高考二轮总复习英语学案-274页_初高中资料库_高中资料库（转存避免链接过期失效）_高中英语

1
高考二轮总复习英语学案
专题一阅读理解...................................................................................................................................................3
考点1
细节理解题.......................................................................................................................................4
考点2
推理判断题.................................................................................................................................... 18
考点3
主旨大意题.................................................................................................................................... 34
专题二七选五阅读.............................................................................................................................................67
专题三完形填空.................................................................................................................................................84
文体1
记叙文............................................................................................................................................ 86
文体2
夹叙夹议文.................................................................................................................................. 129
文体3
议论文和说明文.......................................................................................................................... 149
专题四语法填空与短文改错.......................................................................................................................... 170
重点一
动词形式最常考，“谓”与“非谓”要辨清....................................................................................171
重点二
词性转换、比较等级和名词的数............................................................................................. 184
重点三
小词不可忽视——冠词、介词、数词和代词......................................................................... 191
重点四
经常考查的并列句和三大从句................................................................................................. 196
重点五
增分书面表达的特殊句式......................................................................................................... 203
专题五书面表达.............................................................................................................................................. 233
第1 讲
满分作文的3 大技巧.................................................................................................................234
第2 讲
书信邮件最常考，目的明确会套语.........................................................................................239
第3 讲
通知、留言、演讲稿，措辞得体突重点.................................................................................251
第4 讲
记叙说明和议论，文体有别知方法........................................................................................255
考前回顾·完胜高考...........................................................................................................................................259
◆动词过去式、过去分词的变化规则..................................................................................................... 259
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◆易错词形，精准拼写............................................................................................................................. 260
◆核心短语，盯住“小词”..........................................................................................................................260
◆熟词生义，发散思维............................................................................................................................. 261
◆可数名词复数形式的变化规则............................................................................................................. 261
◆易错词形，精准拼写............................................................................................................................. 262
◆熟词生义，发散思维............................................................................................................................. 263
◆常考不规则动词表(1)............................................................................................................................. 264
◆常考不规则动词表(2)............................................................................................................................. 266
◆常考不规则动词表(3)............................................................................................................................. 268
◆常考不规则动词表(4)............................................................................................................................. 270
◆常考不规则动词表(5)............................................................................................................................. 272
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题型突破·专项提升
专题一阅读理解
试
卷
年份
体裁
考查类型
高考命题者说
细节
理解
推理
判断
主旨
大意
词句
猜测
全
国
卷
Ⅰ
2019
年
应用文；记叙文；
说明文；议论文
7
5
2
1
1.体裁特点：考查全
面，体裁以应用文、记
叙文、说明文和议论文
居多。
2.题型特点：题型以细
节理解和推理判断为
主，主旨大意和词句猜
测为辅。
3.素养考查：以社会文
化、学校生活、个人经
历、人物介绍、艺术文
化、科技发明为主，与
当代社会生活紧密相
关，既借鉴了英国国家
文化、科技中积极励志
的元素，也兼顾了中国
优秀传统文化元素。
4.命题趋势：总体稳
定，稳中求变；题材各
异，体裁多样；角度趋
稳，设问科学。
2018
年
应用文；说明文；
说明文；说明文
7
5
2
1
2017
年
应用文；记叙文；
说明文；说明文
7
5
1
2
全
国
卷
Ⅱ
2019
年
应用文；夹叙夹议
文；说明文；说明
文
8
4
2
1
2018
年
应用文；说明文；
议论文；说明文
9
3
2
1
2017
年
应用文；记叙文；
说明文；说明文
7
4
2
2
全
国
卷
Ⅲ
2019
年
应用文；议论文；
记叙文；说明文
10
3
1
1
2018
年
应用文；说明文；
新闻报道；议论文
8
4
2
1
2017
年
应用文：记叙文；
议论文；说明文
8
4
2
1
要想顺利解答高考英语阅读理解，考生必须具备《高中英语新课程标准》规定要达到的词汇量和固定短语量，熟
悉语法结构，拓宽知识面，熟悉各种题材和体裁的文章，提高阅读速度，提高通过阅读获取信息的能力。此外，在复
习中，还应该注意以下几点：
一、速读全文，了解大意知主题
阅读的目的是获取信息。阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。高考要求的阅读速度大约是每分钟60
个词。考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词(key words)、主题句(topic
sentence)，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质，掌握文章大意。阅读时读者没
有必要研读全文，速读的诀窍在于浏览文章的内容提要、前言、标题、副标题、插图、表格、开头和结尾等部分，这
样就可以把握文章大意了。许多文章在第一段提出问题，在中间段落进行分析、例证，最后一段是归纳结论。抓主题
句是快速掌握文章大意的主要方法。
二、详读细节，理顺思路与脉络
文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为
线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；议论文则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。
你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，
勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。
三、抓住主干，化解难句捕信息
要实现快速、准确地理解文章大意，就要学会抓句子的关键成分，即句子的主干成分，如主语、谓语和宾语，因
为它们是传达信息的主要载体，其他成分，不论它有多么长，多么复杂，都是辅助成分。要说明的核心问题是，我们
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阅读英语文章时，一定要有一个全局观念，从宏观上来把握文章，做到了这一点，我们面对各类文章的各类题型都能
够从容应对。
比如：Another element in the emergence of prodigies(神童)，I found，is a society that values excellence in a certain
field and is able nurture talent.只要我们抓住了“Another element is society.”就可以得知，社会是神童出现的一个因素。
四、熟知技巧，轻松应考走捷径
分析历届阅读理解题，可以发现命题者命制的考点是有一定规律的，且考点规律常与某种题型(主旨归纳题、细节
理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题)相对应。如果考生掌握了这些规律，就能在第一遍快速阅读短文时，敏锐地捕捉到
考点并能预测可能会出的题型。下面，将这些考点的规律及对应题型归纳如下：
考点规律(1) 举例子、打比喻处常考
为了使自己的观点更明确、更有说服力，作者经常用具体的事例打比方，句中常由as，such as，for example，for
instance 等引导的短语或句子作为举例，这些例句或比喻成为命题者提问的焦点。考生需注意的是例子或比喻一般是
和文章或段落中心紧密相关的，常以“细节事实型”题型和“推断型”题型出现，但倾向于“推断型”题型。
考点规律(2) 引用人物论断处常考
作者为了正确表达出自己的观点或使论点更有依据，常常引用某名人的论断或重要发现等。命题者常在此处设问，
多以“推理型”题为主，有时也会设置“细节事实性”题型。
考点规律(3) 转折处与对比处常考
一般而言，转折后的内容常常是语义的重点，命题者常对转折处的内容进行提问。转折一般通过however，but，
yet，in fact 等词或短语来引导。对比常由unlike，until，not so much...as 等词或短语引导。命题者常对用来对比的双
方的属性进行考查。比如文章中说甲具有X 属性，但乙与甲不同，问：乙有何属性？答：非X 属性。此类考点常出现
在逻辑推理型题中，少数出现于其他题型中。
考点规律(4) 复杂句式处常考
复杂句常是命题者出题之处，包括同位语、插入语、定语、长句后半句，以及从句、不定式、副词等。命题者主
要考查考生对句子间的指代关系、对文章段落间的逻辑关系的理解，常以逻辑推理题型出现，包括少量其他题型。
考点规律(5) 因果句处常考
命题者常以文中的因果句命制一些考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系的试题，或出些概括文意、段意的试题。一
般以“推理型”题型和“主旨大意型”题型出现，兼顾少量其他题型。表示因果关系的词有：because，since，for，
as，therefore，consequently，result in，originate from 等。
考点规律(6) 特殊标点符号处常考
由于特殊标点符号后的内容是对前面内容的进一步解释和说明，因此命题者常以标点符号后的内容进行提问。具
体来说，特殊标点符号包括：①破折号(表解释)；②括号(表解释)；③冒号(表解释)；④引号(表引用)。题型一般有推
理判断题、主旨大意题、细节理解题等。
考点规律(7) 段首、段尾句处常考
在文章中首段首句或末段末句往往是文章中心思想的表达处；有时某一段的段首、段尾句是该段的主题句。因此，
命题者常在这些地方出题。题型基本上属主旨大意型。
考点规律(8) 最高级与绝对性词汇处常考
文中若出现must，all，only，anyone，always，never 等绝对性词汇，或形容词与副词的最高级形式，往往是考
点所在处，一般出“细节型问题”。因为这些地方概念绝对、答案唯一，无论是命题还是答题，都不会产生歧义。
以上分析基本上概括了历届阅读理解题考点常考处及其对应题型。考生掌握了这些规律，在读文章时，就要在这
些考点常出现的地方做些记号。阅读完后，这些做记号的地方基本上就是出题的地方。然后再对照后面的题目，一一
找到相对应的考点，再逐一解答。这样就避免做一题，看一下整个段落，甚至全文，从而节省了时间。
考点1
细节理解题
A
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，A)
My Favourite Books
Jo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co－author of the This Book Will series (系列) of lifestyle books.Here she
picks her top reads.
Matilda
Roald Dahl
I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new appreciation for
his strange and delightful worlds.Matilda's battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress，Miss Trunchbull，
are equally funny and frightening，but they're also aspirational.
After Dark
Haruki Murakami
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It's about two sisters—Eri，a model who either won't or can't stop sleeping，and Mari，a young student.In trying to
connect to her sister ，Mari starts changing her life and discovers a world of diverse “night people” who are
hidingsecrets.
Gone Girl
Gillian Flynn
There was a bit of me that didn't want to love this when everyone else on the planet did，but the horror story is
brilliant.There's tension and anxiety from the beginning as Nick and Amy battle for your trust.It's a real whodunit and
the frustration when you realise what's going on is horribly enjoyable.
The Stand
Stephen King
This is an excellent fantasy novel from one of the best storytellers around.After a serious flu outbreak wipes out
99.4% of the world's population，a battle unfolds between good and evil among those left.Randall Flagg is one of the
scariest characters ever.
文章大意：主题：人与社会(文学)；话题：推荐好书。本文是一篇应用文。著名作家Jo Usmar 向读者介绍了几本
她最喜欢的书。
1．Who does “I” refer to in the text？____
A．Stephen King.
B．Gillian Flynn.
C．Jo Usmar.
D．Roald Dahl.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段的最后一句“Here she picks her top reads.”可知，Jo Usmar 在下文要为读者推荐
几本她最喜欢的书，这说明下文中的“I”指的就是Jo Usmar。
2．Which of the following tells about Mari and Eri？____
A．Cosmopolitan.
B．Matilda.
C．After Dark.
D．The Stand.
解析：细节理解题。根据After Dark 部分中的“It's about two sisters—Eri...Mari...”可知，After Dark 讲述了Mari
和Eri 的故事。
3．What kind of book is Gone Girl？____
A．A folk tale.
B．A biography.
C．A love story.
D．A horror story.
解析：细节理解题。根据Gone Girl 部分中的“...the horror story is brilliant.”可知，Gone Girl 这本书属于恐怖故事。
B
(2019·北京卷，A)
Want to explore new cultures，meet new people and do something worthwhile at the same time？You can do all the
three with Global Development Association(GDA)．Whatever stage of life you're at，wherever you go and whatever
project you do in GDA，you'll create positive changes in a poor and remote community (社区)．
We work with volunteers of all ages and backgrounds. Most of our volunteers are aged 17 －24.Now we need
volunteer managers aged 25－75.They are extremely important in the safe and effective running of our programmes.We
have such roles as project managers，mountain leaders，and communication officers.
Depending on which role you choose，you could help to increase a community's access to safe drinking water，or
help to protect valuable local cultures.You might also design an adventure challenge to train young volunteers.
Not only will you help our young volunteers to develop personally，you'll also learn new skills and increase your
cultural awareness.You may have chances to meet new people who'll become your lifelong friends.
This summer we have both 4－week and 7－week programmes：
Country
Schedule
4－week programmes
7－week programmes
Algeria
5 Jul.—1 Aug.
20 Jun.—7 Aug.
Egypt
24 Jul.—20 Aug.
19 Jun.—6 Aug.
Kenya
20 Jul.—16 Aug.
18 Jun.—5 Aug.
South Africa
2 Aug.—29 Aug.
15 Jun.—2 Aug.
GDA ensures that volunteers work with community members and local project partners where our help is
needed.All our projects aim to promote the development of poor and remote communities.
There is no other chance like a GDA programme.Join us as a volunteer manager to develop your own skills while
bringing benefits to the communities.
Find out more about joining a GDA programme：
Website：www.glodeve.org
Email：humanresources @glodeve.org
文章大意：主题：人与社会(社会服务与人际沟通)；话题：帮扶贫困偏远地区。本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了
GDA 项目并为该项目招募志愿管理人员。本语篇题材丰富，涉及志愿项目、前沿科技、人文、社会现象等，覆盖面广。
4．What is the main responsibility of volunteer managers？____
A．To seek local partners.
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B．To take in young volunteers.
C．To carry out programmes.
D．To foster cultural awareness.
解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词volunteer managers 可直接定位到语篇第二段第三、四句，根据其内容
可知，他们对于GDA 项目的安全有效运行起着非常重要的作用，所以C 项“执行项目”为正确选项。
5．The programme beginning in August will operate in____.
A．Egypt
B．Algeria
C．Kenya
D．South Africa
解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的关键词beginning in August 可直接定位到活动项目日程表的最后一栏，根据本
部分中的关键信息South Africa
2 Aug.—29 Aug.可知，8 月份开始的项目是在南非。
6．The shared goal of GDA's projects is to ____.
A．explore new cultures
B．protect the environment
C．gain corporate benefits
D．help communities in need
解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词shared goal of GDA's projects 可直接定位到日程表下面语段的最后一句，
根据本句内容可知，该项目的目的是促进贫困偏远地区的发展，故D 项“帮助处于困境的地区”为正确选项。
考纲解读
(1)文章细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。
(2)命题人员会要求考生根据不同的要求，阅读文章以获得某些特定的信息或准确地寻求所需的细节。
(3)这类试题有时比较直接，理解字面意思即可答题；有时则较为间接，需要归纳、概括和推理才能答题。细节理
解题占阅读理解总题量的60%左右。
考查特点
Ⅰ.把握细节理解题的常见设问方式：
(1)特殊疑问句形式：以when，where，what，which，who，how much/many 等疑问词开头引出的问题。
(2)判断是非的形式：含有True/False，Not true 或EXCEPT 等词的判断是非问题。
(3)填空题形式：通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节。
(4)就文中数字、排序等提问。
Ⅱ.明晰细节理解题的考查角度：
(1)高频考点：直接信息题；间接信息题。
(2)低频考点：数字计算题；正误判断题；细节排序题。
[选项特征]
最佳选项
干扰选项
①可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，但
多数选项与原文可能不是完全一样，而是
用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思。
②最佳选项的信息值之和等于或约等于
原文中某句的信息值。
①与短文细节部分相吻合，部分相悖。
②符合短文细节信息，但不符合题干要求。
③符合常识，但不是文章内容。
④明显与短文细节不符或短文未提到。
⑤与原句内容极为相似，但在程度上有些变动。
[解题流程]
细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则——“本本主义”，一切从原文出发，无需读很
多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理，正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。
第一步
审读题干和选项，回到原文定信息区间
通过题干或选项中的关键词找到定位点，开始精读文章直到下一题的定位区域出现。只有两种情况需要向上找寻
信息：定位到的信息为数字串，或举例说明部分；出现了逻辑关系词(therefore, so, as a result)或代词(that, these, it)。
第二步
将选项和原文一一对比，求同排异定答案
利用“同义原则”，找出原文中与正确选项匹配的同义词组，将原文出现的信息和选项进行比对，确定正确选项。
做任何阅读理解题都不是找感觉，本质上是找同义词，解题时找出的同义词组越多，答案就越准确，这是解答细节理
解题的基本方法。
1．直接信息题→定位题干信息
关键词：☆阅读题干，找准关键词
☆速读文章，寻找题干关键词
☆比对选项与原文
广告、演出信息、航班时间表等应用文的阅读，不必阅读全文，宜采用“题干定位”法。先看题目，从题干中提
取关键信息，采用速读技巧快速定位，仔细比对选项与文中细节，确定答案。
典例(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，A)
Need a Job This Summer?
The provincial government and its partners offer many programs to help students find summer jobs.The deadlines
and what you need to apply depend on the program.
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Not a student？Go to the government website to learn about programs and online tools available to help people
under 30 build skills，find a job or start businesses all year round.
Jobs for Youth
If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province，you could be eligible(符合条件) for this program，which
provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.
Who is eligible：Youth 15－18 years old in select communities(社区)．
Summer Company
Summer Company provides students with hands－on business training and awards of up to $3,000 to start and run
their own summer businesses.
Who is eligible：Students aged 15－29，returning to school in the fall.
Stewardship Youth Ranger Program
You could apply to be a Stewardship Youth Ranger and work on local natural resource management projects for
eight weeks this summer.
Who is eligible：Students aged 16 or 17 at time of hire，but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.
Summer Employment Opportunities (机会)
Through the Summer Employment Opportunities program，students are hired each year in a variety of summer
positions across the Provincial Public Service，its related agencies and community groups.
Who is eligible：Students aged 15 or older.Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to 29 for persons
with a disability.
1．What is special about Summer Company?
A．It requires no training before employment.
B．It provides awards for running new businesses.
C．It allows one to work in the natural environment.
D．It offers more summer job opportunities.
2．What is the age range required by Stewardship Youth Ranger Program?
A．15－18.
B．15－24.
C．15－29.
D．16－17.
3．Which program favors the disabled?
A．Jobs for Youth.
B．Summer Company.
C．Stewardship Youth Ranger Program.
D．Summer Employment Opportunities.
[解题思路]
第1 题，根据题干关键词Summer Company 可迅速定位到原文信息句Summer Company provides students with
hands－on business training and awards of $3,000 to start and run their own business.可知，这个项目为学生提供实际
业务培训和高达三千美元的奖金，故选____。
第2 题，根据题干关键词the age range 和Stewardship Youth Ranger Program 快速定位到原文信息句“Students
aged 16 or 17 at time of hire，but not turning 18 before December 31 this year.”可知，这个项目的年龄要求是16 岁或
17 岁，且在今年12 月31 日前不能满18 岁，故选____。
第3 题，根据题干中的关键词the disabled(残疾人)可直接定位到最后一则暑期工作公告中的persons with a
disability，由此可知这个项目对残疾人在年龄方面给予了特别照顾。故选____。
2．间接信息题→同义互释转换
关键词：☆阅读题干，找准关键词
☆扫读原文，锁定信息
☆用同义、近义或反义的语言转换
细节理解题答案选项的表述通常不是用文章的原语，而是使用与文中词语同义或近义的词语来表达。此类题目相
对较难，是容易失分的题型。需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换，将确定的文章信息进行加工处理，
然后进行进一步的辨别。
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅱ·B 片段)
...
When combined with berries or slices of other fruits，frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick，cooling fruit
shakes and low fat “ice cream”．For this purpose，select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.Remove the
skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze.If you like，a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas
will prevent them turning brown.Frozen bananas will last several weeks ，depending on their ripeness and the
temperature of the freezer.
...
◆Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?
A．To make them smell better.
B．To keep their colour.
C．To speed up their ripening.
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D．To improve their nutrition.
[解题思路]
仔细阅读题干可知fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas 为本题的定位关键词，在原文中的If you like，a
squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.可知，香蕉中放入少量的鲜柠檬汁可以使
其不变棕色。故选____。
3．数字计算题：“加减乘除”巧破解
关键词：☆阅读题干，找准关键词
☆查找段落，划定信息
☆计算数据，整合分析
从文章中找到包含所需信息的段落，迅速确定关键词，然后重点理解。对于离散的细节理解或数字运算题，需要
先找到与之相关的事实或数据，然后进行分析整合。
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，C 片段)
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general
rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lost, often
spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and
the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number(中位数) of
speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
◆How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?
A．About 6,800.
B．About 3,400.
C．About 2,400.
D．About 1,200.
[解题思路]
根据题干中的关键词less than 6,000 people at present 可定位到第三段最后一句The median number(中位数) of
speakers is a mere 6,000，which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that 可知，目前
在世界范围内，不同语言的使用人数的中位数是6 000，这就意味着世界上有一半的语言的使用人数不到6 000。结合
第三段第一句At present，the world has about 6,800 languages，我们可以计算出一共有6 800 种语言的一半，即3 400
种语言在被不到6 000 人使用。故选____。
4．正误判断题→逐项击破去伪存真
关键词：☆根据关键词，找到相关信息句
☆对比选项和信息句，逐项击破
☆表达“绝对化”的选项一般不是
正确的选项
解答正误判断类的细节理解题，首先根据题干中的关键信息和四个选项的内容速览文章，查找与之相关的原文信
息句，然后一一对比，找出与文章内容完全相符的选项，并最终确定答案。
典例(2017·天津卷，B 片段)
Fifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy.After climbing up a hill for a panoramic (全
景的) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself
to take the best photo of this panorama.
Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front
of my view.Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the view.
Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually
take, I grew frustrated.Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just one picture of the landscape? Sure, I
could have asked her, but something prevented me from doing so.She seemed so content in her observation.I didn't want
to mess with that.
Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored.The woman was still there.I decided to take the photo anyway.And
now when I look at it, I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting.The landscape, beautiful on
its own, somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it.
◆According to the author, the woman was probably _________.
A．enjoying herself
B．losing her patience
C．waiting for the sunset
D．thinking about her past
[解题思路]
根据关键词A 项enjoying herself 可定位到第三段倒数第二句话She seemed so content in her observation 可知，这
位女士玩得很愉快(enjoy herself)与信息句她很满意(content)相符。B 项张冠李戴，根据第四段中的“Another 15 minutes
passed and I grew bored.”可知，作者又等了15 分钟，渐渐感到有些厌烦，这说明作者正失去耐心，而不是那位女士
正失去耐心；C 项无中生有，文章并没有提及那位女士等待日落；D 项无中生有，文章没有提及那位女士想起她的过
去。故选____。
A
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，A)
OPENINGS AND PREVIEWS
Animals Out of Paper
Yolo！Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph，in which an origami(折纸术) artist
invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio.Merri Milwe directs.In previews.Opens Feb.12.(West Park
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Presbyterian Church,165 W．86th St.212－868－4444.)
The Audience
Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan，about Queen Elizabeth Ⅱof the UK and her private meetings
with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years.Stephen Daldry directs.Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith
Ivey.Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld，236 W．45th St.212－239－6200.)
Hamilton
Lin－Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton，in which the birth of America is presented as
an immigrant story.Thomas Kail directs.In previews.Opens Feb.17.(Public,425 Lafayette St.212－967－7555.)
On the Twentieth Century
Kristin Chenoweth and Peter Gallagher star in the musical comedy by Betty Comden and Adolph Green，about a
Broadway producer who tries to win a movie star's love during a cross－country train journey.Scott Ellis directs，for
Roundabout Theatre Company.Previews begin Feb.12.(American Airlines Theatre,227 W．42nd St.212－719－1300.)
文章大意：主题：人与社会(艺术)；话题：戏剧和音乐剧的开演和预演广告。本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了两
部戏剧和两部音乐剧的内容简介、导演等相关信息。
1．What is the play by Rajiv Joseph probably about？____
A．A type of art.
B．A teenager's studio.
C．A great teacher.
D．A group of animals.
解析：推理判断题。由题干中的the play by Rajiv Joseph 定位到原文第一则广告。由此广告中戏剧的名字Animals
Out of Paper 以及“...in which an origami artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio.(……在这部戏剧
中，一位折纸艺术家把一个青少年天才和他的老师邀请到了她的工作室)”可知，这部戏剧很可能是关于一种艺术——
折纸术的，故选A 项。
2．Who is the director of The Audience？____
A．Helen Mirren.
B．Peter Morgan.
C．Dylan Baker.
D．Stephen Daldry.
解析：细节理解题。由题干中的the director of The Audience 定位到原文第二则广告。由此广告中的“Stephen Daldry
directs.”可知导演是Stephen Daldry，故选D 项。
3．Which play will you go to if you are interested in American history？____
A．Animals Out of Paper.
B．The Audience.
C．Hamilton.
D．On the Twentieth Century.
解析：细节理解题。由题干中的American history 定位到原文第三则广告。由此广告中的“...in which the birth of
America is presented as an immigrant story.(……在这部音乐剧中，美国的诞生被以一个移民故事的形式展现出来)”可
知，你如果对美国历史感兴趣，应该去看Hamilton 这部音乐剧。
B
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，A)
Washington, D．C．Bicycle Tours
Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D．C．
Duration：3 hours
This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world －famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of
Washington, D．C．Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they
blossom.Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear !
Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour
Duration：3 hours (4 miles)
Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D ．C ．Explore the
monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop.Guided tour
includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water.
Capital City Bike Tour In Washington, D．C．
Duration：3 hours
Morning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D．C．newcomers and locals looking to experience
Washington, D ．C ．in a healthy way with minimum effort.Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most
interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks.Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route( 路
线)make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.
Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour
Duration：3 hours(7miles)
Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D．C．Get up close to the
monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall.Frequent stops are made for photo
taking as your guide offers unique facts and history.Tour includes bike, helmet, and bottled water.All riders are
equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.
文章大意：本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了在华盛顿特区进行的四项自行车旅行。
4．Which tour do you need to book in advance？____
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A．Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D．C．
B．Washington capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.
C．Capital City Bike Tour in Washington, D．C．
D．Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一项自行车旅行中的“Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry
blossoms—disappear！”可知，这项自行车旅行需要预订。其他三项自行车旅行都没有提到需要预订。
5．What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour？____
A．Meet famous people.
B．Go to a national park.
C．Visit well－known museums.
D．Enjoy interesting stories.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三项自行车旅行中的“Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting
stories about Presidents，Congress，memorials，and parks.”可知，在Capital City Bike Tour 中，导游会为你讲述关
于总统、国会、纪念碑和公园的最有趣的故事。A 项颠倒是非，尽管文中提到总统、国会等，但这只是导游要讲述的
故事的主题，并不是说可以见到名人。B 项颠倒是非，文中提到导游会讲述关于公园的故事，没有提到参观国家公园。
C 项无中生有，文中没有提到参观著名博物馆。
6．Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide？____
A．City maps.
B．Cameras.
C．Meals.
D．Safety lights.
解析：细节理解题。由题干中的at night 可定位到最后一项自行车旅行。根据最后两句“Tour includes bike，helmet，
and bottled water.All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.”可知，在晚上进行的这项自行车旅行给
游客配备了安全灯。A、B、C 三项无中生有，文中都没有提到。
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，A)
Summer Activities
Students should read the list with their parents/carers，and select two activities they would like to
do.Forms will be available in school and online for them to indicate their choices and return to
school.Before choices are finalised，parents/carers will be asked to sign to confirm their child's choices.
Activity
Description
Member of staff
Cost
Outdoor
Adventure
(OUT)
Take yourself out of your comfort zone for a
week ，discover new personal qualities ，and
learn new skills.You will be able to take part in
a number of activities from canoeing to wild
camping on Dartmoor.Learn rock climbing and
work as a team，and enjoy the great outdoor
environment.
Mr. Clemens
￡140
WWⅠBatt
lefields and
Paris
(WBP)
On Monday we travel to London.After staying
overnight in London ，we travel on Day 2 to
northern France to visit the World War Ⅰ
battlefields.On
Day
3
we
cross
into
Belgium.Thursday
sees
us
make
the
short
journey to Paris where we will visit Disneyland
Paris park，staying until late to see the parade
and the fireworks.Our final day，Friday，sees us
visit central Paris and tour the main sights.
Mrs. Wilson
￡425
Crafty
Foxes
(CRF)
Four days of product design centred around
textiles.Making lovely objects using recycled
and
made
materials.Bags ，cushions
and
decorations...Learn
skills
and
leave
with
modern and unusual textiles.
Mrs. Goode
￡30
Potty
about
Potter
(POT)
Visit Warner Bros Studio ，shop stop to buy
picnic ，stay overnight in an approved Youth
Hostel in Streatley－on－Thames，guided tour
of Oxford to see the film locations，picnic lunch
outside Oxford's Christchurch，boating on the
River Cherwell through the University Parks，
Miss Drake
￡150
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before heading back to Exeter.
文章大意：本文是一篇应用文。这四则广告分别介绍了四项适合学生的夏季活动安排。
1．Which activity will you choose if you want to go camping？____
A．OUT.
B．WBP.
C．CRF.
D．POT.
解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的go camping 可以定位到第一则广告。由该广告中的“You will be able to take part
in a number of activities from canoeing to wild camping on Dartmoor.”可知，这是户外探险活动，参与该活动可以划独
木舟，也可以野营，因此选A 项。
2．What will the students do on Tuesday with Mrs.Wilson？____
A．Travel to London.
B．See a parade and fireworks.
C．Tour central Paris.
D．Visit the World War Ⅰbattlefields.
解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的Mrs.Wilson 可以定位到第二则广告。由该广告中的“On Monday we travel to
London.After staying
overnight
in London,
we travel
on
Day 2
to
northern France
to
visit
the
World
WarⅠbattlefields.”可知，星期一参观者到达伦敦，第二天即星期二到法国北部参观第一次世界大战的战场，这与D
项内容吻合。
3．How long does Potty about Potter last？____
A．Two days.
B．Four days.
C．Five days.
D．One week.
解析：推理判断题。根据题干可以定位到最后一则广告。该广告提到参观华纳兄弟工作室、买野餐、在青年旅舍
住一晚(stay overnight)，那么后面交代的坐船游览查韦尔河就应该是第二天的活动，由此推断这个活动的持续时间是
两天。
B
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，A)
Welcome to Holker Hall & Gardens
Visitor Information
How_to_Get_to_Holker
By Car ：Follow brown signs on A590 from J36 ，M6.Approximate travel times ：Windermere—20 minutes ，
Kendal—25 minutes，Lancaster—45 minutes，Manchester—1 hour 30 minutes.
By Rail：The nearest station is Cark－in－Cartmel with trains to Carnforth，Lancaster and Preston for connections
to major cities & airports.
Opening_Times
Sunday—Friday (closed on Saturday) 11：00am—4：00pm，30th March—2nd November.
Admission_Charges
Hall & Gardens
Gardens
Adults：
￡12.00
￡8.00
Groups：
￡9.00
￡5.50
Special Events
Producers'_Market
13th April
Join us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks.Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas.
Holker_Garden_Festival
30th May
The event celebrates its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening，making it one of the most
popular events in gardening.
National_Garden_Day
28th August
Holker once again opens its gardens in aid of the disadvantaged.For just a small donation you can take a tour with
our garden guide.
Winter_Market
8th November
This is an event for all the family.Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show
and nice street entertainment.
文章大意：本文是一篇应用文，题材是旅游广告。文章介绍了游览霍尔克庄园的游客须知和四项特别的活动。
4．How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester？____
A．20 minutes.
B．25 minutes.
C．45 minutes.
D．90 minutes.
解析：细节理解题。根据文章的How to Get to Holker 部分中“By Car ：...Approximate travel
times：...Manchester—1 hour 30 minutes.”可知，游客从Manchester 开车到Holker 大约用一个半小时，也就是90 分
钟。故选D。
5．How much should a member of a tour group pay to visit Hall & Gardens？____
A．￡12.00.
B．￡9.00.
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C．￡8.00.
D．￡5.50.
解析：细节理解题。根据文章的Admission Charges 部分中Hall & Gardens 一列与Groups 一行的交叉点可知，
旅游团的一个成员游览Hall & Gardens 所需要的费用为￡9.00。故选B。
6．Which event will you go to if you want to see a live music show？____
A．Producers' Market.
B．Holker Garden Festival.
C．National Garden Day.
D．Winter Market.
解析：细节理解题。根据文章的Winter Market 部分中“Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while
enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.(流连于形形色色的礼品商店间，同时欣赏着现场的音乐演出和
好看的街头娱乐活动)”可知，如果想看现场的音乐演出，你就去Winter Market。故选D。
C
(2018·北京卷，B)
Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation (航空) Center
If you're looking for a unique adventure，the Space and Aviation Center(SAC) is the place to be.The Center offers
programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands－on tasks and lots of fun.
More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC，with many seeking employment in engineering，aviation，education，
medicine and a wide variety of other professions.They come to camp，wanting to know what it is like to be an astronaut
or a pilot，and they leave with real－world applications for what they're studying in the classroom.
For the trainees，the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章)．At Space Camp，trainees can
earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets，learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟)
flying to space with the crew from all over the world.The Aviation Challenge program gives trainees the chance to earn
their Aviation badge.They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety
of flight simulators.Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness Survival badge as they learn about water－and
land－survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of a “downed” pilot.
With all the programs，teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a bigger
task.
All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18.Families can enjoy the experience together ，too ，with Family Camp
programs for families with children as young as 7.
Stay an hour or stay a week—there is something here for everyone!
For more details，please visit us online at www.oursac.com.
文章大意：本文是一篇应用文。作者介绍了宇航中心培训项目的情况，包括各种徽章的取得、太空技能、航空知
识的掌握以及探险和合作精神的养成等，激发人们的航天梦，让人们积极参与进来。该文体现了英语学习与前沿科技
的有机结合。
7．Why do people come to SAC？____
A．To experience adventures.
B．To look for jobs in aviation.
C．To get a degree in engineering.
D．To learn more about medicine.
解析：细节理解题。根据本文标题Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation Center 以及第一段第一句“If
you're looking for a unique adventure，the Space and Aviation Center(SAC) is the place to be.”可知，人们去宇航中心
是为了寻找自己的太空历险项目，与选项A(历险)意思吻合。
8．To earn a Space Exploration badge，a trainee needs to____.
A．fly to space
B．get an Aviation badge first
C．study the principles of flight
D．build and fire model rockets
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段第二句中的as they build and fire model rockets 可知，参加培训的人建造火箭模
型和给火箭模型点火时，就可以得到太空探险徽章，显然与选项D 提到的内容一致。
9．What is the most important for trainees？____
A．Leadership.
B．Team spirit.
C．Task planning.
D．Survival skills.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段内容“With all the programs，teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of
leadership and being part of a bigger task.”可知，在所有的培训项目中，团队合作是关键。选项B“团队精神”显然
指的就是合作。
D
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ，B)
I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust
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Valley.Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain.However, when
it works, it is simply beautiful.
I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown.She had found a young owl (猫头鹰)on the ground.When I arrived,
I saw a 2－to－3－week－old owl.It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.
I examined the chick(雏鸟)and it seemed fine.If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no
luck.My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.
The homeowner was very helpful.A wire basket was found.I put some pine branches into the basket to make this
nest safe and comfortable.I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.
Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent.I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger
screams of owl chicks.These advertise the presence of chicks to adults；they might also encourage our chick to start
calling as well.I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might
bring.
A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all! The homeowner called to say that the
parents had responded to the recordings.I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active.And it
was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all—LUNCH ! The parents had done their duty and would
probably continue to do so.
文章大意：这是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者作为一个野生动物救助和教育机构的志愿者，成功救助一只猫头鹰雏鸟
的经历。
10．What is unavoidable in the author's rescue work according to paragraph 1？____
A．Efforts made in vain.
B．Getting injured in his work.
C．Feeling uncertain about his future.
D．Creatures forced out of their homes.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段的“Trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking；
survival is never certain”可知，救助野生动物有时会让人感到心碎，因为即使努力挽救它们，也不能保证它们都会活
下来。故选A。
11．Why was the author called to Muttontown？____
A．To rescue a woman.
B．To take care of a woman.
C．To look at a baby owl.
D．To cure a young owl.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段的“I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown.She had found a young
owl(猫头鹰)on the ground”可知，这位女士给作者打电话是为了让他来看一看一只猫头鹰雏鸟。故选C。
12．What made the chick calm down？____
A．A new nest.
B．Some food.
C．A recording.
D．Its parents.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第四段的“I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and
comfortable...it quickly calmed down”可知，作者做的鸟巢非常舒服，所以把这只猫头鹰雏鸟放进去后，它很快安静下
来。故选A。
13．How would the author feel about the outcome of the event？____
A．It's unexpected.
B．It's beautiful.
C．It's humorous.
D．It's discouraging.
解析：考查推理判断。根据最后一段可知，通过播放猫头鹰雏鸟饥饿时发出的叫声的录音，这只猫头鹰雏鸟最终
与它的父母团聚，而且它的父母开始给它喂食，再结合第一段最后一句“However，when it works，it is simply
beautiful”可判断，作者付出的努力没有白费，因而结果是美好的。故选B。
E
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，D)
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who are, like us, deeply
focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What's the problem? It's possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence.It's more likely that
none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and challenging, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary.But the
next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble.Experts say it's an invaluable
social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it
weren't for casual conversation.Small talk is the grease (润滑剂) for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci,
director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.“Almost every great love story and each big
business deal begins with small talk，” he explains.“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with
others, not just communicate with them.”
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee
shop.One group was asked to seek out an interaction (互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when necessary.The
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results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee
shop experience.“It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband ，” says Dunn.“But
interactions with peripheral (边缘的)members of our social network matter for our well－being also.”
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with
others.Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk.“Small talk is the basis of good
manners，” he says.
文章大意：研究表明，闲聊对于人际交往起着重要的作用。
14．What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph？____
A．Addiction to smartphones.
B．Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C．Absence of communication between strangers.
D．Impatience with slow service.
解析：考查细节理解。文章第一段描述了在公共场所人们之间不互相交流的现象，本段中的“uncomfortable silence”
与选项C 中的“Absence of communication”相呼应。
15．What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci？____
A．Showing good manners.
B．Relating to other people.
C．Focusing on a topic.
D．Making business deals.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not
just communicate with them”可知，Carducci 认为成功的闲聊的关键在于学会与其他人沟通。
16．What does the coffee－shop study suggest about small talk？____
A．It improves family relationships.
B．It raises people's confidence.
C．It matters as much as a formal talk.
D．It makes people feel good.
解析：考查细节理解。根据倒数第二段第三句“The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported
significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience”可知，闲聊使得人们感觉良好。故选D 项。
17．What is the best title for the text？____
A．Conversation Counts
B．Ways of Making Small Talk
C．Benefits of Small Talk
D．Uncomfortable Silence
解析：考查标题判断。通读全文可知，文章主要讨论了闲聊在人际交往中的重要作用。故C 项作本文标题最佳。
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·石家庄市一模)
Live at Leeds Festival，United Kingdom
A weekend of indie music taking over Leeds for one day in May, Metronomy, Sundara Karma and Tom Grennan
will headline, but there's a focus on the city's newer bands, with the festival aiming to bring new artists into the spotlight.
Events take place across the city, with wristbands giving you access to all the places. And to go to this festival，you need
to be over 14 years old.
