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文体分类练(四) 说明文之发明创新类
(限时:25 分钟)
Passage 1
(2023 福建福州二模)
Someday,you may no longer need to brush your teeth by hand.Instead,a group of billions
of nanoparticles (纳米粒子) could automatically do all that work for you.It would be
especially life-changing for people who find it difficult or impossible to hold and move a
toothbrush.
Steager,an engineer at the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) in Philadelphia and Hyun
Koo,an inventor and dental researcher there,found a way to form the nanoparticles into
long,skinny bristles (刷毛),a lot like the ones on a toothbrush.But these bristles shape-shift to
fit whatever surface they encounter.
The tooth-cleaning robot works thanks to two magnets (磁铁).One goes each side of the
teeth.The nanoparticles sit in a liquid between the magnets.When the magnets are turned
off,the nanoparticles move randomly in the liquid.As soon as one magnet gets turned on,the
nanoparticles gather together near its center.When the researchers turn on the other magnet
and turn off the first one,the nanoparticles extend outward in long,skinny bristles.When
there’s a tooth in the way,these bristles can’t stretch out as far as they want.So they push
against the tooth’s surface.If there’s a gap between teeth,they push into the gap.Moving the
magnets makes the bristles move against and between teeth.All that motion cleans the
teeth.As a bonus,the nanoparticles also have strong power to kill viruses.
The new device is just a proof of concept.The researchers still need to turn it into a
product that people will want to use.“There’s a lot of engineering to get from here to there,but
every good idea needs to have a start,” says Steager.
1.What is special about the tooth cleaner?
A.It’s water-proof.
B.It’s transformable.
C.It looks like a toothbrush.
D.It contains skinny bristles.
2.What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A.The working principle.
B.The magnets’ motion.
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C.The virus-killing process.
D.The bristles’ formation.
3.How does Steager feel about the future of the device?
A.Uncertain.
B.Confident.
C.Concerned.
D.Surprised.
4.Which of the following would be the best title?
A.A Tooth-Cleaner Fighting Bacteria
B.A Breakthrough in Medicine
C.A Shape-Shifting Robotic Tooth-Cleaner
D.A New Concept for a New Start
Passage 2
(2023 山东济南一模)
There is nothing quite like enjoying the sights,sounds and culture of a city while tasting
a cup of coffee outdoors.But it is not that enjoyable when heat waves sweep the city.An
outdoor cooling system produced by Kinonko,an Israeli (以色列的) company,began to be
tested in Tel Aviv.The sweltering city is a perfect place to try the new technology.
With global warming heating up the temperature,it will soon be too hot to sit outside in
cafes.While outdoor cooling systems have existed for a while,most of them use some sort of
water or misting system to cool the air around them,consuming too much water and
power.After two years of development,the perfect solution to the problem was found.“We
have invented a new generation of air conditioner,” Kinonko CEO Leizer said.
As Leizer introduced,the energy is from the pressure created between liquid nitrogen
(氮) and gas nitrogen.When liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees turns into gas,it produces a very
strong pressure and the pressure is used to run a mechanical engine.It is that mechanical
engine that slowly releases freezing nitrogen gas to cool down the air around it.
The technology is unique and amazing.Beyond the coolness of the concept,it also has
other advantages.The work unit doesn’t need to be power-driven,and doesn’t blow out
harmful warm air as it works.As for the potential price,it will probably be no more expensive
than any other air conditioner.In addition,the liquid nitrogen container will need to be
replaced every seven to ten days,depending on usage.This makes it an affordable option for
all sorts of businesses.The cooling system is expected to be on the market in 2024.
5.What does the underlined word “sweltering” mean in paragraph 1?
A.Warm.
B.Dry.
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C.Hot.
D.Freezing.
6.What problem does the existing outdoor cooling systems have?
A.They are wasteful.
B.They overheat easily.
C.They often break down.
D.They are slow to cool the air.
