose name is Leap, is about the struggle of three generations, competing for the honor
of our country. As we all expect, it will be not only exciting but also inspiring. What’s more, everyone will be required
to write a film review after enjoying the movie.
The Student Union
October lst,
【解析】
本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生为学校宣传栏“英语天地”写一则关于为弘扬女排精神，请大家观看电影《夺
冠》(英文名Leap)的英文通知。
第一步：审题
体裁：应用文
时态：根据提示，时态主要为一般将来时和一般现在时。
结构：总分法
总分法指把主题句作为总说，把支持句作为分说，并以这种方式安排所写内容。
要求：
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1．放映时间、地点。
2．内容简介：中国女排三代人的奋斗历程以及他们顽强拼搏，为国争光的感人故事。
3．观看后写影评。
第二步:列提纲（重点词组）
In order to; carry forward; the Spirit of; Chinese Women Volleyball Team; fantastic ; October 1st; organize; the Student
Union; relevant details; to begin with; struggle ; generations; honor; expect; exciting; inspiring; What’s more; require to
do; film review.
第三步：连词成句
1.In order to carry forward the Spirit of Chinese Women Volleyball Team, a fantastic movie will be shown in the school
hall from 7:00 to 9:15 on the Evening of October 1st.
2.It is organized by the Student Union.
3.Here are some relevant details about it.
4.To begin with, the movie, whose name is Leap, is about the struggle of three generations, competing for the honor of
our country.
5.As we all expect, it will be not only exciting but also inspiring.
6.What’s more, everyone will be required to write a film review after enjoying the movie.
根据提示及关键词（组）进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。
第四步：连句成篇（衔接词）
1.表文章结构顺序：To begin with, What’s more
连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰。
【点睛】
[高分句型1] To begin with, the movie, whose name is Leap, is about the struggle of three generations, competing for
the honor of our country. (由whose 引导定语从句作插入语。)
[高分句型2] As we all expect, it will be not only exciting but also inspiring. (由As 引导定语从句。)
应用文写作：考点5 演讲稿
假定你是李华，报名参加学校“Be Sporty, Be Healthy”为主题的演讲比赛。请你写一份英文演讲稿。内容包括：
1.问题：因学业紧张，疏于活动；
2.建议：要合理安排，正常锻炼。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80 左右，文章标题和首尾句已给出，不计入总词数；
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2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Be Sporty, Be Healthy
Hello, everyone!
I feel honored to be here to talk to you on exercise.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
That’s all. Thank you.
【参考范文】
Be Sporty, Be Healthy
Hello, everyone!
I feel honored to be here to talk to you on exercise. We students are heavily burdened with school work, and thus
spare little time for regular physical exercise.
However, we all need a sound body. So I suggest we fit exercise into our busy schedule, making it part of our daily
routine. Put down our books to stretch our arms from time to time. Do some jogging and jumping every day. If we are
able to make exercising our life habit, we will surely benefit from it both physically and mentally.
That’s all. Thank you. (80W)
规律方法5：
1.欢迎致辞常用语:
(1)We are glad to have a chance to get together with…
(2)We feel greatly honoured to have a chance to be with…
(3)Let s give our warm welcome to…
(4)Thank you for your accepting our invitation to come to…
(5)First of all, allow me on behalf of…to do…
(6)Now let us ask sb to speak to us.
2.欢送致辞常用语:
(1)In bidding farewell to sb…
(2)To convey our profound friendship to sb…
(3)To convey our best regards and respect to sb…
(4)To wish sb a pleasant journey home and good health…
(5)May the friendship between…be further developed!【变式精讲】
[2021·浙江1 月考]
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假定你是李华，下周有新西兰学生访问你校，你将作为学生代表致欢迎辞。请为此写一篇发言稿，内容包括：
1. 表示欢迎；
2. 介绍活动安排；
3. 表达祝愿。
注意：
1. 词数80 左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【参考范文】
Distinguished guests:
On behalf of our school, I would like to convey my sincere welcome for your visiting.
At first, it is of significance to fully understand the school. As scheduled, all of you will visit the museum, which
contains the splendid history of our school. Furthermore, our classes are worthy of being attended, because you can
appreciate the differences between Chinese and western teaching methods. After that, it is at canteen that you can have
a special lunch with our students.
As mentioned above, I extremely expect your coming. May you have an unforgettable experience.94
应用文写作：考点6 倡议书
假定你是李华，请代表学生会，为学校“英语天地”宣传栏写一份倡议书，呼吁重压之下的高三学生养成健康的
生活方式。内容包括：
1. 倡议的原因；
2. 倡议的目的；
3. 倡议的具体内容。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80 左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Health Matters Most
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
Health Matters Most
With College Entrance Examination approaching, many of us are under much pressure from study and therefore
have developed an unhealthy lifestyle, studying deep into night, rushing through meals and taking little physical
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exercise, which is extremely harmful to our health.
To meet the challenges of the senior year, it's high time that we take action to say no to the unhealthy lifestyle.
We are supposed to go to bed early and get up early and take meals regularly and slowly enough. Furthermore, it is
advised that we spare as much time as possible to work out.
The Student Union
规律方法6：
1.段首常用语:
(1)I think/suggest we should…
(2)In my opinion, we had better…
(3)In order to…, I advise…
(4)It is required that we…
2.段中常用语:
(1)I’m calling for your active participation in…
(2)Do you cherish precious opportunities to volunteer in…?
(3)I think we should follow the following advice.
(4)Here is a great one not to be missed by any enthusiastic youth.
3.段尾常用语:
(1)It’s time that we should do something to…
(2)Let’s join our hands and take action immediately.
(3)In my opinion, we should be polite and spare no effort to do something…
(4)Only in this way can we succeed.
【变式精练】
假定你是李华,针对校园内存在浪费粮食的现象,学校决定举行抵制浪费粮食的活动。请你代表学生会在学校英文
报上写一封倡议书,内容包括:
1.活动的理由及目的;
2.具体的做法;
3.呼吁从我做起,节约粮食。
注意:
1.写作词数应为80 左右;
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2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear fellow students,
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Student Union
【参考范文】
Dear fellow students,
We all feel concerned when seeing leftovers piled in the bins of the canteen. To arouse our awareness of saving
food, our school is to launch a campaign against food waste.
As for us students, please don’t order food that we can’t finish. Furthermore, let’s remind each other to clear the
plate all the time or pack leftovers home.
Treasuring food is a Chinese traditional virtue. Remember, every grain comes after hard work. Let’s save food and
do it from now!
The Student Union
应用文写作：考点7 新闻报道
植树节来临之际，你校学生会在上周日组织了植树活动，请你为校英文报写一篇报道，内容包括：
1.参加人员：高三师生；
2.活动目的；
3.活动感想。
注意：
1.写作词数应为80 左右；
2.请在答题卡的相应位置作答。
【参考范文】
With Tree Planting Day approaching, Senior Three teachers and students took the chance to plant trees last Sunday.
In order to raise students’ awareness of green lifestyle as well as beautify our school, Student Union organized the
activity, in which all the teachers and students from Senior Three took an active part. To make the earth a better place to
live in, it is the duty of every student to realize the importance of protecting the environment and living a green life.
Take action right now, and we can make a difference.
The Student Union
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规律方法7：
新闻报道，记录的是发生过的事情，因此凡涉及到此报道的具体内容，应用一般过去时表达。
英文新闻报道通常包括下面四个部分：
1．标题：标题是新闻的题目，是编辑对最有新闻价值的内容的浓缩、概括。为了撷取新闻要点、诠释新闻
意义、吸引读者阅读，好的标题应该简洁明了。
2．导语：导语是消息的开头的第一段或第一句话，它扼要地揭示出消息的核心内容。
3．主体：主体是消息的主要部分，它用充足的事实表现主题，是对导语内容的进一步展开和阐释。主体要
根据不同内容运用适当句型对新闻细节进行描述。
4．结束语：一般是最后一句话或者一段话，通常对全文内容作概括性的总结，有时，作者根据报道的事实
在结束语中提出令人深思的问题。
高分模板
1、活动类
（标题）
（导语）In order to encourage the students to _______. Our school organized a _______ on _______（时间）at
_______(地点），which _______.
（正文）It was a _______ day（介绍天气）. First of all,_______. Then_______（介绍活动的过程）.Finally, _______.
（评价）_________ benefited us a lot. Not only did it_______, it also _______. What a (n) _______activity!
（署名）
2、事故类
（标题）
（导语）It is reported that a _______（事件）broke out on/at_______（地点）_______(时间）.
（正文）It was a _______ day（介绍天气）. First of all,_______. Then_______（介绍活动的过程）.