Time：4 May, 2019
Midnight Sun Film Festival, Finland
Almost a hundred miles north of the Arctic Circle，Sodankylä is where Finnish film director brothers Aki and Mika
Kaurismäki rock up every summer for their Midnight Sun Film Festival, a five－day－and－night celebration of new
cinema. A mix of silent films, contemporary Finnish ones, recent festival hits and box －office classics are screened
around the clock.
Time：12－16 June, 2019
Fuji Rock Festival, Japan
The first ever Fuji Rock Festival was held at the bottom of Mount Fuji back in 1997 and has brought in music and
rock fans from all over the world. The festival is now held in the Naeba Ski Resort and is celebrating its 23th
anniversary this year.The artists who perform aren't all rockers. Your wristband has to be checked at the entrance. We
offer facilities for children, but they can't be left unaccompanied.
Time：26－28 July,2019
The White Nights Festival, St. Petersburg, Russia
The White Nights Festival is held at the city's famous Mariinsky Theatre and shows some of the world's best opera
and ballet. It's the best time to visit St. Petersburg because it's held during the magical summer period when there's
almost 24 hours of sunlight a day.
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Time：11 May－31 July, 2019
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了四个艺术类节日，包括英国的Live at Leeds 音乐节，芬兰的午夜太阳
电影节，日本的富士摇滚音乐节以及俄罗斯的白色夜晚节。
1．Which festival lasts the longest time？____
A．Live at Leeds Festival.
B．Midnight Sun Film Festival.
C．Fuji Rock Festival.
D．The White Nights Festival.
解析：考查细节理解。根据题干关键词“lasts the longest time”定位至四个节日介绍的时间，由“Time：4
May,2019”“Time：12－16 June,2019”“Time：26－28 July,2019”“Time：11 May—31 July,2019”可知，持续时
间最长的是俄罗斯圣彼得堡的白色夜晚节，从五月十一日持续到七月三十一日，故D 项正确。
2．Where will you enjoy a 24－hour movie activity？____
A．In Leeds, United Kingdom.
B．In Sodankylä，Finland.
C．In the Naeba Ski Resort, Japan.
D．In St. Petersburg, Russia.
解析：考查细节理解。根据Midnight Sun Film Festival，Finland 部分中的“A mix of silent films...are screened
around the clock”，并结合该部分其他内容可知，在芬兰的Sodankylä这个地方你能享受一个24 小时的电影活动，故
B 项正确。
3．What do Live at Leeds Festival and Fuji Rock Festival have in common？____
A．They are of the same music style.
B．They focus on new artists.
C．They require entrance wristbands.
D．They have age limits.
解析：考查细节理解。根据Live at Leeds Festival，United Kingdom 部分中的“Events take place across the city，
with wristbands giving you access to all the places”可知，英国的Live at Leeds 音乐节入场需要带上腕带；根据Fuji
Rock Festival，Japan 部分中的“Your wristband has to be checked at the entrance”可知，参加富士摇滚音乐节要在入口
处检查腕带。据此可知，这两个节日的共同之处是观众需要带上腕带进场，故C 项正确。
2
(2019·郑州市二模)
There are campus museums all over China that offer various collections and make for eye－opening visits.
Beijing Air and Space Museum at Beihang University
Admission: free
Opening hours: Tuesday and Saturday, 9：00 am－12：00 pm
Highlights：Included among the more than 300 historic aircraft and space artifacts(手工艺品) are one of the two
Northrop P－61 Black Widows in the world and China's first light airliner, Beijing 1.
Fudan University Museum
Admission: free
Opening hours：Tuesday to Friday, 9：00 am－11：30 am and 1：30 pm－4：30 pm
Highlights：A unique collection of native artifacts.Some of them，such as pearl vests, are rarely seen.
China Ichthyic(类鱼的) Culture Museum at Shanghai Ocean University
Admission：10 yuan
Opening hours：Monday to Friday,9：00 am－11：30 am and 1：30 pm－4：00 pm
Highlights：In this collection of more than 40,000 specimens of about 3,000 ocean－dwelling species, the most eye－
catching one is an 18.4－meter－long sperm whale skeleton.
Yifu Museum of China University of Geosciences
Admission：40 yuan; half price for students
Opening hours：Monday to Friday,8：30 am－12：00 pm and 2：30 pm－5：00 pm；weekends and holidays, 9：
00 am－4：30 pm
Highlights：It houses a collection of more than 30,000 mineral and rock specimens，more than 2,000 of which are
rare ones like the museum's well－known dinosaur fossils.
China Academy Museum at Hunan University
Admission：50 yuan
Opening hours：Monday to Sunday,8：00 am－6：30 pm in summer and 8：30 am－6：00 pm in winter
Highlights：China's only museum to feature the history of academies and cultural education in the country.
文章大意：该文介绍了几个中国的大学博物馆。
4．Which museum will you choose if you're interested in sea species？____
A．China Academy Museum at Hunan University.
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B．Yifu Museum of China University of Geosciences.
C．Beijing Air and Space Museum at Beihang University.
D．China Ichthyic(类鱼的) Culture Museum at Shanghai Ocean University.
解析：考查细节理解。根据China Ichthyic(类鱼的) Culture Museum at Shanghai Ocean University 部分中的
“Highlights：In this collection of more than 40,000 specimens of about 3,000 ocean－dwelling species，the most eye－
catching one is an 18.4－meter－long sperm whale skeleton”，并结合题干可知，对海洋物种感兴趣的人可以参观上海
海洋大学的中国类鱼文化博物馆。
5．What can you see in Yifu Museum of China University of Geosciences？____
A．Space artifacts.
B．Dinosaur fossils.
C．Native artifacts.
D．Sperm whale skeletons.
解析：考查细节理解。根据Yifu Museum of China University of Geosciences 部分中的“Highlights：It houses a
collection of more than 30,000 mineral and rock specimens，more than 2,000 of which are rare ones like the museum's
well－known dinosaur fossils”，并结合题干可知，在中国地质大学的逸夫博物馆里可以看到恐龙化石。
6．When can you go to China Academy Museum at Human University？____
A．On Tuesday 6：00 pm in winter.
B．On Saturday 8：00 am in winter.
C．On Sunday 6：30 pm in summer.
D．On Wednesday 8：00 am in summer.
解析：考查细节理解。根据China Academy Museum at Hunan University 部分中的“Opening hours：Monday to
Sunday,8：00 am－6：30 pm in summer and 8：30 am－6：00 pm in winter”，并结合选项可知，应选D 项。
3
(2019·南昌市二模)
From Antigua to Zanzibar, these spots promise an incredible trip for 2019.
Antigua, Guatemala
“Antigua is worth every penny, but that doesn't mean you'll have to empty your wallet，” says Hudson. There are
plenty of budget－conscious activities. It won't cost you a coin to visit Santo Domingo del Cerro，an outdoor sculpture
park.Wanting something sweet? Head to ChocoMuseo. Admission is free and so are the samples!
Odessa, Ukraine
Odessa is having a bit of a tourism boom nationwide—not that we're surprised, given its sandy beaches and pastel
－colored buildings—but it's still fairly under the order for international audiences.You can also count on this port city
for affordable fun.Tickets to the Odessa Opera House start at a mere $2!
Bogotá，Colombia
“Travelers on budget will find Colombia's vast capital far more of a bargain and every bit as fascinating，” says
Hudson.“It's free to visit Museo de Oro and on Sundays many of the big roads are closed to accommodate food carts,
street entertainers，and pedestrians.”
Zanzibar
Zanzibar attracts vacationers with its white sand beaches，greenish－blue tides, colorful coral reefs, and oceanfront
seaside.Of course, wandering in historic Stone Town is pretty appealing too.Either way，you needn't spend a penny in
this amazing place.It's also worth noting that Jozani Forest is the only place in the world you can see endangered red
colobus monkeys.
文章大意：本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了2019 年值得一游的四个地方，包括危地马拉安提瓜，乌克兰的敖德萨
以及哥伦比亚的波哥大和桑给巴尔，重点介绍了这四个地点的旅游特色。
7．Which of the following requires admission fee？____
A．ChocoMuseo.
B．Stone Town.
C．Museo de Oro.
D．Odessa Opera House.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段尾句“Tickets to the Odessa Opera House start at a mere $2！”可知，去敖德萨
歌剧院的门票只需2 美元起，故D 项正确。根据第二段最后两句“Head to ChocoMuseo.Admission is free and so are
samples！”可知，ChocoMuseo 是免门票的，故排除A 项；根据尾段第二、三句“Of course，wandering in historic Stone
Town is pretty appealing too.Either way，you needn't spend a penny in this amazing place”可知，在Stone Town 旅游
不需要花费，故排除B 项；根据第四段尾句“It's free to visit Museo de Oro and on Sundays many of the big roads are
closed to accommodate food carts，street entertainers，and pedestrians”可知，参观Museo de Oro 是免费的，故排除
C 项。
8．What is special to Zanzibar？____
A．White sand beaches.
B．Colorful coral reefs.
C．Red colobus monkeys.
D．Historic Stone Town.
解析：考查细节理解。根据尾段尾句“It's also worth noting that Jozani Forest is the only place in the world you can
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see endangered red colobus monkeys”可知，在Zanzibar 可以在Jozani 森林看到濒临灭绝的红疣猴，故C 项正确。
9．What do the four destinations have in common？____
A．They are coastal cities.
B．They are inexpensive to visit.
C．They welcome street entertainers.
D．They will make your wallet empty.
解析：考查细节理解题。根据第二段可知，参观Santo Domingo del Cerro 不需要花费，ChocoMuseo 是免门票的；
根据第三段尾句可知，去敖德萨歌剧院的门票仅需2 美元起；根据尾段第二、三句可知，在Stone Town 旅游不需要花
费；根据第四段尾句可知，参观Museo de Oro 是免费的。据此可知，这四个地点的共同点是所需旅游花费很少，故B
项正确。
4
(2019·合肥市二模)
A simple project to help a family in need stopped Luke Mickelson in his tracks. In 2012, he and his family were
inspired to build and donate a bunk bed, one bed on top of the other，after learning there were local children who slept
on the floor.Shocked to discover how widespread this need was in his community, Mickelson founded Sleep in Heavenly
Peace，a nonprofit that builds and delivers beds to children in need.
Born and raised in Idaho, Mickelson, now 41, had a thriving career. He coached his kids' sports teams and fished in
the nearby river. But when he met children who were sleeping on the floor, his peaceful life changed course.
Using safety guidelines and his daughter's bunk bed as a model, Mickelson started buying wood and supplies to
build beds with his own money. He recruited friends and family members to help around the holidays. As the word
spread, interest and involvement from his and other communities flooded—along with Mickelson's bunk bed output.
“That first project, we built 11 bunk beds in my garage，” he said. “The next year, we did 15. Then it doubled every
year. In 2017, we built 612 bunk beds.”
With the motto “No kid sleeps on the floor in our town” ，the nonprofit and its more than 65 branches have built
and delivered more than 1,500 free beds to children across America.But along with the rapid growth, Mickelson was
faced with a tough choice: advancing his career or his nonprofit. He chose the latter and went from making“great
money to zero money”．He's never looked back.“I found that the need I have isn't financial，”he said.“The need I
have is seeing the joy on kids' faces，knowing that I can make a difference.”
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。Mickelson 为了让自己社区的无床可睡的孩子们能够有床睡觉，成立了一个公益
组织“Sleep in Heavenly Peace”。
10．Why did Mickelson set up Sleep in Heavenly Peace？____
A．To help the poor children.
B．To make a big fortune.
C．To inspire his community.
D．To get more donations.
解析：考查细节理解。根据文章的第一段，尤其是最后一句中的“Mickelson founded Sleep in Heavenly Peace，a
nonprofit that builds and delivers beds to children in need”可知，Mickelson 创建这个非营利组织是为了帮助贫困儿
童。
11．What do we know about Luke Mickelson？____
A．He had his own fish farm.
B．He changed his career from time to time.
C．He used to sleep on the floor when he was a kid.
D．He originally had a relaxing and pleasant life.
解析：考查推理判断。根据文章的第二段，尤其是最后一句“But when he met children who were sleeping on the
floor，his peaceful life changed course”可推知，Mickelson 一开始过着轻松、舒适的生活。
12．How did other people react to Mickelson's project？____
A．They showed little interest in it.
B．They were supportive and involved in it.
C．They were doubtful about the safety of the bunk bed.
D．They volunteered to buy beds with their own money.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“He recruited friends and family members to help around the holidays.As
the word spread，interest and involvement from his and other communities flooded”可知，Mickelson 的朋友和其他家
庭成员都来帮忙，随着消息的传播，更多人参与进来，由此可知，人们对Mickelson 创建的这个组织非常支持，并且
积极参与。
13．What is Mickelson's attitude to the nonprofit？____
A．Ambiguous.
B．Defensive.
C．Cautious.
D．Positive.
解析：考查推理判断。根据文章最后一段，尤其是“The need I have...make a difference”可知，Mickelson 想要看
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到孩子们脸上的喜悦，他知道他在做一些有影响的事；由此可推知，他对这个组织持积极的态度。
5
(2019·洛阳市二模)
We've heard of robots and AI ( artificial intelligence ) taking human jobs, but I bet mayors don't really think their
jobs can be threatened any time soon. They were wrong, and the AI running for the mayor of a Tokyo district was clear
proof of that.
AI can't legally run for high－ranking public management positions yet, but one mayoral candidate from Tama
City, Tokyo，intended to maximize the use of artificial intelligence in running city affairs. He was running his campaign
as an AI Mayor.Basically, he was suggesting replacing human public officials with AI and having it collect city data and
create fair and balanced policies that will benefit everyone.
“For the first time in the world, AI will run in an election，”human candidate Michihito Matsuda announced.
“Artificial Intelligence will change Tama City.With the birth of an AI Mayor，we will conduct balanced politics.”
The AI Mayor was campaigning very much like its human competitors. Posters were shown all over Tama City and
campaign trucks were blaring out promises of an AI utopia(乌托邦)and asking for support.
Some people called Michihito Matsuda's campaign a stunt (噱头), as a human would still be the one legally in
charge.However, others said that they were excited about the future of AI running things in the background, adding that
it had to be a better choice.
文章大意：本文主要介绍了在日本东京的多摩市，人工智能竞选市长的相关情况。
14．What's the advantage of the AI Mayor according to Michihito Matsuda？____
A．Maximizing the use of AI.
B．Replacing human officials.
C．Creating balanced policies.
D．Bringing him beneficial effects.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段的最后一句和第三段中的“With the birth of an AI Mayor，we will conduct
balanced politics”可知，根据Michihito Matsuda 的话可知，人工智能市长能制定客观公正的政策。
15．How will AI run for the mayor？____
A．It will abolish many old policies.
B．It will ask for support on the Internet.
C．It will make public speeches, dressed like a human.
D．It will compete similarly to human competitors.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第四段的内容，尤其是第一句“The AI Mayor was campaigning very much like its human
competitors”可知，人工智能市长的竞选活动与它的人类竞争者类似。
16．What's the citizens' attitude toward Michihito Matsuda's campaign？____
A．They believe AI will win.
B．All consider it to be tricky.
C．It is supposed to be a failure definitely.
D．Some think it's worthy of expectation.
解析：考查细节理解。根据最后一段的内容，尤其是最后一句“However，others said that they were excited about
the future of AI running things in the background，adding that it had to be a better choice”可知，一些人认为Michihito
Matsuda 使用人工智能竞选市长是值得期待的。
17．What is the best title for the passage？____
A．AI Runs for the Mayor.
B．The Advantages of AI.
C．AI Replaces Human in Management.
D．The Patterns of AI Management.
解析：考查标题判断。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了人工智能竞选市长的相关情况，故A 项最适合作本文标题。
考点2
推理判断题
A
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，C)
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common ，the market is growing for biometric( 生物测量)
technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e－spaces.At present，these technologies are still
expensive，though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low－cost device(装置) that gets around this
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problem：a smart keyboard.This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the
pressure fingers apply to each key.The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force
of a user's typing and the time between key presses.These patterns are unique to each person.Thus，the keyboard can
determine people's identities，and by extension，whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected
to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with.Everybody uses a keyboard
and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the
smart keyboard.Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they
typed ，with very low error rates.The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to
commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive，plastic－like parts.The team hopes to make it to market in the near
future.
文章大意：主题：人与社会(科学与技术)；话题：智能键盘。本文是一篇科研报道。来自佐治亚理工学院的研究
人员发明了一种智能键盘，可以通过分析用户的打字模式来判断该用户是不是安全访客。
1．Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard？____
A．To reduce pressure on keys.
B．To improve accuracy in typing.
C．To replace the password system.
D．To cut the cost of e－space protection.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low－
cost device that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.”以及第一段最后一句“At present，these technologies are
still expensive，though.”可推知，研究者研发这种智能键盘是为了降低网络安全保护技术的成本。注意题干、正确选
项以及原文中一些词汇的多次呼应现象：develop 与come up with 是同义词，expensive 与low－cost 是反义词，cut the
cost 与low－cost 相呼应。
2．What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？____
A．Computers are much easier to operate.
B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
解析：推理判断题。题干问的是“是什么让智能键盘的发明成为可能”，也就是问这一发明的核心依据是什么。
根据第二段中的“These patterns are unique to each person.Thus，the keyboard can determine people's identities...”可
知，正是因为每个人的打字模式不同，这种智能键盘就可以通过分析用户的打字力度及节奏等来判断该用户是不是安
全访客，故C 项符合题意。解答该题的关键是看懂题干的意思，即智能键盘的核心依据是什么。
3．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？____
A．It'll be environment－friendly.
B．It'll reach consumers soon.
C．It'll be made of plastics.
D．It'll help speed up typing.
解析：细节理解题。根据题干“研究者对于智能键盘有什么期望”可直接定位到最后一段的最后一句话“The team
hopes to make it to market in the near future.”，该团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，故选B 项。注意：题
干中的expect 与原文中的hope 呼应，答案选项中的consumers 与原文中的market 呼应。
4．Where is this text most likely from？____
A．A diary.
B．A guidebook.
C．A novel.
D．A magazine.
解析：文章出处题。根据本文的话题“智能键盘”以及第二段中的“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they
have come up with a low－cost device...”，尤其是其中的关键词researchers，low－cost device 等来推断，这篇文章是
一篇科研报道，最有可能出现在杂志上。
B
(2019·北京卷，B)
Alice Moore is a teenager entrepreneur(创业者)，who in May 2015 set up her business AilieCandy.By the time she
was 13，her company was worth millions of dollars with the invention of a super－sweet treat that could save kids' teeth,
instead of destroying them.
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It all began when Moore visited a bank with her dad.On the outing，she was offered a candy bar.However，her dad
reminded her that sugary treats were bad for her teeth.But Moore was sick of missing out on candies.So she desired to
get round the warning，“Why can't I make a healthy candy that's good for my teeth so that my parents can't say no to
it？”With that in mind，Moore asked her dad if she could start her own candy company.He recommended that she do
some research and talk to dentists about what a healthier candy would contain.
With her dad's permission，she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe that
was both tasty and tooth－friendly.She also approached dentists to learn more about teeth cleaning.Consequently，she
succeeded in making a kind of candy only using natural sweeteners，which can reduce oral bacteria.
Moore then used her savings to get her business off the ground.Afterwards，she and her father secured their first
business meeting with a supermarket owner，who finally agreed to sell Moore's product—CanCandy.
As CanCandy's success grows，so does Moore's credibility as a young entrepreneur.Moore is enthusiastic about the
candy she created，and she's also positive about what the future might bring. She hopes that every kid can have a clean
mouth and a broad smile.
Meanwhile，with her parents' help，Moore is generally able to live a normal teenage life.Although she founded her
company early on in life，she wasn't driven primarily by profit.Moore wants to use her unique talent to help others find
their smiles.She donates 10% of AilieCandy's profits to Big Smiles.With her talent and determination，it appears that
the sky could be the limit for Alice Moore.
文章大意：主题：人与自我(做人与做事)；话题：创新与创业意识。本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位少年创
业成功的故事。小女孩Alice Moore 面对问题不退缩，想办法解决问题，经过两年的调研和多次实验，最终创业成功。
她也给更多的孩子带来了健康和微笑。
5．How did Moore react to her dad's warning？____
A．She argued with him.
B．She tried to find a way out.
C．She paid no attention.
D．She chose to consult dentists.
解析：推理判断题。根据题干中关键词warning 可直接定位到第二段第五句，该句表示Alice Moore 想要解决父
亲提出的问题，因为她不愿意放弃享用糖果的机会，故B 项“她试图找到解决的办法”为正确选项。
6．What is special about CanCandy？____
A．It is beneficial to dental health.
B．It is free of sweeteners.
C．It is sweeter than other candies.
D．It is produced to a dentists' recipe.
解析：推理判断题。CanCandy 为语篇的线索性词汇，它是Alice Moore 的公司研发的新产品。题干是问CanCandy
的特别之处，由此定位到第三段第一句，根据本句内容可知，它“既可口又对牙齿无害”，故A 项“它有益于牙齿健
康”正确。
7．What does Moore expect from her business？____
A．To earn more money.
B．To help others find smiles.
C．To make herself stand out.
D．To beat other candy companies.
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“She hopes that every kid can have a clean mouth and a broad smile.”
可知，Alice Moore 希望每位小朋友都有洁净的牙齿和灿烂的笑容。B 项意为“帮助别人找到笑容”，与原文意思相符。
8．What can we learn from Alice Moore's story？____
A．Fame is a great thirst of the young.
B．A youth is to be regarded with respect.
C．Positive thinking and action result in success.
D．Success means getting personal desires satisfied.
解析：推理判断题。文章介绍了Alice Moore 年纪虽小，但面对问题不退缩，积极思考，想办法解决问题，勇于
创新，最后创业成功的故事。故C 项正确。
考纲解读
(1)推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，做出一定的判断和推
理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。
(2)主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。
(3)推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文
章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。
考查特点
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Ⅰ.把握推理判断题常见的命题方式
(1) We can infer from the(first/last) passage that_________.
(2) The passage/author implies/suggests that_________.
(3) It can be concluded from the passage that_________.
(4)The main purpose of the passage is_________.
(5)Where does this passage probably come from?
(6)What's the author's attitude towards...?
(7) The writer developed the passage/his main idea by _________.
(8)The first/last paragraph serves as a(n) _________.
Ⅱ.掌握推理判断题的考查角度
(1)高频考点：推断隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。
(2)低频考点：推断下段内容、文章出处、目标读者。
[选项特征]
最佳选项
干扰选项
①“立足原文，只推一步”，即根据原文内
容，一步即可推出。
②选项中一般不可以出现绝对性的状语，如
only，never，all，absolutely 等。最佳答案
的表述一般有一点儿模糊，会用一些相对留
有余地的词汇，如often，usually，sometimes，
some，may，might，can，could，possibly，
probably 等。
①与常识相吻合，但并不是从短文内容推知
的，不是基于文章。
②看似从原文推断出来的结论，然而实际上
与原文不符。
③推理过头，引申过度。偏离文章主题，属
主观臆断的结论。
④是短文内容的简单重述，而非推断出来的
结论，把直接表达当作间接推理。
1．隐含推断题→“逻辑关联”得结论
关键词：☆阅读题干，锁定信息段落
☆详读信息段，领悟隐含意义
☆比对选项，进行推断
本类试题一般采用“定位信息＋同义替换＋综合分析”的方法解答，即首先确定题干中的关键词，然后“按图索
骥”在原文中搜索定位相关线索，抓住某一段话中的关键信息，以全文主旨大意和中心为依据，利用正向或逆向推理
仔细推敲该句话的深层含义。正确选项往往采用“同义替换”的方式命题。
有时需要在弄懂全文(段)意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。注
意推断一定要以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能凭空想象，这样才能做出合理的推断。
典例(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，B 片段)
Whaley got the idea of this second－grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to
raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is
about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves.
“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities，”Whaley says，“is very difficult for a child who came into the
classroom not feeling confident.”
◆We can infer that the purpose of Whaley's project is to _________.
A．help students see their own strengths
B．assess students' public speaking skills
C．prepare students for their future jobs
D．inspire students' love for politics
[解题思路]
根据“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to
learn to boast(夸耀) about themselves”和最后一段的内容可知，老师让学生参加竞选演说不仅仅是让学生们学会在公
开场合演说，更重要的是让他们发现自己的长处，从而树立自信。A 项意为“帮助学生看到自己的长处”，与原文意
思相符。故选_____。
2．观点态度类→“言为心声”求褒贬
关键词：☆阅读题干，找准关键词
☆速读文章，寻找作者对某事物所持观点态度的语段
☆体会字里行间流露
的情感，与选项进行比对
文章作者或者文中人物对某事物所持的态度或者观点往往隐含在字里行间或者流露于修饰词之中，这就要注意作
者或文中人物的措辞。
①正确掌握字里行间所隐含或流露的意思。切不可用自己的观点来代替作者或文中人物的观点。
②留意那些描写所处氛围的语言及表达情感、态度或观点的词语或句子。
③结合平时所积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来进行合理的推断。
作者或者文中人物的态度和观点无非就是三类：支持、赞同、乐观；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；中立、客观。熟
悉如下有关作者情感、态度的词语。
褒义词：supportive(支持的)，positive(积极的)，optimistic(乐观的)，enthusiastic(热情的)等。
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贬义语：negative(否定的，消极的)，ironic(讽刺的)，critical(批评的)，disgusted(厌恶的)，disappointed(失望的)
等。
中性词：indifferent(漠不关心的)，uninterested(不感兴趣的)，objective(客观的)，neutral(中立的)等。
典例(2018·北京卷，D)
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self－driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream，years away from materializing
in the real world.Well，the future is apparently now.The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits
in April for companies to test truly self－driving cars on public roads.The state also cleared the way for companies to
sell or rent out self－driving cars...
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't
extend the worst aspects of the car －controlled transportation system we have today.The coming technological
advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people，
and more affordably.The car of the future is coming.We just have to plan for it.
◆What is the author's attitude to the future of self－driving cars？_________
A．Doubtful.
B．Positive.
C．Disapproving.
D．Sympathetic.
[解题思路]
根据首段中的Well，the future is apparently now 和尾段中的The car of the future is coming.We just have to plan
for it 可知，作者对无人驾驶汽车的发展持乐观、积极的态度。故选_____。
3．写作意图类→“文体特点”寻意图
关键词：☆通读全文，确定文章体裁
☆记叙文表达情感或者某个道理；应用文推销或者介绍；说明文展示用途
或者过程；议论文论述道理或者表达观点
作者写文章的目的通常有三种：to entertain readers 常见于故事类的文章；to persuade readers 常见于广告或议论
文；to inform readers 常见于文化类、社会类、科普类、新闻报道类文章。考生可以根据不同的文体特点来快速确定
主题句，把握文章主旨。常见文体确定写作意图的方法如下：
1．记叙文：一般会在首段或尾段出现隐含作者写作意图的总结性语言，全文围绕此总结性语言展开陈述。
2．说明文：一般会在文中反复出现所要说明的事物或者道理，作者的写作图意就在其中。
3．议论文：文章结构一般为提出论点—进行论证—得出结论，作者的写作意图往往在结论之中。
4．广告类应用文：全文会对所介绍的商品、服务内容等进行详尽的叙述，作者的写作意图相对明显。
典例(2018·浙江卷，A)
In 1812，the year Charles Dickens was born，there were 66 novels published in Britain...
In 1870，when Dickens died，the world mourned him as its first professional writer and publisher，famous and
beloved，who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose characters—from
Oliver Twist to Tiny Tim—were held up as moral touchstones...
How did Dickens get to the top？For all the feelings readers attach to stories，literature is a numbers game，and the
test of time is extremely difficult to pass.Some 60,000 novels were published during the Victorian age，from 1837 to
1901；today a casual reader might be able to name a half－dozen of them.It's partly true that Dickens' style of writing
attracted audiences from all walks of life.It's partly that his writings rode a wave of social ，political and scientific
progress.But it's also that he rewrote the culture of literature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know what
mix of talent，ambition，energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.But as the 200th anniversary of his
birth approaches，it is possible—and important for our own culture—to understand how he made himself a lasting one.
◆What is the author's purpose in writing the text？_________
A．To remember a great writer.
B．To introduce an English novel.
C．To encourage studies on culture.
D．To promote values of the Victorian age.
[解题思路]
通读全文，本文是一篇记叙文，介绍了狄更斯在英国文学中的地位以及他是如何获此殊荣的。尤其是从最后一段
中But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches，...可知，本文写于狄更斯诞辰200 周年纪念前夕，显然是为了
纪念这位伟大的作家。故选____。
4．文章出题→“语言特色”推出处
关键词：☆确定文章大意
☆关注文章语气和措辞
☆对比选项；确定答案
推断文章出处是高考英语阅读中一个比较常见的考点，主要考查考生能否根据文章主题、内容特点、文体特征、
语言风格等判断出所读文章的具体出处。如：
1．若所读材料具有较强的时效性，则可能出自新闻报道；
2．若所读材料侧重历史事实，且措辞严谨，则可能出自历史教科书；
3．若所读材料涉及工作要求、工资待遇、联系电话等，则可能出自招聘广告；若所读材料推销介绍新产品，且格
式特殊，则可能是产品广告；若所读材料轻松、休闲、普及各科知识，则可能出自旅游杂志、休闲杂志等；
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4．若文章开头主持人向听众问好，并作自我介绍，则可能是广播稿；
5．若文章中出现网址或与其相关的词汇表达，如click，则可能出自网站。
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，B)
Many of us love July because it's the month when nature's berries and stone fruits are in abundance.These
colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbia's fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.
Of the common berries，strawberries are highest in vitamin C，although，because of their seeds，raspberries contain
a little more protein(蛋白质)，iron and zinc(not that fruits have much protein)．..
If you have __juicer，you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a “soft－
serve” creamy dessert，to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a children's party；they love feeding the
fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
◆From which is the text probably taken?
A．A biology textbook.
B．A health magazine.
C．A research paper.
D．A travel brochure.
[解题思路]
文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出可以用a juicer 为孩子们做一
些甜点和冰激凌，故本文很可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。故选____。
A
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，B)
“You can use me as a last resort (选择)，and if nobody else volunteers，then I will do it.” This was an actual reply
from a parent after I put out a request for volunteers for my kids' lacrosse (长曲棍球) club.
I guess that there's probably some demanding work schedule，or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an
unknown sport.She may just need a little persuading.So I try again and tug_at_the_heartstrings.I mention the single
parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren't even on...At this
point the unwilling parent speaks up，“Alright.Yes，I'll do it.”
I'm secretly relieved because I know there's real power in sharing volunteer responsibilities among many.The
unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule ，sends out emails ，and collects money for end －of －season gifts.
Somewhere along the way，the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable member of the team.The coach is able to
focus on the kids while the other parents are relieved to be off the hook for another season.Handing out sliced oranges to
bloodthirsty kids can be as exciting as watching your own kid score a goal.
Still，most of us volunteers breathe a sigh of relief when the season comes to a close.That relief is coupled with a
deep understanding of why the same people keep coming back for more：Connecting to the community (社区) as you
freely give your time，money，skills，or services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good.
In that sense，I'm pretty sure volunteering is more of a selfish act than I'd freely like to admit.However，if others
benefit in the process，and I get some reward too，does it really matter where my motivation lies?
文章大意：主题：人与社会(社会服务)；话题：志愿者。本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了作者自己参与并鼓励他
人参与志愿工作的经历，论述了志愿工作的独特意义。
1．What can we infer about the parent from her reply in paragraph 1？____
A．She knows little about the club.
B．She isn't good at sports.
C．She just doesn't want to volunteer.
D．She's unable to meet her schedule.
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“You can use me as a last resort，and if nobody else volunteers，then I will do
it.”可知，这位家长要求把她当作最后的选择，如果没人愿意做，她再做。由此推知她不愿意参与志愿者活动。另外，
第三段第二句中的the unwilling parent 也印证了答案。
2．What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean？____
A．Encourage teamwork.
B．Appeal to feelings.
C．Promote good deeds.
D．Provide advice.
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线短语前一句“She may just need a little persuading.”可知，这位家长可能需要一点点
劝说。随后作者对这位家长进行了举例劝说：一位有四个孩子的单亲母亲在主持这次活动，一位孩子不在此队的父亲
担任长曲棍球队的教练。这些例子都是为了吸引这位家长来做志愿工作，故答案为B。
3．What can we learn about the parent from paragraph 3？____
A．She gets interested in lacrosse.
B．She is proud of her kids.
C．She'll work for another season.
D．She becomes a good helper.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“The unwilling parent organizes the meal schedule, sends out emails，and
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collects money for end－of－season gifts.Somewhere along the way, the same parent ends up becoming an invaluable
member of the team.”可知，这位不情愿的家长在参与了这项活动后，安排用餐时间、发送电子邮件、筹款买赛季末
礼物，每件事都安排得很妥当。在这个过程中，她最终成为团队中非常宝贵的一员，这说明这位开始不情愿参加的家
长最终成为团队里的一个好帮手。
4．Why does the author like doing volunteer work？____
A．It gives her a sense of duty.
B．It makes her very happy.
C．It enables her to work hard.
D．It brings her material rewards.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的最后两句“...services provides a real joy.Volunteering just feels so good.”可知，
作者之所以喜欢做志愿工作，是因为这使她很快乐。
B
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，C)
Before the 1830s ，most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America ，usually $8 to $10 a
year.Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money ，but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most
citizens.Accordingly ，newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades.In addition ，most
newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.They were dull and visually forbidding.But the
revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend，then，was toward the“penny paper”—a term referring to papers made widely available to the public.It
meant any inexpensive newspaper；perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies
on the street.
This development did not take place overnight.It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers
before 1830，but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy.Street sales were
almost unknown.However，within a few years，street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities.At
first the price of single copies was seldom a penny—usually two or three cents was charged—and some of the older well
－known papers charged five or six cents.But the phrase “penny paper”caught the public's fancy，and soon there would
be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for“the man on the street”did not begin well.Some of the early ventures(企业) were
immediate failures.Publishers already in business，people who were owners of successful papers，had little desire to
change the tradition.It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
文章大意：主题：人与社会(历史)；话题：美国报纸的发展。本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了美国报纸大众化的
发展过程。
5．Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s？____
A．Academic.
B．Unattractive.
C．Inexpensive.
D．Confidential.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“They were dull and visually forbidding.”可知当时的美国报纸既枯燥又在视
觉上令人生畏，故选unattractive“不吸引人的”。academic 学术的；inexpensive 不贵的，便宜的；confidential 机密
的，受信任的。
6．What did street sales mean to newspapers？____
A．They would be priced higher.
B．They would disappear from cities.
C．They could have more readers.
D．They could regain public trust.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段和第三段可知，报纸当时的变化趋势是越来越面向大众，变得更便宜，而且在街
上就可以买到一份报纸，由此可推断报纸的街头销售意味着“报纸可以拥有更多的读者”，故选C 项。
7．Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at？____
A．Local politicians.
B．Common people.
C．Young publishers.
D．Rich businessmen.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The trend，then，was toward the ‘penny paper’—a term referring to
papers made widely available to the public.”可知报纸发展的新趋势的目标读者是普通人，故选B 项。
8．What can we say about the birth of the penny paper？____
A．It was a difficult process.
B．It was a temporary success.
C．It was a robbery of the poor.
D．It was a disaster for printers.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，报纸的大众化新趋势进展得并不容易，经过了早期一些企业的失败，然
后通过一些年轻而勇敢的商人的努力才成功，故选A 项。
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[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2019·天津卷，C)
How does an ecosystem(生态系统) work？What makes the populations of different species the way they are？Why
are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists have built mathematical models of food webs，
noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.
With such models ，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs.Most food webs ，for
instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones.When a predator (掠食动物) always eats huge
numbers of a single prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked；when a predator lives on various species，they are
weakly linked.Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long
term.If a predator can eat several species，it can survive the extinction (灭绝) of one of them.And if a predator can move
on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original prey to
recover.The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top predators can
lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web
had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly
attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top－down control by top predators to be true.In the
ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale，while on land，we killed off large predators such
as wolves.These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.
Scientists have built an early－warning system based on mathematical models.Ideally，the system would tell us
when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an
ecosystem back from the borderline.Prevention is key，scientists say，because once ecosystems pass their tipping point
(临界点)，it is remarkably difficult for them to return.
文章大意：主题：人与自然(环境保护)；话题：食物网。本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了科学家通过建立一
个数学模型找到了管理食物网的几个主要原则。
1．What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs？____
A．The living habits of species in food webs.
B．The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C．The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D．The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
解析：细节理解题。第二段第一句“With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in
food webs.”中的principles 与选项B 中的rules 相对应，故选B。
2．A strong link is found between two species when a predator ____.
A．has a wide food choice
B．can easily find new prey
C．sticks to one prey species
D．can quickly move to another place
解析：细节理解题。注意本题中涉及的是a strong link。根据第二段第三句“When a predator always eats huge
numbers of a single prey，the two species are strongly linked...”可知，当掠食动物总是吃掉大量的单一猎物时，这两
种动物是紧密联系在一起的，故选C。
3．What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？____
A．The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B．The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C．The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D．The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire
ecosystems 以及其后举的例子可知，位于食物网顶端的掠食动物对其他物种的数量有着惊人的控制，即使是无直接联
系的物种，故答案为D “其他物种的数量会发生意想不到的变化”。
4．What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4？____
A．Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B．Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C．Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D．Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
解析：段落大意题。第四段的第一句“And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top－down control
by top predators to be true.(未经计划的人类活动证明了顶端掠食动物自上而下控制的观点是正确的)”是这一段的主
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题句，下面的例子是为了证明它的，根据本段最后一句“这些行为已经大大影响了生态平衡”可知，人为的不受控制
的行为会扰乱生态平衡，故答案为A。
5．How does an early－warning system help us maintain the ecological balance？____
A．By getting illegal practices under control.
B．By stopping us from killing large predators.
C．By bringing the broken－down ecosystems back to normal.
D．By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.
解析：推理判断题。由题干中的an early－warning system 定位到文章的最后一段。根据最后一段中的prevention
is key 可知，预防系统提前发出信号以让人们采取措施防止生态系统被破坏。
B
(2018·天津卷，B)
When I was 17，I read a magazine article about a museum called the McNay，once the home of a watercolorist
named Marian McNay.She had requested the community to turn it into a museum upon her death.On a sunny
Saturday，Sally and I drove over to the museum.She asked，“Do you have the address？”“No，but I'll recognize it，
there was a picture in the magazine.”
“Oh，stop.There it is！”
The museum was free.We entered，excited.A group of people sitting in the hall stopped talking and stared at us.