7.What does paragraph 3 mainly explain?
A.What powers the engine.
B.What turns liquid into gas.
C.How the pressure is formed.
D.How the new system works.
8.What is the purpose of this text?
A.To promote a company.
B.To settle an energy crisis.
C.To introduce a technology.
D.To market a misting system.
Passage 3
(2023 安徽马鞍山二模)
To give grasshoppers(蚱蜢) some credit—jumping across yards and between branches
takes a lot more expertise than it might appear.There are incredibly tiny factors to
consider,such as the resistance in launch surface,as well as desired distance,speed,and
landing.
Most jumping robots can’t compete with the insect,as their jumps are limited to starting
atop extremely rigid surfaces.But a new bouncing robot developed by researchers in Carnegie
Mellon’s College of Engineering is crossing those barriers,and showing promise for how
autonomous devices could operate in the future.
A team of scientists led by professor of mechanical engineering Sarah Bergbreiter
recently optimized a robot’s latch mechanisms (弹簧机制) used to boost it
upward.Previously,these latches were primarily thought of as simple on/off switches that
enabled the release of stored energy.However,Bergbreiter and her team employed
mathematical modeling to illustrate that these latches both were capable of controlling energy
output,as well as controlling the transfer (传递) of energy between the jumper and the launch
surface.
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To test their work,the team positioned a small jumping robot atop a tree branch and
recorded the precise energy transfers in its jumps’ first moments.“We found that the latch can
not only mediate(调节) energy output but can also mediate energy transfer between the
jumper and the environment that it is jumping from,” said Bergbreiter.
Now that researchers better understand the interactions at play in the opening moments
of jumping,they can now begin working on ways to integrate this into future robotic
designs.“It has been nearly impossible to design controlled insect-sized robots because they
are launched in just milliseconds,”explained Bergbreiter.“Now,we have more control over
whether our robots are jumping up one foot or three.It’s really fascinating that the latch—
something that we already need in our robots—can be used to control outputs that we
couldn’t have controlled before.”
9.What does the author want to show about the new robot by mentioning grasshoppers?
A.It comes with technical difficulties.
B.It can beat the insect easily.
C.It is the first one designed for jumping.
D.It is shaped like the tiny creature.
10.What advantage do latches designed by Bergbreiter have over the traditional ones?
A.They are better positioned in robots.
B.They help release more energy at a time.
C.They work in extreme environments.
D.They have more than a single function.
11.What does Bergbreiter think of their work?
A.It has changed their research direction.
B.It inspires new applications of robots.
C.It brings them a sense of achievement.
D.It will make robots smaller and lighter.
12.What is the text mainly about?
A.A new model for future robots.
B.A step forward in robot design.
C.Jumping robots inspired by grasshoppers.
D.Efforts to develop insect-sized robots.
答案：
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文体分类练(四) 说明文之发明创新类
Passage 1
[语篇解读]本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了一款纳米材料的机器人洁牙器。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“But these bristles shape-shift to fit whatever
surface they encounter.”可知,这个洁牙产品能根据口腔内状况而变形。故选B 项。
2.A 主旨大意题。根据第三段可知,第三段陈述的是这款清洁牙齿的机器人的工作原
理。
3.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,Steager 认为这个清洁牙齿的设备从概念到产品,
还需要很多工程,但是不失为一个好的想法,故Steager 对这款产品很自信。
4.C 主旨大意题。通读全文,尤其是第一段以及第二段最后一句“But these bristles
shape-shift to fit whatever surface they encounter.”可知,文章主要介绍了一款纳米材料的
洁牙器,在口腔中会根据具体状况变化形状。C 项“A Shape-Shifting Robotic Tooth-
Cleaner (一种可以变形的机器人洁牙器)”作标题比较贴切。
Passage 2
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了开始进入测试阶段的一种室外冷却系统,这
项新技术有望在2024 年投入市场,使人们在炎热的天气下,能够重享在室外喝咖啡的快
乐。
5.C 词义猜测题。根据第一段中“But it is not that enjoyable when heat waves sweep the
city.”可知,这座城市是非常闷热的。由此可知,“The sweltering city”指的是这座闷热的城
市,画线词sweltering 意为“闷热的”。
6.A 细节理解题。根据第二段中“While outdoor cooling systems have existed for a
while,most of them use some sort of water or misting system to cool the air around
them,consuming too much water and power.”可知,现在的室外冷却系统消耗过多的水和电
力,是比较浪费的。
7.D 主旨大意题。根据第三段中“When liquid nitrogen at -196 degrees turns into gas,it
produces a very strong pressure and the pressure is used to run a mechanical engine.It is that
mechanical engine that slowly releases freezing nitrogen gas to cool down the air around it.”