（评价）From the report, we learned a lot. Not only did it _______, it also _______.As a result, we should improve
awareness doing sth.
（署名）
【好词好句】
1.In order to encourage the students to get close to nature, our school organized a mountain-climbing activity.为了鼓励
学生们走进大自然，我们学校组织了一次登山活动。
2.They said it was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.他们说这是多么美好的一天，他们会永远
铭记。
3.What they did has brought joy to others and enriched their own lives.他们所做的给他们带来快乐，而且丰富了他们
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自己的生活。
4.Apart from knowledge, we also learned to cooperate with each other and came to realize the importance of teamwork.
除了知识，我们也学会了和他人合作，也逐渐意识到合作的重要性。
5.The activity benefited us a lot. / The activity was of great benefit to us./ The activity was very beneficial to us. 活动
对我们很有好处。
【变式精练】
高中期间你一定参加过很多社会实践活动。请你为班级英语角写一篇报道。报道一次难忘的社会实践活动，内
容包括：
1. 时间、地点；
2. 活动过程；
3. 个人感受。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80 左右;
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
An Unforgettable Social Practice Activity
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文】
An Unforgettable Social Practice Activity
One afternoon last week, there was a social activity organized by our school where we researched DaWenKou relic
culture.
We went there on foot at 3:00 p.m. After arriving there, we looked at some old temples and tools for farming and
living, which made us think how hard our ancestors lived then. From what we saw, we learned the old civilization in
China, and knew their contribution to the development of country.
Personally, I thanks to our ancestors, it’s because of the spirit of hard working we Chinese pass on from
generation to generation that makes country become stronger and stronger.
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专题12 读后续写
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
读后续写考题，“提供
一段350 词以内的语言
材料，要求考生依据该材
料内容和所给段落开头语
进行续写（150 词左右），
将其发展成一篇与给定材
料有逻辑衔接、情节和结
构完整的短文”。从试题结
构看，读后续写评价的是
书面理解能力和书面表达
能。
该题型通过读写结合，
检测学生的英语书面语言
理解与表达能力。要求学生
能够梳理故事文体的结构、
分析故事发展的线索、想像
故事发展的情节以及续写
故事的发展和结局。
在写作之前，首先读懂文本，
理清故事情节，然后构思故事的发
展和结局。
【剖析全国高考真题】
读后续写
【浙江1 月】阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
Pumpkin (南瓜) carving at Halloween is a family tradition. We visit a local farm every October. In the pumpkin
field, I compete with my three brothers and sister to seek out the biggest pumpkin. My dad has a rule that we have to
carry our pumpkins back home, and as the eldest child I have an advantage-I carried an 85-pounder back last year.
This year, it was hard to tell whether my prize or the one chosen by my 14-year-old brother, Jason, was the winner.
Unfortunately we forgot to weigh them before taking out their insides, but I was determined to prove my point. All of
us were hard at work at the kitchen table, with my mom filming the annual event. I’m unsure now why I thought
forcing my head inside the pumpkin would settle the matter, but it seemed to make perfect sense at the time.
With the pumpkin resting on the table, hole uppermost, I bent over and pressed my head against the opening. At
first I got jammed just above my eyes and then, as I went on with my task, unwilling to quit, my nose briefly prevented
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entry. Finally I managed to put my whole head into it, like a cork (软木塞) forced into a bottle. I was able to straighten
up with the huge pumpkin resting on my shoulders.
My excitement was short-lived. The pumpkin was heavy. “I’m going to set it down, now,” I said,and with Jason
helping to support its weight，I bent back over the table to give it somewhere to rest. It was only when I tried to remove
my head that I realized getting out was going to be less straightforward than getting in. When I pulled hard, my nose
got in the way. I got into a panic as I pressed firmly against the table and moved my head around trying to find the right
angle, but it was no use. “I can’t get it out!” I shouted, my voice sounding unnaturally loud in the enclosed space.
注意：
1. 所续写短文的词数应为150 左右；
2. 至少使用5 个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4. 续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph 1
It was five or six minutes though it felt much longer.
Paragraph 2
The video was posted the Monday before Halloween.
【答案】Paragraph 1
It was five or six minutes though it felt much longer. Dad was summoned – less, it seemed, in expectation of
practical help than to make sure he didn’t miss out on the spectacle. I heard him propose calling the fire department.
“Stay tuned,” said Mom; she’d mentioned she was going to upload the video to Facebook, but it was only then I
realized she’d been filming the whole time. The video cuts before my rescue —Dad got me to push my head farther
into the pumpkin so Mom could reach in and undo the rubber band round my ponytail. I emerged with
squash-conditioned hair, a sore chin and my nose plugged with pulp.
Paragraph 2
The video was posted the Monday before Halloween. By the end of that day, it had over 1,000 views. People asked
Mom to put it on YouTube, and by Wednesday morning we were getting 5:00 am calls from TV breakfast shows and
then the international media – the video started racking up hundreds of thousands of views. When I went on a youth
camp, I was recognized by children I’d never met. The pumpkin also became a minor celebrity. Passersby and
trick-or-treaters would knock and ask, “Which is Rachel’s pumpkin?” before taking selfies with it.
【解析】
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本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了作者家有在万圣节雕刻南瓜的传统，今年也不例外，家里所有人都在厨房的餐
桌上辛勤地工作着，而作者的妈妈则在拍摄一年一度的活动。结果作者将头伸进了南瓜里，被卡住了，无论如
何也无法挣脱出来，妈妈却趁机拍下了这一幕，后来作者得救，视频也被上传到网上走红，这段视频开始获得
数十万的点击量。
1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“虽然时间只过去了五、六分钟，但还是感觉要长得多。”可知，第一段可描写作者是如
何在爸爸的帮助下得救的。
②由第二段首句内容“这段视频是在万圣节前的周一发布的。”可知，第二段可描写作者头被卡在南瓜里这段
视频在网上的走红情况，以及视频走红对作者家和作者的影响。
2.续写线索：爸爸被喊来帮忙——妈妈拍下了全过程——作者得救——视频被上传——视频走红——视频对作
者家和作者的影响
3.词汇激活
行为类
确保：make sure / guarantee
打算做某事：be going to do sth./ intend to do sth.
出来：emerge / come out
情绪类
实际：practical / useful
出名：become a minor celebrity / be famous
【点睛】
[高分句型1] When I went on a youth camp, I was recognized by children I’d never met. (运用了when 引导时间状语
从句)
[高分句型2]Passersby and trick-or-treaters would knock and ask, “Which is Rachel’s pumpkin?” before taking selfies
with it. (运用了动名词作宾语)
【·山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷)】阅读下面材料, 根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段, 使之构成一
篇完整的短文。
The Meredith family lived in a small community. As the economy was in decline, some people in the town had lost
their jobs. Many of their families were struggling to make ends meet. People were trying to help each other meet the
challenges.
Mrs. Meredith was a most kind and thoughtful woman. She spent a great deal of time visiting the poor. She knew
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they had problems, and they needed all kinds of help. When she had time, she would bring food and medicine to them.
One morning she told her children about a family she had visited the day before. There was a man sick in bed, his
wife, who took care of him and could not go out to work, and their little boy. The little boy -his name was Bernard-had
interested her very much.
“I wish you could see him,” she said to her own children, John, Harry, and Clara. “He is such a help to his mother.
He wants very much to earn some money, but I don't see what he can do.”
After their mother left the room, the children sat thinking about Bernard. “I wish we could help him to earn
money,” said Clara. “His family is suffering so much.”
“So do I,” said Harry. “We really should do something to assist them.”
For some moments, John said nothing, but, suddenly, he sprang to his feet and cried, “I have a great idea! I have a
solution that we can all help accomplish(完成).”
The other children also jumped up all attention. When John had an idea, it was sure to be a good one. “I tell you
what we can do,” said John. “You know that big box of corn Uncle John sent us? Well, we can make popcorn(爆米花),
and put it into paper bags, and Bernard can take it around to the houses and sell it.”
注意:
1. 续写词数应为150 左右:
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
When Mrs. Meredith heard of John's idea, she thought it was a good one, too.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
With everything ready, Bernard started out on his new business.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文1】
When Mrs. Meredith heard of John’s idea, she thought it was a good one, too. So, they went to the local
supermarket together. They bought a bag of corn and some special bags for popcorn. When they got home, they made a
lot of popcorn and put it in the special bags. With the popcorn, they went to Bernard’s home. They told Bernard how to
sell the popcorn. Bernard and his parents were very grateful. And the Meredith family also felt very happy to help this
family.