“May I help you？” a man asked.“No，” I said.“We're fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves.What if they talked
a long time about a painting you weren't that interested in？Sally had gone upstairs.The people in the hall seemed very
nosy (爱窥探的)，keeping their eyes on me with curiosity.What was their problem？I saw some nice sculptures in one
room.Suddenly I sensed a man standing behind me.“Where do you think you are？” he asked.I turned sharply.“The
McNay Art Museum！” He smiled，shaking his head.“Sorry，the McNay is on New Braunfels Street.” “What's this
place？” I asked，still confused.“Well，it's our home.”My heart jolted (震颤)．I raced to the staircase and called out，
“Sally！Come down immediately！”
“There's some really good stuff (艺术作品) up there.” She stepped down，looking confused.I pushed her toward
the front door，waving at the family，saying，“Sorry，please forgive us，you have a really nice place.” Outside，when
I told Sally what happened，she covered her mouth，laughing.She couldn't believe how long they let us look around
without saying anything.
The real McNay was splendid，but we felt nervous the whole time we were there.Van Gogh，Picasso.This time，we
stayed together，in case anything else unusual happened.
Thirty years later，a woman approached me in a public place.“Excuse me，did you ever enter a residence，long
ago，thinking it was the McNay Museum？”
“Yes.But how do you know？We never told anyone.”
“That was my home.I was a teenager sitting in the hall.Before you came over，I never realized what a beautiful
place I lived in.I never felt lucky before.You thought it was a museum.My feelings about my home changed after
that.I've always wanted to thank you.”
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。如果你误把一户人家当成博物馆且四处参观，会是怎样一种奇特的经历呢？让我
们读一下文章，看一看作者的亲身体验吧。
6．What do we know about Marian McNay？____
A．She was a painter.
B．She was a community leader.
C．She was a museum director.
D．She was a journalist.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的watercolorist(水彩画家)以及下文“去博物馆看画”知，Marian McNay 是一
位painter (画家)，故答案为A。a community leader“社区领导”；a museum director“博物馆主管”；a journalist“记
者”。
7．Why did the author refuse the help from the man in the house？____
A．She disliked people who were nosy.
B．She felt nervous when talking to strangers.
C．She knew more about art than the man.
D．She mistook him for a tour guide.
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Tour guides got on my nerves.(导游令我烦扰)”知，“我”把那个人误认为
是导游了，故答案为D。A 项“她不喜欢爱窥探的人”，曲解文意；B 项“与陌生人交谈时她感到紧张”，无中生有；
C 项“她比那个人更懂艺术”，无中生有。
8．How did the author feel about being stared at by the people in the hall？____
A．Puzzled.
B．Concerned.
C．Frightened.
D．Delighted.
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中“我”被那些人盯着时的疑惑“What was their problem？”及后文中的still
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confused 可知，“我”感到很困惑(puzzled)，故答案为A。
9．Why did the author describe the real McNay museum in just a few words？____
A．The real museum lacked enough artwork to interest her.
B．She was too upset to spend much time at the real museum.
C．The McNay was disappointing compared with the house.
D．The event happening in the house was more significant.
解析：推理判断题。下文提到30 年后“我”偶遇那户人家的一个孩子，她说“我”把她家误认为博物馆使她看到
了它的美丽，由此可知，本文作者不是重点描述McNay 博物馆，而是描述这次突发事件带来的影响，故答案为D “房
子里发生的事更重要”。
10．What could we learn from the last paragraph？____
A．People should have good taste to enjoy life.
B．People should spend more time with their family.
C．People tend to be blind to the beauty around them.
D．People tend to educate teenagers at a museum.
解析：推理判断题。从最后一段中那个女士的话“在你进来之前，我从未意识到我住的是个美丽的地方，我以前
从未感到过幸运”可推知，人们往往会忽视自己周围事物的美。
C
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ，B)
Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater, employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and
gathering coke cups.It was a scene that had been repeated many times in the theater's 75 －year history.This time,
however, the cleanup was a little different.As one group of workers carried out the rubbish, another group began
removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the building's end.
The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater.Though the movie is 30 years old,
most of the 250 seats were filled with teary－eyed audience wanting to say good－bye to the old building.Theater owner
Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate.The movie is set in a small town where the only
movie theater is preparing to close down.
Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to compete.He added that the
theater's location(位置) was also a reason.“This used to be the center of town，”he said.“ Now the area is mostly office
buildings and warehouses.”
Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and
public meeting place.However, these plans were abandoned because of financial problems.Bradford sold the building
and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.
The theater audience said good －bye as Bradford locked the doors for the last time.After 75 years the Plaza
Theater had shown its last movie.The theater will be missed.
文章大意：本文讲述的是拥有75 年历史的广场剧院在放映完最后一部电影后即将关闭以及市民对它的不舍之情。
11．In what way was yesterday's cleanup at the Plaza special？____
A．It made room for new equipment.
B．It signaled the closedown of the theater.
C．It was done with the help of the audience.
D．It marked the 75th anniversary of the theater.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段的最后一句“As one group of workers carried out the rubbish，another group
began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the building's end”可推断出，工人们清理垃圾和
清除座位及其他剧院设备是在为剧院的关闭做准备。故选B。
12．Why was The Last Picture Show put on？____
A．It was an all－time classic.
B．It was about the history of the town.
C．The audience requested it.
D．The theater owner found it suitable.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed
appropriate”可知，剧院的老板亲自选定了The Last Picture Show 这部电影，因为他认为这部电影很适合。原文中的
“appropriate”和D 选项的“suitable”都表示“合适的”。故选D。
13．What will probably happen to the building？____
A．It will be repaired.
B．It will be turned into a museum.
C．It will be knocked down.
D．It will be sold to the city government.
解析：考查推理判断。第四段最后一句说剧院被卖给了当地的开发公司，该公司计划在剧院所在地建综合购物大
楼，因此可推断出剧院将被推倒拆除。故选C。
14．What can we infer about the audience？____
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A．They are disappointed with Bradford.
B．They are sad to part with the old theater.
C．They are supportive of the city officials.
D．They are eager to have a shopping center.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段第二句“Though the movie is 30 years old，most of the 250 seats were filled with
teary－eyed audience wanting to say good－bye to the old building”可知，观众含泪观看最后一部电影，想向剧院告别；
再结合最后一段最后一句“The theater will be missed”可以推断出观众对剧院恋恋不舍，与剧院告别让他们感到很悲
伤。故选B。
D
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ，C)
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun，according to a Common Sense Media report published
Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers，some data in the report shows that reading remains
a big part of many children's lives，and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.
According to the report's key findings，“the proportion(比例)who say they‘hardly ever’read for fun has gone
from 8 percent of 13－year－olds and 9 percent of 17－year－olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively
today.”
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children，ages 2—8，remain largely the same.But the
amount of time spent in reading each session has declined，from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per
session.
When it comes to technology and reading，the report does little to counsel(建议)parents looking for data about the
effect of e－readers and tablets on reading.It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading，mainly due
to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and important
guides for their kids when it comes to reading.Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently，compared to
infrequent readers，have more books in the home，more books purchased for them，parents who read more often，and
parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches，and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近)ahead, parents might take this chance
to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.
文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。一份调查报告显示，尽管阅读在很多孩子的生活中仍然是很重要的一部分，但是
进行趣味性阅读的青少年人数在减少。要想改变这种状况，父母应该在阅读方面起示范作用，成为重要的引导者。
15．What is the Common Sense Media report probably about？____
A．Children's reading habits.
B．Quality of children's books.
C．Children's after－class activities.
D．Parent－child relationships.
解析：推理判断题。关于题干提到的这份报告，第二、三段说孩子们的趣味性阅读减少了，几乎不进行趣味性阅
读的人数增加了，第五、六段提到电子书的阅读以及父母的榜样作用，从这些信息推断，这份报告研究的内容是孩子
们的阅读习惯，因此选A。
16．Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”？____
A．In Paragraph 2.
B．In Paragraph 3.
C．In Paragraph 4.
D．In Paragraph 5.
解析：推理判断题。第三段说几乎不进行趣味性阅读的孩子的人数比例上升了，因此这一段说的是孩子们趣味性
阅读的情况减少了。这与题干中的“孩子们趣味性阅读的情况减少了”相吻合。
17．Why do many parents limit electronic reading？____
A．E－books are of poor quality.
B．It could be a waste of time.
C．It may harm children's health.
D．E－readers are expensive.
解析：推理判断题。第五段提到科技产品与阅读的关系，说这份报告几乎没有建议父母去了解电子读物和平板电
脑对阅读的影响，但是提到许多父母因为注意到孩子看屏幕的时间在不断增加，就对电子书的阅读进行限制。从这些
信息看，父母这样做的原因是从孩子的身心健康方面去考虑的，因此选C。
18．How should parents encourage their children to read more？____
A．Act as role models for them.
B．Ask them to write book reports.
C．Set up reading groups for them.
D．Talk with their reading class teachers.
解析：推理判断题。关于父母怎样鼓励孩子多读书，第六段说，在阅读方面父母能给孩子树立榜样，成为重要的
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引导者，并且指出，读书多的孩子，他们的父母经常阅读，还给孩子留出读书的时间。由此推断选A“成为他们的榜
样”。
E
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，D)
We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new，but
a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style.That's bad news for the
environment—and our wallets—as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the
same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using，Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute
of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life—from when its
minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.This method provided a readout for how home energy use has
evolved since the early 1990s.Devices were grouped by generation.Desktop computers，basic mobile phones，and box－
set TVs defined 1992.Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997.And MP3 players，smart phones，and LCD TVs
entered homes in 2002，before tablets and e－readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices，however，we didn't throw out our old ones.“The living－room television is
replaced and gets planted in the kids' room，and suddenly one day，you have a TV in every room of the house，”said
one researcher.The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007.We're not
just keeping these old devices—we continue to use them.According to the analysis of Babbitt's team ，old desktop
monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to
greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what's the solution (解决方案)？The team's data only went up to 2007，but the researchers also explored what
would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function，such as a
tablet for word processing and TV viewing.They found that more on－demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead
of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。研究表明，过时的旧设备比新设备要消耗更多的能源，因此从环保的角度来看，
我们应及时更新设备。
19．What does the author think of new devices？____
A．They are environment－friendly.
B．They are no better than the old.
C．They cost more to use at home.
D．They go out of style quickly.
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“...these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones
that do the same things.”可知，这些过时的设备比那些做同样事情的新设备消耗更多的能源，也就是说新的设备更环
保。B、C 两项颠倒是非，新设备更环保，所以显然比旧设备好，而且新设备消耗更少的能源，花费就更少。D 项无
中生有，文中没有提到新设备很快就过时。
20．Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research？____
A．To reduce the cost of minerals.
B．To test the life cycle of a product.
C．To update consumers on new technology.
D．To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“To figure out how much power these devices are using...”可知，Babbitt 和她
的同事们进行这项研究的目的是弄清这些设备的用电量。A、B 两项曲解文意，第二段中的tracked the environmental
costs for each product throughout its life—from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device 是说开展
这项研究所使用的方法是追踪每个产品从矿产开采到人们停止使用整个周期内的环境成本，而不是说研究目的是“降
低矿产成本”和“检测产品的生命周期”。C 项无中生有，文中没有提到“向消费者提供新技术的最新信息”。
21．Which of the following uses the least energy？____
A．The box－set TV.
B．The tablet.
C．The LCD TV.
D．The desktop computer.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“They found that more on－demand entertainment viewing on tablets
instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.”可知，在平板电脑上观看更多的点播娱
乐节目，而不是看电视和台式电脑，看平板电脑可以将能耗降低44%，由此可知，平板电脑消耗最少的能源。
22．What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices？____
A．Stop using them.
B．Take them apart.
C．Upgrade them.
D．Recycle them.
解析：推理判断题。文章通过科学家的研究表明，过时的旧电子设备会消耗更多的能源，由此推知，文章建议人
们停止使用旧电子设备。B、C 两项无中生有，文中没有提到把旧电子设备拆开，也没有提到将旧电子设备升级。D
项曲解文意，回收利用电子设备是人们的常规做法，并不是文章建议的做法。
[层级二
模拟题组]
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30
1
(2019·洛阳市二模)
I decided to ski to the North Pole. It was after I saw an advertisement in a newspaper looking for people to join a
team to ski 350 miles to the North Pole. Back in 1996, there had never been a woman from the UK who had
accomplished this challenge.I wondered what it would be like to survive in temperatures cold enough to freeze your flesh
in seconds, so I sent off for the application form.
The application form full of pictures of male explorers arrived. The words “Are you man enough for the
ultimate(极限的)challenge？” made me and even more determined to get on the team.
Over 500 individuals applied for a place in the team, and the selection process included physical and psychological
tests designed to pick the best group.In one test，there was a huge rope ladder we had to climb，and I froze at the top
because I have a fear of heights. I thought my hopes were fading as most other applicants sailed past, leaving me behind.
But two others helped me over, and later I found out that the organizers were not looking for amazing individuals, but
great team players, and this moment had shown them who would take care of others in the team.
I had revealed (显示) my weakness, and in a place like the Arctic，you have to be yourself，as there is nowhere to
hide.These personalities of asking for help and showing weakness are necessary for women to master.
I realized that by being myself，I could succeed. I was selected for the team. I realized that I could achieve more
than I ever imagined—more importantly, by sharing my story with others，I could inspire them to take a step into the
new world and reveal more of their abilities.
文章大意：本文主要讲述了作者申请加入去北极的滑雪队，并成功加入的故事。
1．How did the author react on seeing the advertisement？____
A．She got cross.
B．She was determined.
C．She got frightened.
D．She was uninterested.
解析：考查细节理解。根据对第一段的整体理解，尤其是第一、二句“I decided to ski to the North Pole.It was after
I saw an advertisement in a newspaper looking for people to join a team to ski 350 miles to the North Pole”可知，作者看
到这个广告后就下定决心要滑雪去北极。
2．What did organizers view as the most important in the selection of new hands？____
A．Personal quality.
B．Individual ability.
C．Spirit of teamwork.
D．Courage to challenge.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段的最后一句“But two others helped me over，and later I found out that the
organizers were not looking for amazing individuals，but great team players，and this moment had shown them who
would take care of others in the team”可推知，团队组织者挑选新队员时认为最重要的一点就是队员们要有团队合作
精神。
3．What does the author think of women's showing weakness？_____
A．Beneficial.
B．Shameful.
C．Merciful.
D．Disturbing.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第四段的内容，尤其是第二句“These personalities of asking for help and showing
weakness are necessary for women to master”可推知，女性展示软弱是有用的。
4．What's the intention of the author in writing this passage？____
A．To inspire us to prepare for our future goal.
B．To advise women how to turn to others.
C．To make suggestions to her team members.
D．To encourage people to explore the unknown.
解析：考查写作意图。根据最后一段最后一句“I realized that I could achieve more than I ever imagined—more
importantly，by sharing my story with others，I could inspire them to take a step into the new world and reveal more of
their abilities”可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是鼓励人们去探索未知的世界。
2
(2019·合肥市二模)
Trees, some of the tallest in the world, towered above Hannah Griffiths and her colleagues each morning as they
walked deep into the rainforest in the Maliau Basin in Borneo, where they had set up a set of experiments to look at the
ecological effects of small creatures: termites (白蚁)．
Termites get __bum_rap. They make headlines for chewing up billions of dollars of property each year in the U. S.
And they are responsible for something like two percent of global carbon emissions, simply as a result of their huge
populations and preference for chewing through carbon－rich materials. A whole industry is aiming at killing them.
But they play a key role in many natural ecosystems.Scientists have known for years that in tropical( 热带的)
forests，termites chew up fallen leaves and dead wood, keeping the fallen material under control and letting nutrients
from the dead material back into the system to be used by other plants, insects, and animals. But they didn't know
exactly how important the insects were in keeping the forest healthy and functional，so they removed termites from a
particular spot in the forest and saw how it responded.
As luck would have it, Hannah Griffiths and her colleagues started their experiment when the forest was hit by an
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31
extreme drought. During the non－drought years, they saw there wasn't much difference between the normal plots and
the ones where they'd removed the termites. But during the drought, the effects were marked. What they found was
unexpected: in the termite－rich areas, the soil stayed slightly wet, more tree seedlings sprouted (抽芽), and the system
was full of activity despite the long，hard dry spell.
For Griffiths, it was only because they happened to study the drought that they could pick out the real importance
of termites to the system, she points out. “And that rings alarm bells in my head，” she says, “because it makes me
think, well, what else don't we know? If we start damaging biological communities，we don't know what that will do.”
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。白蚁因每年在美国吞噬数十亿美元的房产而登上新闻头条，它们的碳排放量约占
全球的2%。人们想要杀死它们。但是科学家做试验表明，白蚁对自然生态系统的作用是不可估量的。
5．Which of the following best explains“a bum rap” underlined in Paragraph 2？____
A．Unfair blame.
B．Wide popularity.
C．Public attention.
D．Special preference.
解析：考查词义猜测。根据第二段第二句和第三段第一句“But they play a key role in many natural ecosystems”可
知，白蚁因每年在美国吞噬数十亿美元的财产而登上新闻头条，人们想杀死它们，但它们在许多自然生态系统中发挥
关键的作用，由此可推知，画线词所在句表示白蚁受到了不公平的责备。
6．What have scientists learned about termites？____
A．They do serious harm to tropical rainforests.
B．They contribute a lot to the ecosystem they live in.
C．They act as food for other plants，insects and animals.
D．They speed up the loss of nutrition in the rainforest.
解析：考查细节理解。根据对第三段的整体理解，尤其是第二句中的“termites chew up fallen leaves and dead wood,
keeping the fallen material under control and letting nutrients from the dead material back into the system to be used
by other plants, insects, and animals”可知，白蚁会啃食落叶和枯木，并让枯木中的营养物质重新进入生态系统，供其
他植物、昆虫和动物使用。由此可知，科学家们已经知道白蚁对它们居住的生态系统贡献很大。
7．What can we infer from the finding of Griffiths' experiment？____
A．Termites help rainforests survive climate change.
B．Termites prefer drought years to non－drought ones.
C．Termites benefit more from the forest during the drought.
D．Termites enjoy eating tree seedlings during the drought.
解析：根据推理判断。根据第四段最后一句“What they found was...hard dry spell”可知，在白蚁密集的地区，土
壤保持湿润，更多的树苗抽芽，生态系统在漫长干旱的时期充满活力。由此可推知，白蚁帮助雨林渡过气候变化。
8．What does Griffiths tell us in the last paragraph？____.
A．Termites are now in danger of extinction.
B．Termites damage biological communities.
C．We should think twice before damaging a species.
D．We should study the drought to improve the system.
解析：根据文章的最一段，尤其是“If we start damaging biological communities，we don't know what that will do”
可知，如果我们开始破坏生物群落，我们不知道会发生什么，由此可推知，Griffiths 在最后一段告诉我们在破坏一个
物种之前，我们应该三思而后行。
3
(2019·河南省五校联考)
The Great Smoky Mountains always looked dull black and yellowish to Lauren Van Lew even when they were
bursting with their famous fall colors. The 20－year－old Van Lew has been colorblind his whole life. Some colors have
just been left in the imagination. He loves painting, but his wife Molly has to help him pick and mix colors.
Last week Van Lew visited the scenic mountaintop again.For the first time he saw yellows, oranges and reds.
Through a special viewfinder, though. “Red is the biggest difference，” said Van Lew. “It's the most beautiful thing
I've ever seen in my life.That red, it's just lovely, It's unbelievable.”
A color－blind viewfinder which lets people enjoy colors that they may have never seen before was fixed on the top
of the Ober Gatlinburg resort (旅游胜地) last Wednesday. It is one of three in the state. The technology isn't new. It
consists of eyeglasses that let color－blind people see colors. But this is the first time it's been used in a viewfinder. It
helps people with red－green color blindness. How clearly the viewfinders show new colors can vary from person to
person among the 13 million or so people with color blindness in the country.
State tourism officials invited people to try it out last Thursday at Ober Gatlinburg. They brought them up by ski
lift，but left the details somewhat vague. They wanted to keep the element of surprise. A camera crew filmed their
reactions for marketing material. Their first look drew tears, smiles and astonished faces with wonder and awe. “My
heart just started beating fast，” said Todd Heil, who generally saw a lot of green.“I felt like crying，man.Too many
people around.”
For Van Lew，it can be a little discouraging to know what he's been missing，but the possibility of tapping into a
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32
long－unseen world of lively colors is uplifting.
文章大意：本文介绍了Ober Gatlinburg 最近安装了色盲取景器，使色盲者能看到五彩世界。
9．Why does the author mention Van Lew's wife？____
A．To tell us he has a happy marriage life.
B．To stress the importance of colors in painting.
C．To show the inconvenience his condition caused.
D．To let us know how optimistic he is towards life.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“The 20－year－old Van Lew has been color－blind his whole life”可知
Van lew 是色盲，紧接着本段最后一句就提到“He loves painting，but his wife Molly has to help him pick and mix
colors”，目的是表明色盲这种疾病给他带来了不便，故C 项正确。
10．What can we know about the Great Smoky Mountains？____
A．It is dull black and yellowish all year round.
B．It is where the Ober Gatlinburg resort lies.
C．It is equipped with three color－blind viewfinders.
D．It is the first place in the state to use a viewfinder.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段的内容可知，Van Lew 再次上了山顶，这次他看到了各种颜色；第三段告诉我
们在Ober Gatlinburg 旅游胜地安装了色盲取景器。由此可推断Ober Gatlinburg 旅游胜地在Great Smoky Mountains，
故B 项正确。
11．Why did the state tourism officials give few details？____
A．Because they tried to make a film.
B．Because they had to way to describe them.
C．Because the fantastic beauty was beyond words.
D．Because they wanted a great effect of advertisement.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第四段中的“They wanted to keep the element of surprise.A camera crew filmed their
reactions for marketing material”可知州旅游部门的官员们之所以模糊处理细节是为了达到好的广告宣传效果，故D
项正确。
12．How does Van Lew find his seeing the real world of colors？____
A．Bittersweet.
B．Thrilling.
C．Regrettable.
D．Calming.
解析：考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“For Van Lew，it can be a little discouraging to know what he's been
missing，but the possibility of tapping into a long－unseen world of lively colors is uplifting”可知，Van Lew 既为之前
所错过的感到沮丧，又为能看到以前没看到的感到开心，故bittersweet“甜中有苦的，既有欢乐又有悲伤的”正确。
4
(2019·唐山市高三质检)
The alarm sounds. Students swing their backpack over their shoulder, board the school bus, make their way to their
homeroom and the bell rings—school is back. But for more homes in America, school looks more like students waking
up，making their way to the dining room or home office, setting up laptops and learning in the comfort of home.
Virtual ( 虚拟的) schooling, described as “a public school that offers only instruction in which students and
teachers
are separated
by
time
and/or
place ，and
interaction
occurs
via
computers
and/or
telecommunications( 电信) technologies” ，has increased over the past decade.According to the National Education
Policy Center, enrollments (注册人数) in virtual schools increased by 17,000 between the 2015－2016 school year and
the 2016－2017 school year to 295,518.
For Arizona Virtual Academy ，a full －time online public K －12 school ，they use K12 Inc.curriculums.K12
Inc.serves students in all 50 states and more than 100 countries with digital learning platforms and technology,
providing online education.“We always are improving our platforms and the technology that we use to make sure that
we're keeping up with the changing trends, not only with education but also with technology，” Dr. Kelly Van Sande
said. Another piece of new technology they've rolled out is a new app where parents can find virtual schools available in
their area.
Carrie Faulkner chose to enroll two of her children in Arizona Virtual Academy. She says they've done schooling
online in Chicago, in California, at restaurants and on her cousin's floor in Kansas. “it doesn't matter whether he (her
son) is on the couch, in his bed or at the kitchen table, he can do schooling wherever he wants to，” Faulkner said. “I
wish they had it for me back when I was in school. That would have been awesome.”
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了近年来越来越受欢迎的虚拟教育。
13．What's the purpose of the first paragraph？____
A．To give an example of virtual schooling.
B．To introduce the topic“virtual schooling”．
C．To describe vividly students' going to school.
D．To compare real schooling with virtual schooling.
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解析：考查写作意图。第一段对传统的学生上学的情景和日益受欢迎的虚拟学校的学生上学的情景进行对比，第
二段至文末都在讲虚拟教育，故首段的作用是引出本文的话题——虚拟教育。故选B。
14．How many students attended virtual schools during the 2015－2016 school year？____
A．17,000.
B．147,759.
C．278,518.
D．295,518.
解析：考查数字计算。根据题干中的信息定位答案在第二段末句，由该句可知，虚拟学校的注册学生人数在
2015—2016 学年和2016—2017 学年间增加了17 000,2016—2017 学年注册人数增加到295 518，故答案为295 518－17
000＝278 518。
15．What can we infer about Arizona Virtual Academy？____
A．They provide both online and offline education.
B．They're intended for students in the United States.
C．Their new app lets people find schools nationwide.
D．Their platforms and technology are very advanced.
解析：考查推理判断。根据题干中的Arizona Virtual Academy 定位答案在第三段。根据本段中Dr.Kelly Van Sande
的话可知，该虚拟学校一直在改进他们的平台和技术，以确保能够跟上不断变化的趋势，不仅仅是跟上教育的变化趋
势，还要跟上技术的变化趋势。由此可推断，该校的平台和技术很先进。故选D。
16．What is Carrie Faulkner's attitude to virtual schooling?
____
A．Favorable.
B．Doubtful.
C．Indifferent.
D．Disapproving.
解析：考查观点态度。根据题干中的Carrie Faulkner 定位答案在最后一段。Carrie Faulkner 选择让她的两个孩
子上虚拟学校，并且根据她说的“我真希望在我上学的时候也有虚拟教育，那就太棒了”也可推断，Carrie Faulkner
对于虚拟教育持肯定、支持的态度。
5
(2019·长沙四校模拟)
A tiny Alaska village has experienced a boom in tourism in recent years as polar bears spend more time on land
than on Arctic sea ice.
More than 2,000 people visited the northern Alaska village of Kaktovik in 2018 to see polar bears in the wild. The
far north community lies in an area where increasingly higher temperature has sped up the movement of sea ice, the
primary habitat (栖息地) of polar bears. As ice has gradually moved to deep water beyond the continental shelf, more
bears are remaining on land to look for food.
Polar bears have always been a common sight on sea ice near Kaktovik, but villagers started noticing a change in
the mid－1990s. More bears seemed to stay on land, and researchers began taking note of more female bears making
homes in the snow on land instead of on the ice to raise their babies. U．S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists began
hearing reports of the increasing number of polar bears in the area in the early 2000s. As more attention was given to
the plight (困境) of polar bears about a decade ago, more tourists started heading to Kaktovik.
The village had fewer than 50 visitors annually before 2011，said Jennifer Reed, of the Arctic National Wildlife
Refuge.“Today we're talking about hundreds and hundreds of visitors，many from around the world each year，”
Reed said. Most tourists visit in the fall, when bears are forced toward land because sea ice is farthest away from the
shore. Bruce Inglangasak, a local hunter who sometimes offers wildlife－viewing tours, said he's been offering polar
bear tours since 2004.Most of his clients(客户) are from China and Europe, as well as from the lower 48 U．S. states.
Many tourists stay several days in the village, which has two small hotels. The villagers have benefited a lot from that. In
turn, they provide more effective protection for polar bears with financial support from tourism development.
文章大意：本文是说明文。气候变暖导致海水融化，北极熊登陆，为阿拉斯加的一个小村庄带来了巨大的人气，
促进了当地旅游业发展，当地人又用旅游业的收入为北极熊提供积极的保护。
17．What causes more polar bears to stay on land in Kaktovik？____
A．Food shortage.
B．Climate change.
C．Habitats' movement to shore.
D．Their preference for land.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“The far north community lies in an area where increasingly higher
temperature has sped up the movement of sea ice, the primary habitat (栖息地) of polar bears. As ice has gradually
moved to deep water beyond the continental shelf, more bears are remaining on land to look for food”可知，全球变暖
加速了海水融化，破坏了北极熊原来的栖息地，故越来越多的北极熊待在陆地上以寻找食物，故选B。
18．How did common people feel about more sight of bears on land？____
A．Excited.
B．Puzzled.
C．Concerned.
D．Shocked.
解析：考查观点态度。根据第三段的内容可知，随着越来越多的北极熊出现在陆地上，研究人员、生物学家等也
越来越多地关注北极熊所处的这一困境，随后，更多游客前往Kaktovik。由此可推知，大众对更多北极熊登陆现象表
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示关注。故选C 项。
19．What can be inferred from the last paragraph？____
A．Hotels in Kaktovik are in demand in autumn.
B．Kaktovik has about 50 visitors annually.
C．Inglangasak makes a living as a tour guide.
D．Tourism affects the balance of nature.
解析：考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“Most tourists visit in the fall”“Many tourists stay several days in the
village，which has two small hotels”可知，大多数游客会选择在秋季去Kaktovik 游览，而且很多游客会在这个小村庄
待上几天，而这个小村庄只有两个小旅馆，故可推知在秋季，Kaktovik 的旅馆很抢手。
20．Which saying can describe the text？____
A．The fittest can survive.
B．After a storm comes a calm.
C．There is always opportunity in crisis.
D．Every coin has two sides.
解析：考查推理判断。通读文章可知，因为全球气候变暖，北极熊被迫登陆来寻找食物以生存下去，这本来是北
极熊的困境，然而北极熊登陆却为一个小村庄带来了旅游业的发展，这对小村庄来说是一个机遇，同时，村民又利用
旅游业收入为北极熊提供更多保护。因此D 项“事物都有两面性”符合语境。
考点3
主旨大意题
A
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，D)
During the rosy years of elementary school(小学)，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes，which allowed me to keep
my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens ，and mean girls and cool
kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes，breaking rules and playing jokes on others，
among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well－explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein，a professor of clinical psychology sorts
the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.The likables' plays－well－with－others qualities
strengthen schoolyard friendships，jump－start interpersonal skills and，when tapped early，are employed ever after in
life and work.Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence ：status born of power and even
dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed，Dr.Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were
highest in status in high school，as well as those least liked in elementary school，are “most likely to engage(从事) in
dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study，Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents，scoring the least liked，the most
liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究)．“We found that the least well－liked teens had
become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed
that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment，high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing，kindness，
openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability related to
positive life outcomes，but it is also responsible for those outcomes，too.“Being liked creates opportunities for learning
and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage，” he said.
文章大意：主题：人与社会(人际沟通)；话题：青少年心理健康。本文是一篇议论文。文章从社会心理学视角讨
论青少年小学与中学阶段的成长经历，论述了个体受欢迎程度这一青少年心理健康话题。该语篇视角独特，积极倡导
和谐的人际关系和人文情怀。
1．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school？____
A．Unkind.
B．Lonely.
C．Generous.
D．Cool.
解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词early years of elementary school 可定位到第一段第一句“During the rosy
years of elementary school，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes...”，根据句意和sharing 一词可推知，作者上小学的
时候是一个慷慨大方的人，故选C 项。注意不要受本段后几句话尤其是最后一句话的影响而错选A 项，因为那是作者
青少年时期的情况。
2．What is the second paragraph mainly about？____
A．The classification of the popular.
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B．The characteristics of adolescents.
C．The importance of interpersonal skills.
D．The causes of dishonorable behavior.
解析：段落大意题。根据第二段内容以及第二句的句式特点(句中有冒号)，可暂时断定第二句是本段的主旨句。
而第三句和第四句分别用The likables'...和Then there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence...引出后文内
容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词
sort...into...(把……分成……)与A 项中的classification 相呼应，所以A 项可以概括本段大意。
3．What did Dr.Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids?____
A．They appeared to be aggressive.
B．They tended to be more adaptable.
C．They enjoyed the highest status.
D．They performed well academically.
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句中的It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment
可知，Dr.Prinstein 的研究发现，最讨人喜欢的孩子往往适应性强。B 项中的adaptable 与第四段中的adjustment 相呼
应。
4．What is the best title for the text？____
A．Be Nice—You Won't Finish Last
B．The Higher the Status，the Better
C．Be the Best—You Can Make It
D．More Self－Control，Less Aggressiveness
解析：标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了研究者发现讨人喜欢与积极的人生结果有关，因此A 项作为标题最合适。注
意A 项中的be nice 与likability，popularity，kindness 等词相呼应。be Nice—You Won't Finish Last.从意义上类似于
汉语的“与人为善，于己为善”。这里的finish 本义是“获得(名次)；排名”。
B
(2019·浙江卷，C)
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s，according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate
change seems to be a major factor(因素)．
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46,000 square miles of
California forests，the new study finds.No area was spared or unaffected，from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra
Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles.In the Sierra high country，the number of big trees has fallen
by more than 55 percent；in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline ，said Patrick McIntyre ，an ecologist who was the lead author of the
study.Woodcutters targeted big trees.Housing development pushed into the woods.Aggressive wildfire control has left
California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源)．
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and
2010 ，McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands
protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage.The researchers
figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with
how much they needed，taking into account such things as rainfall，air temperature，dampness of soil，and the timing
of snowmelt(融雪)．
Since the 1930s ，McIntyre said ，the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising
temperatures，which cause trees to lose more water to the air，and earlier snowmelt，which reduces the water supply
available to trees during the dry season.
文章大意：主题：人与自然(环境保护)；话题：气候变化与大树变少。本文是一篇调查报告。调查表明加利福尼
亚州的大树变少了，而气候变化是其中的一个主要因素。
5．What is the second paragraph mainly about？____
A．The seriousness of big－tree loss in California.
B．The increasing variety of California big trees.
C．The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D．The influence of farming on big trees in California.
解析：主旨大意题。第二段中通过列举一系列数字表明加利福尼亚州的大树减少的严重性，故A 项正确。
6．Which of the following is well－intentioned but may be bad for big trees？____
A．Ecological studies of forests.
B．Banning woodcutting.
C．Limiting housing development.
D．Fire control measures.
解析：推理判断题。文章第三段提到了造成加利福尼亚州的大树减少的三个因素：woodcutters，housing
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36
development 与aggressive wildfire control。前两个因素直接与大树的减少有关，如果能控制住，大树就不会减少；而
第三个因素——控制野火的措施使得加利福尼亚州的森林里满是跟大树争夺资源的小树，初衷是为了控制野火，这是
好的，实则对大树不利，故D 项正确(好心办坏事)。
7．What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre？____
A．Inadequate snowmelt.
B．A longer dry season.
C．A warmer climate.
D．Dampness of the air.
解析：细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“...the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising
temperatures...”可知，水不足的主要原因就是气温升高(rising temperatures)，即更加温暖的气候，故C 项正确。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text？____
A．California's Forests：Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B．Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C．Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D．Patrick McIntyre：Grow More Big Trees in California
解析：标题归纳题。本文是一篇调查报告，第一段就点出主题：California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s。
后面具体分析了加利福尼亚州大树的现状、造成大树减少的原因等，A 项作为标题最合适。
考纲解读
(1)主旨大意题。考查的是考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主
旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象。
(2)它既考查细节理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，难度较大。
(3)有时从文章的第一个段落，甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义；有时，文章的主旨要义则需从文章的字
里行间进行推断。
考查特点
Ⅰ.把握主旨大意题常见的命题方式：
(1)What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?
(2) The main idea/The general idea/The main theme of this passage is _________.
(3)The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________.
(4)What is mainly discussed in the text?
(5)What's the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?
(6)Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?
(7)The passage mainly focuses on _________.
Ⅱ.掌握主旨大意题的考查角度
(1)主题类(内容)，考查文章或段落的主旨大意；
(2)标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。
[选项特征]
最佳选项
干扰选项
1.涵盖性强，覆盖
全文或全段。
2.确定的范围恰
当，既不太大，也
不太小。
3.精确性强，不会
改变语言表意的
程度及色彩。
1.过于笼统，
不知所云
所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。
2.以偏概全，
主次不分
所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的
细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的
事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。
3.移花接木，
偷换概念
所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A 的内容放在B
上，若不留神，极易选错答案。
4.无中生有，
生搬硬套
所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔
细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无
联系。
1．文章主旨大意题→寻找主题句，归纳概括
关键词：☆分析文章结构，判断文章体裁
☆识别段落主题句，归纳总结
☆注意转折、疑问、重复等关键信息
文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。
理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该
段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这
就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。
用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快
速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：
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1．段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，in fact，actually 等)时，该句很可能是主题句。
2．首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
3．作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
4．表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion 等词，通常是主旨。
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，C)
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years，but in recent times there has been less coming and a
lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter－gatherers，small，tightly knit (联系) groups developed
their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago，when the
world had just five to ten million people，they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards，many of those people started settling down to become farmers，and their languages too became
more settled and fewer in number.In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation－state and
the spread of universal compulsory education ，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few
decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese
are increasingly taking over.
At present，the world has about 6,800 languages.The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven.The general
rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages，often spoken by many people，while hot，wet zones have lots，often
spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 languages；the Americas about 1,000；Africa 2,400；and Asia and
the Pacific perhaps 3,200，of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800.The median number (中位数) of
speakers is a mere 6,000，which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡)，with only a few elderly speakers
left.Pick，at random，Busuu in Cameroon(eight remaining speakers)，Chiapaneco in Mexico (150)，Lipan Apache in the
United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one，with a question－mark)：none of these seems to have much
chance of survival.
◆What is the main idea of the text?
A．New languages will be created.
B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C．Human development results in fewer languages.
D．Geography determines language evolution.
[解题思路]
这是一篇说明文，本题考查全文的主旨大意。通读全文可以发现，首段的第一句中but 后的内容既是该并列句的
重点，也是整个段落的主旨所在。其后两段以时间为序，以Soon afterwards...In recent centuries...in the past few
decades...At present...几个时间点为线索讲述了随着人类活动变化语言的演变和减少的现象。最后一段总结上文，指出
现在有超过400 种语言即将消亡，语言种类将变得更少。综合全文可知，文章主要讲述随着人类社会的发展，语言的
种类越来越少。本文并未提及新的语言将会被创造，可排除A 项；也未提及人们的生活方式反映在语言上，可排除B
项；本文并未说明地理环境决定语言的进化与发展，可排除D 项。故选____。
2．凝练标题概括题→准确概括全文，要简洁醒目
关键词：☆概括全文
☆有针对性
☆简洁醒目
(一)理解标题的3 大特点
一个好的标题应具备三大特点：
1．概括性——准确而又简短；
2．针对性——标题外延正好与文章内容相符；
3．醒目性——能引发读者的阅读欲望。
(二)巧用3 大方法确定文章标题
1．正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
2．反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和文章对照，一一
排除不符选项；
3．研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。
典例1 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ·B)
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning，but she is cooking up a
storm in her latest role—showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money：Good Food，she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top
tips on how to reduce food waste，while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain
presenter says she's been able to put a lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home，preparing meals for sons，
Sam,14，Finn,13，and Jack,11.