可知,该段主要描述了这种新的冷却系统是如何工作的。
8.C 推理判断题。根据第一段中“An outdoor cooling system produced by Kinonko,an
Israeli company,began to be tested in Tel Aviv.”和最后一段中“The technology is unique
and amazing.”及“The cooling system is expected to be on the market in 2024.”可推知,本文
的主要目的是向人们介绍一种新的室外冷却技术。
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Passage 3
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科研团队通过优化机器人的弹簧机制,
使机器人的弹跳能力获得极大的改良。
9.A 推理判断题。根据第一段中“There are incredibly tiny factors to consider,such as
the resistance in launch surface,as well as desired distance,speed,and landing.”及第二段可知,
大多数弹跳机器人在弹跳能力上都无法与蚱蜢匹敌,但新型弹跳机器人正在克服这些障
碍,提高弹跳能力,故作者提及蚱蜢卓越的弹跳力是为了展示新型弹跳机器人想要获得类
似的弹跳能力需要克服重重技术难关。
10.D 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Previously,these latches were primarily thought of as
simple on/off switches that enabled the release of stored energy.However,Bergbreiter and her
team employed mathematical modeling to illustrate that these latches both were capable of
controlling energy output,as well as controlling the transfer of energy between the jumper and
the launch surface.”可知,和之前的弹簧机制比较,Bergbreiter 的团队设计的弹簧功能更多。
11.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Now,we have more control over whether our
robots are jumping up one foot or three.It’s really fascinating that the latch—something that
we already need in our robots—can be used to control outputs that we couldn’t have
controlled before.”可知,Bergbreiter 认为他们的工作取得了重大的突破,给他们带来了成
就感。
12.B 主旨大意题。根据第二段中“But a new bouncing robot developed by researchers
in Carnegie Mellon’s College of Engineering is crossing those barriers,and showing promise
for how autonomous devices could operate in the future.”及第三段中“A team of scientists
led by professor of mechanical engineering Sarah Bergbreiter recently optimized a robot’s
latch mechanisms used to boost it upward.”并结合下文弹簧机制优化后的成效可知,本文
主要介绍了通过优化机器人的弹簧机制,机器人设计向前迈进了一步。
词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)automatically adv.自动地
2.(Passage 1)extend v.延伸
3.(Passage 1)stretch out 伸展
4.(Passage 2)sweep vt.席卷
5.(Passage 2)consume vt.消耗
6.(Passage 2)advantage n.优势
7.(Passage 2)option n.选择
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8.(Passage 2)as for 关于,置于
9.(Passage 3)boost vt.推动
10.(Passage 3)be capable of 有能力
熟词生义:
1.(Passage 2)run vt.操作;使运转
2.(Passage 3)position vt.放置
长难句分析:
(Passage 1)When there’s a tooth in the way,these bristles can’t stretch out as far as they want.
分析:本句为复合句。When there’s a tooth in the way 为when 引导的时间状语从句,as far
as they want 为比较状语从句。
句意:当有一颗牙齿挡道时,这些刷毛就不能像它们想要的那样伸展。