With everything ready, Bernard started out on his new business. He took the popcorn around to the houses and
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sold all his popcorn. He earned a lot of money. Then, he wanted to be self-dependent. Therefore, he asked Mrs.
Meredith to teach him how to make popcorn. After that, not only did he sell popcorn, but he also added cream and salt
to the popcorn to make it taste better. Bernard grew up to be a remarkable man. He did not forget the help of Meredith’s
family, and he also did what he could to help those in need.
【参考范文2】
Paragraph 1:When Mrs. Meredith heard of John's idea, she thought it was a good one, too. She was so surprised
and happy that her children went much farther than herself. She said, “It’s much better to teach Bernard to fish than to
give him fish, you guys may do whatever you can with the plan to help Bernard and his family.” With mom’s approval,
John got to prepare the oven, Harry went to check the corn that Uncle John sent them, while Clara made the best use of
her legs to tell Bernard their plan, hoping he would accept their kindness. Having heard the plan, Bernard’s blue eyes
turned watery with happiness and gratitude.
Paragraph 2: With everything ready, Bernard started out on his new business. Every afternoon after school,
Bernard went to the Meredith family picking the bagged-popcorn and went to the town theatre, and he would always
put a sign beside him saying, “Home is sweet, mine is bitter with a sick dad and a nursing mom...” Almost all
film-goers bought Bernard’s popcorn when passing by, —Bernard made 8 to 11 dollars each night. With this, Bernard
could go home with medicine for his father. Months later his father could leave his sick-bed and walk around. Bernard’s
sign was rewritten as followed: “Home is sweet, mine is too, thank you all.”
【解析】
本文是根据短文进行续写，使之成为一个完整的故事。
1.认真读懂所给提供的材料:善良的Meredith 一家住在一个小社区里，他们想帮助一个贫困的家庭。那家的男主
人生病卧床，女主人要照顾丈夫、无法外出赚钱，家中的小男孩Bernard 也做不了什么事情，生活十分困难。
后来，Meredith 的孩子想出了一个主意--制作爆米花，让Bernard 去卖爆米花。
2.根据所给材料确定文章主题:Meredith 如何通过制作和卖爆米花帮助Bernard 一家摆脱困境的。
3.续写部分和前面的文章衔接得上，并且与原文情节发展和人物性格相一致，故事情节的向后延续发展要合乎
情理。
4.根据第一段首句When Mrs. Meredith heard of John’s idea, she thought it was a good one, too.(当Meredith 太太听
到John 的主意时，她也认为这是个好主意)可以针对如何实现制作爆米花这个提议展开构思；根据第二段首句
With everything ready, Bernard started out on his new business.(一切准备就绪后，Bernard 开始了他的新生意)可以
针对Bernard 如何通过卖爆米花让家庭摆脱困境展开构思。
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5.续写的语言要尽可能与原文的语言保持风格上的一致。文章时态以一般过去时为主。应使用自己熟悉的句型
和短语进行写作，考生要注意尽可能使句子的表达形式多样化，适当的使用一些高级句式和高级词汇，以提高
书面表达的档次和可读性。作文要层次清晰，要点全面，表达流畅，切合题干要求，句子结构准确，适当补充
信息，使篇章结构连贯。
【·浙江卷】阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
One fall，my wife Elli and I had a single goal: to photograph polar bears. We were staying at a research camp
outside “the polar bear capital of the world”-the town of Churchill in Manitoba，Canada.
Taking pictures of polar bears is amazing but also dangerous. Polar bears-like all wild animals-should be
photographed from a safe distance. When I'm face to face with a polar bear，I like it to be through a camera with a
telephoto lens. But sometimes，that is easier said than done. This was one of those times.
As Elli and I cooked dinner，a young male polar bear who was playing in a nearby lake sniffed，and smelled our
garlic bread.
The hungry bear followed his nose to our camp，which was surrounded by a high wire fence. He pulled and bit the
wire. He stood on his back legs and pushed at the wooden fence posts.
Terrified，Elli and I tried all the bear defense actions we knew. We yelled at the bear，hit pots hard，and fired blank
shotgun shells into the air. Sometimes loud noises like these will scare bears off. Not this polar bear though-he just kept
trying to tear down the fence with his massive paws(爪子).
I radioed the camp manager for help. He told me a helicopter was on its way，but it would be 30 minutes before it
arrived. Making the best of this close encounter(相遇)，I took some pictures of the bear.
Elli and I feared the fence wouldn't last through 30 more minutes of the bear's punishment. The camp manager
suggested I use pepper spray. The spray burns the bears' eyes，but doesn't hurt them. So I approached our uninvited
guest slowly and，through the fence，sprayed him in the face. With an angry roar(吼叫)，the bear ran to the lake to wash
his eyes.
注意:1. 所续写短文的词数应为150 左右；
2. 至少使用5 个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3. 续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4. 续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
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【参考范文】
Paragraph 1: A few minutes later, the bear headed back to our camp. He exposed his sharp teeth, glaring at us as he
ran forward. And again the bear stood on his back legs, wanting to snap at the fence like a monster. It seemed that his
mouth was full of blood and his eyes were red with anger. Seeing such terrible sight, I could feel a coldness flooding
from my back. Ellis was stunned there, with the mouth widely open. I had to take action, so I picked my courage and
tried to frighten him away with the pepper spray, but finally failed.
Paragraph 2: At that very moment, the helicopter arrived. It landed near our camp and its loud noises scared the bear.
He looked irritated and charged at us again. I cried out, “Watch out!”
We instantly stepped away and ran as fast as we
could to the helicopter. Thank My God! We succeeded in climbing onto to the helicopter, gasping with relief. Looking
down at the bear, we found that he was eating the bread we just made. Several hours later, we arrived at home safe and
sound, but we realized that we should do something to help the bears.
【解析】
读后续写作为新题型之一，突出考查了考生根据所获得的综合信息，吸收，内化并转变成自我语言的一种能力，
同时通过对文本结构的分析和合理性地推测与想象，用自己的语言接续文本，体现了核心素养中的思维品质和
语言能力。读后续写是对原文的阅读，然后进行“狗尾续貂”，在写作时，要注意“三个读”：先读原文，了解文
章的大意，主旨，文章逻辑结构，故事的6 要素，情节发展等等；第二读要注意10 个关键词，对关键词进行合
理地分类，确定哪些是最重要的词，哪些次之，然后构思合理的使用；第三读要注意读给出的两个首句，确定
全文结尾的逻辑关系。与此同时，也要注意字数的安排，控制在150+20 左右，建议两段的长短均匀为宜。
【·山东省高考英语试卷（新高考全国Ⅰ卷)】阅读下面材料, 根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段, 使之构成一
篇完整的短文。
The Meredith family lived in a small community. As the economy was in decline, some people in the town had lost
their jobs. Many of their families were struggling to make ends meet. People were trying to help each other meet the
challenges.
Mrs. Meredith was a most kind and thoughtful woman. She spent a great deal of time visiting the poor. She knew
they had problems, and they needed all kinds of help. When she had time, she would bring food and medicine to them.
One morning she told her children about a family she had visited the day before. There was a man sick in bed, his
wife, who took care of him and could not go out to work, and their little boy. The little boy -his name was Bernard-had
interested her very much.
“I wish you could see him,” she said to her own children, John, Harry, and Clara. “He is such a help to his mother.
He wants very much to earn some money, but I don't see what he can do.”
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After their mother left the room, the children sat thinking about Bernard. “I wish we could help him to earn
money,” said Clara. “His family is suffering so much.”
“So do I,” said Harry. “We really should do something to assist them.”
For some moments, John said nothing, but, suddenly, he sprang to his feet and cried, “I have a great idea! I have a
solution that we can all help accomplish(完成).”
The other children also jumped up all attention. When John had an idea, it was sure to be a good one. “I tell you
what we can do,” said John. “You know that big box of corn Uncle John sent us? Well, we can make popcorn(爆米花),
and put it into paper bags, and Bernard can take it around to the houses and sell it.”
注意:
1. 续写词数应为150 左右:
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
When Mrs. Meredith heard of John's idea, she thought it was a good one, too.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
With everything ready, Bernard started out on his new business.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考范文1】
When Mrs. Meredith heard of John’s idea, she thought it was a good one, too. So, they went to the local
supermarket together. They bought a bag of corn and some special bags for popcorn. When they got home, they made a
lot of popcorn and put it in the special bags. With the popcorn, they went to Bernard’s home. They told Bernard how to
sell the popcorn. Bernard and his parents were very grateful. And the Meredith family also felt very happy to help this
family.