“We love Mexican churros，so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，”she
explains.“I pay ￡5 for a portion (一份)，but Matt makes them for 26p a portion，because they are flour，water，sugar
and oil.Everybody can buy takeaway food ，but sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make this food
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38
ourselves.”
The eight－part series (系列节目)，Save Money：Good Food，follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money：Good
Health，which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense ，Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each
week.In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.The
team transforms the family's long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
◆What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B．Balancing Our Daily Diet
C．Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D．Cooking Well for Less
[解题思路]
本题考查最佳标题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了Susanna Reid 主持的电视节目Save Money：Good Food。仔
细研读每一段的主题句(第一段中showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget，第
二段中的offers top tips on how to reduce food waste，while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day 和最后一
段中的The team transforms...with less expensive but still tasty recipes)可知，Save Money：Good Food 这个节目旨在帮
助普通家庭用更少的钱做出美味可口的饭菜。从文学色彩来分析，Cooking Well for Less 这个标题使用了Well 和Less
进行对比，它们含义上的矛盾可以吸引读者的注意，使读者产生阅读文章的兴趣，比平铺直叙地告知文章大意的陈述
句更有文学艺术性，故为最佳答案。故选____。
典例2 (2019·全国卷Ⅲ，B)
For Western designers，China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
“It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源) of inspiration for designers，”says Amanda Hill，chief
creative officer at A＋E Networks，a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚) shows.
Earlier this year，the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China－
inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art ，with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese
aesthetics(美学) on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries.The exhibition
had record attendance，showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
“China is impossible to overlook，”says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that
sell dreams to women all over the world，which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are
central to its movement.”Of course，not only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the
best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang ，Alexander Wang ，Jason Wu are
taking_on Galliano，Albaz，Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales，”adds Hill.
For Hill，it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion.“The most famous
designers are Chinese，so are the models，and so are the consumers，”she says.“China is no longer just another
market；in many senses it has become the market.If you talk about fashion today，you are talking about China—its
influences，its direction，its breathtaking clothes，and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that
in many ways.”
◆What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B．A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C．Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D．Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
[解题思路]
通读全文可知，文章的第一段就点明了主题：对于西方设计师来说，长期以来中国及其丰富的文化一直是西方创
作者的灵感来源。接下来Amanda Hill 对中国文化和中国美学对国际时尚的影响进行了评价，由此可知，中国文化推
动了国际时尚潮流，故____项作为文章的标题最合适。A 项(向世界推销梦想的年轻模特)与文章内容不符；B 项(在纽
约举办的一次中国艺术展)以偏概全；C 项(东西方美学的差异)范畴过大。
3．归纳段落大意
关键词：☆寻找段落主题句
☆比对选项
☆参考全文大意
归纳段落大意的2 种方法
方法1：概括段落大意
要准确概括某段的大意，有必要知道该段的逻辑结构。
(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；
(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；
(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；
(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显地看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，
正确答案就呼之欲出了；
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(5)如要按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后
是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；
(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。
方法2：揣摩段落大意
有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，
揣摩段落大意。
典例(2019·江苏卷，B 片段)
In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob Christiansen became puzzled
about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone before：he couldn't find the park's volcano.It had been known for
a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature—that's what accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy
features.But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volcano anywhere.
Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which
are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up.These can form remarkably quickly.In 1943，a Mexican farmer was
surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land.In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five
hundred feet high.Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile
across.Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct.There
is，however，a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building.These are volcanoes so explosive
that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera.Yellowstone obviously was of this
second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera anywhere.
◆What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The shapes of volcanoes.
B．The impacts of volcanoes.
C．The activities of volcanoes.
D．The heights of volcanoes.
[解题思路]
根据第二段内容尤其是其中的“Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圆锥体) shapes
of Fuji or Kilimanjaro”和“a second less known type of volcano that doesn't involve mountain building...a vast hole”可
知，该段主要介绍了两种类型火山的形成过程，一种是形成圆锥体形状的火山，富士山和乞力马扎罗山就是其典型代
表；另外一种是通过爆裂岩浆而形成巨大裂口的火山，而黄石国家公园恰恰就是这一种，所以本段主要讲述了火山的
形态，故选____项。
A
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ，C)
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its
goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle—named the Transition—has two seats, four wheels and
wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month,
can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23－gallon tank of gas and burns 5
gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those
numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto
Show. But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways. It's expected to cost $279,000. And it won't help if you're
stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry
expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has
already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now
going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration's decision five years ago to create a
separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says
an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement
pilots would find relatively easy to meet.
文章大意：本文是一篇科普说明文。Terrafugia 公司研制出飞行汽车并成功进行了第一次飞行，使飞行汽车成为
现实更进一步。
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about？____
A．The basic data of the Transition.
B．The advantages of flying cars.
C．The potential market for flying cars.
C．The designers of the Transition.
解析：考查段落大意。第一段的第二句“The vehicle...like a car”介绍了飞行汽车Transition 的构造，第一段的后半
部分介绍了它的空中飞行速度、陆地行驶速度和油耗情况，这些都是飞行汽车的基本数据。故选A 项。
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2．Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways？____
A．It causes traffic jams.
B．It is difficult to operate.
C．It is very expensive.
D．It burns too much fuel.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways.It's expected to cost
$279,000”可知，该飞行汽车是非常贵的，所以不太可能大量出现在车道上。故选C 项。
3．What is the government's attitude to the development of the flying car？____
A．Cautious.
B．Favorable.
C．Ambiguous.
D．Disapproving.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“The government has already permitted the company to use special materials
to make it easier for the vehicle to fly”可推知，政府对该项目是支持的。故选B 项。
4．What is the best title for the text？____
A．Flying Car at Auto Show
B．The Transition's First Flight
C．Pilots' Dream Coming True
D．Flying Car Closer to Reality
解析：考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“Terrafugia Inc.said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first
flight，bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year”可知，Terrafugia 公司的飞
行汽车成功进行了第一次飞行，从而使飞行汽车更加接近现实。所以选D 项。
B
(2019·北京卷，D)
By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world's oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，
according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物) called phytoplankton.Because of the
way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface.Ocean colour
varies from green to blue ，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton.Climate change will fuel the
growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the ocean's appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off
oxygen.When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the
global climate.But
phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend.Warming changes key characteristics
of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon dioxide to grow，but
also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects
changes to the oceans throughout the century.In a world that warms up by 3℃，it found that multiple changes to the
colour of the oceans would occur.The model projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become
even bluer.But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，
and these areas will turn greener.“Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing，” she said, “but
the type of phytoplankton is changing.”
And why does that matter？Phytoplankton are the base of the food web.If certain kinds begin to disappear from
the ocean，Dutkiewicz said, “it will change the type of fish that will be able to survive.”Those kinds of changes could
affect the food chain.
Whatever colour changes the ocean experiences in the coming decades will probably be too gradual and
unnoticeable，but they could mean significant changes.“It'll be a while before we can statistically show that the changes
are happening because of climate change，”Dutkiewicz said，“but the change in the colour of the ocean will be one of
the early warning signals that we really have changed our planet.”
文章大意：主题：人与自然(环境保护)；话题：全球气候变化对海洋颜色的影响。本文是一篇说明文。调查表明，
由于气候变暖，全球的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。本语篇话题新颖，知识性强，旨在引导考生从生态文明的视角思考
环境保护的意义和价值，共建绿色家园，共创和谐大同。
5．What are the first two paragraphs mainly about？____
A．The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B．The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C．The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D．The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
解析：段落大意题。文章第一段点题：由于气候变暖，全球的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。第二段介绍由于光从生
物体反射的方式，这些浮游植物在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案；气候变化又使得这些浮游植物在某些区域加速生
长而在其他地方有所减少，导致海洋表面的颜色变化。由此可知前两段讲了海洋颜色变化的原因，故B 项正确。
6．What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 probably mean？____
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A．Sensitive.
B．Beneficial.
C．Significant.
D．Unnoticeable.
解析：词义猜测题。后一句提到，气候变暖改变了海洋的主要特点并能影响浮游植物的生长，因为它们要生长不
仅仅需要阳光和二氧化碳，也需要营养。由此可知，这些浮游植物对海洋变暖很敏感，故A 项正确。
7．What can we learn from the passage？____
A．Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.
B．Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes.
C．Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate.
D．Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.
解析：推理判断题。文章倒数第二段提到这些浮游植物是海洋食物链的基础，如果某些种类的浮游植物消失了，
会影响能存活的鱼的类型，从而影响海洋食物链，所以A 项“浮游植物在海洋生态中所起的作用越来越小”是不对的；
Dutkiewicz 的模型不是用来推断浮游植物的变化的，而是推断海洋的变化的，排除B 项；浮游植物不是用来控制全球
气候的，排除C 项。由文章第四段信息“But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions
riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener.”可知浮游植物多的区域海水会变得更绿，故D 项正确。
8．What is the main purpose of the passage？____
A．To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.
B．To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.
C．To explain the effects of climate change on oceans.
D．To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton.
解析：主旨大意题。文章主要论述了随着气候变暖，全球的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿，即气候变化对海洋有影响，
故C 项正确。
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，C)
Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself，quietly reading her e－book as she waits
for her salad.What is she reading？None of your business！Lunch is Bechtel's “me”time.And like more Americans，she's
not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half (53 percent)have breakfast
alone and nearly half (46 percent)have lunch by themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74
percent，according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone，but together，you know？” Bechtel said，looking up from her book.Bechtel，
who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works
through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to
work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.
Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local video－grapher，is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can
sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first－name basis if he wants to have a
little interaction(交流)．“I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week，” he said.“It's a chance
for self－reflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone.There was a time when people may have felt
awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over.Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at
the table.“It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，” said Laurie Demeritt，whose
company provided the statistics for the report.
文章大意：主题：人与自我(生活)；话题：独自用餐。本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了现在的美国人多数喜欢独
自一人吃饭，他们喜欢这种独处带来的自由。
1．What are the statistics in Paragraph 2 about？____
A．Food variety.
B．Eating habits.
C．Table manners.
D．Restaurant service.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的大部分人独自吃早饭或午饭，一起吃晚饭的数据可知，这是对美国人的饮食
习惯进行了调查，故答案为B。
2．Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch？____
A．To meet with her coworkers.
B．To catch up with her work.
C．To have some time on her own.
D．To collect data for her report.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的I just wanted some time to myself (我只是想给自己一点儿时间)可知，Bechtel
更喜欢出去吃午饭的原因是想拥有自己的时间，故答案为C。
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3．What do we know about Mazoleny？____
A．He makes videos for the bar.
B．He's fond of the food at the bar.
C．He interviews customers at the bar.
D．He's familiar with the barkeeper.
解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的Mazoleny 可定位到第四段，“...chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first
－name basis if he wants to have a little interaction.”中的be on a first－name basis 的意思是“关系好，可以直呼其
名”，由此可知Mazoleny 与酒吧服务员很熟，故答案为D。
4．What is the text mainly about？____
A．The trend of having meals alone.
B．The importance of self－reflection.
C．The stress from working overtime.
D．The advantage of wireless technology.
解析：主旨大意题。根据第一、三、四段的例子，第二段的数据以及最后一段中的第一句“That freedom to choose
is one reason more people like to eat alone.”再次提及的eat alone 可知，本文主要说了独自用餐已经逐渐成为一种趋势，
故答案为A。
B
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，D)
Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts.The microorganisms( 微生物) from our bodies grow
uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station ，so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each
week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem？It's turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any
kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms，like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna
Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport，New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school class－rooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordon's
students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think they're close to a solution(解决方
案)．“We don't give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，”says Florence Gold，a
project manager.
“There are no tests，” Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades，other than‘Are
you working towards your goal？’ Basically，it's ‘I've got to produce this product and then，at the end of the year，
present it to NASA．’Engineers come and really do an in－person review，and...it's not a very nice thing at times.It's a
hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (影响) on college admissions and practical life skills.“These kids
are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don't teach.”And that annoying bacteria ？Gordon says his
students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space.
文章大意：主题：人与社会(科学与技术)；话题：处理太空细菌。本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国一所中学与
NASA 合作的联合科研项目，解决国际空间站中的细菌问题。这类语篇对于启发与培养学生良好的思维品质有积极的
引导作用。
5．What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station？____
A．They are hard to get rid of.
B．They lead to air pollution.
C．They appear in different forms.
D．They damage the instruments.
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“The microorganisms from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the
International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.”可知，来自我们身体的微生物在太
空站的表面增长得很快，宇航员每周得花很长时间清理它们，由此断定太空站里的细菌很难清除，故答案为A。
6．What is the purpose of the HUNCH program？____
A．To strengthen teacher－student relationships.
B．To sharpen students' communication skills.
C．To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D．To link space technology with school education.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA
engineers.”可知，HUNCH 项目的目的是把学校教育与航天技术联系在一起，故答案为D。
7．What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program？____
A．Check their product.
B．Guide project designs.
C．Adjust work schedules.
D．Grade their homework.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的最后两句“Engineers come and really do an in－person review...It's a hard
business review of your product.”可知，NASA 工程师亲自检查那些高中学生的产品，故答案为A。
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8．What is the best title for the text？____
A．NASA：The Home of Astronauts
B．Space：The Final Homework Frontier
C．Nature：An Outdoor Classroom
D．HUNCH：A College Admission Reform
解析：标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了一个项目：把高中的教室教学与太空的研究联系起来，使学生们得到NASA
工程师们的指导。因此在选标题时既要有太空，还要有学生，选项B 将其完美地结合了起来，故答案为B。
C
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，D)
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers
and selective letters with 0 －25 drops of water or juice as a reward.The researchers then tested how the monkeys
combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone，who led the team，described the experiment：
In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens.On one part of the screen，a symbol would appear，and on
the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown.For example，the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen
and the other end would have 9 and 8.If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with
seven drops of water or juice；if they went for the circle，they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in
this example.
After running hundreds of tests，the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than
half the time，indicating that they were performing a calculation，not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely ，they noticed that the monkeys tended to
underestimate(低估) a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing，for
example，a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6.The underestimation was systematic：When adding two numbers，the monkeys
always paid attention to the larger of the two，and then added only a fraction(小部分) of the smaller number to it.
“This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains，”Dr.Livingstone says.“But in
this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
文章大意：主题：人与社会(科学)；话题：猴子算数。本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了哈佛医学院做的一项动物
实验，实验发现猴子能进行基本的加法运算，但加的结果有时会小于总和。
9．What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them？_____
A．They fed them.
B．They named them.
C．They trained them.
D．They measured them.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys...”和“The researchers
then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.”可知研究者们是先训练猴子然后
才进行测试的，故选C 项。其他三项均未提及。
10．How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment？____
A．By drawing a circle.
B．By touching a screen.
C．By watching videos.
D．By mixing two drinks.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with
seven drops of water or juice...”可知猴子们是通过触碰屏幕得到奖励的，故选B 项。其他三项均不是猴子所做的事。
11．What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys？____
A．They could perform basic addition.
B．They could understand simple words.
C．They could memorize numbers easily.
D．They could hold their attention for long.
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第一句可知，研究人员在进行了数百次测试后发现，猴子多半时候会选择更高的
值，这表明它们是在进行计算，而不仅仅是记忆每个组合的值。
12．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear？____
A．Entertainment.
B．Health.
C．Education.
D．Science.
解析：推理判断题。全文围绕科学实验展开——研究者训练猴子并对其进行测试后发现猴子能够进行简单的加法
运算，但有时计算的结果不够精确。由此可知，该文章可能出现在报纸的科学版上。
D
(2019·北京卷，C)
The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don't
know.By next year，half of the calls we receive will be scams (欺诈)．We are finally waking up to the severity of the
problem by supporting and developing a group of tools ，apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from
getting through.Unfortunately，it's too little，too late.By the time these “solutions”(解决方案) become widely available，
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44
scammers will have moved onto cleverer means.In the near future，it's not just going to be the number you see on your
screen that will be in doubt.Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation (处理) and automation technologies that are
about to become widely available for anyone to use. At this year's I/O Conference，a company showed a new voice
technology able to produce such a convincing human－sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and
book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse.The reason that robocalls
are a headache has less to do with amount than precision.A decade of data breaches (数据侵入) of personal information
has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother's name，and far more.Armed with this knowledge，
they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people.This means，for example，that a scammer could
call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank
teller's，tricking you into “confirming” your address，mother's name，and card number.Scammers follow money，so
companies will be the worst hit.A lot of business is still done over the phone，and much of it is based on trust and existing
relationships.Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks.Phone carriers and consumers need to work
together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real.That might mean either developing a uniform way
to mark videos and images，showing when and who they were made by，or abandoning phone calls altogether and
moving towards data－based communications—using apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp，which can be tied to your
identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose，and the problem is only going to get harder from here on out.
文章大意：主题：人与社会(社会)；话题：新兴科技成果对人们生活的影响。本文是一篇议论文，介绍了骚扰电
话给人们的生活带来的影响。文章引导考生辩证地思考问题，运用辩证思维模式，坚持两点论，避免走极端。这种思
维模式能帮助考生意识到新兴科技成果对人们生活的影响有好有坏。
13．How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls？____
A．Panicked.
B．Confused.
C．Embarrassed.
D．Disappointed.
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段的内容特别是“By the time these ‘solutions’ become widely available，scammers
will have moved onto cleverer means.(等这些‘解决方案’被广泛使用时，诈骗者们就会有更‘高明’的手段)”可推
知，作者对骚扰电话的解决方案不乐观，感到失望(disappointed)，故选D 项。panicked 惊慌的；confused 迷惑的；
embarrassed 尴尬的。
14．Taking advantage of the new technologies，scammers can ____.
A．aim at victims precisely
B．damage databases easily
C．start campaigns rapidly
D．spread information widely
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段的内容特别是“These developments are likely to make our current problems with
robocalls much worse.The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision.” 以及
“Armed with this knowledge，they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people.”可知，技术
的发展似乎会使骚扰电话问题变得更糟，骚扰电话之所以让人头疼，主要在于诈骗者能精确地瞄准受害者，故选A 项。
15．What does the passage imply？____
A．Honesty is the best policy.
B．Technologies can be double－edged.
C．There are more solutions than problems.
D．Credibility holds the key to development.
解析：推理判断题。技术的进步给人们的生活带来便利的同时，也给居心不良之人提供了可乘之机——诈骗者拨
打骚扰电话进行诈骗。所以说技术是把双刃剑，故选B 项。
16．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage？_____
A．Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B．Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls
C．Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D．How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
解析：标题归纳题。文章介绍了随着技术的发展，骚扰电话问题变得更加糟糕，而骚扰电话之所以让人头疼，主
要在于诈骗者能精确瞄准受害者。骚扰电话影响了人们的生活，正变得越来越危险，文章介绍了这种状况发生的原因，
故选C 项。
E
(2019·天津卷，B)
I must have always known reading was very important because the first memories I have as a child deal with
books.There was not one night that I don't remember mom reading me a storybook by my bedside.I was extremely
inspired by the elegant way the words sounded.
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45
I always wanted to know what my mom was reading.Hearing mom say，“I can't believe what's printed in the
newspaper this morning，” made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself.I wanted to be like my mom
and know all of the things she knew.So I carried around a book，and each night，just to be like her，I would pretend to
be reading.
This is how everyone learned to read.We would start off with sentences，then paragraphs ，and then stories.It
seemed an unending journey，but even as a six－year－old girl I realized that knowing how to read could open many
doors.When mom said, “The C－A－N－D－Y is hidden on the top shelf，” I knew where the candy was.My progress
in reading raised my curiosity，and I wanted to know everything.I often found myself telling my mom to drive more
slowly，so that I could read all of the road signs we passed.
Most of my reading through primary，middle and high school was factual reading.I read for knowledge，and to
make A's on my tests.Occasionally，I would read a novel that was assigned，but I didn't enjoy this type of reading.I liked
facts，things that are concrete.I thought anything abstract left too much room for argument.
Yet，now that I'm growing and the world I once knew as being so simple is becoming more complex，I find myself
needing a way to escape.By opening a novel，I can leave behind my burdens and enter into a wonderful and mysterious
world where I am now a new character.In these worlds I can become anyone.I don't have to write down what happened
or what technique the author was using when he or she wrote this.I just read to relax.
We're taught to read because it's necessary for much of human understanding.Reading is a vital part of my
life.Reading satisfies my desire to keep learning.And I've found that the possibilities that lie within books are limitless.
文章大意：主题：人与自我(生活与学习)；话题：乐于阅读。本文是一篇记叙文，作者讲述自己对阅读的喜爱：
从小听妈妈读睡前故事，开始识字之后就认读路边的路标，后来阅读习惯也发生了变化。
17．Why did the author want to grab the newspaper out of mom's hands？____
A．She wanted mom to read the news to her.
B．She was anxious to know what had happened.
C．She couldn't wait to tear the newspaper apart.
D．She couldn't help but stop mom from reading.
解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的want to grab the newspaper out of mom's hands 我们把答案定位在第二段。该
段说，作者想知道妈妈读的是什么，由原文中的“...made me want to grab it out of her hands and read it myself.”可知，
作者急切地想知道报纸上的内容，因此选B。
18．According to Paragraph 3，the author's reading of road signs indicates ____.
A．her unique way to locate herself
B．her eagerness to develop her reading ability
C．her effort to remind mom to obey traffic rules
D．her growing desire to know the world around her
解析：推理判断题。第三段中提到“My progress in reading raised my curiosity ，and I wanted to know
everything.(我在阅读方面的进步增加了我的好奇心，我想了解一切)”，于是“我”就会让妈妈把车开得慢一点儿，以
便能看到所有的路标。从这些信息判断，作者这样做是因为想要了解周围的世界，因此选D。
19．What was the author's view on factual reading？____
A．It would help her update test－taking skills.
B．It would allow much room for free thinking.
C．It would provide true and objective information.
D．It would help shape a realistic and serious attitude to life.
解析：推理判断题。根据题干中的factual reading 我们把答案定位在第四段。该段说，作者在小学、初中和高中
的阅读都是“事实性的阅读”，这种阅读是为了获取知识，考试得A，当时的作者喜欢具体的事实(facts，things that are
concrete)，同时她觉得抽象的东西引起争论的可能性太大(anything abstract left too much room for argument)，从这些
信息推断应选C，作者觉得事实性的读物能给人提供真实、客观的信息。
20．The author takes novel reading as a way to ____.
A．explore a fantasy land
B．develop a passion for learning
C．learn about the adult community
D．get away from a confusing world
解析：细节理解题。根据题干中的takes novel reading 可知这里问的是作者现在的阅读习惯，第五段中说作者觉
得曾经简单的世界正变得更复杂(the world...is becoming more complex)，自己想逃避(needing a way to escape)，打开一
本小说就能把自己的负担甩到脑后，进入一个美妙而神秘的世界。D 项中的get away from 表示“逃避”，a confusing
world 表示“令人困惑的世界”，这些信息都与该段叙述相吻合，因此选D。
21．What could be the best title for the passage？____
A．The Magic of Reading
B．The Pleasure of Reading
C．Growing Up with Reading
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D．Reading Makes a Full Man
解析：主旨大意题。综观全文，作者小时候妈妈给她读睡前故事，后来自己学会阅读，上学时作者喜欢事实性的
阅读材料，现在作者的阅读偏好又有了变化，因此全文是说作者在阅读的伴随中成长，故C 项作为文章的标题最合适。
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·福建省三校联考)
I arrived at this beautiful Spanish island at the start of September, full of enthusiasm and eager to start working as
an English teacher. I sorted all the necessary paperwork out and moved into a flat of my own within the first couple of
days.Great, or so I thought. At 4 am and at several intervals after that, I was rudely awoken by the cock that lives
opposite me.Fantastic! I now have 5 extra alarms every morning.
In the following weeks, I also started to notice a trend.Things in my flat started to break at the rate of one object
per day，like the hot water line, bowls, cups, the shower, doors or glass shelves. Yes, I am clumsy but things just fell apart.
If it wasn't broken, it would either be dirty or missing Using my washing basket for the first time was pretty disgusting.
When I took out my clothes, they were swiftly followed by a hundred or so bugs that were living in the bottom.
As for the general lack of equipment in the house, there was no oven, tin opener, sharp knives or potato peeler. It
turned out making a burger from scratch wasn't the best idea. I had a small microwave and a grill. I thought the general
understanding was never to put metal in a microwave but I went on. Smoke soon started to appear. I was not quite sure
if it was the burger or the grill but as soon as I opened the door, the electricity cut out. I spent the following 10 minutes
in a dark, smoky room hunting for the power switch using the light from my mobile phone, which broke the week after
and left me without a connection to the outer world.
Luckily, I'm now borrowing a phone and my luck has returned. No more things have broken (probably because
there is nothing left to break). I've also realized that even if a flat looks pretty, it doesn't mean its contents work. I am
also learning how to adapt to life with limited, broken utensils (用具)．
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。“我”去西班牙的一个漂亮的小岛上做英语老师，虽然拥有自己的公寓，可里面
的生活用具很老旧，给“我”的生活带来了诸多不便。这让“我”知道了漂亮但并不实用的道理，也学会了如何利用
有限的生活用品生活。
1．What problem did the author have in the morning？____
A．She often slept late.
B．Her alarm failed to work.
C．She got some noisy neighbors.
D．Her sleep was disturbed by a rooster.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“At 4 am and at several intervals after that，I was rudely awoken by the cock
that lives opposite me”可知，凌晨四点开始，每隔一会儿，作者就被对面公鸡的打鸣声吵醒；据此可知，作者的睡眠
被公鸡打鸣声打扰了，故D 项正确。
2．What can we know about the author from Paragraph 2？____
A．She was a very careful woman.
B．She was quite satisfied with her flat.
C．Her flat was pretty old but comfortable.
D．Her household articles were in poor condition.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段第二句“Things in my flat started to break at the rate of one object per day，like
the hot water line，bowls，cups，the shower，doors or glass shelves”可知，作者所住的房子的东西每天损坏一件；据
此可推知，作者所使用的日常用品很破旧，故D 项正确。根据第二段第三句“Yes，I am clumsy but things just fell
apart”可知，作者是一个笨手笨脚的人，而不是一个小心仔细的人，故A 项错误；根据第二段的内容可推知，作者对
她的公寓并不满意，故B、C 两项错误。
3．What happened when the author was making a burger？____
A．She was seriously injured.
B．She made a terrible mistake.
C．She broke her phone accidentally.
D．She suffered a sudden power failure.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“I had a small microwave and a grill. I thought the general understanding
was never to put metal in a microwave but I went on. Smoke soon started to appear”，并结合该段其他内容可知，作者
将金属烤架放进微波炉里，启动后发生了故障，电源被切断；据此可推知，作者在制作汉堡时犯了个错误，故B 项正
确。
4．What is the text mainly about？____
A．Remaining optimistic.
B．How to choose a nice flat.
C．Learning to live in a new flat.
D．Why living abroad is not easy.
解析：考查主旨大意。通读全文可知，文章尾段尾句“I am also learning how to adapt to life with limited，broken
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utensils(用具)”是全文的主题句；结合全文内容可知，文章通过讲述作者在西班牙的一个小岛上做英语老师时如何使
用住房内的破旧日常用品生活的故事，说明了应当学会适应生活的道理，故C 项正确。
2
(2019·石家庄毕业班质检)
While visiting the North Pole in winter may not be at the top of your bucket_list，the ever－changing ICEHOTEL,
which opened its doors to visitors on December 14 this year, may change your mind. 200 km north of the Arctic Circle in
the Swedish village of Jukkasjärvi, the hotel, which is carved entirely from ice，is rebuilt annually.
The 35 rooms, built to accommodate visitors on all kinds of budgets, vary from expensive suites to basic rooms that
are furnished with just an icy bed and a reindeer skin. Among the highlights this year is the “Spruce Woods” suite.
Sculpted by Christopher Pascoe and Jennie O'Keefe of Canada, it describes camping scene complete with a classic
microbus, a forest, and even an artificial campfire.
There is also the artfully－carved “Living Ocean” suite to remind visitors of the importance of saving our oceans.
The room is full of carved sea life that includes coral and a shark “swimming” right over the ice bed. “The suite is
inspired by global warming and the overfishing that affects our oceans，” says artist Jonathan Paul Green. “I also think
the idea of using frozen water from a river in northern Sweden to create an ocean with shells, fish, and coral is exciting.”
The nearby “Haven” suite is a “magical gate of ice” guarded by two large animals. “We are inspired by the
meeting between people and want to create an experience that stimulates curiosity and creativity，” says artist Jonas
Johansson. “It feels like a dream to get to work with ice that allows our love for light，shine, and reflection to wander
freely from thought to creation.”
Regardless of whether visitors select the carved suites or the basic ice rooms, the temperature is always set to a bone
－chilling －5 ℃！That is why guests are advised to snuggle (蜷伏) up inside sleeping bags and wear gloves and winter
hats all night.Not surprisingly, most end up spending just a single night at this unique hotel before moving on to the
conventional and warmer hotels nearby.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了北极圈的一家用冰建成的旅馆。
5．What does the underlined phrase “bucket list” mean in the text？____
A．A shopping list of buckets.
B．A list of travelling destinations.
C．A list of expensive hotels.
D．A list of exciting ideas.
解析：考查词义猜测。根据第一段第一句“While visiting the North Pole in winter may not be at the top of your
bucket list, the ever－changing ICEHOTEL, which opened its doors to visitors on December 14 this year, may change
your mind.”可知，虽然冬天去北极旅游可能不是你的首选，但这家不断变化的冰旅馆可能会改变你的想法；该旅馆
于今年12 月14 日向游客开放。由该句中的“visiting the North Pole”“the ever－changing ICEHOTEL”“visitors”，并
结合语境可推知，画线词义为“旅游目的地的列表”，故B 项正确。
6．What can we know about the icehotel？____
A．It is rebuilt every year.
B．Its rooms are expensive.
C．It organizes camping activities.
D．It lies in a coastal city.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段第二句“200 km north of the Arctic Circle in the Swedish village of Jukkasjärvi，
the hotel，which is carved entirely from ice，is rebuilt annually”可知，这家完全由冰雕刻而成的旅馆每年都会重建，
故A 项正确。根据第二段第一句“The 35 rooms，built to accommodate visitors on all kinds of budgets，vary from
expensive suites to basic rooms that are furnished with just an icy bed and a reindeer skin”可知，该旅馆房间有昂贵的，
也有廉价的，故B 项错误；根据第二段尾句中的“it describes a camping scene complete with a classic microbus，a
forest，and even an artificial campfire”可知，该旅馆的冰雕描述了一个露营的场景，包括一辆经典的微型巴士，一片
森林，甚至还有一场人工营火，而不是组织野营活动，故C 项错误；根据第一段第二句“200 km north of the Arctic Circle
in the Swedish village of Jukkasjärvi，the hotel，which is carved entirely from ice，is rebuilt annually”可知，该旅馆
在北极圈以北200 公里的瑞典Jukkasjärvi 村，而不是沿海城市，故D 项错误。
7．Where does the inspiration of“Living Ocean” suite come from？____
A．Art and literature.
B．Ocean life and voyages.
C．Climate change and human influence.
D．The meeting of people.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段第三句中的“The suite is inspired by global warming and the overfishing that
affects our oceans”可知，这间套房的灵感来自全球变暖和影响海洋的过度捕捞，故C 项正确。
8．Which of the following is the best title for the text？____.
A．An Adventure to the North Pole
B．An Experience Close to Nature
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C．A taste of Cold：A Night in a Village
D．A Winter Destination：Sweden's Icehotel
解析：考查标题判断。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段第二句“200 km north of the Arctic Circle in the Swedish village
of Jukkasjärvi，the hotel，which is carved entirely from ice，is rebuilt annually”可知，本文主要介绍了冬季旅游的好
去处：瑞典冰旅馆，故D 项最适合作本文标题。
3
(2019·合肥市一模)
We can have video chat with astronauts aboard the International Space Station and watch live footage from the
frozen heights of a mountain. But communicating with a submarine (潜艇) or a diver is not so easy. The lack of practical
methods for sharing data between underwater airborne (空气传播的) devices has long been a frustration for scientists.
The difficulty stems from the fact that radio signals work perfectly in air travel but poorly in water. Sonar signals used
by underwater sensors reflect off the surface of water rather than reaching the air.
Now, researchers at MIT have developed a method with the potential to revolutionize underwater communication.
“What we've shown is that it's actually feasible to communicate from underwater to the air，” says Fadel Adib, a
professor at MIT's Media Lab, who led the research.
The MIT researchers designed a system that uses an underwater machine to send sonar signals to the surface,
making vibrations(震动) corresponding to the 1s and 0s of the data. A surface receiver then reads and decodes these tiny
vibrations.The researchers call the system TARF. It has any number of potential real－world uses, Adib says. It could be
used to find downed planes underwater by reading signals from sonar devices in a plane's black box and it could allow
submarines to communicate with the surface.
Right now the technology is low －resolution. The initial study was conducted in the MIT swimming pool at
maximum depths of around 11 or 12 feet. The next steps for the researchers are to see if TARF is workable at much
greater depths and under varying conditions—high waves, storms, schools of fish. They also want to see if they can
make the technology work in the other direction—air to water. If the technology proves successful in real －world
conditions, expect “texting while diving” to be the latest underwater fashion.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项麻省理工学院的科学家发明的从水下与地面上的人进行通信的技
术。
9．What does the author mainly talk about in Paragraph 1？____
A．The future of video chat underwater and in air.
B．The frustrations of developing underwater devices.
C．The difficulty of communication from water to air.
D．The current situation of communicating with a submarine.
解析：考查段落大意。通读第一段的内容可知，该段主要讲的是从水下与地面的人进行通信非常困难，因此C 项
正确。
10．What does the underlined word“feasible” mean？____.
A．Achievable.
B．Convenient.
C．Changeable.
D．Alternative.
解析：考查词义猜测。根据第二段第一句“Now, researchers at MIT have developed ... underwater communication”
可知，麻省理工学院的研究人员发明了一种可能改变水下通信的方法，使从水下与地面上的人进行沟通成为可能，故
画线词与A 项“可实现的”意思最相近，故选A。
11．What do we know about TARF？____
A．It is widely used to find downed planes.
B．It can work well at great depths underwater.
C．It is an underwater machine that sends signals.
D．It can send，receive and read signals from underwater.
解析：考查推理判断。文章第三段详细讲述了TARF 系统的工作原理：该系统使用一个水下机器向水面发送声响
信号，使震动与数据的1 和0 对应，然后水面接收器读取并对这些微小的震动进行重新编码，这样可以从水下与地面
上的人进行通信。因此D 项正确。
12．What is the best title for the text？____
A．The Real－world Uses of Sonar Technology
B．Full Water－to－air Communication Closer to Reality
C．A Breakthrough in the Application of Video Chat
D．TARF Becoming a New Means of Communication
解析：考查标题判断。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了科学家发明的一种解决了从水下与地面上的人无法进行通
信联系这个难题的系统，研究人员将会把它投入到真实的状况下进行验证，因此B 项最适合作本文标题。
4
(2019·南昌市二模)
Robots are now being employed not just for dangerous tasks ，such as discovering mines or rescuing people in
disasters.They are also finding applications as household help and as nursing assistants. As increasing numbers of
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machines, equipped with the latest artificial intelligence, take on a growing variety of specialized and everyday tasks, the
question of how people see them and behave towards them becomes ever more urgent.
A team led by Sari Nijssen of Radboud University and Markus Paulus, Professor of Developmental Psychology at
Ludwig－Maximilians－Universität (LMU), have carried out a study to determine the degree to which people show
concern for robots and behave towards them based on moral principles.
According to Sari Nijssen, the study set out to answer the following question：“Under what circumstances would
adults be willing to sacrifice robots to save human lives？” The participants were faced with a hypothetical (假设的)
moral dilemma: Would they be prepared to put a single person at risk in order to save a group of injured persons? In
the situations presented the intended victim was either a human, a humanoid robot that had been humanized to various
degrees or a robot that was clearly recognizable as a machine.
The study suggested that the more the robot was humanized ，the less likely participants were to sacrifice it.
Situations that included vivid stories in which the robot was described as a merciful being or as a creature with its own
understandings ，experiences and thoughts, were more likely to stop the study participants from sacrificing it in the
interests of anonymous (无名的) humans.
“This result indicates that our study group attached a certain moral status to the robot，”says Paulus.“One
possible suggestion of this finding is that attempts to humanize robots should not go too far.Such efforts could come into
conflict with their intended function—to be of help to us.”
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。机器人不仅可以帮助人类执行危险的任务，现代智能机器人还能帮助人们处理日
常生活问题。研究表明，将机器人过于人性化的尝试将对人产生困扰。
13．What has become a concern about robots？____
A．How to humanize them.
B．How to treat them in life.
C．How to use them effectively.
D．How to find more applications.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“the question of how people see them and behave towards them becomes ever
more urgent”和第二段中的“have carried out a study to determine the degree to which people show concern for robots
and behave towards them based on moral principles”可知，如何在生活中对待机器人已经成为人们担心的一个问题，
故B 项正确。
14．In the study the participants probably have to decide ____.
A．when to sacrifice a robot
B．where to experience risks
C．which robot to work with
D．what robots should be like
解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段第一句“According to Sari Nijssen, the study set out to answer the following
question：‘Under what circumstances would adults be willing to sacrifice robots to save human lives？’”可知，该研
究将要回答“在什么情况下成年人愿意牺牲机器人来拯救人类生命？”这一问题，故A 项正确。
15．What can be inferred from Paulus' words？____
A．Humanized robots offer less help to people.
B．Humanizing robots too much may be improper.
C．Certain moral status should be attached to robots.
D．Conflicts often happen between humans and robots.
解析：考查推理判断。根据本文最后两句Paulus 所说的话可知，Paulus 认为，这一发现表明，使机器人人性化的
尝试不应该走得太远。这些努力可能会与机器人的预期功能(帮助人类)发生冲突。据此可推知，Paulus 认为机器人过
于人性化可能不恰当，故B 项正确。
16．Which of the following would be the best title for the text？____
A．Robots，a Must for Future
B．Humanized Robots，a New Trend
C．Robots Saved，People Take the Hit
D．Humanized Robots Replace Human
解析：考查标题判断。通读全文可知，本文主要提出“过度将机器人人性化，将人的道德水准赋予机器人，将会
使人受到困扰”这一观点，故C 项最适合作本文标题。
5
(2019·济南市二模)
Can I talk about salary at work? In a word：yes. As the HR company Insperity put it in a recent blog post: Can
your employees discuss their salaries or wages with their co－workers？Yes. Even if you have a company policy against
it? Yes.