With everything ready, Bernard started out on his new business. He took the popcorn around to the houses and
sold all his popcorn. He earned a lot of money. Then, he wanted to be self-dependent. Therefore, he asked Mrs.
Meredith to teach him how to make popcorn. After that, not only did he sell popcorn, but he also added cream and salt
to the popcorn to make it taste better. Bernard grew up to be a remarkable man. He did not forget the help of Meredith’s
family, and he also did what he could to help those in need.
【参考范文2】
Paragraph 1:When Mrs. Meredith heard of John's idea, she thought it was a good one, too. She was so surprised and
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happy that her children went much farther than herself. She said, “It’s much better to teach Bernard to fish than to give
him fish, you guys may do whatever you can with the plan to help Bernard and his family.” With mom’s approval, John
got to prepare the oven, Harry went to check the corn that Uncle John sent them, while Clara made the best use of her
legs to tell Bernard their plan, hoping he would accept their kindness. Having heard the plan, Bernard’s blue eyes
turned watery with happiness and gratitude.
Paragraph 2: With everything ready, Bernard started out on his new business. Every afternoon after school, Bernard
went to the Meredith family picking the bagged-popcorn and went to the town theatre, and he would always put a sign
beside him saying, “Home is sweet, mine is bitter with a sick dad and a nursing mom...” Almost all film-goers bought
Bernard’s popcorn when passing by, —Bernard made 8 to 11 dollars each night. With this, Bernard could go home with
medicine for his father. Months later his father could leave his sick-bed and walk around. Bernard’s sign was rewritten
as followed: “Home is sweet, mine is too, thank you all.”
【解析】
本文是根据短文进行续写，使之成为一个完整的故事。
1.认真读懂所给提供的材料:善良的Meredith 一家住在一个小社区里，他们想帮助一个贫困的家庭。那家的男主
人生病卧床，女主人要照顾丈夫、无法外出赚钱，家中的小男孩Bernard 也做不了什么事情，生活十分困难。
后来，Meredith 的孩子想出了一个主意--制作爆米花，让Bernard 去卖爆米花。
2.根据所给材料确定文章主题:Meredith 如何通过制作和卖爆米花帮助Bernard 一家摆脱困境的。
3.续写部分和前面的文章衔接得上，并且与原文情节发展和人物性格相一致，故事情节的向后延续发展要合乎
情理。
4.根据第一段首句When Mrs. Meredith heard of John’s idea, she thought it was a good one, too.(当Meredith 太太听
到John 的主意时，她也认为这是个好主意)可以针对如何实现制作爆米花这个提议展开构思；根据第二段首句
With everything ready, Bernard started out on his new business.(一切准备就绪后，Bernard 开始了他的新生意)可以
针对Bernard 如何通过卖爆米花让家庭摆脱困境展开构思。
5.续写的语言要尽可能与原文的语言保持风格上的一致。文章时态以一般过去时为主。应使用自己熟悉的句型
和短语进行写作，考生要注意尽可能使句子的表达形式多样化，适当的使用一些高级句式和高级词汇，以提高
书面表达的档次和可读性。作文要层次清晰，要点全面，表达流畅，切合题干要求，句子结构准确，适当补充
信息，使篇章结构连贯。
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（·浙江卷）读后续写
It was summer, and my dad wanted to treat me to a vacation like never before. He decided to take me on a trip to
the Wild West.
We took a plane to Albuquerque, a big city in the state of New Mexico. We reached Albuquerque in the late
afternoon. Uncle Paul, my dad’s friend, picked us up from the airport and drove us up to his farm in Pecos.
His wife Tina cooked us a delicious dinner and we got to know his sons Ryan and Kyle. My dad and I spent the
night in the guestroom of the farm house listening to the frogs and water rolling down the river nearby. Very early in the
morning, Uncle Paul woke us up to have breakfast. "The day starts at dawn on my farm," he said. After breakfast, I
went to help Aunt Tina feed the chickens, while my dad went with Uncle Paul to take the sheep out to graze(吃草). I
was impressed to see my dad and Uncle Paul riding horses. They looked really cool.
In the afternoon, I asked Uncle Paul if I could take a horse ride, and he said yes, as long as my dad went with me. I
wasn’t going to take a horse ride by myself anyway. So, my dad and I put on our new cowboy hats, got on our horses,
and headed slowly towards the mountains. "Don’t be late for supper," Uncle Paul cried, "and keep to the track so that
you don’t get lost!" "OK! " my dad cried back. After a while Uncle Paul and his farm house were out of sight. It was so
peaceful and quiet and the colors of the brown rocks, the deep green pine trees, and the late afternoon sun mixed to
create a magic scene. It looked like a beautiful woven(编织的) blanket spread out upon the ground just for us.
Suddenly a little rabbit jumped out in front of my horse.
注意：
（1）所续写短文的词数应为l50 左右；
（2）至少使用5 个短文中标有下划线的关键词语：
（3）续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
（4）续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph 1: Suddenly a little rabbit jumped out in front of my horse. ____________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2: We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark. _____________
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【答案】One possible version:
Suddenly a little rabbit jumped out in front of my horse. My horse turned to the left to avoid the little rabbit as I held on
tightly and tried not to fall. Then my dad turned around and shouted, “Hold on!” All of a sudden the horse began to run.
My dad tried to keep up behind us. For a few minutes my horse slowed down to a trot and then stopped beside a river. I
looked around and realized that we were way off the track.
We had no idea where we were and it got dark. Luckily the stars came out and gave us a little light when we were
looking for the way to the farm house. After what must have been several hours, we suddenly heard the sound of sheep
in the distance. My dad and I both rode our horses towards the sound of the sheep. As we got closer we saw Uncle Paul
with a flashlight waving us over. What a night!
【解析】
读后续写要求考生首先要读懂已有信息，不仅能读懂字面含义，还要理清文章的脉络。续篇这篇短文时，考生
要搞清楚故事的发展进程、前因后果、地理位置、人物思想情感的变化等。在此基础上，考生要顺着文章的思
路，根据线索，发挥想象，对其后的情节进行合理预测，并用语言表达出来。
通过阅读所给文章可知，父亲带儿子去西部荒野的一个朋友家体验农场生活，见父亲和叔叔骑马，儿子也
很想骑，于是亲身上马体验。
根据第一段所给首句Suddenly a little rabbit jumped out in front of my horse.这一句是故事发展的转折点，可
从rabbit 出现后带来的反应扩展开，可以写马的反应，也可以写人的反应，但要注意与第二段首句相呼应。
第二段首句是We had no idea where we were and it was getting dark.这一句呼应前文Uncle Paul 的叮嘱——不
要误吃晚饭，可从如何寻路返回农场去写。
续写时注意要使用5 个以上短文中标有下划线的关键词语，我们要熟悉所给划线词语，恰当的时候加以运
用。最后还要注意所续写短文的词数应为150 左右；续写完成后要用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
第二节
读后续写（满分25 分）
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
On a bright, warm July afternoon, Mac Hollan, a primary school teacher, was cycling from his home to Alaska
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with his friends. One of his friends had stopped to make a bicycle repair, but they had encouraged Mac to carry on, and
they would catch up with him soon. As Mac pedaled (骑行) along alone, he thought fondly of his wife and two young
daughters at home. He hoped to show them this beautiful place someday.
Then Mac heard quick and loud breathing behind him. “Man, that's a big dog!” he thought. But when he looked to
the side, he saw instantly that it wasn’t a dog at all, but a wolf, quickly catching up with him.
Mac’s heart jumped. He found out his can of hear spray. With one hand on the bars, he fired the spray at the wolf.
A bright red cloud enveloped the animal, and to Mac's relief, it fell back, shaking its head. But a minute later, it was by
his side again. Then it attacked the back of Mac's bike, tearing open his tent bag. He fired at the wolf a second time, and
again, it fell back only to quickly restart the chase（追赶）。
Mac was pedaling hard now. He waved and yelled at passing cars but was careful not to show down. He saw a
steep uphill climb before him. He knew that zxxk once he hit the hill, he’d be easy caught up and the wolf’s teeth
would be tearing into his flesh.
At this moment, Paul and Beeky were driving their car on their way to Alaska. They didn’t think much of it when
they saw two cyclists repairing their bike on the side of the road. A bit later, they spotted what they, too, assumed was a
dog running alongside a man on a bike. As they got closer, they realized that the dog was a wolf. Mac heard a large
vehicle behind him. He pulled in front of it as the wolf was catching up fast, just a dozen yards away now.
注意：
1. 所续写短文的词数应为150 左右；
2. 应使用5 个以上短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3. 续写部分分为两段，每段开头语已为你写好；
4. 续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
【答案】The car abruptly stopped in front of him. Paul and Becky got out of the car immediately to give the help. With
nothing on the hand, they didn't dare to fight against the wolf. However, they still approached to the wolf bravely. At
the same time, the wolf also noticed them and turned its head back, howling angrily towards Paul and Becky. Mac then
jumped off the bicycle and was ready to fight against the wolf. Then came the deadlock.
A few minutes later, the other two cyclists arrived. They found the dangerous situation, where three men circled the
wolf. Mac's friends also jumped off their bicycles and joined the fight with the wolf. More and more cars stopped.
Some drivers took out the sticks from the cars, and some took out the knives, even the guns towards the wolf. In the
meanwhile, the wolf might feel the people's threats around, so it began to step back slowly. Soon, it ran away off the
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road and disappeared in the distance.
【解析】
本文主要讲述了Mac 在骑自行车前往阿拉斯加的途中，被一只狼追赶的故事。时态要考虑以一般过去时为主，
人称以第三人称为主。同时要兼顾字数的要求，不要过多，关键词列出5 个以上，需要均匀分布在两段中。考
生要注意几个关键信息和情节变化并结合给出的内容提示进行合理构思。
【精讲研法】
读后续写
主要按照以下四个步骤来写：
第一步：通读文本，提取线索词和信息句，写出每段段落大意。
第二步：根据文本每段内容，结合所给续写部分的首句，构思完整的故事情节。
第三步：根据续写部分所提供的首句，写出续写部分每段的段落大意，围绕续写
部分的段落大意进行合理的细节描写。
第四步：润色成篇。
【模拟演练】
1. 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。续写词数应为150 左
右。
My wife, Megan, and I went out to dinner with an old friend who we had not seen in a while. There had been some
talk of COVID-19 （新型冠状病毒）on the news, but it was early in the outbreak and people were still going about
their daily routines. Even though everyone in our group felt perfectly fine, we took precautions（预防）：We washed our
hands with soap , did not share food and had no significantly close contact.
A few days later, our friend called and told us that she had tested positive for the coronavirus. She had felt some
mild symptoms（症状）for a day or so after that dinner and was able to be tested because she is a doctor. On the
following day, started to feel a little tired and my head was a bit cloudy. I decided to stay in the master bedroom away
from the rest of my family. The next morning. I woke up with a 39-degree fever. That was when we realized that I
might have caught the virus from our friend.
At once, Megan called our state's coronavirus hotline, who then called in our primary care doctor and the head of
our local hospital system's coronavirus team. We explained that we had been in contact with someone who had been
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tested positive, and I was having symptoms. They quickly approved me to receive a test at an urgent care center located
five minutes' drive from my house. The result made my heart sank — I was also tested positive, and the local hospital
wasn't equipped with the facilities to treat my disease. As a mild case, I was recommended to stay at home and
quarantine （隔离）myself.
Following the doctor's advice, Megan and I quarantined ourselves and our children. With my developed
symptoms , I started isolation in the bedroom, and the only interaction I had with Megan was when she brought in food.
Megan slept on a small couch in our home office away from the kids' rooms. She also minimized her contact with our
kids in case she was carrying the virus.
注意：
1.续写词数应为150 左右；2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
We decided to call everyone we had been in contact with over the course of the past week.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Though worried about the seriousness of the virus ,I knew I had to be brave.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】We decided to call everyone we had been in contact with over the course of the past week. Megan insisted that
we should let them know that I had tested positive. Hard as it was to inform people that we might have given them the
coronavirus, it was the responsible thing to do. To our pleasant surprise, all of our friends showed their understanding
and support upon hearing the news. To cheer us up, one of my wife's best friends even baked a cake with the letters
"Stay strong" on it and delivered it to our front door.
Though worried about the seriousness of the virus. I knew I had to be brave. I made sure to get plenty of rest and
did some exercise to stay as healthy as I could. I also managed to ease the worries of Megan and our kids during our
quarantine by spending more time doing online video-chats with them. Within the following week, my fever started to
fade and I could feel my head clearing. The next test showed a cheering result. It came back negative. Had it not been
for the love and care from those around me, I wouldn't have made it.
【解析】
本文以新冠病毒传染为线索展开，讲述了新冠病毒传播初期，作者和妻子因和老朋友共进晚餐，被传染了病毒，
他们尽力和孩子做到隔离，然后给过去一周联系过的每一个人打电话，勇敢地面对病毒，并最终战胜疾病的故
事。
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1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“我们决定给过去一周我们接触过的每一个人打电话”可知，第一段可描写作者一家得到朋
友的理解和支持。
②由第二段首句内容“虽然我很担心这种病毒的严重性，但我知道我必须要勇敢”可知，第二段可描写作者勇敢
面对病毒，隔离期间，互相联系，积极治疗到痊愈的过程。
2.续写线索：得到理解支持——惊喜——互相联系——痊愈——庆幸——感谢
3.词汇激活
行为类
①得到理解支持：get understanding and support /get help/ be understood and supported
②.互相联系：connect with each other / contact with each other/ doing online video-chats with them
③.痊愈：recovery/be cured
情绪类
①.惊喜：a pleasant surprise/be surprised/ be astonished
②.庆幸：good fortune /be lucky
③.感谢showing his appreciation/show his gratitude/be grateful
【点睛】
[高分句型1]. Hard as it was to inform people that we might have given them the coronavirus, it was the responsible
thing to do.(as 引导让步状语从句的倒装)
[高分句型2]. To cheer us up, one of my wife's best friends even baked a cake with the letters "Stay strong" on it and
delivered it to our front door.(不定式作目的状语)
[高分句型3]. Had it not been for the love and care from those around me, I wouldn't have made it. (虚拟语气条件句
中省略if 的部分倒装）
2. 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Grady and his family go camping every summer. As it was becoming hotter, here came the camping time.
Having planned the camp long, the family finally decided the destination --- the Great National Forest. With food,
necessity and cookers loaded onto the car, the family squeezed into the car. The car door closed, heat was shut outside.
In the car, Jared, Grady's younger brother was playing with a toy dinosaur, making great noise. Grady's mother
talked excitedly with his father. On settling in the car, Grady put on the earphone and turned on the music. He neither
wanted to join his brother nor joined any talk. After what seemed to be hours, the car stopped where they headed. Grady
threw down his backpack and slammed the car door.
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“This will be a lengthy week,“ he said unhappily to no one in particular. He looked around the campground.
Hundreds of tall and green fir trees, some as tall as church towers, covered the mountainside like a green carpet. The
sun would be setting soon. Grady thought maybe the heat wouldn't be unbearable. But actually now in the mountain,
the hot stickiness of July was closely attached to him.
Grady hated camping, but it was something his family stuck to every summer. His father liked cooking over an
open air, telling stories about how to survive things like bear attacks and bites of bees. His mother and Jared liked to
hike and take pictures of animals. Jared had a collection of bug pictures that he had pinned to the walls in his half of
their room. Grady thought they were just scary and proof that Jared was a strange kid.
They set up camp - two tents, one for his parents and one for himself and Jared. While everyone else started
preparing dinner, Grady, looking for some place to cool down, set off for the nearby stream, which was deep enough to
swim in.
注意：
1. 续写词数应为150 左右；
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
As Grady got close to the stream, an adorable bear cub (幼崽)caught his eye.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Turning around, he saw an angry bear moving swiftly towards him.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】As Grady got close to the stream, an adorable bear cub caught his eye. Though Grady didn’t like animals, he
couldn’t resist such a lovely bear cub measuring no more than two feet tall with a cute face. It was playing pretty
joyfully at the edge of the stream. So absorbed was the bear cub in playing that it wasn’t aware that someone was
approaching. Driven by curiosity, Grady walked on tiptoe, moving closer to have a look at it. Suddenly he heard a
sound behind him.
Turning around, he saw an angry bear moving swiftly towards him. Shocked and dumb, Grady was rooted onto the
ground for seconds, and then dashed to their camp desperately, shouting for help in the meantime. Fortunately, Grady’s
father heard the shout in time to come to his assistance. To their surprise, realizing the danger was away, the furry giant
stopped chasing and returned to the stream, picking up her baby, and holding it in arms tightly. In the distance, attracted
by the noise, Jared and his mother were trying to take a photo of the bear cub and its mother.