The freedom to discuss your salary at work is a protected right under the labor law. The National Labor Relations
Act of 1935 protects your right to discuss the conditions of your employment, including issues related to safety and pay,
even when you're not protected by a union.
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Talking about salary with colleagues can be uncomfortable ，since there's such a taboo about discussing money
matters, but it's an important step towards achieving equal pay for equal work.One barrier, however, stems from how
we think of our own financial worth. Too many people I talk to wrongly consider their salary a reflection of their
worthiness, a statement about their skills, experience, or value. At the end of the day, if we can all separate our self－
worth from our salaries a bit more, it'll become easier to talk frankly with our colleagues.
Asking about money outright can be tough, so one trick I've picked up along the way is to ask for your colleagues to
confirm or deny. For instance, you might volunteer your salary first and ask “Does that sound right to you？”by way
of comparison. Or，let's say you're interviewing for a promotion to become a manager. You might ask a fellow manager
about the kind of salary you should expect by saying, “I'm seeing salaries for this kind of position ranging from
$ 65,000 to $ 70,000—does that seem accurate to you？”This way, even if your colleague isn't comfortable sharing their
salary outright, they can help you identify if your expectations are appropriate.
文章大意：该文主要讨论了是否可以在工作中谈论薪金的问题。
17．What makes co－workers uncomfortable to talk about salaries？____
A．The safety issue.
B．The labor law.
C．The wrong idea about salaries.
D．The reflection of their worthiness.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段第二句“One barrier，however，stems from how we think of our own financial
worth”和对第三段的整体理解可推知，对薪金的错误看法导致同事间谈论薪金时感到不舒服。
18．What does “taboo” underlined in Paragraph 3 refer to？____
A．A prohibited practice.
B．A firm belief.
C．A general agreement.
D．A social custom.
解析：考查词义猜测。根据第三段第一句中的“Talking about salary with colleagues can be uncomfortable”可知，
和同事谈薪金让人不舒服，并结合常识可推知，谈论钱的事情是一个禁忌，故选A。
19．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 4？____
A．One of my interview experiences.
B．My way of asking about money.
C．The method of raising questions.
D．An example of getting promoted.
解析：考查主旨大意。根据语境可知，第四段第一句“Asking about money ... or deny”点出了本段要谈论的主题，
并结合对本段的整体理解可推知，本段主要讲的是询问关于薪金的事情的方法。
20．What can be the best title for the text？____
A．How to Discuss Salaries at Work
B．Ways of Talking about Salaries
C．Do Salaries Stand for Self－worth?
D．Can Salaries be Talked about at Work?
解析：考查标题判断。本文第一段第一句“Can I talk about salary at work？”点出了要谈论的话题，并结合对全
文的整体理解可推知，本文主要讨论了是否可以在工作中谈论薪金的问题。A 项和B 项错在谈论薪金的方法，这是最
后一段的主题，而非本文的主旨所在；C 项错在薪金是否代表自我价值，这是第三段所提到的人们对薪金的错误看法，
以偏概全，故排除。
考点4
词句猜测题
A
(2019·浙江卷，B)
Money_with_no_strings_attached.It's not something you see every day.But at Union Station in Los Angeles last
month，a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read，“Give What You Can，Take What
You Need.”
People quickly caught on.And while many took dollars，many others pinned their own cash to the board.“People
of all ages，races，and socio－economic(社会经济的) backgrounds gave and took，” said Tyler Bridges of The Toolbox，
which created the project. “We even had a bride in her wedding dress come up to the board and take a few dollars.”
Most of the bills on the board were singles，but a few people left fives，tens and even twenties.The video clip(片段) shows
one man who had found a $20 bill pinning it to the board.
“What I can say for the folks that gave the most，is that they were full of smiles，” Bridges said.“There's a certain
feeling that giving can do for you and that was apparent in those that gave the most.” Most people who took dollars took
only a few，but Bridges said a very small number took as much as they could.
While the clip might look like part of a new ad campaign，Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and
sympathy.He added that he hopes people in other cities might try similar projects and post their own videos on the
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Internet.
“After all，everyone has bad days and good days，” he said. “Some days you need a helping hand and some days
you can be the one giving the helping hand.”
文章大意：主题：人与社会(社会服务——公益事业)；话题：付出与获取。本文是一篇记叙文，主要向读者介绍
了Tyler Bridges 创办的一项“尽你所能，取你所需”的活动。这一活动吸引了许多不同的人，其唯一目的就是展现人
们的慷慨和同情心。结果显示，人们付出的多，获取的少，达到了预期效果。
1．What does the expression “money with no strings attached” in Paragraph 1 mean？____
A．Money spent without hesitation.
B．Money not legally made.
C．Money offered without conditions.
D．Money not tied together.
解析：词义猜测题。根据第一段中的“Give What You Can，Take What You Need.(尽你所能，取你所需)”可知，
此处money with no strings attached 的意思应该是“无条件提供钱”，故C 项正确。
2．What did Bridges want to show by mentioning the bride？____
A．Women tended to be more sociable.
B．The activity attracted various people.
C．Economic problems were getting worse.
D．Young couples needed financial assistance.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“‘People of all ages，races，and socio－economic backgrounds gave and
took，’．..” 可知，这项活动吸引了不同年龄、不同种族、不同社会经济背景的人们，甚至有一位穿礼服的新娘都
来拿了几美元。提到这位新娘的目的，显然是告诉我们：这项活动吸引了许多不同的人，故B 项正确。
3．Why did Bridges carry out the project?
A．To do a test on people's morals.____
B．To raise money for his company.
C．To earn himself a good reputation.
D．To promote kindness and sympathy.
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“...Bridges said the only goal was to show generosity and sympathy.”可知，
Bridges 开展该项活动的目的是展现人们的慷慨和同情心，故选D 项。
B
(2019·安徽省“江南十校”综合素质检测)
Last week, Vodafone started a test of the UK's first full 5G service, available for use by businesses in Salford. It is
part of its plan to trial the technology in seven UK cities. But what can we expect from the next generation of mobile
technology?
One thing we will see in the preparation for the test is lots of tricks with the new tech. Earlier this year, operators
paid almost ￡1.4 billion for the 5G wavelengths, and to compensate for that cash, they will need to catch the eye of
consumers. In September, Vodafone used its bit of the range to display the UK's first hologram ( 全息) call. The
Manchester City captain Steph Houghton appeared as a hologram in Newbury. It isn't all holograms, however: 5G will
offer faster internet access, with Ofcom (英国通讯管理局) suggesting that video that takes a minute to download on 4G
will be available in just a second.
The wider application is to support connected equipment on the “internet of things”—not just the internet －
enabled fridge that can reorder your milk for you, but the network that will enable driver －less cars and delivery
drones (无人机) to communicate with each other.
Prof William Webb has warned that the technology could be a case of the emperor's new clothes. Much of the speed
increase, he claims, could have been achieved by putting more money in the 4G network, rather than a new technology.
Other different voices have suggested that a focus on rolling out wider rural broadband access and addressing current
network coverage would be more beneficial to the UK as a whole.
Obviously, 5G will also bring a cost to consumers. It requires a handset for both 5G and 4G, and the first 5G－
enabled smart phones are expected in the coming year. With the slow pace of network rollout so far, it is likely that
consumers will end up upgrading to a new 5G phone well before 5G becomes widely available in the next couple of
years.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是4G 向5G 的转变。5G 会给人们带来更多的好处，使人们的生活更
加舒适。
4．Why does Prof William Webb say “the technology could be a case of the emperor's new clothes”？____
A．He is in favor of the application of the new technology.
B．5G will bring a cost to consumers in their daily life.
C．5G helps people communicate better with each other.
D．He prefers more money to be spent on 4G networks.
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中Prof William Webb has warned that the technology could be a case of the
emperor's new clothes. Much of the speed increase, he claims, could have been achieved by putting more money in the
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4G network, rather than a new technology.可知，Prof William Webb 说“这项技术可能是皇帝新衣的一个例子”是因
为他更愿意把更多的钱花在4G 网络上。故选D。
5．The underlined word “addressing” in the fourth paragraph has the closest meaning to ____.
A．making a speech to
B．trying to solve
C．managing to decrease
D．responding to
解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段中Other different voices have suggested that a focus on rolling out wider rural
broadband access and addressing current network coverage would be more beneficial to the UK as a whole.“其他不同
的声音表示，集中精力推广更广泛的农村宽带接入，解决目前的网络覆盖问题，将对整个英国更有利。”由此推知划
线词的意思是“试图解决”。故选B。
6．The last paragraph indicates that ____.
A．it'll take several years to make 5G accessible to the public in the UK
B．5G service shows huge development potential and a broad market
C．customers are eager to use 5G smart phones instead of 4G ones
D．it's probable that 5G network rollout is speeding up in Britain
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段With the slow pace of network rollout so far, it is likely that consumers will end up
upgrading to a new 5G phone well before 5G becomes widely available in the next couple of years.可知，最后一段指出，
让5G 在英国向公众开放需要几年的时间。故选A。
7．What do we know about the text？____
A．Vodafone is successful in spreading the 5G service.
B．Steph Houghton appeared as a hologram by 4G.
C．The application of 5G will make life much easier.
D．5G phones are available in rural areas of the UK.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中5G will offer faster internet access, with Ofcom (英国通讯管理局) suggesting that
video that takes a minute to download on 4G will be available in just a second.可知，5G 的应用将使生活变得更容易。
故选C。
考纲解读
(1)正确理解文章中单词或短语的含义是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基础。
(2)英语单词的含义并非完全等同于词典中所标注的汉语意思，其含义在不同的语境中会有所不同。能根据上下文
正确理解灵活变化的词义，才算是真正初步具备了一定的阅读理解能力。
(3)阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词，但许多这类生词的词义可以通过上下文推断出来，这是阅读理
解中经常检测的一种能力。
考查特点
Ⅰ.把握词句猜测题常见的命题方式：
(1)The phrase “...”in the sentence could be replaced by_________.
(2)The word “...” in the paragraph refers to_________.
(3)What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph？/What does the underlined word mean?
(4)Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “...”？
(5)The word “...” most nearly means_________.
(6)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that _________.
Ⅱ.掌握词句猜测题的考查角度
(1)猜测生词或熟词生义；(2)猜测短语意义；(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如it，one，they，this，that，these，those
等)；(4)猜测句意。
[选项特征]
最佳选项
干扰选项
①与原文上下文联系非常紧密。
②可以通过上下文内容的提示确定，原文提示的
方式一般有：定义和解释、描述和例证、同义和
反义、平行关系以及构词法等。
①只是字面意思。
②我们熟悉但并不符合上下文的定
义。
③与上下文似乎相吻合的错误定义。
1．词义猜测题——多措并举猜词义
此类试题主要考查在特定语境中对生词或熟词生义的猜测能力。做此类试题通常采用同义解释法，因果推断法、
前后对比法、定义释例法、基本构词法和语境理解法。总之，对于任何词汇的猜测都要基于对特定的语境理解和对主
题的恰当把握。
(1)利用构词法猜词
阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。
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53
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，C)
In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation－state and the spread of universal
compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many
languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
[解题思路]
根据构词法知识可知，－zation 为动词构成名词的后缀，意为“……化”，因此，可猜测industrialization 为“工
业化”之意，而globalization 的含义为_全球化__。
(2)利用同义近义词猜词
在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。
表示同义近义的信号词/词组常见的有：and，or，similarly，likewise 等。
典例(2017·全国卷Ⅱ·A)
By translating the rich and humorous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL, Deafinitely
Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing
worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.
[ 解题思路] 根据上文“By translating the rich and humourous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical
language of BSL”中的translating 可知，interpretation 与translating 同义，意为：_翻译__。
(3)利用反义词猜词
有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示
对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，
instead，rather than，in contrast，on the contrary，on the other hand 等。
典例(福建卷，E)
If you're tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored，you can attend an upbeat group
fitness class that'll keep your workout on track.
[解题思路]
根据上文语境，upbeat 应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反，可猜测为_快乐的；乐观的__。
(4)利用逻辑关系猜词
任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。考生可以利用上下文
提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有：因果关系、转折关系、并
列关系、递进关系、解释关系等。
典例(2018·江苏卷，B)
Lighting matters，too.When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness，they couldn't tell how much they'd had：
those given extra－large shares ate more than everyone else，but were none_the_wiser—they didn't feel fuller，and they
were just as ready for dessert.
◆The underlined phrase“none the wiser” in Paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were
_________.
A．not aware of eating more than usual
B．not willing to share food with others
C．not conscious of the food quality
D．not fond of the food provided
[解题思路]
根据画线部分的前句they couldn't tell how much they'd had：those given extra－large shares ate more than
everyone else，可知，在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据画线后的句子they didn't feel fuller，and they were
just as ready for dessert.可知，他们虽然吃得很多，但并没有感觉更饱，仍然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己
吃多了，前后句之间是解释关系，故选____。
(5)利用定义和解释猜词
有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，考生可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就
是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语(从句)、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。
下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e.，is，are，is/are，called，mean，refer to，known as，that is，namely 等等。
典例1
Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people；one player tried to get the other down on the floor.
[解题思路]
通过后面的定义解释：Wrestling 是“两人进行的，彼此尽力把对方弄倒在地的比赛”，可以猜出wrestling 的含
义是_摔跤__。
典例2 (2019·全国卷Ⅰ，B 片段)
For Canaan Elementary's second grade in Patchogue，N.Y.，today is speech day，and right now it's Chris Palaez's
turn.The 8－year－old is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes，he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy
public speaking.
But he's nervous.“I'm here to tell you today why you should...should...” Chris trips on the “ －ld ，” a
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pronunciation difficulty for many non－native English speakers.His teacher，Thomas Whaley，is next to him，whispering
support.“...Vote for...me...”Except for some stumbles，Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice
conclusion，Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.
◆What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Improper pauses.
B．Bad manners.
C．Spelling mistakes.
D．Silly jokes.
[解题思路]
根据第二段中的“you should...should...”以及“...Vote for...me...”这样的语句特点可知，Chris 的演讲不流畅，也就是
说有不适当的停顿。这是他表现不好的地方，与画线词后的句意“他完成得非常好”构成转折关系，与短语except for
的语意相呼应。注意：高考阅读中的熟词生义现象非常关键，例如，如果能够注意到第二段第三句中trips 一词在此语
境中的特殊意义(意为“绊倒”)则有助于快速解答此题。故选____。
(6)利用例证猜词
为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助考生猜测生词。举
例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如such as，like，for example，for instance 等。
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，C)
In recent centuries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation－state and the spread of universal
compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many
languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
◆Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A．Complex.
B．Advanced.
C．Powerful.
D．Modern.
[解题思路]
根据dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.可知，英语、西班牙
语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominant languages 意为强有力的语言。故选____。
(7)利用同等关系词
同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或
几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概的意思。常见的表示同等关系的信号词有：or，namely，
that is，in other words，that is to say，to be more exact，to put in another way 等。
典例(2018·浙江卷，B)
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along
highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台)．The bags are prohibited in some 90
cities in California，including Los Angeles.Eyeing these_headwinds，plastic －bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein
to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
◆What does the word “headwinds” in Paragraph 2 refer to？____
A．Bans on plastic bags.
B．Effects of city development.
C．Headaches caused by garbage.
D．Plastic bags hung in trees.
[解题思路]
上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Stein 等科学家是为了证明他们的
产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。根据画线词下文的内容可知these headwinds 就是指代上文提到的禁止使
用塑料袋。故选____。
(8)利用经验和常识猜词
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，D)
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.Why do we often assume that more_is_more when it
comes to kids and their belongings？The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live
more with less.
...
◆What do the words “more is more” in Paragraph 1 probably mean？____
A．The more，the better.
B．Enough is enough.
C．More money，more worries.
D．Earn more and spend more.
[解题思路]
本题考查对短句more is more 的意思猜测。根据生活常识可知，父母对孩子总是倾注所有，所以可以猜测这个短
句应该是“多多益善”的意思。此外，第一个句子表明成年人明白到处堆满物品是什么感觉，后面用why 提出反问可
知more is more 应该和前句中的be flooded with 所表达的意思相似，表示很多。同时，第三句又从反面呼应了第二句
话，表示好消息是我早早教会自己的孩子从较少的东西中获得较多的乐趣。结合生活常识，再加上三句话在意思上相
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互印证，就可以选出答案。Enough is enough 意为“够了，适可而止”。More money，more worries 意为“钱多烦恼
多”。Earn more and spend more 意为“挣得多花得多”。故选____。
(9)利用上下文语境猜词义
在一篇文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，它总要通过上下文和其他单词产生着不同的联系，考生可以通
过这些联系猜测出单词的意思。
典例1 (2018·全国卷Ⅱ，B)
...
If you have __juicer，you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a “soft－
serve” creamy dessert，to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a children's party；they love feeding the
fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
◆What is “a juicer” in the last Paragraph?
A．A dessert.
B．A drink.
C．A container.
D．A machine.
[解题思路]
本题考查a juicer 的类别，属于判断词义范围而不需要猜出确切意义的词义猜测题。根据上下文可知，a juicer 是
这样的一个东西，你把水果等东西放进去，出来的就是奶油状甜点，可以马上吃。因此，我们可以猜测出来，这是一
个改变水果形状的机械。当然，我们根据构词法也可以看出这个单词的构成：juice(果汁)＋er(人或物)。据此可以推出
juicer 是制造果汁的器械。故选____。
典例2 (2019·全国卷Ⅲ，B 片段)
“China is impossible to overlook，”says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that
sell dreams to women all over the world，which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion—they are
central to its movement.”Of course，not only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China—some of the
best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang ，Alexander Wang ，Jason Wu are
taking_on Galliano，Albaz，Marc Jacobs—and beating them hands down in design and sales，”adds Hill.
◆What do the underlined words “taking on” in Paragraph 4 mean?
A．learning from
B．looking down on
C．working with
D．competing against
[解题思路]
由破折号后面的beating them hands down in design and sales(在设计和销售方面轻而易举地击败他们)可知，take
on 与beating them hands down 意义互释，故选____。
2．上下求索寻指代
代词指代
此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词(this, that, it, they, them, one, which 等)或助动词(do, does, did 等)究竟指代什
么。具体方法：
(1)返回原文，找出指代词(it, they, them, this...)。
(2)向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子(就近原则)。
(3)将找到的词、词组或句子代入替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺，并最终确定最佳答案。
典例(2017·全国卷Ⅰ，C 片段)
Despite the celebrations, though, in the U．S.the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music
has failed to connect with younger generations.
It's Jason Moran's job to help change that.As the Kennedy Center's artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen
the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.
◆What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?
A．Jazz becoming more accessible.
B．The production of jazz growing faster.
C．Jazz being less popular with the young.
D．The jazz audience becoming larger.
[解题思路]
根据语境可知，画线词that 指代第二段“Despite the celebrations，though，in the U．S. the jazz audience continues
to shrink and grow older，and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数
量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选____。
3．句意猜测题——意义吻合定句意
句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章。用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。
(1)返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对于需要推理的句意理解，首先要理解句子前
后的语境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。
(2)一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思。
典例(2017·全国卷Ⅱ，D 片段)
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.It's a plant's way of crying out.But
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56
is anyone listening? Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbors react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes
designed
to
attract
different
insects
who
are
natural
enemies
to
the
attackers.Once
they
arrive,
the_tables_are_turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
◆What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3?
A．The attackers get attacked.
B．The insects gather under the table.
C．The plants get ready to fight back.
D．The perfumes attract natural enemies.
[解题思路]
由画线词前一句可知，有些植物散发出气味意在吸引不同的昆虫，这些昆虫是袭击者的天敌；再由画线部分后可
知，正在吃午餐的袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击。故画线部分的意思是袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击。故选____。
A
(2019·天津卷，D)
Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old.Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle
against debt and misfortune.A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning ，and he has often been in
prison.Driven by heaven－knows－what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years.That former prisoner was
Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote(《堂吉诃德》)．And the story poses an interesting question：why do some
people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before?
We've all known people who run_out_of_steam before they reach life's halfway mark.I'm not talking about those
who fail to get to the top.We can't all get there.I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because
they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives.We succeed in our field of specialization and then
become trapped in it.Nothing surprises us.We lose our sense of wonder.But，if we are willing to learn，the opportunities
are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills.We learn to bear with the things we can't
change.We learn to avoid self－pity.We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love
us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning.Then we will know how important it is to have
meaning in our life.However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our
own little egos(自我)，whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.
Many of us equate(视……等同于) “commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing.But
doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment.People who work toward such
excellence—whether they are driving a truck，or running a store—make the world better just by being the kind of
people they are.They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
文章大意：主题：人与自我(做人与做事)；话题：过有意义的成年人生活。本文是一篇议论文，文章主要论述了
如何过一种有意义的成年人生活。
1．The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that ____.
A．loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity
B．age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C．misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
D．disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
解析：推理判断题。根据前两段中的描述，此人53 岁，有债务，生活不幸，身上还有伤，但他下决心写一本书，
而且此书还获得了成功，350 多年后依旧受欢迎，可知作者通过Cervantes 的故事来表明年龄不是一个人实现目标的障
碍，故答案为B。
2．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？____
A．End one's struggle for liberty.
B．Waste one's energy taking risks.
C．Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D．Lose the interest to continue learning.
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线部分后作者说的“我谈论的是那些已经不再学习成长的人，因为他们已经接受了固
定的态度和观点，这些都是随着时间的流逝而来的”可知，画线短语的意思是“没有兴趣继续学习”，故答案为D。
3．What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？____
A．Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.
B．Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C．Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.
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D．Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
解析：推理判断题。第四段提到我们在自己的专业领域里取得成功，然后深陷其中，没有什么使我们吃惊，我们
失去了好奇心。但后一句说，如果我们愿意学习的话，机会无处不在。暗含的意思就是如果我们有好奇心的话，我们
就有机会获得成功，故答案为C。
4．What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？____
A．A tough man can tolerate suffering.
B．A wise man can live without self－pity.
C．A man should try to satisfy people around him.
D．A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.
解析：推理判断题。作者在文中告诉我们要学会忍受我们不能改变的事物，要学会避免自怜，要知道不管我们怎
么表现，总有人不喜欢我们等等，由此可知第五段的主要意思是告诉我们要用合适的方法去对待生活。故答案为D。
5．What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？____
A．To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
B．To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C．To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D．To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
解析：主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，作者通过一个例子引出他的主题：一个人如何过有意义的成年人生活。
作者为我们提供了一些指导，要有动力，要有好奇心，要用适当的方式去生活等，故答案为A。
B
(2019·厦门市一模)
Forests are always losers at the Olympics, and that's unlikely to change anytime soon.
For the winter games in Pyeongchang, ROK, virgin forest was destroyed on Mount Gariwang to accommodate ski
runs. For the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, a ski run is set to wipe out part of the Songshan National Nature Reserve.
And let's not forget the 240 acres of Atlantic Forest that were leveled for the 2016 games in Rio de Janeiro to make way
for a golf course.
For the upcoming Tokyo games, environmental and human rights advocates have been raising alarms about the use
of tropical wood to build the New National Stadium. Activists have fought against such environmental destruction. The
damage is often permanent，threatens endangered plants and animals and, in some cases, causes conflicts with native
people. But frequently the country's organizing committee, and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) have found
ways to make it reasonable—despite a paragraph in the Olympic Charter that states that the IOC's role is to
“encourage and support a responsible concern for environmental issues.”
“As it stands now, the IOC has little authority over a city's local organizing committee，which finally plans the
event，” Chappelet, professor of public management at the University of Lausanne, told Earther. “Even if the IOC is
dissatisfied with the way host cities have prepared for the games, they have no built－in systems to supervise (监督)
them so that they strictly follow the Olympic Charter. The only thing they can do if they're not happy is to withdraw the
right to organize the game. But the IOC could include more enforcement (执行) systems into the contract (合同) they
make with the host city，” he added. That contract must be signed and obeyed by everyone. Those who break it could
be fined.
Boykoff, the author of several books on the Olympics, suggested a similar solution.“The IOC could insist that host
cities prioritize their ecological promises, but instead they look the other way, time and time again，” he said.
文章大意：本文主要讲述了为举办奥运会，每一届的主办方都牺牲了环境，对此国际奥委会也没有太可行的办法。
6．What is Paragraph 2 mainly about？____
A．Popularity of the Olympics.
B．Different needs of the Olympics.
C．Importance of protecting forests.
D．Problems caused by the Olympics.
解析：段落大意题。通读第二段可知，本段讲述了韩国为了举办冬季奥运会，砍伐原始森林给滑雪道提供空间；
为了将在2022 年举行的北京冬奥会，松山国家级自然保护区的一部分被规划修建滑雪道；还有在2016 年的里约热内
卢奥运会上，240 英亩的大西洋森林也被夷为平地。由此可知，这些都是奥运会所导致的问题。故选D。
7．What is the IOC expected to do according to the Olympic Charter？____
A．Lead the fight against destruction.
B．Withdraw the rights of host cities.
C．Ban the destruction of the environment.
D．Promote a responsible concern for the environment.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句话中的“...the International Olympic Committee (IOC) have found ways to
make it reasonable...states that the IOC's role is to ‘encourage and support a responsible concern for environmental
issues.’”可知，“奥林匹克宪章”是希望奥委会促进对环境问题负责任的关注。故选D。
8．What does the underlined word “they” in the text refer to？____
A．The IOC．
B．Built－in systems.
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C．Host cities.
D．The games.
解析：代词指代题。根据第四段该画线词前面的“Even if the IOC is dissatisfied with the way host cities have
prepared for the games，they have no built－in systems to supervise(监督) them...”可知，即使国际奥委会对主办城市
为奥运会做准备的方式感到不满，他们也不能来监督它们。由此推断后面so that 引导的从句中的they 指代的是前面
的host cities，故选C。
9．What can be the best title for the text？____
A．IOC Stresses Its Active Role
B．Prized Forests Lost Big
C．Perfect Solutions Are Found
D．Conflicts Arise at the Olympics
解析：标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述的是举办奥运会，森林遭到了破坏。且由第一段提出的“森林
总是奥运会的受害者，且这一情况不太可能在短期内改变”可判断，B 项(珍贵的森林损失惨重)能概括文章的中心，为
最佳标题。
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2018·北京卷，D)
Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self－driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist's dream，years away from materializing
in the real world.Well，the future is apparently now.The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits
in April for companies to test truly self－driving cars on public roads.The state also cleared the way for companies to
sell or rent out self－driving cars，and for companies to operate driverless taxi services.California，it should be noted，
isn't leading the way here.Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country.It's hard to predict
when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads.But however long it takes，the technology has the potential to
change our transportation systems and our cities，for better or for worse，depending on how the transformation is
regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars (and rightfully so)，policymakers
also should be talking about how self－driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams，cut emissions(排放)and offer more
convenient, affordable mobility options.The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are
environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy—or even worsen—the traffic of today with driverless cars ？Imagine a future where most
adults own individual self－driving vehicles.They tolerate long，slow journeys to and from work on packed highways
because they can work，entertain themselves or sleep on the ride，which encourages urban spread.They take their
driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking.Instead of
walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning，they send the self－driving minibus.The convenience even
leads fewer people to take public transport—an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride －
hailing(叫车)services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol －powered private cars
worldwide with electric，self－driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and
cut the cost of transportation infrastructure (基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050.Fewer emissions and cheaper
travel sound pretty appealing.The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride－
hailing services，considering the cost of self－driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护
问题)．But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the
technology.
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't
extend the worst aspects of the car －controlled transportation system we have today.The coming technological
advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people，
and more affordably.The car of the future is coming.We just have to plan for it.
文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕无人驾驶汽车这项前沿科技话题，对以下方面进行了讨论：对无人驾驶
汽车最大的担忧，对无人驾驶汽车未来发展的态度以及可能会出现的管理问题。通篇讨论了无人驾驶汽车的管理问题，
引导考生辩证地看待问题。
1．According to the author，attention should be paid to how driverless cars can ____.
A．help deal with transportation－related problems
B．provide better services to customers
C．cause damage to our environment
D．make some people lose jobs
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“While much of the debate so far has been focused on the
safety...policymakers also should be talking about how self－driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams，cut emissions
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and offer more convenient，affordable mobility options.”可知，人们对无人驾驶汽车的关注点在于其安全性以及有助
于减少交通拥堵等方面。选项A“有助于解决与交通有关的问题”与此意思吻合。
2．As for driverless cars，what is the author's major concern？____
A．Safety.
B．Side effects.
C．Affordability.
D．Management.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段第一句“Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the
appearance of driverless vehicles doesn't extend the worst aspects of the car－controlled transportation system we have
today.”并结合上文内容可知，作者希望政策的制定者要考虑这些无人驾驶车辆的管理，不要扩大现有汽车管理运输系
统中的最糟糕的方面，与选项D 提到的“(车辆)管理”吻合，显然这是作者比较关心的。
3．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？____
A．Employed.
B．Replaced.
C．Shared.
D．Reduced.
解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段中画线词所在句的前半部分内容the first commercially available driverless cars will
almost certainly 并结合下句中as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology 可知，随着
价格的降低以及人们对这项技术开始应用自如，第一批上市的无人驾驶车辆会被用到“叫车服务”中。选项A“使用”
符合题意。
4．What is the author's attitude to the future of self－driving cars？____
A．Doubtful.
B．Positive.
C．Disapproving.
D．Sympathetic.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段最后两句“The car of the future is coming.We just have to plan for it.”可知，无
人驾驶车辆的时代马上来到，准备好迎接它的到来吧。由此推断作者对于这种新科技持积极乐观的态度。
B
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ，B)
I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid,
introduced us in New York City.When the studio didn't want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as
Paul—he stood up for me.I don't know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents
or the studio powers.
The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the
fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.We were respectful
of craft(技艺)and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play.Both of us had the qualities and virtues
that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other—but always with an
underlying affection.Those were also at the core(核心)of our relationship off the screen.
We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back—he with his
Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the
institute and the festival.Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together.We
supported each other financially and by showing up at events.
I last saw him a few months ago.He'd been in and out of the hospital.He and I both knew what the deal was, and we
didn't talk about it.Ours was a relationship that didn't need a lot of words.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了与Paul 的相识及与其建立友谊的原因，虽不常见面但是却因共同的信
念而保持着友谊。
5．Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to author at first？____
A．Paul Newman wanted it.
B．The studio powers didn't like his agent.
C．He wasn't famous enough.
D．The director recommended someone else.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“When the studio didn't want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well
known as Paul—he stood up for me”可知，摄影棚起初不愿意给作者角色的原因是想找一个与Paul 一样著名的人物。
故可知作者当时不够有名。该题选C 项。
6．Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship？____
A．They were of the same age.
B．They worked in the same theater.
C．They were both good actors.
D．They have similar characteristics.
解析：考查推理判断。根据文章第二段中的“We were respectful of craft(技艺)and focused on digging into the
characters we were going to play.Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors”可知，作
者与Paul 之所以拥有持久的友谊是因为他们有相似的性格特征。故D 项符合题意。
7．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to？____
A．Their belief.
B．Their care for children.
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C．Their success.
D．Their support for each other.
解析：考查代词指代。根据第三段中的“We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success，you
should put something back”可知，下文的内容是对the belief 的解释，that 引导同位语从句，解释说明the belief 的具
体内容。下文提到了我们并不经常见面，但是分享这个信念把我们带到了一起。故选A 项。
8．What is the author's purpose in writing the text？____
A．To show his love of films.
B．To remember a friend.
C．To introduce a new movie.
D．To share his acting experience.
解析：考查写作目的。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段中的“I first met Paul Newman in 1968”以及最后一段中的“I last
saw him a few months ago”可知，该篇文章的写作目的是回忆一位朋友，所以选B 项。
C
(2017·江苏卷，B)
Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mother's
voice from that of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教), birds could rule_the_roost.As
recently reported in The Auk: Ornithological Advances, some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before
they hatch (孵化)．New－born chicks can then imitate their mom's call within a few days of entering the world.
This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in
South Australia, and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over
again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a
sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.
To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red－backed fairy wren,
another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before
and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis
blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.
It turns out that baby red－backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms.And the more frequently
mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies' begging calls.In addition, the team set up a separate
experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom's voice were rewarded with the most
food.
This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological ( 神经系统的) strengths of
children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or do
you invest in children that are in need？” Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”
文章大意：研究发现胎教并非人类独有，一些鸟儿在这方面做得甚至更出色。
9．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “____”．
A．be the worst
B．be the best
C．be the as bad
D．be just as good
解析：考查词义猜测。根据句中的转折词But 与下文提到的鸟类在胎教方面做得很出色可知选择B。
10．What are Kleindorfer's findings based on？____
A．Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.
B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.
C．The data collected from Queensland's locals.
D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第二、三、四段的内容，尤其是第二段中的“the baby birds made the similar chirp to their
mothers”，第三段的最后一句及第四段的第二句可知，Kleindorfer 的发现是基于母鸟与幼鸟发出的叫声的相似性的，
因此本题答案为A。
11．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ____.
A．can receive quality signals
B．are in need of training
C．fit the environment better
D．make the loudest call
解析：考查细节理解。根据文章倒数第二段的最后一句和最后一段中的“An evolutionary inference can then be
drawn”可知，与母鸟的叫声最相似的幼鸟可以得到最多的食物，这也能说明它符合进化论的理论：适者生存，故本题
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答案为C。
D
(全国卷Ⅲ，B)
On one of her trips to New York several years ago, Eudora Welty decided to take a couple of New York friends out
to dinner.They settled in at a comfortable East Side café and within minutes, another customer was approaching their
table.
“Hey, aren't you from Mississippi ？” the elegant, white －haired writer remembered being asked by the
stranger.“I'm from Mississippi too.”
Without a second thought, the woman joined the Welty party.When her dinner partner showed up, she also pulled
up a chair.
“They began telling me all the news of Mississippi，” Welty said.“I didn't know what my New York friends were
thinking.”
Taxis on a rainy New York night are rarer than sunshine.By the time the group got up to leave, it was pouring
outside.Welty's new friends immediately sent a waiter to find a cab.Heading back downtown toward her hotel, her big－
city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi.
“My friend said：‘Now we believe your stories，’” Welty added.“And I said，Now you know.These are the
people that make me write them.’”
Sitting on a sofa in her room, Welty, a slim figure in a simple gray dress, looked pleased with this explanation.
“I don't make them up，” she said of the characters in her fiction these last 50 or so years.“I don't have to.”
Beauticians, bartenders, piano players and people with purple hats, Welty's people come from afternoons spent
visiting with old friends, from walks through the streets of her native Jackson, Miss, from conversations overheard on a
bus.It annoys Welty that, at 78, her left ear has now given out.Sometimes, sitting on a bus or a train, she hears only a
fragment(片段) of a particularly interesting story.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文，介绍了美国著名女作家Eudora Welty 在纽约的一次经历，并以此作为背景说明她
的创作源于生活。
12．What happened when Welty was with her friends at the café？____
A．Two strangers joined her.
B．Her childhood friends came in.
C．A heavy rain ruined the dinner.
D．Some people held a party there.
解析：考查细节理解。第三段中的“the woman”指的是第二段中的那个陌生人，根据第三段中的“When her dinner
partner showed up，she also pulled up a chair”可知，陌生女子的晚餐伙伴也加入了她们的行列中，故有两个陌生人
加入到了Welty 和朋友的晚餐中。
13．The underlined word “them” in Paragraph 6 refers to Welty's____.
A．readers
B．parties
C．friends
D．stories
解析：考查代词指代。画线词所在句“These are the people that make me write them”的主语These 指的就是像那
两位陌生人那样的人，换言之，这些新朋友就成了Welty 笔下的写作素材，这些人就是让她写小说的人，故them 指
的是“小说”。
14．What can we learn about the characters in Welty's fiction？____
A．They live in big cities.
B．They are mostly women.
C．They come from real life.
D．They are pleasure seekers.
解析：考查推理判断。根据最后两段的内容可知，Welty 小说中的人物源于真实生活。
E
(2017 年11 月浙江高考)
When I was in fourth grade, I worked part－time as a paperboy.Mrs.Stanley was one of my customers.She'd watch
me coming down her street, and by the time I'd biked up to her doorstep, there'd be a cold drink waiting.I'd sit and
drink while she talked.
Mrs.Stanley talked mostly about her dead husband, “Mr.Stanley and I went shopping this morning，” she'd
say.The first time she said that, soda(汽水) went up my nose.
I told my father how Mrs.Stanley talked as if Mr.Stanley were still alive.Dad said she was probably lonely, and
that I ought to sit and listen and nod my head and smile, and maybe she'd work_it_out_of_her_system.So that's what I
did, and it turned out Dad was right.After a while she seemed content to leave her husband over at the cemetery(墓地)．
I finally quit delivering newspapers and didn't see Mrs.Stanley for several years. Then we crossed paths at a
church fund－raiser (募捐活动). She was spooning mashed potatoes and looking happy. Four years before, she'd had to
offer her paperboy a drink to have someone to talk with.Now she had friends.Her husband was gone, but life went on.
I live in the city now, and my paperboy is a lady named Edna with three kids.She asks me how I'm doing.When I
don't say “fine，” she sticks around to hear my problems.She's lived in the city most of her life, but she knows about
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community.Community isn't so much a place as it is a state of mind.You find it whenever people ask how you're doing
because they care, and not because they're getting paid to do so. Sometimes it's good to just smile, nod your head and
listen.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者小时候作为报童倾听别人的诉说，而现在作者也会向送报纸的人诉说
自己的困难的经历，并感慨在我们的社会中，人与人之间需要互相关爱。
15．Why did soda go up the author's nose one time？____
A．He was talking fast.
B．He was shocked.
C．He was in a hurry.
D．He was absent－minded.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“her dead husband”可知，Stanley 先生已经去世了，可是Stanley 太太却
说：“Stanley 先生和我今天早上去购物了。”她第一次这样说时，苏打水呛进了作者的鼻子。由此可推断出，Stanley
太太的话使“我”很震惊。结合第三段父亲向“我”解释原因的内容也可以推知当时“我”是很震惊并迷惑不解的，
所以选B 项。
16．Why did the author sit and listen to Mrs.Stanley according to Paragraph 3？____
A．He enjoyed the drink.
B．He wanted to be helpful.
C．He took the chance to rest.
D．He tried to please his dad.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段内容可知，“我”不理解为什么Stanley 太太谈论Stanley 先生时仿佛他还在世。
“我”向父亲说了这件事并听从父亲的建议，静静地坐着倾听Stanley 太太的诉说，“我”希望这是有帮助的。
17．Which of the following can replace the underlined phrase “work it out of her system”？____
A．recover from her sadness
B．move out of the neighborhood
C．turn to her old friends
D．speak out about her past
解析：考查词义猜测。根据第二至三段内容可知，Stanley 太太刚开始无法接受丈夫去世的事实，常常向“我”倾
诉她去世的丈夫的事，后来“我”接受了父亲的建议，静静地倾听她的诉说。结合第三段最后一句“After a while she
seemed content to leave her husband over at the cemetery(墓地)”可知，不久之后，她慢慢地接受了丈夫去世的事实，
从悲伤中恢复过来。
18．What does the author think people in a community should do？____
A．Open up to others.
B．Depend on each other.
C．Pay for others' help.
D．Care about one another.
解析：考查推理判断。根据最后一段内容尤其是“You find it whenever people ask how you're doing because they
care, and not because they're getting paid to do so.Sometimes it's good to just smile, nod your head and listen”可推知，
在我们的社会中，人与人之间需要互相关爱，哪怕有时候仅仅是微笑、点头和倾听，这些都能够给别人以关心，由此
选D 项。
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·广州市一模)
Tourism is often about seeking deeper emotional and personal connections with the world around us. Not all travel
experiences, however, need to take place in the real world.With the evolution of virtual reality (VR) technology，tourism
will increasingly become a combination of physical and virtual worlds.VR may even remove the need to travel entirely.
But can a VR experience really equal a real world one？Many experts believe it can. Studies have shown that our
brains have an inbuilt VR－like mechanism that enables us to live imagined experiences. Much of our waking life is
spent thinking about either the past or the future. This is known as “mind wandering”. During these events we're not
paying attention to the current world around us. Instead, we're recalling memories, or creating and processing imagined
futures.
When engaged in mind wandering, our brains process these mental images using the same pathways used to receive
inputs from the real world. So, the imagined past or future can create emotions and feelings similar to how we react to
everyday life.VR can create these same feelings.
While critics might argue that a virtual experience will never match reality, there are several ways VR tourism
could make a positive contribution. Firstly it could help protect sensitive locations from overtourism. In recent years
famous sites such as Maya Bay in Thailand, have had to limit the number of visitors because of their negative impact.
These places are now producing their own VR experiences that will allow tourists to pass through virtual models of the
sites.
Virtual reality may also allow people back in time，to experience historical events, visit ancient cities, and even to
walk among dinosaurs.
Finally, in a world where many people suffer from stress and depression due to overwork, virtual tourism may
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provide a cheap and convenient way for people to take brief holidays to otherwise unreachable destinations and
recharge their batteries, without ever leaving their homes.
It sounds like science fiction but it's already happening(流行的)．As virtual technology improves and as people
continue to demand new and interesting experiences, more virtual tourism will be expected, both in combination with
the real world and instead of it.
文章大意：随着虚拟现实技术的发展，旅游业将日益成为客观世界和虚拟世界的结合体。
1．What is driving the development of virtual tourism？____
A．Companies seeking to make more money.
B．Improvements in virtual reality technology.
C．People's demand for more shared experiences.
D．People's deeper understanding of the physical world.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第一段第三句“With the evolution of virtual reality(VR) technology，tourism will...and
virtual worlds”可知，虚拟现实技术的进步促进了虚拟旅游业的发展。故选B。
2．Which of the following best describes “mind wandering”？____
A．The brain processes which help people think VR is real.
B．The way the brain processes inputs from the real world.
C．Brain activities focusing on past or future events.
D．Experiences coming from a person's imagination.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Much of our waking life is spent thinking about either the past or the
future.This is known as ‘mind wandering’”可知，大脑漫游是指我们的大脑关注过去或未来的活动。故选C。
3．What does the underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refer to？____
A．Science fiction.
B．Virtual technology.
C．Virtual tourism.
D．The real world.
解析：考查代词指代。根据第七段最后一句中的“both in combination with the real world and instead of it”并结合
语境可推知，代词it 在这里指代上文中出现的“the real world”。故选D。
4．What is the purpose of the passage？____
A．To describe the advantages of VR tourism.
B．To give suggestions for reducing overtourism.
C．To encourage people to develop VR technology.
D．To argue that VR tourism will replace the real world travel.
解析：考查写作意图。本文前三段主要介绍了虚拟旅游业兴起的原因以及虚拟现实的运行原理，后四段主要介绍
了虚拟旅游业的好处。由此可知，本文是为了介绍虚拟旅游业的优势。故选A。
2
(2019·河南省五校联考)
I was getting ready to go to bed when the phone rang.This could not be good. My mind raced through the list of
family members who might need help, but the voice was hardly familiar.
“Lindy, this is Lesley.” I didn't know Lesley well.We did occasionally speak with each other, but to say we were
friends not appropriate.I asked what she needed.Perhaps something really awful caused her to reach someone she
barely
knew.Instead,
she
asked
me
，
“Do
you
have
room
for
a
turkey
？
In
your
freezer？”We_h___lots_of_room_in_our_freezer,_an__in_fact，too_much.“Sure，”I responded，“did your freezer
break down？”“Not exactly，”Lesley replied, “but I will explain when I arrive.”
Minutes later came a huge freezer truck. Lesley stepped down and explained the lease (租约) of the grocery store
her husband serviced had run out and that they had to empty all the freezers that very night. Thinking it was a shame to
throw away all this good food, they decided to drop off food to anyone she could think of. Noticing our freezer was
pretty empty, Lesley asked to fill it up. Our home was their last stop and anything left would have to be put in our
freezer. An hour later, everything finished, I asked her, “When will you come back for all this？”Lesley laughed, “We
don't want it back. It is yours! Thanks for
helping us out！” Then they waved goodbye and drove away.
“For helping them out？” We opened our freezer door.Inside were all expensive foods we never bought but often
longed to try. We were struggling to buy groceries, yet it was not something we shared with anyone. However, our needs
were met in an unexpected way, by that call, “Do you have room for a turkey？”
文章大意：本文为记叙文，讲述了作者一家在困难时期意外收到一位只有点头之交的人的“求助”，实际上却得
到对方帮助的故事。
5．How did the writer feel when she heard the phone ringing？____
A．Angry.
B．Anxious.
C．Shocked.
D．Relieved.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段中的“This could not be good.My mind raced through the list of family members
who might need help”可知，作者刚听到电话铃响时认为不会有好事发生，猜测是哪个家人需要帮助，因此作者应是担
忧的(anxious)。
6．What does the author indicate by the underlined sentence in Paragraph 2？____
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A．They were running out of food supplies.
B．They freezer was too large to fill.
C．They were glad to put the turkey in the freezer.
D．Their freezer was less frequently used.
解析：考查句意理解。画线句表示“我们冰箱的空间很多，事实上，是太多了”；最后一段中的“Inside were all
expensive foods we never bought but often longed to try”暗示，作者真正想要表达的是他们生活困难，贮存的食物快吃
完了，因此她家冰箱有太多的空间，故A 项正确。
7．Why did Lesley call up the writer？____
A．Because she didn't want food to go to waste.
B．Because the writer was her good friend.
C．Because something awful had happened.
D．Because she knew the writer was in need.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Thinking it was a shame to throw away all this good food，they decided to
drop off food to anyone she could think of”可知，Lesley 不想把这么好的食物扔掉，所以决定把食物送给她能想起的
任何人，包括作者，故A 项正确。
8．What can be a suitable title for the text？____.
A．A friend on speaking terms
B．Who is my angel?
C．Unexpected bargains
D．Do you have room for a turkey?
解析：考查标题判断。文章主要讲述了作者一家在困难时期收到Lesley 的“求助”电话，询问其冰柜是否有空间
存放火鸡，结果却得到Lesley 的帮助的故事。结合文章前后均提到“Do you have room for a turkey”可知，D 项正确。
3
(2019·山东省、河北省重点中学二模)
Public libraries are an excellent resource for research，literacy (读写能力) education, and reading －centered
events.Most towns have one or share library services with other towns through a mobile library, and the use of a public
library is free to people who are willing to apply for a library card.
There are several primary sources of library funding(资金)，starting with national funds which are distributed to
states or provinces. These regions send the funds on to public libraries.Local governments also play an important role in
providing funding for libraries, and most librarians apply for grants (拨款)．Finally, private donations help to maintain
libraries—most libraries have an association of Friends of the Library which organizes fund－raising sales and pays
annual dues to help maintain the library.
Grants and private donations can also be used to provide a large amount of funding for public libraries, and some
large libraries maintain a separate staff member to increase the amount of funding that they can obtain through these
sources.Grants include technology grants which allow libraries to install and upgrade computer systems, grants which
focus on a particular topic such as science, fiction, children's books, or local history，and education grants which support
locally－based community efforts such as after－school reading programs. Many private donors are pleased to support
their local public libraries by donating funds or including some library in their wills, and libraries reward their donors
with treats like after－hours visits or privileged access to special collections.
By combining multiple resources, creative librarians can keep their libraries useful, informative, and fun for
browsers.When it comes to supporting public libraries, every little bit counts: if you cannot afford to donate to a local
library, think about volunteering time to help shelve books, lead after－school programs, or organize fund－raisers.
Being active with your public library is a very important way to contribute to your local community.
文章大意：本文是说明文，主要介绍了图书馆资金的几个主要来源。
9．How many main sources of library funding are mentioned？____
A．Two.
B．Three.
C．Four.
D．Five.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段可知，图书馆资金来源主要有三个：国家资金；当地政府的拨款；私人捐款。
本题容易误选C 项，误选原因是考生以为第二段中的“Finally，private donations help to maintain libraries...maintain
the library”提到了两个资金来源，认为“have an association of Friends of the Library”表示的是图书馆有互帮互助的
朋友，即其他图书馆，其实此处的“an association of Friends of the Library”指的还是前面的私人捐款者。
10．How is the funding made use of according to the text？____
A．By exploring more about history.
B．By developing a scientific computer system.
C．By holding after－school activities for students.
D．By enriching special collections for the donors.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“education grants which support locally－based community efforts such as
after－school reading programs”可知，有些资金用于为学生举办一些课外活动。
11．What does the underlined word“browsers” refer to in the last paragraph？____
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A．Viewers in the library.
B．Programs used to view documents.
C．People running the library.
D．Donors visiting the library regularly.
解析：考查词义猜测。根据画线词所在句“By combining multiple resources，creative librarians can keep their
libraries useful，informative，and fun for browsers”可知，通过组合多种资源，有创造力的图书馆馆长可以使他们的
图书馆有用、信息丰富并且对于browsers 来说有趣。故可推知browsers 应是去图书馆的人。故答案为A。
12．What is the purpose of the text？____
A．To stress the value of public libraries.
B．To appeal for donation to local libraries.
C．To introduce sources of public library funding.
D．To show the procedure of funding libraries.
解析：考查写作意图。本文主要介绍了图书馆资金的几个主要来源，故答案为C。A 项是第一段的中心，不是文
章的写作目的，可以排除；最后一段的最后两句提到支持图书馆有多种方式，可以从很多小事做起，作者并没有强调
要给图书馆捐款，所以也没有“呼吁”一说，故排除B 项；D 项错在procedure，文章并未提及相关信息，故排除D
项。
4
(2019·南昌市二模)
Although the idea of “zero emission and sustainable(可持续的) development” was promoted worldwide, most
cities are at a loss what to do or even some have objected to it. But in Liuzhou，a city in southern China, attitudes could
not be more different.
The Liuzhou Municipality Urban Planning Bureau has signed up Italian architect Stefano Boeri, the father of the
forest city movement，to build a self－contained community for up to 30,000 people.He is the go－to man for such
projects thanks to the success of his “vertical forests”，two residential (住宅的) towers. Completed in 2014，they remove
up to 17.5 tons of soot ( 煤烟) from the air each year, and a year later one of them was named Best Tall Building
Worldwide.
The Liuzhou project is a much more ambitious undertaking ，however. Its homes, hospitals, hotels, schools and
offices will be built on a 340－acre site in what Boeri calls the first attempt to create an “urban environment that is
really trying to find a balance with nature”. Its 100 species of plant life are expected to absorb almost 10,000 tons of
carbon dioxide and 57 tons of pollutants per year，while at the same time producing 900 tons of life－giving oxygen.
Although the architects haven't published the cost of the forest city, the Milan towers cost only five percent more
than traditional skyscrapers.
The construction of his forest city at Liuzhou is set to begin in 2020, and there is still a great deal of planning and
research required before a projected completion date can be set. However，Boeri remains optimistic about the project
and has confidence in the soundness of his vision：“I really think that bringing forests into the city is a way to deal with
global warming.”
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。为了改善环境，响应“可持续发展”的号召，柳州市聘用了著名建造设计师Stefano
Boeri，计划在2020 开始设计低碳环保的城市小区。
13．What's Liuzhou's attitude towards the sustainable development？____
A．Approving.
B．Cautious.
C．Unfavorable.
D．Doubtful.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第一段“Although the idea of ‘zero emission and sustainable(可持续的) development’
was promoted worldwide，most cities are at a loss what to do or even some have objected to it.But in Liuzhou，a city in
southern China，attitudes could not be more different”可知，尽管很多城市对“可持续发展”理念不知所措甚至有些
城市反对这个理念，但是柳州市的态度与它们大为不同；结合下文介绍的柳州市引进“城市森林”的小区设计可推知，
对于可持续发展，柳州市的态度是赞同的，故A 项正确。
14．Why is Stefano Boeri employed for the Liuzhou project？____
A．He volunteered to do the project.
B．He is a famous architect in the world.
C．He is the father of the forest recovery.
D．He has gained experience in similar projects.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第二段第二句“He is the go－to man for such projects thanks to the success of
his‘vertical forests’，two residential(住宅的) towers”可知，由于设计“垂直森林”的成功，柳州市邀请Stefano Boeri
设计类似的项目，故D 项正确。
15．What does the underlined word “they” refer to？____
A．The architects.
B．The two towers.
C．Forests in the city.
D．The residents of the city.
解析：考查代词指代。根据上文可知，Boeri 成功设计了“垂直森林”，两个住宅塔楼；结合该句“Completed in
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66
2014，they remove up to 17.5 tons of soot (煤烟) from the air each year, and a year later one of them was named Best Tall
Building Worldwide.”可知，这两座住宅塔楼2014 年完工，每年最多可消除17.5 吨煤烟，其中一座被评为全球最佳高
层建筑。由此可推知they 指代上文中的“two residential(住宅的) towers”，故B 项正确。
16．What's the purpose of Liuzhou project？____
A．To provide more jobs.
B．To bring forest into city.
C．To solve house shortage.
D．To improve the environment.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第三段尾句“Its 100 species of plant life are expected to absorb almost 10,000 tons of
carbon dioxide and 57 tons of pollutants per year，while at the same time producing 900 tons of life－giving oxygen”可
知，柳州的这种城市设计项目中，有100 种植物预计每年吸收近10 000 吨二氧化碳和57 吨污染物，同时产生900 吨
氧气。结合本文最后一句可知，Boeri 认为把森林引入城市是应对全球变暖的一种方式。据此可推知，柳州的城市项目
旨在改善环境，故D 项正确。
5
(2019·安徽省百所重点高中三模)
Metal－organic frameworks (MOFs) are compounds that are set to solve some tough challenges: producing water
in the desert, removing greenhouse gases from the air and storing dangerous gases more safely.
The Arizona desert is really dry. Anyone stuck in it without water would die from dehydration within three days,
unless he had one of Omar Yaghi's next－generation water harvesters, who is a chemist at the University of California,
Berkeley. Although daytime humidity(湿度) is only about 10 percent, this rises to 40 percent at night, which means
there's enough water in the atmosphere to support life—if it can be transformed into liquid form.
That's exactly what Yaghi's invention does. It's about the size of a small microwave oven, designed to suck the water
from the air at night and turn it into drinking water the next day using only the heat of the sun as its power source.
What makes it work is a special material called a MOF, which at normal temperatures attracts water molecules( 分
子)onto the surface of its internal small holes. Warm it up and get the water, each harvest producing one－third of a cup
of pure drinking water. “A device the size of a washing machine could produce enough water for the basic needs of a
household，” says Yaghi.
These crystalline ( 结晶的) groups of metals linked by organic molecules can be made into materials with an
extremely high absorption ability, attracting specific molecules to their surfaces. In this way, MOFs cling_to a variety of
liquids and gases.
MOFs work thanks to their distinctive structure. In fact, one MOF the size of a sugar cube has so many small holes
that they would cover an area as large as six football fields. MOFs are also extremely stable, light and have many
different uses：their molecular structure can be varied to attract specific molecules.Adding a small amount of heat or
pressure causes the MOF to give what it's holding.More than 70,000 different MOFs have been produced to date for
various applications.
文章大意：本文是一篇科普说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新型材料——金属有机框架，它仅以空气中的水分为来
源，利用太阳能即可源源不断地生产出大量淡水，即使在空气中水分子稀薄的沙漠中也毫不费力。
17．Why is the Arizona desert mentioned in the second paragraph？_____
A．To introduce water harvesters.
B．To stress the importance of water.
C．To express the urgent need for water there.
D．To show the severity of its condition.
解析：考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“The Arizona desert...unless he had one of Omar Yaghi's next－generation
water harvesters”可知，作者提及亚利桑那州的沙漠是为了引出Omar Yaghi 的下一代吸水设备以及下文及其介绍。
故选A。
18．What plays a vital role in water harvesters？____
A．Solar energy.
B．Water molecules.
C．MOFs' internal small holes.
D．Metal－organic frameworks.
解析：考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“What makes it work is a special material called a MOF”可知，使吸水设备
工作的是一种叫作金属有机框架的特殊材料，故金属有机框架在该设备中起了关键作用。根据第三段中的“using only
the heat of the sun as its power source”“which at normal temperatures attracts water molecules(分子) onto the surface
of its internal small holes”“Warm it up and get the water”可知，金属有机框架在正常温度下会把水分子吸引到内部孔
隙的表面，然后利用太阳能加热进而产生淡水。太阳能、水分子和MOFs 内部的孔隙虽然均在文中被提及了，但三者
发挥各自作用的前提都是金属有机框架的存在，故可排除A、B、C 三项。
19．Which can explain the phrase“cling to”underlined in Paragraph 4？____
A．Give off.
B．Break down.
C．Hold onto.
D．Turn into.
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解析：考查词义猜测。根据画线短语前的“These crystalline(结晶的) groups of metals...can be made into materials
with an extremely high absorption ability，attracting specific molecules to their surfaces”可知，这些由有机分子连接
在一起的金属结晶群可被制成吸收能力极高的材料，以吸引特定分子到它们的表面，即金属有机框架可以吸附各种液
体和气体，故hold onto“抓紧”和画线短语cling to 的意思最为接近。
20．What will probably be covered in the following paragraphs？____
A．The future of the MOF technology.
B．Other uses of the MOF technology.
C．The improvement to the MOF technology.
D．Possible limitations of the MOF technology.
解析：考查推理判断。通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了金属有机框架可以帮助解决沙漠地区的缺水问题，再结合
第一段中的“solve some tough challenges：producing water in the desert，removing greenhouse gases from the air and
storing dangerous gases more safely”可推知，接下来可能会介绍金属有机框架在清除温室气体、安全储存危险气体方
面的用途。故选B。
专题二七选五阅读
试
卷
年份
体裁
题材
考查类型
高考命题者说
段
首
句
段
中
句
段
末
句
全
国
卷
Ⅰ
2019 年
说明文
社会生活
2
3
0
1.考查特点：考查以说明文为主，内
容、主题多是社会生活和文化科技；
题型以段中句为主，段首句和段尾句
为辅。其中有考查非完整句的情况。
2.素养考查：话题多关注情感态度、
心理及精神培育、生活技能等，与当
代社会生活紧密相关，人文气息浓厚，
引导学生关爱自我、关爱社会、热爱
生活、传播正能量。
3.命题趋势：选材注重两方面的内容：
一是贴近考生、贴近生活、新颖、时
代感强的材料；二是逻辑性强，结构
严谨，层次分明，突出对“篇章结构”
的整体理解，侧重考查考生的逻辑思
维能力。
2018 年
记叙文
社会生活
1
2
2
2017 年
议论文
社会生活
2
2
1
全
国
卷
Ⅱ
2019 年
议论文
社会生活
1
4
0
2018 年
说明文
社会生活
2
2
1
2017 年
说明文
社会生活
1
4
0
全
国
卷
Ⅲ
2019 年
说明文
社会生活
1
3
1
2018 年
说明文
文化艺术
2
2
1
2017 年
说明文
社会生活
1
3
1
通常来说，解答七选五题型，我们要遵循以下几个步骤，以求得最大正答率。
1．通读全文，了解文章大意
这是一个泛读的过程，目的是了解文章大意，为以后的理解做铺垫。
2．分析句型，了解语法构成
当我们了解了文章大意后，要明确每一个空是填一个完整的句子还是从句。这一点十分重要，它能够帮助我们迅
速确定某些空的选项范围，比如，有一个空的结尾处是逗号，后文紧跟着一个句子，很显然这时我们需要填一个从句，
可以在七个选项中找到是从句的选项，从而缩小选择范围。
3．明确关联关系
任何句子都是要么和上文有联系，要么和下文有联系，要么和上下文都有联系，因为一篇文章不仅仅是句子的整
合，也是有含义的连贯性的，怎样确定这种关系？
(1)根据位置：注意空缺处在文中的位置，当空缺处在段首时，应注意此段首句之后的部分，这是因为文章的每一
段往往构成总分结构，这一点在说明文和议论文中尤为明显，而七选五的选材往往是说明文和议论文；当空缺处在段
中时，则需要看空缺处前后的内容；当空缺处在段末时，则需要看前文的内容，因为这一句最有可能是对整段的一个
总结和概括。当然，以上分析只是主流情形，也有可能出现其他情况，这时需要具体问题具体分析。
(2)根据含义：在第一步了解大意的基础上，现在要做的是详细阅读以便明确每一个空的具体关联关系，这时要结
合选项同时做(注意在第二步范围缩小的基础上)，常见的关联关系有：顺承、转折、因果、并列、举例。最常见的就
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是根据代词含义，因为如果上文出现了某个名词或概念时，后文再次提及它，往往为了避免重复，会使用代词，只是
后文对前文的一个很好的提示，例如：后文出现了it，那前文出现的名词一定是可数名词单数或者不可数名词或者是
一件事；后文出现了this man，那前文一定要有一句话在说这个人的情况，后文才能用this 这个代词，等等；其次，
根据形容词、副词确定关联关系也比较常见，形容词、副词往往表达了作者的感情色彩，这对于我们排除干扰选项十
分关键，比如：上文所使用的形容词、副词全是褒义词汇，语调阳光积极，后文如果和前文是顺承关系，必然也应该
用正能量的语调；当然，根据其他词汇确定关联关系也都有可能。
4．宏观把握，选择最佳答案
最后作答时，当我们对于某一个空有两个不同的答案时，我们将其分别代入，选择最佳答案，这一点很简单。
5．带入通读，复查
做完题目后，我们很有必要将自己修正好的文章通读一遍，将其看作一篇行文通顺语意连贯的文章来读，这时如
果感到有含义不连贯的地方，很有可能是我们填错了空，就要复查了。注意：七选五的特点在于，错一道，往往还会
错另外的一道或几道，我们叫作“连错”，所以当你发现自己有一处填的有问题时，一定要同时检查其他空。
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)
Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?
We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.”_1.E__ According to recent studies，the
answer is a big YES，if the air quality in your camping area is good.
_2.___ If the air you're breathing is clean—which it would be if you're away from the smog of cities—then the air is
filled with life－giving，energizing oxygen.If you exercise out of doors，your body will learn to breathe more deeply，
allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉) and your brain.
Recently，people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈)．_3.G__ In these
places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.It turns out that just looking at green，growing things can
reduce stress，lower blood pressure，and put people into a better mood(情绪)．Greenery is good for us.Hospital patients
who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky
instead._4.___ It gives us a great feeling of peace.
_5.___ While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin，they also give us beneficial Vitamin D．To make sure you get
enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside.It takes sunscreen about
fifteen minutes to start working，and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D．
A．Fresh air cleans our lungs.
B．So what are you waiting for?
C．Being in nature refreshes us.
D．Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
E．But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
F．Just as importantly，we tend to associate fresh air with health care.
G．All across the country，recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.
文章大意：主题：人与自我(生活)；话题：健康。本文是一篇说明文，介绍了呼吸新鲜空气和接近大自然有益于
身心健康。
1．解析：关联逻辑法解题。空格前一句说我们都是听着人们说的“出去呼吸点儿新鲜空气”长大的，空格后一句
说答案是肯定的。由此可判断E 项“但是新鲜空气真的像你妈妈总说的那样对你有好处吗？”符合语境。本设空类型
属于细节理解类。
2．解析：设题位置法解题。根据空格后的内容可知，如果人们呼吸的空气是干净的，那么空气中就充满了维持生
命的、让人充满活力的氧气。如果在户外锻炼，人的身体会学会深呼吸，让更多的氧气进入肌肉和大脑。所以本段主
要说的是呼吸新鲜空气的好处，故A 项“新鲜空气清洁我们的肺”符合语境。本设空类型属于段落主题句类。
3．解析：词汇锁定法解题。空格后的these places 与G 项中的recovery centers 相呼应，因此G 项“全国各地的
康复中心已经开始建造康复花园”符合语境。本设空类型属于细节理解类。
4．解析：关联逻辑法解题。空格前介绍了接近大自然、看绿色植物对病人的康复有益，空格后一句说“它给我们
一种非常好的内心平和的感觉”，由此可推断出空格处应该表达置身于大自然的好处，故选C 项“置身于大自然使我
们精神焕发”。本设空类型为细节理解类。
5．解析：设题位置法解题。空格后一句说，虽然阳光会使我们的皮肤衰老并受到伤害，但阳光也能带来有益的维
生素D。这应该是呼吸新鲜空气附带的好处，故D 项“呼吸新鲜空气的另一个附带好处是阳光”符合语境，D 项中的
sunlight 与空格后的the sun's rays 相呼应。本设空类型属于段落主题句类。
1．挖空位置推理法
①段首句
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典例1 (2019·全国卷Ⅲ，A)
In an online class，developing healthy patterns of communication with professors is very important._36.E__While I
have only listed two of each，there are obviously many other situations that can arise.Students should be able to extend
the logic(逻辑) of each to their particular circumstance.
Do's
•37.______Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.Before asking questions about the course
design，read the syllabus(教学大纲) and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn't hiding in
plain sight.
•Participate in discussion forums(论坛)，blogs and other open－ended forums for dialogue._38.___Be sure to stay
on topic and not offer irrelevant information.Make a point，and make it safe for others to do the same.
A．That's what they are for.
B．Turn to an online instructor for help.
C．If more information is needed，they will ask.
D．Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.
E．Below are some common do's and don'ts for online learners.
F．Everyone has taken a not－so－great class at one time or another.
G．Ask questions，but make sure they are good，thoughtful questions.
[解题思路]
37 空位于段首，属于段落主题句。形式上与下一段首句Participate in discussion forums(论坛)，blogs and other open
－ended forums for dialogue.一致，即应为祈使句形式，故应考虑B、D、G 三个选项。空格后说，与主题内容相关的
问题通常会受欢迎。在询问有关课程设计的问题之前，阅读教学大纲和学习管理系统信息，以确保答案不会隐藏在眼
皮底下。由此可推知，此段表达要提出好的有水平的问题，故选_G__项“问问题，但要确保这些问题是好的、深思熟
虑的问题”。
典例2 (全国卷Ⅱ)
●__37__
Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color.Others are
concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料)．38.E.However, there are a
number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.
●Recall (回忆)your childhood memories
Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood.Grandma's rose garden and Dad's vegetable
garden...
A．Know why you garden
B．Find a good place for your own garden
C．It's our experience of the garden that matters
D．It's delightful to see so many beautiful flowers
E．Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants
F．You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too
G．For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have
[解题思路]
本题考查主题句。首先形式上要与第二个标题“Recall(回忆) your childhood memories”一致，故在A 项和B 项
之间选择。再根据本段倒数第二句“However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to
garden.”可知，本段主要讲要弄清自己为什么要种植花木。故选____。
②段中题
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典例1 (2018·全国卷Ⅱ节选)
If you are already making the time to exercise，it is good indeed！With such busy lives，it can be hard to try and find
the time to work out.36.______ Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.
●Your productivity is improved.Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you
for the day.__37.E__
●Your metabolism(新陈代谢) gets a head start.38.____ If you work out in the mornings，then you will be getting
the calorie (卡路里) burning benefits for the whole day，not in your sleep.
A．You will stick to your diet.
B．Your quality of sleep improves.
C．You prefer healthy food to fast food.
D．There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.
E．You can keep your head clear for 4－10 hours after exercise.
F．After you exercise，you continue to burn calories throughout the day.
G．If you are planning to do exercise regularly，or you're doing it now，then listen up!
[解题思路]第36 题，设空处位于段中，属于段中题。此句为过渡句，承上启下。根据下文的“Working out in the
morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.”可知，此处要表示“假如你计划定期锻炼，或者现在
正在锻炼的话，那么听好了”，故选_G__项。第38 题，设空处位于段中，属于段中题。这一段说的是晨练有助于人
体的新陈代谢，能让你一整天都感受到晨练消耗卡路里带来的好处。F 项“晨练之后你还会在一天时间里继续消耗卡
路里”中的关键词“throughout the day”与文中的“the whole day”呼应。故选_F__。
典例2 (2017·北京卷)
Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right.74.______ The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a
period of sleep were 18 percent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons
weaken while sleeping.
D．The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.
E．That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.
F．“Sleep is the price we pay for learning，” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.
G．Tononi's team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.
[解题思路]
该段首句说“现在我们有最直接的证据证明他的假设是对的”，那接下来应该具体描述该证据。此外，该空后面
一句话解释了实验的结果和意义。综合看来，只有_G__项符合语境，指出了研究团队、实验对象及实验内容。
典例3 (2017·全国卷Ⅲ)
Keep a record and evaluate it weekly.Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel.After you've tried a
new method for a week, take a look at your record.40.______ If not, take another look at other methods you could try.
E．If the steps you take are working, keep it up.
F．Stick to your set bedtime and wake－up time, no matter the day.
G．Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the café to get coffee.
[解题思路]
由空格后句子中If not 可锁定答案。句意“如果你采取的措施有效，就继续坚持，如果无效，就看看其他你可以
尝试的方法”。故选_E__。
典例4 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas，dinner tables or bookshelves.39.______.They
require a bigger commitment than smaller ones，and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.
A．This can affect your work.
B．So how should you motivate yourself?
C．However，this should not discourage you.
D．So why should we try to set specific goals?
E．They can change according to circumstances.
F．Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.
G．Without motivation，you can neither set a goal nor reach it.
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[解题思路]
设空处在段中，所填句子应是过渡句。该空前一句主要内容是“medium color choices”，是G 项中“small ones”的
升级。该空后一句介绍了两种方式的颜色选择，与G 项中的“two major ways”相呼应，故选_G__。
典例5 (2019·全国卷Ⅱ片段)
You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation.This is quite important ，because it is directly
related to your commitment.There are times when your heart is not in your work.38.______So，slow down and think
what you really want to do at that moment.Clarity(清晰) of thoughts can help you move forward.
Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives ，keeping in mind your
beliefs，values and strengths.Remember that goals are flexible.39.______ They also need to be measurable.You must
keep these points in mind while setting your goals.
Your personal circumstances are equally important.For example，you may want to be a pilot but can't become one
because your eyesight is not good enough.40.______ You should reassess your goals，and motivate yourself to set a fresh
goal.
A．This can affect your work.
B．So how should you motivate yourself?
C．However，this should not discourage you.
D．So why should we try to set specific goals?
E．They can change according to circumstances.
F．Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.
G．Without motivation，you can neither set a goal nor reach it.
[解题思路]
这3 道题设空处位于段中，属于段中题。第38 题，空前说，有时候你的心思不在工作上，这样会导致“影响你的
工作”的结果，故选____。前后构成因果关系。第39 题，空后说，它们也需要可衡量，故该空选_E__，它们可以根
据情况而改变。前后构成并列关系。第40 题，空前一句说你可能想当飞行员，但因为视力不好，你的目标不能实现。
空后一句说你得把自己当飞行员的目标换一下，重新设定一个目标，选项____“然而，这不应该使你气馁”与之对应。
前后属于转折关系。
典例6 (2019·全国卷Ⅲ片段)
•Don't openly express annoyance at a professor or class.40.______When a student attacks a professor on the social
media ，the language used actually says more about the student.If there is truly a concern about a professor's
professionalism or ability，be sure to use online course evaluations to calmly offer your comments.
A．That's what they are for.
B．Turn to an online instructor for help.
C．If more information is needed，they will ask.
D．Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.
E．Below are some common do's and don'ts for online learners.
F．Everyone has taken a not－so－great class at one time or another.
G．Ask questions，but make sure they are good，thoughtful questions.
[解题思路]
空格前说，不要公开表达对授课老师或课程的不满，空格后提及，如果授课老师的专业水平或能力确实令人担忧，
一定要使用在线课程评价来冷静地发表你的意见，因此_F__项“每个人都曾经有过不太好的上课经历”符合语境。前
后构成解释例证关系。
③段尾句
典例1 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls，ceilings，and floors.Whether you're looking at wallpaper
or paint，the time，effort and relative expense put into it are significant.
40.______.
D．Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with
E．It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces
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F．So it pays to be sure，because you want to get it right the first time
G．Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways
[解题思路]
该空位于段尾，应属于总结句。根据空前的“the time，effort and relative expense put into it are significant”可知，
大型物品的颜色选择所需要的时间、精力、费用很大，这恰与_F__项构成因果关系。
典例2 (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have
laughed heartily.Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill －cooked meals, and uncomfortable
sleeping bags.They had nothing in common with me.36.______
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer...
I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun－filled holiday in the wilderness...
...We have done a lot of it since....
_40.E__ It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature.I recommend that you
find your way in style.
A．This time there was no tent.
B．Things are going to be improved.
C．The trip they took me on was a rough one.
D．I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
E．I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
F．After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.
G．There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.
[解题思路]
该空位于段尾，属于承上启下句。首句“如果三年前有人告诉我我会花大部分的周末时间去野营，我将会开怀大
笑”使用了虚拟语气，预示了后面的转折关系。接着讲述了作者过去对野营的看法。由下文可知作者起初和后来对野
营的态度不一样。D 项表示“但是，从那时起我就学习了很多关于野营的知识”，however 与上文构成转折关系，因
此是最佳选项。此题的关键是however 这个逻辑关系词，承上启下，为下文内容作铺垫。故选____。
2．词汇复现法
复现，是为保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段，即作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重
复描述。复现关系，主要是指原词复现、同源词复现、同义词/近义词、反义词复现等。
典例1 (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question ：“Should I
jump？”This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin.
36.______ Like the child on the diving board，you will stay undecided.
_37.___More than that，how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal？First，you need to evaluate yourself，
your values，your strengths，your weaknesses，your achievements，your desires，etc. Only then should you set your goals.
A．This can affect your work.
B．So how should you motivate yourself?
C．However，this should not discourage you.
D．So why should we try to set specific goals?
E．They can change according to circumstances.
F．Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.
G．Without motivation，you can neither set a goal nor reach it.
[解题思路]
词汇锁定法解题。空格前有motivation and goal setting，而且说它们是同一枚硬币的两面，缺一不可，由此可知
此处讲动力与设定目标的关系，故_G__项“没有动力，你既不能设定目标也不能实现它”符合语境。
典例2 (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun－filled holiday in the wilderness.38.______ Instead, we had a
pop－up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner.My nature－loving friends had remembered to bring all
the necessities of life.
A．This time there was no tent.
B．Things are going to be improved.
C．The trip they took me on was a rough one.
D．I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
E．I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
F．After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.
G．There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.
[解题思路]
解此题可运用词汇同现法。该空前面的部分说明了作者被说服参加另一次野营活动，而空后则说这次野营活动有
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舒服的床和空调，因此空处的论述应该是在“住宿”这一范畴内，几个选项中只有____项合适。
3．代词线索法
英语文章中代词出现的频率极高，代词一般用来指代前面提及的名词，考生如果能巧妙地利用这样的指代关系或
根据代词的单复数就可以准确而快速地解题。
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
Over the years ，there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important
point.37.______，they can get a little complex.But good news is that there're really only three kinds of decisions you need
to make about color in your home：the small ones，the medium ones，and the large ones.
A．While all of them are useful
B．Whatever you're looking for
C．If you're experimenting with a color
D．Small color choices are the ones we're most familiar with
E．It's not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces
F．So it pays to be sure，because you want to get it right the first time
G．Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways
[解题思路]
解此题可运用代词线索法。空格后的they 指代上文中的techniques，且与A 项中的all of them 相呼应，代入A 项
“尽管它们都很有用”，符合语境，故选____。
4．逻辑关系线索法
一篇文章往往是一个有机的整体，各部分之间存在着一定的联系。从逻辑意义上来看，句子与句子之间常常有并
列、顺承、递进、转折、总分、解释、因果、过渡、例证等关系，有时甚至包含不止一种这样的关系。因此，理解阅
读材料时一定要把握文章脉络，弄清其中的逻辑关系。如果文中或选项中出现了逻辑关系词，考生就可以利用其来进
行推理判断；如果文中或选项中未出现逻辑关系词，这就需要考生全面理解文章大意，根据上下文语境弄清文章内在
的逻辑关系，作出正确的判断。
典例
Building Trust in a Relationship Again
●You didn't lose “everything”．Once trust is lost, what is left? Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless
angle, look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life.__40__ Instead, it's a healthy way
to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.
C．Stop regarding yourself as the victim.
D．Remember that you can expect the best in return.
E．They've been too badly hurt and they can't bear to let it happen again.
F．This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.
G．Seeing the positive side of things doesn't mean you're ignoring what happened.
[解题思路]
本文介绍的是重建信任的建议。这里副词“Instead”表示转折。后面的意思是说，宽恕别人、给自己留有积极成长
的空间是健康的方式，因此，可推测这里应是“看到事物积极的一面并不意味着你无视已经发生的事”。故选_G__。
(2019·浙江卷)
Rock music consists of many different styles.Even though there is a common spirit among all music groups，they
make very different music. _1.___ At that time the Beatles entered the world of music from Liverpool.
After they were given an invitation to appear live on BBC ，the Beatles quickly became famous in Britain with
nationwide tours.By mid－1963，the Beatles had been extremely popular in England. _2.___ They held large concerts
and performed at clubs.They became the hottest thing on the pop music scene in England.They began as a modestly
successful musician group and ended the year as show business legends(传说)．John Lennon and Paul McCartney were
named composers of the year.