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【解析】
本文以人物为线索展开，讲述了格雷迪和他的家人每年夏天都去露营。经过长期的营地计划，这家人最终决定
了目的地——大国家森林。格雷迪讨厌野营，帐篷搭好后，当其他人都开始准备晚餐时，格雷迪找了个凉快的
地方，向附近的小溪出发，那里足够深，可以游泳。
1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句内容“格雷迪走近小溪时，一只可爱的小熊引起了他的注意。”可知，第一段可描写格雷迪由于
好奇靠近小熊，突然听到有声音。
②由第二段首句内容“他转过身来，看见一只愤怒的熊迅速向他走来。”可知，第二段可描写格雷迪遇到了一只
愤怒的大熊后逃生的过程以及获得了爸爸的帮助得救后，对大熊抱住孩子的场景的描述。
2.续写线索：无法抗拒小熊——小熊玩得很开心——小熊聚精会神的玩着——被好奇心驱使，Grady 靠近小熊
——大熊愤怒地走来——Grady 惊得哑口无言——绝望地冲到营地——父亲及时赶来帮忙——为大熊抱住孩子
感到惊讶
3.词汇激活
行为类
无法抗拒：couldn’t resist/hard to resist
聚精会神：be absorbed in/devote oneself to
靠近：be close to/approach
冲：rush/dash
赶来帮忙：come to one’s assistance/on one’s way to help
情绪类
高兴地：joyfully/happily/delightedly
绝望地：desperately/in despair
惊讶：to one’s surprise/to one’s amazement
震惊的：shocked/stunned
【点睛】
[高分句型1]
So absorbed was the bear cub in playing that it wasn’t aware that someone was approaching.（so…that…引导结果状语
从句，且so 置于句首，使用了倒装句）
[高分句型2]
Grady was rooted onto the ground for seconds, and then dashed to their camp desperately, shouting for help in the
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meantime.（shouting 为现在分词作伴随状语）
专题13 概要写作
【考纲解读】
考试大纲
要求
考纲解读
选材上，提供一篇
350 词以内的短文，一般
以说明文、议论文和记叙
文为主，要求考生写出一
篇60 词左右的内容概要
（注意：少于40 或多于
80 词扣两分）。
概要写作是一种“阅读+写
作”的复合型任务,测试学生的
阅读理解、概括归纳和书面表达
方面的综合能力。
写的新语篇，既要做到
在结构、衔接和连贯性等方
面与原文保持一致，又要做
到简明扼要、意义完整、结
构严密和语句通顺。
【剖析全国高考真题】
概要写作
【·浙江】读后续写(满分25 分)
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60 词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident
Kids, says, "We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict." By giving
kids a lot of praise, parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact, it may be just the opposite.
Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a
risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.
Still, don't go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging gas giving too much.
Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that you don't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for
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their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If
praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that
deserves a verbal reward." We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to
achieve a goal, "says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really
Matters. "One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters."
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you
should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also
mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But
whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的)to the amount of effort your
child has put into it.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【思路点拨】作为概要写作，要注意每段归纳主题句和关键词，然后通过词汇替换，句式转变等多种方式，
改写要点，要注意一定要用自己的语言，不可以完全照搬照抄。然后，添加衔接词，使得逻辑上要点之间能
够通顺、流畅。最后要注意单词拼写不要出现错误，大小写和标点符号也是关键，还要注意字数的控制，不
要少于40 字或多于80 字。
【参考范文】
Nowadays, parents tend to offer considerate praise to their children, hoping to boost their confidence, but it
may produce the opposite effect. （要点1 ）
However, no praise from parents also does harm to their
self-confidence. （要点2）Therefore, experts claim that sincere praise should be given for the process not for
the result. Meanwhile, kids do deserve praise if they strive to do their duty. （要点3）Anyway, the amount of
praise you have depends on how hard they work. （要点4）
（浙江卷）概要写作
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60 词左右的内容概要。
It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same.
Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus(校园) like visiting and
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seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy
once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying
to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of
your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one.
There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have
visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you live
nearby, go check it out!
If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying
and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule
out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit.
Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It’s a
chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors (顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny!
You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can’t take the
place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an
informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】It’s really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying. Undoubtedly, students
should visit their local colleges, which may be included in applications. At least, they should visit the school and figure
out its real conditions in advance. For students who are short of money and time, registering for the online college fair
is a good alternative to help them better understand schools.
【解析】本文要求阅读短文，根据其内容写一篇60 词左右的内容概要，即用尽可能少的词汇集中展现原材料的
主要思想和观点。这主要是考查学生把握文章主旨大意和段落大意的能力以及总结概括能力，熟练掌握从句、
非谓语动词等语法知识和遣词造句的能力。
1. 要先读懂、读透原作。这是准确再现原文、写好概要的前提。动笔前多读两遍原文，直至弄懂读透。
2. 抓住文中的关键句，确定写作主题。开头It's a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply 点明了本文主
题；But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you
can to make sure you are making the right one. There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area.说明了去大
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学看看的必要性和可行性；If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find
some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend.在时间上提供
了更多选择；if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive.
为不能亲自去大学看的学生提供了另外一种方法。
3.拟好提纲。有了提纲，写概要时就会有章法，也不会遗漏原作中的要点。
4.快速成文，反复推敲。按照文章要求和拟好的提纲一气呵成，写完初稿。
5.对照修改润色，再读原文，查看是否漏掉了重要信息或主要内容。用词是否恰当，可有可无的删掉。注意词
类、时态、语态的适当调整。
【点睛】
范文观点明确，重点突出，语言简练，词数适当。作者在范文中使用了较多高级表达方式，如定语从句which may
be included in applications.和who are short of money and time.动名词registering online 作主语，显示了很高的驾驭
英语的能力。
【精讲研法】
概要写作
一．概要写作的步骤：
（一）细读每段文章，画主题句，圈关键词，辨别主次信息
在阅读原文时，首先找到该段的主题句或中心句，并圈出重点信息词汇，分清主要信息和次要信息，
把修饰成分、细节内容、举例说明等次要信息删掉。
（二）用自己的语言，写出该段要点
概要写作要求学生用自己的语言准确地转述作者的要点，因此，不要整句抄原文，可以采用以下表
达方式：
1.替换法：同义词替换；单词替换短语；短语替换句子等
2.转换法：词性转换；句式转换；语态转换等
3.合并法：把几个信息合并在一个句子中表达；将原文多个简单句整合成一个句子等
（三）选用恰当的衔接词，把每段要点串连成篇
概要写作要求学生有效地使用语句间的连接成分,使所完成的概要逻辑连贯，衔接自然，结构紧凑。
常用的衔接词有：
表递进关系
besides,
moreover,
furthermore , in addition,
what’s more,
what’s worse, worse still
表因果关系
therefore,
thus , consequently, due to，owing to，thanks to
表转折关系
however, otherwise, anyway/ anyhow, although，even though
表对比关系
similarly,
instead,
on the contrary,
on the other hand
表时间顺序关系
eventually,
finally,
gradually
,
immediately
，afterwards,
meanwhile/ meantime,
in the meanwhile/meantime
表总结关系
in a word,
in short,
in conclusion,
in brief,
in
summary,
in general,
to sum up,
on the whole
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表情感关系
luckily, unfortunately, to one’s great joy/satisfaction/surprise
二．概要写作的注意事项：
（一）准确性：对原文信息理解准确，不能乱写
（二）完整性：概要是原文的浓缩，涵盖全部要点，不能遗漏
（三）概括性：语言精练，概括要点，不能超字数
（四）客观性：忠于原文，不能加自己的观点（以“第三人称”或“无人称”来概括）
【变式演练】
1．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60 词左右的内容概要。
It is important that you teach your baby to read at an early age. Why? Obviously, being able to read is the basis for
any successful education, so the earlier they start, the better. All too often, parents leave educating their children up to
schools, which probably explains why the United States is currently ranked 18th in its rate of reading and writing.
Teaching your baby to read provides brain exercise and it has also been shown to increase the baby’s IQ because
there is simply no better time in a person’s life for learning than when they are babies. During this time, their brains are
developing rapidly. The sooner they begin to read, the sooner they can begin to learn other subjects. This way, by the
time your children begin school, they will already know what’s being taught, and will be put on the fast track. Maybe
they will even skip a grade down the road. One of the cases was 17-month-old Elizabeth Barrett who drew public’s
attention. She was given a series of words and even sentences that she could read quite well. Her parents had been
reading to her since she was born and had provided her with a very early education.
Reading is the most important thing to teach babies at a young age. It doesn’t have to be stressful or difficult for
your child. Learning can be fun at such an early age, and it can be accomplished so easily that they won’t have to
struggle in order to learn.
If you’re interested in teaching your baby to read，the best way to start is by spending just a few minutes every day.
Flash cards are a helpful tool. Simply show your baby matching picture on the opposite side. There are also videos that
help to teach babies to read. There is no better time to teach your baby to read than the present.