_3.___ They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music.Beatlemania hit New York on
February 7,1964.Hundreds of fans jammed the airport to greet them. _4.G__ The concert was broadcast live and
attracted the largest one night audience in the history of television up to that time.The Beatles were described as a
British invasion(入侵)by local and nationwide newspapers at that time.Their victory in America was still remembered as
a major turning point in the history of rock and roll.Thanks to the Beatles，a lot of opportunities were opened up to new
faces on the market. _5.E__
A．They decided on a tour to the United States in 1964.
B．Even their hairstyles became major trends at that time.
C．Rock music developed in the 1950s and the early 1960s.
D．However，their songs changed the lives of generations to come.
E．Many rock bands were able to follow in the footsteps of the Beatles.
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F．They appeared in the films A Hard Day's Night (1964)and Help！(1965)．
G．They performed their first concert in America at CBS television's 53rd street studio.
文章大意：主题：人与社会(艺术)；话题：甲壳虫(披头士)乐队的发展与兴盛。本文是一篇说明文，介绍了甲壳虫
乐队的发展与兴盛以及他们对英美摇滚乐的影响。
1．解析：词汇锁定法解题。空格后面的At that time 决定了该空一定要出现具体的时间，F 项虽然有时间，但是
是电影的时间，文章没有提及电影，故排除。答案从A 项与C 项中选择。再根据文章一开始出现的Rock music 可知
C 项为正确答案。本设空类型属于细节理解类。
2．解析：关联逻辑法解题。由空格前一句“By mid－1963，the Beatles had been extremely popular in England.”
可知，甲壳虫乐队在当时的英国相当受欢迎。接下来具体介绍：就连他们的发型都成了当时的流行趋势。本设空类型
属于细节理解类。
3．解析：词汇锁定法解题。前面提到甲壳虫乐队在英国特别受欢迎。空后“They were not sure how the Americans
would react to the new type of music.”意思是“他们不确定美国人对这种新型的音乐会有什么反应”。因此，A 项“他
们决定在1964 年开始他们的美国之旅”符合语境。G 项是发生了的事情，用在此处在时间上不合适。本设空类型属于
细节理解类。
4．解析：词汇锁定法解题。空后的“The concert was broadcast live and attracted the largest one night audience in
the history of television up to that time.”与G 项中的concert 相呼应。本设空类型属于细节理解类。
5．解析：词汇锁定法解题。空前“Thanks to the Beatles，a lot of opportunities were opened up to new faces on the
market.”中的new faces 与E 项中的follow 相呼应。本设空类型属于细节理解类。
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2019·北京卷)
Much of the work in today's world is accomplished(完成) in teams.Most people believe the best way to build a great
team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals._1.___ Companies spend millions hiring top business people.Is
their money well spent?
_2.E__ They focused on football，basketball and baseball.The results are mixed.For football and basketball，adding
talented players to a team proves a good method，but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent；above
that level，the team's performance begins to decline.Interestingly，this trend isn't evident in baseball，where additional
individual talent keeps improving the team's performance.
To explain this phenomenon，the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires
its members to coordinate( 协调) their actions._3.G__ In baseball ，the performance of individual players is less
dependent on teammates.They conclude that when task interdependence is high，team performance will suffer when
there is too much talent ，while individual talent will have positive effects on team performance when task
interdependence is lower.If a basketball star is，for example，trying to gain a high personal point total，he may take a
shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate，affecting the team's performance.Young children
learning to play
team sports are often told，“There is no I in TEAM.”_4.___
Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team，some players may make less effort.Just as in a
game of tug－of－war(拔河比赛)，whenever a person is added，everyone else pulls the rope with less force.
_5.F__ An A－team may require a balance—not just A players，but a few generous B players as well.
A．It's not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent.
B．Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent.
C．The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers' attention.
D．Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.
E．Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world.
F．Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent.
G．This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.
文章大意：主题：人与社会(人际沟通与合作)；话题：团队建设。本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了优秀人才
在团队建设中的作用、地位和分布比例等。通过几项研究，得出的结论是：一个好的团队，其成员构成需要平衡，既
要有优秀的人，也要有普通的人。在团队建设中优秀人才的引进不能简单地搞“一刀切”。
1．解析：词汇锁定法解题。空格前说“大多数人认为建一个好的团队的最好方法是聚集一群最有天赋(talented)
的个人”，空格后说“公司花数百万(millions)雇用顶级商业人士”，由此可知空格处选B 项“体育队的老板花数百万
(millions)美元吸引体育天才(talent)”，其中的millions 和talent 与上下文对应，故应选B 项。
2．解析：关联逻辑法解题。根据空格后的“The results are mixed.”知，空格处是研究的结果，选项E 中的several
recent studies 与之对应，故答案为E。
3．解析：词汇锁定法解题。空格后先是提到了baseball，后又提到了basketball，对天才球员在这两项运动中所
起的作用进行了研究，由此可知，空格处涉及baseball 和basketball。选项G 中的baseball，football，basketball 与之
对应，故答案为G。
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4．解析：关联逻辑法解题。根据空格前的“学习参加团队运动的小孩子经常被告知‘团队里没有个人’”可推断
出，选项D “明星们很明显不遵守体育精神这一基本原则”符合语境，故答案为D。
5．解析：关联逻辑法解题。根据空格后的“一个优秀的团队需要平衡”可知，空格处是“建立一支梦之队比单纯
雇用最优秀的人才更复杂”，这与选项F 对应，故答案为F。
B
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)
Before there was the written word，there was the language of dance.Dance expresses love and hate，joy and sorrow，
life and death，and everything else in between.
_1.___ We dance from Florida to Alaska，from north to south and sea to sea.We dance at weddings，birthdays，office
parties and just to fill the time.
“I adore dancing，” says Lester Bridges，the owner of a dance studio in Iowa.“I can't imagine doing anything else
with my life.”Bridges runs dance classes for all ages.“Teaching dance is wonderful._2.___ It's great to watch them.For
many of them，it's a way of meeting people and having a social life.”
_3.___ “I can tell you about one young couple，” says Bridges.“They're learning to do traditional dances.They
arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile._4.F__”
So do we dance in order to make ourselves feel better，calmer，healthier？Andrea Hillier says，“Dance，like the
pattern of a beating heart，is life.Even after all these years，I want to get better and better._5.E__ I find it hard to stop！
Dancing reminds me I'm alive.”
A．So why do we dance?
B．Dance in the U．S.is everywhere.
C．If you like dancing outdoors，come to America.
D．My older students say it makes them feel young.
E．I keep practicing even when I'm extremely tired.
F．Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.
G．They stayed up all night long singing and dancing.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。跳舞在美国很常见。Bridges 是美国爱荷华州的一个舞蹈工作室的老板，在文章中
他分析跳舞的好处，解释人们学习舞蹈的原因，表达自己对舞蹈的热爱。
1．解析：解本题可用关联逻辑法。空后的“We dance from Florida to Alaska，from north to south and sea to sea.We
dance at weddings，birthdays，office parties and just to fill the time.”可知，舞蹈在美国到处都有，故B 项符合语境。
2．解析：解本题可用词汇锁定法。D 项中的them 指代my older students。空后的两个them 也指代my older
students。
3．解析：解本题可用关联逻辑法。由本段中的“They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.”
可知，跳舞可以让原本情绪低落的他们变得开心，故A 项(那么我们为什么跳舞呢？)符合语境。
4．解析：解本题可用关联逻辑法。由上句“They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile.”可知，
他们跳完舞后，精神状态发生了很大的变化。故F 项(舞蹈似乎完全改变了他们的感觉)符合语境。
5．解析：解本题可用关联逻辑法。由空后的“I find it hard to stop！”可知E 项(我即使在极其疲惫的时候，也坚
持练习)符合语境。
C
(2018·北京卷)
Why Do We Get Angry?
Anger seems simple when we are feeling it，but the causes of anger are various.Knowing these causes can make us
examine our behavior，and correct bad habits.The main reasons we get angry are triggering(触发)events，personality
traits(特征)，and our assessment of situations._1.F__
Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages.However，here are
some examples：being cut off in traffic，a deadline approaching，experiencing physical pain，and much more._2.G__ The
reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one's personal history and
psychological traits.
Each person，no matter who they are，has psychological imbalances.People who have personality traits that connect
with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry._3.E__ Also，sometimes pre－anger does
not have to do with a lasting condition，but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.
_4.___ Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre－anger，or anger itself.Sometimes ignorance and
negative (消极的) outlooks on situations can create anger.
_5.___ However，anger can easily turn violent，and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to
prevent its presence.With these main reasons in mind ，we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and
prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.
A．Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.
B．But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.
C．Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait，and is usually advised to reduce it.
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D．Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.
E．Having these personality traits implies the pre－anger state，where anger is in the background of your mind.
F．Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.
G．Not everyone acts the same in response to events，and that is why what triggers one person may or may not
trigger another.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章说明了人生气的几种原因。人们通过了解生气的原因，可以控制好自己的情
绪而不去生气，由此减少生气对自己造成的危害。
1．解析：解本题可用词汇锁定法。由空前的the main reasons 锁定选项F 中的these reasons。结合上下文内容
可知，作者提到了一些引发生气的原因，理解这些原因有助于我们控制生气。
2．解析：解本题可用词汇锁定法以及关联逻辑法。由空后的someone is triggered...others are not...可知，相同的
事情并不会引发每个人都生气，这与选项G 中的not everyone acts the same in response to events 以及triggers 相吻合。
3．解析：解本题可用词汇锁定法。由空前的personality traits 以及空后的pre－anger 锁定选项E 中的personality
traits implies the pre－anger state。由此可知选E 项。
4．解析：解本题可用词汇锁定法。由空后的situations，create 锁定选项A 中的on situations can create anger within
us，即对于某些情况的态度和看法是生气的原因。
5．解析：解本题可用关联逻辑法。由空后表转折的副词however 以及anger can easily turn violent 可知，因为生
气容易转变为暴力，所以作者不赞同生气，即使有理由生气。选项D 中提到“人们认为有理由去生气”，显然它可以
放在空格中构成前后文意思的转折。故选D。
D
(2018·浙江卷)
Moving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience.Of course，you want to make sure that
you become an accepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood.The easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure
you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should._1.G__
Perhaps one of the most important things you can do as a good neighbor is to keep your property(房产) neat，clean，
and in good repair._2.F__ By choosing to keep the outside of the home in great shape, you will help to improve the look
and feel of the area.
Second，take the overall appearance of the neighborhood seriously.When going for a walk，take along a small
garbage bag._3.E__ This small act will let your neighbors know that you care about the area.
_4.___ If a neighbor is going to be out of town，offer to collect mail and newspapers.If a neighbor suffers an illness，
offer to do the grocery shopping.Let them know that you are there to help in any way that is acceptable，while still
respecting the privacy of your neighbor.
_5.___ By following the basic rules of respecting others，taking care of what belongs to you，and taking pride in the
appearance of the neighborhood in general，you will quickly become a good neighbor that everyone appreciates.
A．In general，keep an eye on their property while they are gone.
B．A good neighbor is also one who likes to help out in small ways.
C．Being a good neighbor is more or less about considerate behavior.
D．Sometimes neighbors may go to the supermarket together to do shopping.
E．Should you come across waste paper thrown out of a passing car，pick it up.
F．People tend to take pride in keeping everything in their street fresh and inviting.
G．Here are a few tips to help you win over everyone in the neighborhood quickly.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了几个帮你迅速赢得新邻居欣赏的小技巧。本文为“总—分”结构，从四个
方面说明了如何做个好邻居。
1．解析：解本题可用关联逻辑法。通读全文可知，本文是“总—分”结构。由第二段中的“...one of the most
important things you can do as a good neighbor is to keep...”以及第三段的second 可知，本题选G，也就是本文的主题
句。
2．解析：解本题可用词汇锁定法。该空格前面的neat，clean，in good repair 以及空格后面的in great shape 都
与F 项的fresh and inviting 相吻合。
3．解析：解本题可用关联逻辑法。空格前提到，散步时随身带个小垃圾袋；空格后提到，这个小小的举动会让你
的邻居知道你关心这个区域。因此此处要填E 项“如果你碰到从路过的车里扔出的废纸，把它捡起来”。
4．解析：解本题可用词汇锁定法。由本段中的you are there to help in any way 可知，选B 项“一个好邻居也是
一个在小的方面乐于助人的人”。
5．解析：解本题可用关联逻辑法。空后的respecting others，taking care of，taking pride in 都是替别人着想的表
现，故C 项符合语境。
E
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you're trying to get work done._1.___，there are several
ways to handle things.Let's take a look at them now.
_2.___.Tell the person you're sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you
can talk at a different time.
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When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that
you'll find them then._3.E__.It can help to eliminate(消除) future interruptions.
When you need to someone, don't do it in your own office._4.___，it's much easier to excuse yourself to get back to
your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.If you have a door to
your office, make good use of it._5.G__.If someone knocks and it's not an important matter.Excuse yourself and let the
person know you're busy so they can get the hint(暗示) than when the door is closed, you're not to be disturbed.
A．If you're busy, don't feel bad about saying no
B．When you want to avoid interruptions at work
C．Set boundaries for yourself as your time goes
D．If you're in the other person's office or in a public area
E．It's important that you let them know when you'll be available
F．It might seem unkind to cut people shirt when they interrupt you
G．Leave it open when you're available to talk and close it when you're not
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了避免工作时被打断的几种方法。
1．解析：考查承启句。根据上文的“Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with”以及下文的“there are
several ways to handle things”可知，工作时被打断是要处理的最糟糕的事情之一，有几个处理事情的办法。空处承上
启下，应选B 项。
2．解析：考查主题句。根据下文的“Tell the person you're sorry...ask if the two of you can talk at a different time”
可知，本段讲述的是当你忙的时候，要拒绝别人打断你。故A 项符合文意。
3．解析：考查承启句。根据上文的“let them know to come back during that time or that you'll find them then”及
下文的“It can help to…”可知，此处指让他们知道你什么时候有空是很重要的。故选E 项。
4．解析：考查承启句。根据上文的“don't do it in your own office”以及下文的“excuse yourself to get back to your
work”可知，你如果不在自己的办公室里，就更容易给自己找到借口返回来工作。故选D 项。
5．解析：考查承启句。根据本段的首句“If you have a door to your office，make good use of it”以及下文的“when
the door is closed”可知，G 项符合文意。
F
(2017·浙江卷)
How to Do Man－on－the－street Interviews
The man －on－the －street interview is an interview in which a reporter hits the streets with a cameraman to
interview people on the sport._1.___ But with these tips, your first man－on－the－street interview experience can be
easy.
When your boss or professor sends you out to do man－on－the－street
interviews for a story, think about the topic and develop a list of about ten general questions relating to it.For example,
if your topic is about environmental problems in America, you might ask, “Why do you think environmental protection
is important in America？” _2.G__
Hit the streets with confidence._3.___ Say, “Excuse me, I work for XYZ
News, and I was wondering if you could share your opinion about this topic.” This is a quick way to get people to warm
up to you.
●Move on to the next person if someone tells you she is not interested in talking on camera.Don't get discouraged.
●_4.___ Each interview that you get on the street shouldn't be longer than ten minutes.As soon as you get the
answer you need, move on to the next person.Make sure that as you go from interview to interview, you are getting a
variety of answers.If everyone is giving you the same answer, you won't be able to use it.A safe number of interviews to
conduct is about six to ten._5.F__
●If your news station or school requires interviewees to sign release forms to appear on the air, don't leave work
without them.
A．Limit your time.
B．As you approach people, be polite.
C．If you don't own a camera, you can buy one.
D．For new reporters, this can seem like a challenging task.
E．To get good and useful results, ask them the same question.
F．That number of interviews should give you all the answers you need.
G．With a question like this, you will get more than a “Yes” or “No” reply.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。街头采访对于新手记者来说可能是一大挑战，但只要按照作者在文章中提到的几
个技巧来做，你也可以完美地完成任务。
1．解析：解本题可用句意判断法。由空格后的but 以及can be easy 可以反推，该空讲的应该是街头采访并非易
事，选项D“对于新手记者，这可能像是一项有挑战性的任务”符合语境。本设空类型为过渡句类。
2．解析：解本题可用词汇锁定法。本段说去采访前要列出大约十个与采访话题相关的问题，并在空前给出例子
“Why do you think...？”选项G 中With a question like this 中的question 指的就是这个问句。本设空类型为细节理
解类。
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3．解析：解本题可用关联逻辑法。空格后的excuse me 以及I was wondering if you could...都体现了采访者的礼貌。
这与选项B“当你接近人们时，要有礼貌”前后照应。本设空类型为过渡句类。
4．解析：解本题可用设题位置法。显然，该空要填本段的段落小标题。根据空格后的“你在街上的每次采访都不
应超过十分钟”可知进行街头采访时要控制好时间。选项A 正合语境。本设空类型为段落主题句类。
5．解析：解本题可用词汇锁定法。选项F“这一数量的采访应该能给你你所需要的全部答案”中的that number of
interviews 与空格前的a safe number of interviews to conduct(采访的保险数量)前后照应。本设空类型为段落总结类。
G
(2017 年11 月浙江)
How to Remember What You Read
Reading is important.But the next step is making sure that you remember what you've read! _1.___ You may have
just read the text, but the ideas, concepts and images (形象)may fly right out of your head.Here are a few tricks for
remembering what you read.
●_2.___
If the plot, characters, or word usage is confusing for you, you likely won't be able to remember what you read.It's
a bit like reading a foreign language.If you don't understand what you're reading, how would you remember it? But
there are a few things you can do...Use a dictionary; look up the difficult words.
●Are you connected?
Does a character remind you of a friend? Does the setting make you want to visit the place? Does the book inspire
you, and make you want to read more? With some books, you may feel a connection right away._3.F__ How willing are
you to make the connections happen?
●Read it; hear it; be it!
Read the lines.Then, speak them out loud.And, put some character into the words.When he was writing his novels,
Charles Dickens would act out the parts of the characters.He'd make faces in the mirror, and change his voice for each
character._4.G__
●How often do you read?
If you read frequently, you'll likely have an easier time with remembering what you're reading (and what you've
read)．_5.___ As you make reading a regular part of your life, you'll make more connections, stay more focused and
understand the text better.You'll learn to enjoy literature—as you remember what you read!
A．Are you confused?
B．Practice makes perfect.
C．What's your motivation?
D．Memory is sometimes a tricky thing.
E．Marking helps you remember what you read.
F．But other books require a bit more work on your part.
G．You can do the same thing when you are reading the text!
文章大意：本文主要介绍了记住阅读过的内容的技巧。
1．解析：根据空前的“the next step is making sure that you remember what you've read”和空后的“but the ideas,
concepts and images(形象) may fly right out of your head”可知，阅读是重要的，但是你要确保记住所阅读的内容。你
可能刚读过了文本，但并没有记住其中的思想、概念和形象。由此可知D 项“记忆有时候是一件很困难的事情”符合
上下文的衔接，所以选D 项。
2．解析：本空是段落主题句。由“If the plot, characters, or word usage is confusing for you, you likely won't be able
to remember what you read”可知，该段主题与处理一些令人困惑的信息有关，故A 选项与此处匹配。
3．解析：根据空前的“With some books, you may feel a connection right away”可知，读有些书时，你可以很快建
立联系；空后一句提到“你有多大意愿让这些联系发生”，故F 项“但是(阅读)其他书对你的要求更多一些”与前后
句衔接紧密。故选F 项。
4．解析：本空是段落结尾句。由本段内容可知，大声读出来所阅读的材料并加以演绎也是一个技巧。本段又以狄
更斯写作时演绎自己作品中的角色为例来说明我们也可以这样做，所以选G 项。
5．解析：根据空前的“If you read frequently, you'll likely have an easier time with remembering”和空后的“As you
make reading a regular part of your life”可知，有规律的阅读可以让记忆变得更加轻松，即“熟能生巧”，所以选B 项。
H
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)
Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning and put the blame on the alarm clock.In fact, the key to easy
morning wake－up lies in resetting your body clock._1.___ Here is how to make one.
●_2.___ In order to make a change, you need to decide why it's important.Do you want to get up in time to
have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about
your reasons, tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.
●Rethink mornings.Now that you know why you want to wake up, consider re －arranging your morning
activities.If you want time to have breakfast with your family, save some time the night before by setting out clothes,
shoes, and bags._3.G__ That's a quarter－hour more you could be sleeping if you bought a coffee maker with a timer.
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●Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends.If you're tired out by Friday night, sleeping in on Saturday could
sound wonderful.But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week, a recent
study found._4.F__
●Keep a record and evaluate it weekly.Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel.After you've tried a
new method for a week, take a look at your record._5.E__ If not, take another look at other methods you could try.
A．Get a sleep specialist.
B．Find the right motivation.
C．A better plan for sleep can help.
D．And consider setting a second alarm.
E．If the steps you take are working, keep it up.
F．Stick to your set bedtime and wake－up time, no matter the day.
G．Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the café to get coffee.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何做计划建立好生物钟，保持早睡早起的好习惯。
1．解析：考查前后句的连贯。第一段最后一句说“以下是如何制作一个”，代词one 指代“计划”一词，因此本
空选C。
2．解析：考查小标题概括。空后谈到要改变，先要说清楚做出改变很重要的原因；后面谈到一旦明白了其中的原
因，就可以告诉你的家人或室友你想做出改变；由此可以推断出这段总的在说找到正确的动机，因此本空选B。
3．解析：考查前后句的连贯。本段最后一句谈到如果买咖啡机自己弄咖啡，早上可以多睡一会儿，因此前一句应
该要与咖啡有关，本空选G。
4．解析：考查前后句的连贯。本段谈到周末起床、睡觉的时间应该和平常一致，不然周末多睡反而会增加接下来
工作日的睡意。F 项中的no matter the day 指的就是周末也应该和工作日的作息一致。因此本空选F。
5．解析：考查前后句的连贯。本段谈到对自己所做的计划要记录、评价和调整。本空后的If not 说明前面是讨论
计划有效就应该坚持，因此选E。
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·洛阳市、许昌市第一次质检)
Filial piety(孝心) is China's most important morality and involves strong deference(顺心) to one's parents. Thus,
filial piety is an important value when it comes to treating one's immediate family, elders and superiors in general.
Origins
Filial piety was originally mentioned in the Western Zhou，__1.E__.
Meaning
Filial piety is a general attitude of offering love, respect，support, and deference to one's parents and other elders in
the family, such as grandparents or older siblings._2.F__.Besides，it involves working hard in order to provide material
comforts for parents.
The idea stems from the fact that parents give life to their children，and subsequently support them throughout
their developing years in terms of providing food, education，and material needs._3.G__.
Chinese character
By looking at the Chinese character for filial piety，you will learn a lot about the term's definition.
_4.___The character is a combination of the character lao, which means “old” and zi, which means son. The top
half of the character lao forms the top half of the character xiao，whereas the character that represents son forms the
bottom half of the character.
_5.___. The character xiao shows that the older person or generation is being supported by the son, or children in
general.
A．let me tell you the definition of filial piety
B．Filial piety is clarified by the Chinese character xiao
C．Filial piety is one of the most important Chinese traditions
D．This placement is symbolic and tells of what filial piety means
E．which includes carrying on the family line and respecting the elders
F．Acts of filial piety include obeying parent's wishes，taking care of them when they are old
G．Extending beyond one's family，filial piety also applies to all elders like teachers，professional superiors，or
anyone who is older in age.
文章大意：本文主要对中华传统美德孝心的起源和含义进行了简要的介绍和分析。
1．解析：结合本段的标题Origins 可推知，此处介绍了孝心的起源及其基本内容，与选项E 呼应，所以选E 项。
2．解析：根据空后一句“此外，孝心也包括努力工作来为父母提供物质上的舒适条件”可推知，空处应是表述孝
心的具体行为，故F 项符合语境，衔接上下文。
3．解析：空处上文主要阐述了孝心在家庭中的具体实践和体现，由此可推知空处应是表述孝心对除个人家庭外的
长者也适用。故G 项符合语境。
4．解析：空处是本段的主题句。通读全段可知，本段主要是对“孝”字的字形进行分析，并联系本部分的标题
Chinese character 可知，选项B 符合语境。
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5．解析：承接上段对“孝”字的字形分析，此处对孝进行了总结和意义分析，所以选D 项。
2
(2019·安徽省五校联盟第二次质检)
How to Grow Organic Potatoes in Containers
A homegrown potato that has just been dug out of the soil is an amazing treat. Like tomatoes, the taste of fresh
potatoes is different from that of those bought in the store. By growing your own，you also have the opportunity to plant
unusual varieties._1.E__
Prepare potatoes for growing.Cut the potatoes before planting. If your potatoes are small, you can simply plant
them.When you cut your potatoes, make sure you have at least two eyes on each piece._2.G__. Most of us have no idea
how heavy 50 grams is and there's no need to weigh it，just use your best guess.
Water your newly planted potatoes well.Check the container at least once a day._3.___. If it feels dry, it's time to
water. If it's very hot or windy, you may have to water your potato container gardens more than once a day. Make sure
to water deeply by waiting until water runs out the bottom.
Hill your potatoes as they grow._4.F__，you need to hill them in case they will break. This is done by adding a
couple of inches of soil around your potato plants. Be careful not to break；the plants in the process. Repeat the hilling
process a few more times as your plants grow.You can also stop once the soil reaches the top of your container.
_5.___.After the plants have flowered, you can dig out your potatoes to eat. You can pull out a few potatoes at a
time.You can also wait until the plants turn yellow and then harvest all of the potatoes at once.
A．If your potato plants are too short
B．Harvest your homegrown potatoes
C．Water your potatoes whenever the soil is dry
D．Stick your finger at least an inch into the soil
E．Below are some tips for growing your own potatoes
F．Once your potato plants have grown about six inches
G．It's also recommended that each weighs at least 50 grams
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了在家种马铃薯的方法，包括选种、浇水、培土和收获。
1．解析：根据该空所在的位置可知，该空为承上启下的句子；由空处下文可知，下文介绍的是在家里种植马铃薯
的方法，故E 项符合语境。
2．解析：根据空后一句可知，我们大部分人都不知道50 克有多重，也不需要去称重。据此可推知，空处应是关
于每块马铃薯的重量，故G 项符合语境。据此可推知，空处应是关于每块马铃薯的重量，故G 项符合语境。G 项中的
“50 grams”也是提示。
3．解析：根据空后一句“If it feels dry，it's time to water”可知，如果它摸起来干，就该是浇水的时候了。据此
可推知，空处应是介绍感知土壤干湿的方法，故D 项符合语境。
4．解析：根据该句中的“you need to hill them in case they will break”可知，培土是为了防止其断掉。据此可推知，
空处应是介绍培土的时机，故F 项符合语境，衔接下文。
5．解析：根据空处所在的位置可知，空处为该段的主题句；结合空处下文内容可知，该段主要介绍了收获马铃薯
的时间，故B 项符合语境。
3
(2019·唐山市质检)
I did not go on my first hike until my mid－30s.I could blame it on the fact that I grew up on the Great Plains of
South Dakota and North Dakota._1.___ Having never gone, I didn't see the value and always shook my head when
asked.
_2.G__ At the urging of my wife, and with my two young kids, we walked a beautiful forest path on a cool August
morning. I carried a small backpack with water and snacks(小吃)．When we reached the top，we ate lunch together
overlooking a perfectly still pond and a scenic Vermont.
A few weeks ago, my 11－year－old son, my 61－year－old dad，and I hiked Camelback Mountain in Phoenix. Last
weekend，I hiked down the Grand Canyon with my son along the South Kaibab Trail. And later this week, my wife and
daughter will join us to walk the Waterfall Trail in the White Tank Mountains._3.___
Now, just to be clear, by no means would I classify myself；as an expert hiker._4.___ And I have no plans to climb
Mount Kilimanjaro or walk the Appalachian Trail. But waking early on a Saturday morning to walk 3－5 miles along a
forest path with lunch in the backpack is a journey I'd recommend to anyone.
It is healthy physical exercise that creates wonderful memories._5.F__And given the chance, hiking teaches us
important truths about life.
A．Most of our hikes only last 2 hours.
B．I've fallen in love with climbing mountains.
C．I love the stillness and calm of an empty path.
D．But mostly, to be honest, I just wasn't interested.
E．If you can climb a mountain, you can do anything.
F．It provides an opportunity to slow down and disconnect.
G．I went on my first hike a few years back while living in Vermont
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文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者直到35 岁左右才开始第一次远足而后喜欢上爬山的经历，作者认为这
种锻炼方式提供了一个让生活慢下来、脱离尘世的机会。
1．解析：前一句讲到，“我”可以把35 岁左右之前从未远足过归咎于“我”生活在大平原上，结合空后一句可
知，此处隐含的意思是：真实原因并非如此。故选D 项“但是老实说，我主要是不感兴趣罢了”。
2．解析：第一段讲“我”对远足不感兴趣，本空之后讲的是“我”的一次远足经历，因此空处应涉及一次远足的
内容，故答案为G。
3．解析：上一段讲第一次远足的经历，本段讲其后的远足经历和计划，故本空为总结句，应表示经过了第一次远
足后，“我”爱上了爬山，故选B。
4．解析：前一句讲到“我”不认为自己是一个专业远足者，后一句讲“我”并没有计划去爬世界高峰或挑战高难
度的远足，因此本空应该讲“我”远足的运动强度不高，故选A 项。
5．解析：前后两句都在讲远足的好处，故此处也应是同样的，故选F 项“它(远足)提供了一个让生活慢下来、脱
离尘世的机会”。
4
(2019·郑州市一模)
If you're a gamer who's constantly glued to your phone, it could be time to ask for medical help.
On June 18, 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially listed “gaming disorder” as a mental health
condition._1.___
“Video games are like a non－financial kind of gambling(赌博) from a psychological point of view，” Mark
D．Griffiths, a professor from Nottingham Trent University in the UK, told the Associated Press (AP). “Gamblers use
money as a way of keeping score, while gamers use points.”
_2.G__
“People need to understand this doesn't mean every child who spends hours in their room playing games is an
addict，otherwise doctors are going to be flooded with requests for help，”Joan Harvey, a spokeswoman for the British
Psychological Society, told AP.
_3.F__For example, a 21－year－old Chinese woman surnamed Wu in Guangdong province went blind in one eye
after playing the mobile game King of Glory for a whole day. “On days when I have no work, I usually get up at 6 am,
eat breakfast and play until 4 pm，” she told the South China Morning Post. “Then I'll eat something, have a nap(小睡)
and play until 1 am.”
Wu isn't alone. According to a study published by China Youth Daily, about one in five young Chinese people play
online video games for at least four to five hours per day._4.___In April 2018, the Ministry of Education issued a notice
asking Chinese schools and parents to prevent students from becoming addicted to the Internet and games.
Other countries have also taken action._5.___ Meanwhile，in Japan, some mobile phones have a special mode for
children that lets their parents control what games they can download and how long they can play.
A．This means it's now on the same list as other mental illnesses.
B．Thankfully, measures have been taken to deal with the problem.
C．We often see people around us playing games on their mobile phones.
D．In South Korea, children are forbidden to play video games after midnight.
E．WHO's main work is to improve the mental health of individuals and society.
F．But if you lose control over your gaming habits, you'll face serious problems.
G．However, it doesn't matter if you play your favorite game now and then.
文章大意：世界卫生组织官方地把“游戏障碍”列为一种心理健康疾病。许多国家采取行动来阻止孩子沉迷于网
络游戏。
1．解析：空处上文是说世界卫生组织官方地把“游戏障碍”列为一种心理健康疾病；A 项“这意味着它现在和其
他心理疾病在同一个清单上”衔接上文。故选A 项。A 项中的“list”也是提示。
2．解析：空处上文界定了赌徒和游戏玩家的概念，空处下文是说这并非意味着在自己房间多花几个小时玩游戏的
孩子是有瘾的；故G 项符合语境，衔接上下文。
3．解析：空后举例说明了不加控制而长时间打游戏引发的问题，故F 项符合语境。
4．解析：根据空前的“about one in five young Chinese people play online video games for at least four to five hours
per day”可知，中国五分之一的年轻人每天至少玩四到五个小时的电子游戏；空后一句讲到教育部发布通知，要求家
长和学校共同防止学生沉溺于网络和游戏。据此可推知，针对这一问题已经采取措施了。故选B 项。
5．解析：根据该段第一句“Other countries have also taken action”可知，其他国家也已经采取行动了；再结合空
后一句“Meanwhile，in Japan，some mobile phones...they can play”可推知，空处也应涉及一个国家采取的措施，故
选D 项。
5
(2019·合肥市二模)
What's the purpose of building patience abilities? In a word，happiness. Better relationships, more success. But
indeed it takes efforts to build them successfully._1.G__Thus, when the big ones come, we will have developed the
patience we need for hard times.
Understand the addictive nature of anger and impatience.We, human beings, are still constructed with our old
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reptilian (爬行动物的) brain that protects our physical and emotional survival. On the emotional survival side, we want
our way to get ahead, to achieve, and to “look good”. Let's just face it._2.F__So the first step in growing patience is to
get in touch with the addictive quality of the opposite of patience—anger，impatience, blame and shame. We all have
them.And we can grow beyond them.
Upgrade our attitude towards discomfort and pain. Pain has its purposes and pushes us to find solutions—we try to
change the other person, situation or thing that we think is causing our discomfort. But the problem is that it is not the
outside thing that's the source of our pain, but how our mind is set._3.___
Pay attention when the impatience or pain starts. Most of us don't really realize it when we are feeling even the
smallest—but very present—painful feelings._4.E__But to really care for ourselves, get curious about what's actually
happening in the moment inside you. Focusing on what's actually happening，you can notice the worry of not wanting
what's happening，the resistance.
_5.___When you find yourself impatient, or angry with yourself, you can remind yourself that you are growing, and
that，“Sure, this is understandable; this is what happens to me when I'm bothered.” You can say to yourself, “It's true. I
don't like this; this is uncomfortable, but I can tolerate it.”
A．Practice positive self－talk.
B．So the solution to pain is an inside job.
C．Patience abilities benefit you in many ways.
D．Learn to forgive yourself for being impatient in hard times.
E．We ignore the fact that we're in pain and focus completely on fixing the problem.
F．The urge to protect ourselves and what we consider valuable is absolutely habit－forming.
G．Effective ways are recommended to train ourselves to work with little pain and annoyance.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了培养耐心的几个有效的方法。
1．解析：根据空前一句以及空后一句“Thus，when the big ones come，we will...hard times”可知，成功地培养
耐心需要花费精力，因而推荐一些有效的方法用来训练我们应对痛苦及烦恼的能力，因此当更大的麻烦来临时，我们
将已经有耐心应对困难的时刻。故G 项符合语境。
2．解析：根据空后的“So the first step...blame and shame”可推知，保护我们自己和我们认为有价值的东西的冲动
绝对是由习惯养成的，因此要做的第一步就是了解负面情绪根深蒂固的本性。故选F。
3．解析：根据空前一句“But the problem is that it is not the outside thing that's the source of our pain，but how our
mind is set”可知，问题不是出现在引起痛苦的外在因素上面，而是出现在我们的思考方式上，因此解决痛苦是一种内
在的活动。故选B。
4．解析：根据空前一句“Most of us don't really realize it...painful feelings”及空后的“get curious about what's
actually happening in the moment inside you”可知，我们经常忽略了这样一个事实，即我们处于痛苦之中，而我们的关
注的焦点总是全部集中在解决问题上。
5．解析：根据文章结构和空处所在位置可知，空处为段落主题句；通读本段可知，本段主要是说要积极地自我对
话，故A 项符合语境。
6
(2019·南昌市二模)
There are several different types of fire departments.Some hire full －time paid firefighters and some are run
entirely by volunteers._1.___，a firefighter must go through strict physical and academic training to ensure a strong
knowledge of fire safety and the physical strength to handle the tasks required by a fire department.
Joining a fire department requires that both physical and written tests are passed with scores showing a thorough
knowledge of fire safety._2.G__
The first step in joining a fire department as a paid firefighter is to submit an application as well as acquire the
appropriate training. Usually firefighters must have a high school diploma, and some complete two－or－four－year
programs in fire science at community colleges and universities._3.___，and if a candidate already has connections at a
fire department, he may apply for a position straight out of high school.
Once a candidate applies and is accepted for training at a fire department, he must then complete several weeks of
training at the department's training center._4.F__.When this is done，the candidate is sent to a fire company for a
period of probation( 见习). He has to continue training in the new position while being directed by experienced
firefighters._5.___.An application must be submitted to the volunteer fire department，then if the application is accepted,
the candidate will take a training program and then be required to pass a physical and written test. Firefighters must
also become certified as Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs). The level of EMT certification is determined by the
individual departments.
A．Although it is demanding
B．Whichever type is desired
C．However, an academic program is not required
D．For volunteer firefighters the procedure is similar
E．But joining a volunteer fire department is totally different
F．Training consists of classroom work and practical training
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G．Also，a candidate must be able to respond quickly in emergencies
文章大意：消防员有全职的，也有志愿的。但是不管选择做哪种消防员，都要经过一系列的体能及书面测试，并
且还要参加训练。
1．解析：根据前一句内容可知，有两种消防员，即全职的与志愿的，但不管是哪一种，消防员都要经历严格的身
体及学业上的训练，以确保他们有专业的知识与体能去应对紧急情况。故选B。
2．解析：根据前一句可知，加入消防队，需要体能及书面测试，并且两种测试都要求能反映出一个人对消防安全
的全面的认识；同时，他还必须能在紧急情况下，迅速做出反应。故选G。
3．解析：根据空后的“if a candidate already has...out of high school”可知，如果一个人与消防队有联系，那么他
高中毕业后可以直接申请。由此可知，C 项“但是，学术项目不需要(参加)”符合语境。
4．解析：根据前一句可知，申请者需要完成在消防队训练中心举行的为期数周的训练，训练包括室内工作与实践
训练。故选F。
5．解析：该空下文讲述的是参加志愿者消防队需要完成的一系列事情，而且这些事情与申请全职消防员所需要做
的事情类似。故选D。
7
(2019·福建省毕业班质检)
Some people put their bicycles away once they learn how to drive a car. For many people, bicycling is not just an
easy way of getting around town but also an exciting sport._1.___.
One kind of race is the time trial. Each racer leaves the starting line at a different time and heads hard for the
finish line.The cyclist who covers the distance in the shortest amount of time wins the race._2.___，because the bicycles
are spread out and are not likely to run into each other.
Another kind of race is more difficult. A few city blocks are closed to traffic. Then all the racers line up in a tight
pack and begin racing at the same time._3.F__.The race requires more than speed. It also requires skilful handling of
the bicycle as it runs at full speed around other bicycles. The racer who completes all the laps first is the winner.