【答案】Teaching your baby to read as young as possible is crucial owing to the necessity of obtaining good education.
(要点一) It needs starting as soon as possible because babies’ intelligence will be improved when their brains develop
fast. (要点二)Important as it is, relaxation and easiness could be brought into the learning process. (要点三)Therefore,
for people keen on teaching babies to read, it is high time to begin with sparing some time regularly with effective
teaching materials. (要点四)
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，为了获得良好的教育，让你的孩子从小就学会阅读是非常重要的。这需要尽
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快开始，因为婴儿的智力会随着大脑的快速发展而提高。重要的是，放松和轻松可以被带入学习过程。因此，
对于那些热衷于教宝宝阅读的人来说，现在应该从定期抽出一些时间来阅读有效的教材开始。
1.要点摘录
①It is important that you teach your baby to read at an early age. Why? Obviously, being able to read is the basis for
any successful education, so the earlier they start, the better.
②Teaching your baby to read provides brain exercise and it has also been shown to increase the baby’s IQ because
there is simply no better time in a person’s life for learning than when they are babies.
③Learning can be fun at such an early age, and it can be accomplished so easily that they won’t have to struggle in
order to learn.
④If you’re interested in teaching your baby to read，the best way to start is by spending just a few minutes every day.
⑤There is no better time to teach your baby to read than the present.
2.缜密构思
要点二和要点三之间形成因果关系，整合四、五要点
3.遣词造句
①Teaching your baby to read as young as possible is crucial owing to the necessity of obtaining good education.
②It needs starting as soon as possible because babies’ intelligence will be improved when their brains develop fast.
③Important as it is, relaxation and easiness could be brought into the learning process.
④Therefore, for people keen on teaching babies to read, it is high time to begin with sparing some time regularly with
effective teaching materials.
【点睛】
[高分句型1]
Teaching your baby to read as young as possible is crucial owing to the necessity of obtaining good education.
（teaching 为动名词作主语，用一个简单句总结了原文第一段的内容）
[高分句型2]
Important as it is, relaxation and easiness could be brought into the learning process.（用as 引导让步状语从句，总结
文章第三段的内容）
2．阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60 词左右的内容概要。
Parents always want the best for their children and giving them; the best education is always on top of the list. But
if you think education is all they need, maybe you should think twice. Sure, you learn a lot of things in school, but there
are important lessons and skills you will need in life that one can only learn at home. Therefore, teaching the children to
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do household chores is very helpful in their growth. Most families nowadays hire housemaids to do the chores, so
children don’t get to experience doing it anymore. But studies argue that it’s still necessary to let children do them.
Helping at home can be a training place for your children to whatever responsibilities they may have in the future.
By doing so, they can learn what might be of their advantage when they grow up. “Performing chores offers kids a
feeling of self-sufficiency, helps them develop a work ethic, is tied to academic success in school, makes them feel
useful and teaches them the importance of helping others and contributing to the greater good.”
Although, most parents can also argue that it is not easy to force their children to do chores. It is a nature for the
children to refuse to do chores when they are told to. But there are ways that can turn household chores into a more
likely activity for the children. First, start them young. This doesn’t mean that you let your children do huge tasks at an
early age. You can gradually increase the level of tasks as they grow old but never ever push them too hard. Second,
appreciate every little achievement. Praise them or give them something. Children love rewards and it drives them to do
better.
Most importantly, let them know that asking them to help-out is not a punishment. Chores should never be used as
a punishment. They might get done in the short term, but the effects won’t last. This approach does not give the child
the feeling of doing something because it is the right thing to do. It only makes them hate chores and hoping out even
more. Chores should be used as a sense of purpose. Explain to them that it is for their benefit and everything they learn
from it is for their advantage.
【答案】Teaching children to do household chores is very helpful in their growth, which can make home a training
place for your children to whatever responsibilities they may have in the future. Although it’s hard to force children to
do chores, there are ways that can turn household chores into a more likely activity for the children. But most
importantly, chores should be used as a sense of purpose instead of a punishment.
【解析】
本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了让孩子学做家务对于孩子成长的重要性，它可以培养孩子的责任心，同时，
要运用合理的方式鼓励孩子学做家务，而不是将做家务作为惩罚，要让做家务成为一种使命感。
1.要点摘录
①Therefore, teaching the children to do household chores is very helpful in their growth.
②Helping at home can be a training place for your children to whatever responsibilities they may have in the future.
③Although, most parents can also argue that it is not easy to force their children to do chores.
④But there are ways that can turn household chores into a more likely activity for the children.
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⑤Most importantly, let them know that asking them to help-out is not a punishment.
⑥Chores should be used as a sense of purpose.
2.缜密构思
将第①、②两个要点进行整合；将第③、④两个要点进行整合；将第⑤、⑥两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Teaching children to do household chores is very helpful in their growth, which can make home a training place for
your children to whatever responsibilities they may have in the future.
Although it’s hard to force children to do chores, there are ways that can turn household chores into a more likely
activity for the children.
But most importantly, chores should be used as a sense of purpose instead of a punishment.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Teaching children to do household chores is very helpful in their growth, which can make home a training
place for your children to whatever responsibilities they may have in the future.运用一个复杂的主从复合句对原文第
一段和第二段进行了概括。其中which 引导的非限制性定语从句等表达高级。
[高分句型2]：Although it’s hard to force children to do chores, there are ways that can turn household chores into a
more likely activity for the children. 用although 引导让步状语从句对第三段进行了概括，且句中“that”引导定语从
句修饰先行词“ways”，表达非常高级。
3．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more
than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
What Is Zero Waste?
The goal of the “zero waste” movement is to get rid of all waste from products. “Zero waste” means using every
part of a product. Today, the zero waste idea can be found everywhere from food to fashion.
Creating a zero waste restaurant is a challenge. It is very difficult to use every part of produce and leave nothing
behind. Creating a soup from unused ingredients is a popular way to use up extra food items. Other ways are more
advanced. Some restaurants use coffee grounds（咖啡渣）to flavor dishes. Some cooks also crush shrimp shells and
reuse them in sauces. While it’s challenging, zero waste restaurants appear to be on the rise.
In the fashion industry, zero waste isn’t a new idea. But in today’s world of fast fashion, zero waste is growing
more popular. Usually, cutting cloth creates lots of waste. In zero waste fashion, designers try to avoid this. One way to
do so is by adding these extra pieces of cloth to the final design. Another way is to design clothing without wasteful
cuts.
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Beyond restaurants and fashion, there are many other possibilities for zero waste products. All restaurants need
utensils（器皿）. Bakey’s is a company that is developing edible（可食用的）utensils. After using them, you can eat them!
Their spoons are made of flour and come in all kinds of flavors. While these spoons are not hard enough to cut meat,
they are perfect for rice dishes. Meanwhile, Air New Zealand is experimenting with edible coffee cups that are made by
the company Twice. They have already introduced a line of flavored cups. After you finish your coffee, you eat the cup,
just like a cookie!
Whether products are made to be edible or reusable, hopefully the movement will help reduce waste all over the
world.
【答案】Zero waste means eliminating all the wastes from a product and the movement is gaining popularity. Some
restaurants are using creative ways to use unused ingredients or food leftovers. Fashion designers either avoid
unnecessarily cutting cloth or finding new uses for extra cuts. Besides, Many companies are creating edible products
especially utensils. Hopefully, zero waste campaign can help reduce waste worldwide.
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了什么是零浪费。零浪费意味着从一个产品中消除所有的浪费，这个运动越来越
流行。一些餐馆正在创造性地使用未使用的配料或食物残羹剩饭。时装设计师要么避免不必要的裁剪布料，要
么寻找额外布料的新用途。此外，许多公司正在创造食用产品，特别是餐具。希望零浪费运动可以帮助减少全
球的废物。
1 要点摘录
1）“Zero waste” means using every part of a product. Today, the zero waste idea can be found everywhere from food to
fashion.
2）Some restaurants use coffee grounds（咖啡渣）to flavor dishes. Some cooks also crush shrimp shells and reuse them
in sauces. While it’s challenging, zero waste restaurants appear to be on the rise.
3）One way to do so is by adding these extra pieces of cloth to the final design. Another way is to design clothing
without wasteful cuts.
4）Beyond restaurants and fashion, there are many other possibilities for zero waste products.
5）Whether products are made to be edible or reusable, hopefully the movement will help reduce waste all over the
world.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2、3、4、5 五个要点分别概括。
3.遣词造句
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Zero waste means eliminating all the wastes from a product and the movement is gaining popularity.
Some restaurants are using creative ways to use unused ingredients or food leftovers.
Fashion designers either avoid unnecessarily cutting cloth or finding new uses for extra cuts. Besides, Many companies
are creating edible products especially utensils.
Hopefully, zero waste campaign can help reduce waste worldwide.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Some restaurants are using creative ways to use unused ingredients or food leftovers.运用动词不定式作
定语修饰way，对第二段进行概括。
[高分句型2]：Fashion designers either avoid unnecessarily cutting cloth or finding new uses for extra cuts.用avoid 加
动名词作宾语，用either …or 连接并列成分，对第三段进行概括，表达非常高级。
4．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more
than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
If you’re like most of the world, you make time for following friends on social media. That is not a bad thing at all.
Positive posting and communication can help improve your confidence and sense of connection to others. It can be
surprisingly easy, though, to unconsciously slip into less healthful behavior on social media, and that can lead to
anxiety and depression. New research has identified which habits can lead to troubles.
Do you feel jealous every time you read on social media about your cousin’s beautiful new home or you boss’
exciting European vacation？“Surveillance” of those you know in order to get an inside look of their material success
is a potentially destructive behavior, according to researchers at the University of Missouri. Measuring material or
lifestyle achievements of someone you know can lead to negative feelings, and can easily lead you to create tension in a
relationship where there was none.
A second study by the University of Missouri found that people who post often- about anything and everything
they are doing- experience more troubles in their marriages and romantic relationships than those who don’t post about
their lives in detail. Another study by researchers at Boston University also found that heavy social media users are
32% more likely to think about leaving their husbands or wives.
This is most likely because over-sharing your life with others by direct messaging and posting images can create
relationship conflict. Not only are you potentially developing bonds with new people, but also that bonding may deepen
and affect your own relationship, according to the study of a doctoral student, Russell Clayton.
【答案】It’s normal to follow others on social media. Positive behaviors on it help improve your confidence and sense
of connection to others while inappropriate behaviors may make you feel anxious and depressed. Reading too much of
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others’ material success may cause negative feelings and over-sharing your life with others may also create relationship
conflicts.
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，在社交媒体上关注别人很正常。积极的行为有助于提高你的信心和与他人的
联系，而不恰当的行为会让你感到焦虑和抑郁。过多地阅读别人的物质成就可能会导致消极的感觉，过多地与
他人分享你的生活也可能会造成关系冲突。
1.要点摘录
①If you’re like most of the world, you make time for following friends on social media. That is not a bad thing at all.
②Positive posting and communication can help improve your confidence and sense of connection to others. It can be
surprisingly easy, though, to unconsciously slip into less healthful behavior on social media, and that can lead to
anxiety and depression.
③Measuring material or lifestyle achievements of someone you know can lead to negative feelings, and can easily lead
you to create tension in a relationship where there was none. This is most likely because over-sharing your life with
others by direct messaging and posting images can create relationship conflict.
2.缜密构思将第1 个要点进行总说，将第2、3 两个要点进行分说。
3.遣词造句
It’s normal to follow others on social media.
Positive behaviors on it help improve your confidence and sense of connection to others while inappropriate behaviors
ma make you feel anxious and depressed.
Reading too much of others’ material success may cause negative feelings and over-sharing your life with others may
also create relationship conflicts.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] Positive behaviors on it help improve your confidence and sense of connection to others while
inappropriate behaviors ma make you feel anxious and depressed.运用while 连接并列句，表示前后的对比，对原文
第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2] Reading too much of others’ material success may cause negative feelings and over-sharing your life with
others may also create relationship conflicts.运用了动名词短语作主语，对第二段和第四段进行了概括。
5．Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more
than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Solving the Problem of E-Waste
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One of the problems damaging our planet is the number of things we throw away. A more recent addition to the list
of things we chuck away is e-waste - electronic items that are broken and not recycled.
Tonnes of televisions, phones, and other electronic equipment are discarded chiefly because we lack the skills to
repair them. Fortunately, now solutions are being found to give e-waste a new life.
There's a growing trend for repair events and clubs which could be part of a solution to the growing amount of
electrical and electronic junk. A Restart Project in London, is one that many found around the world. One of its
volunteers, Francesco Calo, said that "this project allows you to reduce waste, extend the life of objects, and it helps
people who cannot afford to get rid of items that have developed a fault.
As many electrical items contain valuable metals, another idea is e-waste mining. An experiment at the University
of New South Wales involves extracting these materials from electronic appliances. It's thought that doing this could be
more profitable than traditional mining.
These projects make total sense --- collections of e-waste for recycling are depressing or even decreasing"
according to Ruediger Kuehr, of the United Nations University. And in countries where there is no laws, much of it just
gets dumped. However, the European Union, for example, is trying to tackle the problem by insisting manufacturers
have to make appliances longer-lasting and will have to supply spare parts for machines for up to 10 years.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】One of the problems destroying our planet is the stuff we throw away, especially broken and not recycled
electronic items.
Fortunately, people are finding solutions to give e-waste a new life. Repair events as well as club
could be of help, and e-waste mining is also a new way to deal with the problem of e-waste. Besides, there are even
laws insisting manufacturers make appliances longer-lasting in some countries.
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，破坏人类地球环境的问题之一是我们扔掉的东西太多了。近年来，在我们扔
掉的东西清单上又增加了一项——坏了、无法回收的电子产品。本文介绍一些用来处理电子垃圾问题的新方法。
1 要点摘录
①One of the problems damaging our planet is the number of things we throw away..
②now solutions are being found to give e-waste a new life.
③There's a growing trend for repair events and clubs which could be part of a solution to the growing amount of
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electrical and electronic junk.
④As many electrical items contain valuable metals, another idea is e-waste mining.
⑤the European Union, for example, is trying to tackle the problem by insisting manufacturers have to make appliances
longer-lasting
2.缜密构思将第1、3 两个要点进行重组，将第2、3 两个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
One of the problems destroying our planet is the stuff we throw away, especially broken and not recycled electronic
items.
Fortunately, People are finding solutions to give e-waste a new life.
Repair events as well as club could be of help, and e-waste mining is also a new ways to deal with the problem of
e-waste.
Besides, there are even laws insisting manufacturers make appliances longer-lasting in some countries.
【点睛】
[高分句型1] One of the problems destroying our planet is the stuff we throw away, especially broken and not recycled
electronic items. 运用一个定语从句对原文第一段进行了概括。
[高分句型2]：Repair events as well as club could be of help, and e-waste mining is also a new way to deal with the
problem of e-waste. 用并列句对三四段内容进行概括。
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2、2022 年8 月份到2023 年6 月份高三各地名校卷、各地联考卷、一二模模拟
卷
3、2023 年8 月份到2024 年6 月份高三各地名校卷、各地联考卷、一二模模拟
卷（2023 年8 月开始，每天实时更新）
4、各科知识点总结、笔记、答题模板、全套专题讲义训练、复习讲义、专属
精品内部资料等等
进群费用：目前进群仅需49 元（原价99 元，每天前5 名，享受49 元优惠价）
时间期限：资料持续更新到2024 年6 月高考结束，资料截止更新
2024 高二VIP 资料
资料提供形式：QQ 群+网盘群（两个群一起，QQ 群实时更新，网盘群分类汇总）
资料包含内容：
1、2023 年9 月到2024 年7 月底各地高二月考卷、期中期末卷、联考卷等等
2、2022 年9 月到2023 年7 月底各地高二月考卷、期中期末卷、联考卷等等
3、2021 年9 月到2022 年7 月底各地高二月考卷、期中期末卷、联考卷等等
4、各科知识点总结、笔记、答题模板、全套专题讲义训练、复习讲义、专属精
品内部资料等等
进群费用：目前进群仅需49 元（原价99 元，每天前5 名，享受49 元优惠价）
时间期限：资料持续更新到2024 年7 月底结束，资料截止更新
2024 高一VIP 资料
资料提供形式：QQ 群+网盘群（两个群一起，QQ 群实时更新，网盘群分类汇总）
资料包含内容：
1、2023 年9 月到2024 年7 月底各地高一月考卷、期中期末卷、联考卷等等
2、2022 年9 月到2023 年7 月底各地高一月考卷、期中期末卷、联考卷等等
3、2021 年9 月到2022 年7 月底各地高一月考卷、期中期末卷、联考卷等等
4、各科知识点总结、笔记、答题模板、全套专题讲义训练、复习讲义、专属精品内部资料等等
进群费用：目前进群仅需49 元（原价99 元，每天前5 名，享受49 元优惠价）
时间期限：资料持续更新到2024 年7 月底结束，资料截止更新