_4.___. Racers have to cover anywhere from 35 miles to almost 3,000 miles. The race course may be a straight
stretch of road or a long series of roads across the country. The prize goes to the first person who crosses the finish line.
Between races cyclists stay in good condition by doing exercise that builds up their strength so that they can keep
riding for long periods of time._5.___，they often join bicycling groups and become licensed racers. Then they can enter
special races all over the country. If you're a cyclist, keep practicing.You could become a star.
A．As cyclists become more experienced
B．A time trial is a very safe race for beginners
C．Serious cyclists often arrange to take part in races
D．Road races are usually the longest cycling contests
E．Most people will seize possible chances to get around town
F．They cover many laps (一圈), going around and around the city blocks
G．When cyclists still need to build themselves up for those special races
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。本文详细介绍了几种骑自行车的比赛。
1．解析：根据空处所在的位置可知，该句承上启下；由下文介绍的几种骑自行车比赛可知，C 项“热衷骑自行车
的人经常筹备参加骑自行车比赛”符合语境。
2．解析：根据空后的“because the bicycles are spread out and are not likely to run into each other”可知，由于自行
车是分散的，不太可能互相碰撞；故对于新手来说这种比赛是安全的，故B 项正确。
3．解析：根据空处上下文可知，空处承接上文，继续介绍这种难度较大的骑自行车比赛具体的比赛内容，故F
项正确。且F 项中的“the city blocks”与该段中的“A few city blocks”呼应。
4．解析：根据空后一句“Racers have to cover anywhere from 35 miles to almost 3,000 miles”可知，参赛者必须骑
35 英里到近3 000 英里的路程；又结合本段第三句的内容可知，D 项“道路比赛通常是路程最长的骑自行车比赛”符
合语境。
5．解析：根据空后的“they often join bicycling groups and become licensed racers”可知，他们经常参加自行车团
体，并成为有执照的参赛者；据此可推知，空处是说这些骑自行车者越来越有经验，故A 项正确。
8
(2019·山东省、湖北省部分重点中学二模)
Little Etiquette(礼仪) Rules for Flying on an Airplane
Being a polite passenger starts with just a few easy steps.
Help your fellow traveler
_1.F__，offer to lift a fellow passenger's up there，too.Not only is it kind, but it could make the boarding process
more efficient for everyone else.
Keep your personal things, well, personal
It's important to be mindful of your personal belongings._2.E__，as you walk down the aisles (过道), by keeping it
in front of you and close to your body. And once you sit down，you should stay there, and make sure you have everything
you will need for the flight once you settle in your seat. Reaching over other passengers to access the overhead storage
during the flight is uncomfortable for everyone.
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_3.___
In the narrow space of an airplane, maintaining your personal space will go a long way towards making a smoother
ride for everyone. Let the middle－seat passenger use the armrests (it's the least you can do), and keep your legs within
the width of the chair frame.
Be willing to swap seats with a family
Airlines sometimes reserve certain seats for special passengers or charge extra fees for adjacent (毗连的) ones，
making it tough for family members to buy seats together._4.___，offer to switch seats so that a family can sit beside
each other; it's a kind gesture that they won't forget._5.G__，as switching seats while everyone is boarding can be an
inconvenience for those standing in the walkways.
A．If you're traveling alone
B．If they avoid eye contact
C．Avoid bringing smelly food
D．Respect your (limited) space
E．Avoid hitting other passengers with your bag
F．While you're loading your carry－on bag into the overhead space
G．But be sure to delay swapping until the plane has reached the safe altitude
文章大意：本文为一篇说明文，主要介绍了在飞机上做一个有礼貌的乘客的几个简单的方法。
1．解析：根据后面的“offer to lift a fellow passenger's up there，too”中的there，too 可知，当你把随身行李放
进头顶上方的行李架时，你也可以主动提出帮同行的乘客把行李放上去。故选F 项。
2．解析：根据小标题Keep your personal things，well，personal 和空后的“as you walk down the aisles(过道)，
by keeping it in front of you and close to your body”可知，当你在过道上走的时候，把它放在你前面，靠近你的身体。
此处it 指的是E 项中的“your bag”，E 项“避免你的包撞到其他乘客”符合语境。
3．解析：根据下文提到的“在狭小的机舱里，保持你的个人空间十分有助于每个人有一个更顺利的旅行。让中间
座位的乘客使用扶手(这是你最起码能做的)，并保持你的腿放在椅子框架的宽度之内”可知，本段主要讲尊重你有限
的空间。故D 项适合作此处的小标题。
4 ．解析：根据前句“Airlines sometimes reserve certain seats for special passengers or charge extra fees for
adjacent(毗邻的)ones，making it tough for family members to buy seats together”(航空公司有时会为特殊乘客预留某
些座位，或者对相邻的座位收取额外费用，这使得家庭成员很难购买在一起的座位)，再结合空后的“offer to switch seats
so that a family can sit beside each other”(主动提出调换座位，让一家人坐在一起)可知，空处应是描述你能够跟别人调
换座位的前提，故A 项“如果你是独自一人旅行”符合语境。
5．解析：根据小标题Be willing to swap seats with a family 中的swap 和下文解释的原因“as switching seats while
everyone is boarding can be an inconvenience for those standing in the walkways”可知，此处指的是“但请务必直到飞
机到达安全高度之后再交换座位”，故选G 项。
专题三完形填空
试
卷
年份
体裁
考查类型
高考命题者说
动词
(短
语)
名词
(短
语)
形容
词(短
语)
副
词
介词
(短
语)
连
词
代
词
全
国
卷
Ⅰ
2019
年
说明
文
8
7
4
1
0
0
0
1.选材特点：以记叙文
和夹叙夹议文为主；短
文一般按照时间线索
行文，内部逻辑清晰，
层次分明。
2.素养考查：选材内容
来源于真实生活，平淡
叙述中流露人间真情，
体现出理性思维、人文
情怀、参与社会等中学
生应该具备的人文素
养。
3.设题特点：考查词性
2018
年
记叙
文
9
7
3
1
0
0
0
2017
年
夹叙
夹议
文
10
5
4
1
0
0
0
全
国
卷
Ⅱ
2019
年
记叙
文
10
5
3
1
1
0
0
2018
年
记叙
文
10
3
4
2
1
0
0
2017
年
记叙
文
9
8
3
0
0
0
0
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85
更加集中，以实词为
主，动词占据了半壁江
山。对虚词的考查减少
到几乎没有。这说明更
加注重对文章语境的
理解和把握。
全
国
卷
Ⅲ
2019
年
记叙
文
9
4
5
2
0
0
0
2018
年
记叙
文
10
6
4
0
0
0
0
2017
年
记叙
文
9
7
4
0
0
0
0
做完形填空题切忌边看边选，因为这样解题容易脱离上下文孤立地看句子，从而产生不必要的失误，应遵循以下
三个步骤：
一、带空通读，把握大意
这样做的目的是要从整体上了解文章大致信息，弄清楚中心思想。不可在没弄清后文内容的情况下见空就填，只
见树木不见森林。提前通读全文，才能全局在胸，熟悉脉络，理清思路，获得整体印象，使思维朝着正确的方向发展。
二、斟词酌句，初选试填
要注意所选的答案填入空白处后，整个句子语法结构(词性、语态、语气、时态)是否合理；其次，看语义是否通
顺，上下文是否连贯、呼应；如果几个选项填入空白处，结构和语义没有问题，那么就要从逻辑或其他角度上看哪个
选项填入最为合理。同时，要特别注意词组、习语和句型的积累、同义词的辨析以及生活常识的运用。具体解题操作
需注意以下几点：
1．跳读首尾句进行预测
一般来讲，高中英语完形填空的首、尾句通常是不挖空的。先跳读这两句，便可判断体裁，猜想它要讲什么。
若首句交代了when，where，who，what，即四个W，那么就是记叙文，很可能就是一个故事，为了测试语篇的
理解能力，出题者特别注意选材的趣味性，其结尾往往出人意料，耐人寻味。
若首句是提出或解释说明某事物，一般来说是说明文。
若首句提出一个论点，那么就是议论文。
首句往往开宗明义，是文章的主题。细读首句可启示全文。而尾句又往往是对文章主题的总结。所以，它们是了
解文章大意的一个窗口，对我们理解全文有着重要的启示作用。因此，要充分利用段首句提供的信息，去挖掘文章的
思路，寻找文章的脉络与线索。
2．利用语法分析解题
完形填空虽然以语境填空为主，但也有部分考查语法项目的题目。对于这类题，考生可以利用平时所学的词汇知
识，分析单词(组)的使用范围、动词的及物和不及物，并利用句子结构、句式特点等知识全面衡量所有选项，排除干
扰。
3．利用固定词语搭配解题
完形填空题中对词汇知识的考查，主要体现在习惯用法和同义词、近义词的辨析两方面。习惯用法是英语中某种
固定的结构形态，即所谓的“习语”，不能随意改动。所以，考生平时应掌握好习惯用法。近年来对词义辨析题的考
查有加大力度的趋势，要做好这类题，需要有较大的词汇量和词语搭配能力、词语辨析能力，特别是在特定的语境中
能灵活运用的能力。
4．利用固定句型解题
完形填空虽然注重考查语境理解，但同时也会考到一些固定句型，考生掌握好这些句型，对确定题目的答案很有
帮助。
5．巧用排除法解题
在有些情况下，考生如果不能很有把握地直接得出某一道题的答案，可以把排除法和词汇、语法分析结合起来运
用，缩小选择的范围，提高正确率。
6．利用逻辑关系解题
尝试从逻辑关系的高度整体上把握，就会不无惊喜地发现逻辑关系才是征服完形填空的最佳途径。所谓逻辑关系
并不缥缈，它就隐藏在句子中、句与句之间以及段落的衔接中。通过逻辑关系的方法，我们可以通过确切、具体的线
索，把答案的逻辑意义推测出来，从而在答案中寻找表现了相同逻辑意义的选项。这样做，使得题目的难度大大降低。
7．根据文章的感情色彩解题
考生在第一遍通读时，应在掌握文章大意，弄清作者思路的基础上，着重寻找反映语境褒贬性的标志性词汇或句
子，这些标志性词汇或句子往往对文章的语境褒贬性起着决定性的作用。
8．综合利用各种线索解题
完形填空题主要考查短文阅读理解的能力，因此考生必须阅读全文，弄清句子与句子之间的关系，准确理解全文。
为了答好题，考生必须从字里行间寻找能够利用的线索。如书写和形态变化线索(graphic and morphological clues)、词
汇线索(lexical clues)、句法线索(syntactical clues)、社会文化线索(socio－cultural clues)，并根据有关的线索进行猜测，
作出合理的判断。
9．瞻前顾后，通篇考虑，先易后难。
对比较明显和直接的，自己最有把握的答案先进行确定，而对少数把握不准的题目则可以暂定答案，在复读全文
后再进行分析推敲。
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三、复读全文，逐一核实
全部答案选定后，将短文结合答案再次细读。如发现上下文在逻辑意义上相矛盾或含混不清、语法错误、不符合
语言习惯，则重新进行推敲，做出修正，确定最佳答案。
文体1
记叙文
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
It's about 250 miles from the hills of west－central Iowa to Ehlers' home in Minnesota.During the long trip home，
following a weekend of hunting，Ehlers __1.___ about the small dog he had seen __2.___ alongside the road. He had
__3.___ to coax(哄) the dog to him but，frightened，it had __4.___.
Back home，Ehlers was troubled by that __5.___ dog.So，four days later，he called his friend Greg，and the two
drove __6.___.After a long and careful __7.___，Greg saw，across a field，the dog moving __8.___ away.Ehlers eventually
succeeded in coaxing the animal to him.Nervousness and fear were replaced with ___9.___.It just started licking(舔)
Ehlers' face.
A local farmer told them the dog sounded like one __10.___ as lost in the local paper.The ad had a __11.___ number
for a town in southern Michigan.Ehlers __12.___ the number of Jeff and Lisa to tell them he had __13.___ their dog.
Jeff had __14.___ in Iowa before Thanksgiving with his dog，Rosie，but the gun shots had scared the dog off.Jeff
searched ___15.___ for Rosie in the next four days.
Ehlers returned to Minnesota，and then drove 100 miles to Minneapolis to put Rosie on a flight to Michigan.“It's
good to know there's still someone out there who __16.___ enough to go to that kind of __17.___，” says Lisa of Ehlers'
rescue __18.___.
“I figured whoever lost the dog was probably just as __19.___ to it as I am to my dogs，”says Ehlers.“If it had
been my dog，I'd hope that somebody would be __20.___ to go that extra mile.”
文章大意：主题：人与自然(人与动物)；话题：Ehlers 和一条走失的狗。本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了一
位男士帮助素不相识的人找回走失的狗的故事，体现了和谐的人际关系。
1．A．read
B．forgot
C．thought
D．heard
解析：上下文语境题。根据空格前面的During the long trip home, following a weekend of hunting 可知，在漫长的
回家旅途中，经过一个周末的狩猎，Ehlers 正驱车回家。再根据后面的the small dog he had seen...frightened, it
h___________可知，他本想把他遇见的那条狗哄到身边来，但是狗受到惊吓跑了，因此他在回家的路上一直想着(think)
那条狗。
2．A．fighting
B．trembling
C．eating
D．sleeping
解析：下文语境题。与后面的frightened 呼应，此处表示那条狗正在路边发抖(tremble)。
3．A．tried
B．agreed
C．promised
D．regretted
解析：下文语境题。结合后面的to coax the dog to him but, frightened, it h___________可知，本来Ehlers 试图(try)
把那条狗哄到身边来，希望帮助它。但是却没有成功，狗因为受到惊吓跑掉了。agree to do sth.同意做某事；promise to
do sth.许诺做某事；regret to do sth.很遗憾要去做某事。
4．A．calmed down
B．stood up
C．rolled over
D．run off
解析：上文语境题。but 表示转折，虽然Ehlers 想把狗哄到身边来，帮助它，但是狗由于害怕，跑掉了(run off)，
此处也与下文的lost 等呼应。calm down 平静下来，镇定下来；stand up 站立；roll over 翻转。
5．A．injured
B．stolen
C．lost
D．rescued
解析：上文语境题。根据上文的but, frightened, it had run off 可知，那条狗跑掉了，因此Ehlers 被那条走失的(lost)
狗弄得心烦意乱。
6．A．home
B．past
C．back
D．on
解析：上文语境题。根据本段的第一句“Back home, Ehlers was troubled by that lost dog.”可知，Ehlers 回家了，
但是他被那条走失的狗弄得心烦意乱，所以，四天后，他叫上他的朋友Greg，开车回去(back)寻找那条狗。
7．A．preparation
B．explanation
C．test
D．search
解析：上下文语境题。结合前面的After a long and careful 和后面的
Greg saw, across a field, the dog
moving_________away 可知，经过长时间的仔细搜索(search)，Greg 看见了那条狗。preparation 准备；explanation 解
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87
释；test 测试。
8．A．cautiously
B．casually
C．skillfully
D．angrily
解析：上下文语境题。根据第一段最后一句中的frightened 和下文的nervousness and fear 可知，那条狗受到惊吓，
感到紧张不安和恐惧，因此当Greg 看见它的时候，它正小心谨慎地(cautiously)移动。casually 随便地；skillfully 巧妙
地，精巧地；angrily 生气地。
9．A．surprise
B．joy
C．hesitation
D．anxiety
解析：上下文语境题。根据空格前面的nervousness and fear were replaced(紧张不安和恐惧被取代了)以及后面的
“It just started licking Ehlers' face.(它就开始舔Ehlers 的脸)”可知，它的不安和恐惧被快乐(joy)取代。surprise 惊讶；
hesitation 犹豫；anxiety 焦虑，忧虑。
10．A．predicted
B．advertised
C．believed
D．recorded
解析：下文语境题。结合后面的as lost in the local paper 及the ad 可知，一位当地的农场主告诉他们这条狗好像
是在当地报纸上登了广告的(advertise)走失的狗。
11．A．house
B．phone
C．street
D．car
解析：下文语境题。根据后面的number for a town in southern Michigan 和the number of Jeff and Lisa 以及生活
常识可知，寻狗启事上应该有电话(phone)号码。
12．A．called
B．copied
C．counted
D．remembered
解析：下文语境题。根据后面的the number of Jeff and Lisa to tell them he had _________ their dog 可知，Ehlers
打电话(call)告诉Jeff 和Lisa，即狗的主人，他发现了他们的狗。
13．A．fed
B．adopted
C．found
D．cured
解析：上文语境题。根据前面的Ehlers_________the number of Jeff and Lisa to tell them 并结合生活常识可知，
Ehlers 当然是打电话告诉狗的主人，他发现(find)了他们的狗。
14．A．hunted
B．skied
C．lived
D．worked
解析：下文语境题。根据后面的in Iowa before Thanksgiving with his dog, Rosie，but the gun shots had scared the
dog off 可知，Jeff 带着他的狗Rosie 在Iowa 打猎(hunt)，但是枪声把狗吓跑了。
15．A．on purpose
B．on time
C．in turn
D．in vain
解析：上下文语境题。结合上文Ehlers 发现了Rosie 和本句“Jeff searche__________ for Rosie in the next four
days.”可知，Jeff 找了四天，也没有找到他的狗，即徒劳无功(in vain)。on purpose 故意；on time 按时；in turn 依
次，轮流。
16．A．cares
B．sees
C．suffers
D．learns
解析：上下文语境题。分析本句中的says Lisa of Ehlers' rescue 可知，这句是狗的女主人Lisa 赞美Ehlers 的话。
她认为有人能够关心(care)一条狗，真是一件好事。
17．A．place
B．trouble
C．waste
D．extreme
解析：上下文语境题。结合上文Ehlers 邀请朋友Greg 帮助寻找那条狗，并且根据“Ehlers returned to Minnesota,
and then drove 100 miles to Minneapolis to put Rosie on a flight to Michigan.”可知，他还回到Minnesota，又开车100
英里到了Minneapolis，在那里让Rosie 登上了飞往Michigan 的航班，这都说明他为那条狗大费周折(trouble)。place
地方；waste 浪费；extreme 极端，极度。
18．A．service
B．plan
C．effort
D．team
解析：上文语境题。上文提及Ehlers 邀请朋友Greg 一同寻找那条狗，他还回到Minnesota，又驱车100 英里到
了Minneapolis，在那里让Rosie 登上了飞往Michigan 的航班，这都说明Ehlers 为了Rosie 做出了很多努力(effort)。
19．A．equal
B．allergic
C．grateful
D．close
解析：上文语境题。Ehlers 认为无论是谁丢失了狗，都很可能像他对待自己的狗一样亲近(be close to)它。
20．A．suitable
B．proud
C．wise
D．willing
解析：上下文语境题。分析本句“If it had been my dog, I'd hope that somebody would be _________ to go that
extra mile.”可知，Ehlers 认为，如果他的狗走丢了，他希望有人愿意(willing)不怕麻烦地去帮助寻找他的狗。be suitable
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to do sth.适合做某事；be proud to do sth.做某事很自豪；be wise to do sth.做某事是明智的。
名师点津
一、题型解读
记叙文完形填空可分为叙事和记人两种形式，它们有几个显著的特点：以一般过去时为主，其他时态为辅；大量
使用动词；适当出现直接引语。
二、解题技巧
1．抓住文章中心。中心思想是文章的灵魂和统帅，其他的写作要素都紧紧围绕这一中心进行。抓住中心有助于明
确做题方向，提高针对性。
2．明确叙述角度。通常记叙文有两个大叙述角度：第一人称和第三人称。第一人称就是从“自我参与”的角度进
行叙述，考生可从字里行间读出作者对人物、事物或景色的情感态度。第三人称就是从“旁观者”的角度客观地记人、
叙事、状物。在做题时考生可采用“角色渗透法”，即假设自己就是文中的角色会有什么感受、做出怎样的选择等，
这样有助于走进作者的思维，深入理解文章的含义。
3．理清写作顺序。根据写作的需要作者往往采用顺叙、倒叙或插叙等方法进行叙述。理清这些线索有助于了解事
情发展的来龙去脉，从而更迅速、准确地理解文章。
4．明确写作要素。包括事情发生的时间(when)、地点(where)、事件的内容(what)、人物(who)、原因(why)等。弄
清了这些要素也就基本上抓住了文章的主体，理解了整篇文章。
5．洞悉写作目的。同学们要知道就事论事绝不是记叙文的最终目的，而最终目的是借助叙事来阐明一个道理，给
人以启迪或教益。因此，只有在分析具体情节的基础上认真体会文字背后的东西才能洞悉作者的写作目的，抓住文章
的主题。
1．利用文章首句，明确文章主旨大意
完形填空的首句往往不设空，是一个完整的句子。通过细读首句可以判断文章体裁，预测文章大意和主旨，对解
题非常关键。
一般来说，记叙文类的文章首句会交代时间、地点、人物和事件，说明文类的文章首句会解释要说明的对象；议
论文类的文章首句会提出一个论点。因此，考生可以在仔细阅读了首句后，快速略读全文，确定文章的体裁、主旨和
结构。
典例(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
In 1973, I was teaching elementary school.Each day, 27 kids 41.______“The Thinking Laboratory.” That was the
42.______ students voted for after deciding that “Room 104” was too 43.______.
Freddy was an average 44.______，but not an average person.He had the rare balance of fun and compassion(同
情)．..
41．A．built
B．entered
C．decorated
D．ran
42．A．name
B．rule
C．brand
D．plan
43．A．small
B．dark
C．strange
D．dull
44．A．scholar
B．student
C．citizen
D．worker
[解题思路]
通过阅读首句，我们可以了解到When (In 1973)，Who (I and 27 kids)，What (teaching)，Where (elementary school)，
是记叙文的基本要素，由此可预测该文为记叙文或夹叙夹议文，并可预测本文是讲述一位老师和他学生之间所发生的
某件事情。
第41 题，根据下一句的Room 104 可知，The Thinking Laboratory 是一个教室，孩子们每天都要进入教室，所以
此空填entered。故选____。
第42 题，“思想实验室”这个名字是学生们投票选出来的。故选____。
第43 题，从学生们教室改名的过程以及下文出现过的dull 可知，学生认为Room 104 这个名字太枯燥，无趣(dull)。
故选____。
第44 题，由语境可知，Freddy 是作者的一位学生，同时42 空后的students 也是提示。故选____。
2．利用上下文暗示解题
在做完形填空题时要有整体观念，连贯性思维，要把每题空白处的含义与前后句联系起来，进行合乎逻辑的推理。
所谓上下文，可能是紧挨着的两句话，也可能是开头的题目在尾段查找到信息，还可能是中间或最后的试题从上文查
到信息，信息常见的有词、短语、句子，但有时是语境暗示。
典例(北京卷)
A huge snowstorm hit on February 1.A musher named Kaasen had to brave this storm.At one point, huge piles of
snow blocked his51.______.He had to leave the trail (雪橇痕迹)to get around them.Conditions were so bad that it was
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impossible for him to52.______the trail again.The only hope was Balto, Kaasen's lead dog.Balto put his nose to the
ground，53.______to find the smell of other dogs that had traveled on the trail.If Balto failed, it would mean disaster for
Nome...
51．A．memory
B．exit
C．way
D．destination
52．A．find
B．fix
C．pass
D．change
53．A．pretending
B．trying
C．asking
D．learning
[解题思路]
第51 题，结合上文的“huge piles of snow blocked”和下文的“He had to leave...get around them.”可判断应选C，表
示大堆的雪把他的道路阻断了。故选____。
第52 题，根据上文的“leave the trail”和“get around them”可知，这里选A 表示“找到”，指环境是如此糟糕以至
于再次找到雪橇痕迹对他来说是不可能的。故选____。
第53 题，根据上文中“put his nose to the ground”和下文“to find the smell of other dogs...”可知，此处表示Balto
在尝试找到其他狗留下的气味，故这里用try to do 表示“试图做某事”。故选____。
3．利用语义复现解题
复现是一种语义衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出
现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构
和语境，利用文章中的语义复现来选择正确的答案。
典例1 (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)
When most of us get a text message on our cell phone from an unknown person，we usually say “sorry，wrong
number！” and move on.But when Dennis Williams 42.______ a text that clearly wasn't intended for him，he did
something special.
◆A．received
B．translated
C．copied
D．printed
[解题思路]
本题可以利用语义复现解题。本空是上文“get”的同义词复现，故选____。
典例2 (2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life, college sets the stage for that
exploration.I myself went through this 41.______ process and found something that has changed my experience at
college for the better: I discovered ASL—American Sign Language(美式手语)．
◆A．searching
B．planning
C．natural
D．formal
[解题思路]
本题可以利用语义复现解题。本空是上文“explore”的近义词复现，故选____。
4．利用行文逻辑解题
逻辑关系语指表示各种逻辑意义的连接成分，主要有：(1)词(包括连词、副词和少数介词)，如and，but，or，because，
though，however，yet，therefore，otherwise，despite 等。
(2)短语，如in other words，in addition，as a result，on the contrary，instead of 等。
(3)分词和独立结构，如that is to say，what is more，generally speaking 等。在解题时要充分利用这些逻辑关系语，
找到与文中某些词、短语有密切关系的选项。
典例1 (2018·北京卷)
Mr.Anderson said：“I couldn't believe that the guy never took a penny.To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight
when he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in.This guy has nothing and 27.______ he didn't take
the wallet for himself ；he thought about others 28.______.It's unbelievable.It just proves there are honest guys out
there.”
27．A．rather
B．yet
C．already
D．just
28．A．too
B．though
C．again
D．instead
[解题思路]
第27 题，根据上文内容可知，这个人本可以偷走钱包里的钱，不必再睡在大街上，但是他没有。再根据上一句“This
guy has nothing”及后句“he didn't take the wallet for himself”可知，这个人一无所有，但却没有偷走钱包。前后为转折
关系，所以答案为____。
第28 题，根据“he didn't take the wallet for himself；he thought about others”可知，这个人没有为了自己偷走
钱包，而是为别人着想，所以答案为D 项。instead 作为副词意思是“代替，反之，反倒”，用来表示转折，故选____。
典例2 (2017·江苏卷)
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He swore to himself to avoid music, as he hated getting to school extra early.
40.________，one day, in the music class that was part of his school's standard curriculum, he was playing idly(随
意地)on the piano and found it easy to pick out tunes.With a sinking feeling, he realized that he actually enjoyed doing
it.
◆A．Therefore
B．However
C．Thus
D．Moreover
[解题思路]
根据上一段“He swore to himself to avoid music”可知，他发誓远离音乐，再根据下文“he realized that he
actually enjoyed doing it”可知，无意间他发现自己其实是喜欢音乐的，所以前后应该是转折关系。答案为B 项。
therefore 和thus 都用来表示结果，强调逻辑性；moreover 用来表示递进，故选____。
5．利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题
完形填空中经常会考查一些习惯搭配、固定结构和固定句式，这时考生就需要运用习惯搭配及固定结构来解题。
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
...，we had to write a paper on how we plan to 51.________what we would learn in class to our future professions...
◆A．add
B．expose
C．apply
D．compare
[解题思路]
本题可以利用固定搭配解题。apply...to 把……运用到……中。故选____。
6．利用生活常识和文化背景解题
完形填空的语篇中往往渗透着诸如文化科学、历史地理、风俗民情等方面的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极地调
动自己掌握的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，特别是注意中西文化的差异，将会大大简化复杂的分析与
判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，从而轻松地做出正确判断。
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)
Getting a little closer，I realized one kayak (皮划艇) was in trouble.“Something's not right！”I took off my T－
shirt and 49.______ into the water.I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle.He was
shaking violently.Linking arms with one of the instructors，I helped 51.______ the young man out of the water.He was
unconscious and as I looked at his face，something occurred to me.Those brown eyes were very familiar.“What's his
name？”I asked the instructor.“Ben，”he replied，and immediately I knew.That stranger was my son!
49．A．stared
B．sank
C．dived
D．fell
51．A．lead
B．persuade
C．carry
D．keep
[解题思路]
这两道题可以利用生活常识和文化背景解题。根据生活常识，第49 题我注意到一个皮划艇出了意外情况，我自然
是脱掉T 恤衫，“跳进”水里救人，dive 意为“跳水”，故选____，第51 题作者和一位教练双臂连续，两个人一起
应该是将这个不省人事的年轻人“抬”出了水面，用carry 表示“抬”。故选_____。
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)
The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from
late September to mid－March— __1.___ six months out of the year.
“Of course，we __2.___ it when the sun is shining，”says Karin Ro，who works for the town's tourism office.“We
see the sky is __3.___，but down in the valley it's darker—it's like on a __4.___ day.”
But that __5.___ when a system of high－tech __6.___ was introduced to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks(山
峰) into the valley below.Wednesday，residents(居民) of Rjukan __7.___ their very first ray of winter sunshine：A row of
reflective boards on a nearby mountainside were put to __8.___.The mirrors are controlled by a computer that __9.___
them to turn along with the sun throughout the __10.___ and to close during windy weather.They reflect a concentrated
beam(束)of light onto the town's central __11.___，creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters.When the
light __12.___，Rjukan residents gathered together.
“People have been __13.___ there and standing there and taking __14.___ of each other，”Ro says.“The town
square was totally __15.___.I think almost all the people in the town were there.”The 3,500 residents cannot all
__16.___ the sunshine at the same time.__17.___，the new light feels like more than enough for the town's __18.___
residents.
“It's not very __19.___，”she says，“but it is enough when we are __20.___.”
文章大意：主题：人与自然(自然生态)；话题：运用高科技“引进”阳光。本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了挪
威小城尤坎一年中接近半年无法得到阳光直射，这种情况通过运用高科技设备得以改善。该语篇旨在激发思考，引导
考生关注自然生态，探索人与自然的和谐相处之道。
1．A．only
B．obviously
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C．nearly
D．precisely
解析：上文语境题。根据空前所述(从九月底到三月中旬)可知，此处指接近(nearly)六个月的时间。only 只有；
obviously 明显地；precisely 精确地。
2．A．fear
B．believe
C．hear
D．notice
解析：上下文语境题。由上文可知挪威小城尤坎接近六个月的时间没有阳光直射，再根据下文引号里的话可知，
当地人在阳光照耀的时候注意到(notice)天空是蓝色的，但山谷里较暗。fear 害怕；believe 相信；hear 听说。
3．A．empty
B．blue
C．high
D．wide
解析：上文语境题。显然，该引号中的话为当地人注意到的情况——我们看到天空是蓝色的(blue)，但山谷里较暗。
empty 空的；high 高的；wide 宽的。
4．A．cloudy
B．normal
C．different
D．warm
解析：上文语境题。山谷里较暗，就像阴天(a cloudy day)一样。normal 正常的；different 不同的；warm 温暖的。
5．A．helped
B．changed
C．happened
D．mattered
解析：上下文语境题。但是当一套高科技的镜子系统被引进之后，这种状况改变(change)了。help 帮助；happen
发生；matter 重要。
6．A．computers
B．telescopes
C．mirrors
D．cameras
解析：下文语境题。由下文中的“The mirrors are controlled...”可知该空填mirrors(镜子)。computer 电脑；telescope
望远镜；camera 照相机。
7．A．remembered
B．forecasted
C．received
D．imagined
解析：上下文语境题。由上下文可知，在引进高科技的镜子系统后，尤坎居民收到(receive)了冬日阳光的第一束
光。remember 记住；forecast 预报；imagine 想象。
8．A．repair
B．risk
C．rest
D．use
解析：上文语境题。由该句前的冒号可知，此句介绍尤坎居民是如何得到光源的——附近山坡上的一排反射板投
入使用。put to use“投入使用”，符合语境。repair 修理；risk 冒险；rest 休息。
9．A．forbids
B．directs
C．predicts
D．follows
解析：上下文语境题。这些镜子是由电脑控制的，电脑可以让它们在白天随着太阳转动，在有风的天气里关闭。
direct“管理，指挥”，符合语境。forbid 禁止；predict 预测；follow 跟随。
10．A．day
B．night
C．month
D．year
解析：上下文语境题。因为是要反射光源，肯定是在白天时间。throughout the day“整个白天”，符合语境。
11．A．library
B．hall
C．square
D．street
解析：下文语境题。由下一段中的“The town square was totally...”可知，此空填square。library 图书馆；hall 大
厅；street 街道。
12．A．appeared
B．returned
C．faded
D．stopped
解析：上文语境题。当光出现(appear)的时候，尤坎居民就聚集到一起。return 返回；fade 消失；stop 停止。
13．A．driving
B．hiding
C．camping
D．sitting
解析：下文语境题。与空后的standing 对应的是sitting，指人们或坐或站，故选D 项。drive 驾驶；hide 躲藏；
camp 露营。
14．A．pictures
B．notes
C．care
D．hold
解析：上下文语境题。人们或坐或站，互相拍照。take pictures of“给……拍照”，符合语境。take notes of 记笔
记；take care of 照顾；take hold of 握住。
15．A．new
B．full
C．flat
D．silent
解析：下文语境题。由空后的“我觉得几乎镇上所有人都在那里了”可知城镇广场完全满了(full)。new 新的；flat
平淡的，单调的；silent 沉默的。
16．A．block
B．avoid
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C．enjoy
D．store
解析：上下文语境题。3 500 个居民不能同时享受(enjoy)阳光。block 挡住，堵住；avoid 避免；store 储存。
17．A．Instead
B．However
C．Gradually
D．Similarly
解析：语义逻辑题。空前提到居民不能同时享受阳光，空后说，新光线对小镇居民而言感觉绰绰有余，由此可知，
前后语义为转折关系，故填however(然而)。instead 反而，相反；gradually 逐渐地；similarly 相似地。
18．A．nature－loving
B．energy－saving
C．weather－beaten
D．sun－starved
解析：上文语境题。尤坎小镇原本每年有接近六个月的时间不见阳光，所以说他们是渴望阳光的(sun－starved)
居民。nature－loving 热爱自然的；energy－saving 节约能源的；weather－beaten 饱经风霜的。
19．A．big
B．clear
C．cold
D．easy
解析：上下文语境题。由上文Ro 的叙述以及more than enough 等字眼可知，对于渴望阳光的尤坎居民而言，新
光线让他们心满意足。故此处语境为“它不是很大(big)，但当我们分享(share)的时候就足够了”。
20．A．trying
B．waiting
C．watching
D．sharing
解析：上文语境题。当我们分享(share)的时候就足够了。try 尝试；wait 等待；watch 观看。
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2019·天津卷)
I was ready to pay for my bananas at the grocery one night，when fear seized me.My wallet was gone.I could only
have left it on the G9 bus，which was now speeding in the dark to some __1.___ station.
The __2.___ moment was quickly followed by mental math.How much time and money would it cost to replace the
__3.___ of that little wallet？The credit cards，the driver's license，the cash，all lost to the bus.
Two hours later，back at my house，I heard a knock on the door.My husband __4.___ it while I was on the phone in
the dining room.“Does Jennifer live here？” I heard a lady say.In my husband's hand was my wallet，with not a penny
__5.___.She left before I could __6.___ make it to the door to offer my thanks.
After sharing the story online，I heard from someone，who __7.___ the lady as Erin Smith.Without __8.___，I called
to thank her.She said she __9.___ my wallet on a bus seat.She __10.___ that going to a stranger's house was a __11.___
move，but she decided to take the chance.“If I were in that __12.___，I would want someone to try to find me，”she
said.
This one stranger responded beautifully to my small __13.___，but she actually wasn't the only one.Right after Erin
__14.___ my wallet on the bus，she posted a picture of my driver's license to an online forum(论坛)，trying to see
__15.___ anyone knew me.No sooner did she leave my doorstep than I had emails from two women whose kids go to my
son's nursery and who recognized my face.I've never __16.___ words with those moms beyond small talk，but they
wanted to help.I read that people are more divided than ever，but that's not how the people I __17.___ tend to act.
__18.___，I feel blessed someone had wanted to help a stranger.Erin had gone __19.___ what almost anyone would
have done，finding my house on a bitterly cold night，and for that I was extremely __20.___.
文章大意：主题：人与自我(做人与做事)；话题：拾金不昧。本文是一篇记叙文，文章讲述了一位素不相识的女
士在公交车上捡到作者的钱包，并根据钱包内的信息在寒冷的黑夜把钱包送到作者家中的故事。
1．A．accessible
B．hidden
C．unknown
D．convenient
解析：上文语境题。作者发现自己的钱包不见了的时候，G9 公交车正在夜幕中(in the dark)快速行驶(was now
speeding)，这里表示公交车正驶向某一个(some)未知的(unknown)车站，因此选C。accessible 可进入的；hidden 被隐
藏的；convenient 便利的，均不符合此处的语境。
2．A．face－saving
B．brain－washing
C．eye－catching
D．heart－stopping
解析：上文语境题。前文说作者发现自己钱包丢失的时候感到害怕(fear seized me)，复合形容词heart－stopping
表示“令人非常害怕的”，与前文的fear 在含义上是一致的，因此选D。face－saving 保全面子的；brain－washing
洗脑的；eye－catching 引人注目的，均不符合此处的语境。
3．A．parts
B．contents
C．details
D．ingredients
解析：下文语境题。由后面提到的信用卡、驾照和现金可知，这里说的是作者在想，要把那个小钱包里的东西都
更换需要花多少时间和金钱。这里用contents 表示“所容纳之物”，指作者丢失的钱包里装的那些物品。part 部分；
detail 细节；ingredient 成分，均不符合此处的语境。
4．A．ignored
B．answered
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C．examined
D．interrupted
解析：下文语境题。根据下文内容可知，这里说的是作者在餐厅打电话的时候有人来敲门，作者的丈夫去开的门
(answer the door)，因此选B。ignore 忽视，不理睬；examine 检查；interrupt 打扰。
5．A．missing
B．returned
C．remaining
D．abandoned
解析：下文语境题。根据下文的陈述可知，此处表示“一分钱都没有少”，用形容词missing“丢失的”。
6．A．still
B．ever
C．yet
D．even
解析：上下文语境题。此处表示还没等作者到门口对来送钱包的人道谢，对方就已经走了，用副词even“甚至”
强调出乎意料。
7．A．selected
B．appointed
C．identified
D．defined
解析：上下文语境题。当作者在网上分享了这个故事之后，她收到了某个人的来信，这个人确认了那位女士是Erin
Smith。用identify 表示“识别，认出”。
8．A．delay
B．alarm
C．regret
D．invitation
解析：下文语境题。当作者知道捡到自己的钱包并送到自己家的这位女士是谁之后，就毫不犹豫地给对方打电话
表示感谢。without delay 毫不耽搁地，符合此处的语境。alarm 惊恐，惊慌；regret 遗憾，后悔；invitation 邀请，请
柬。
9．A．moved
B．placed
C．opened
D．spotted
解析：上下文语境题。根据语境“在公交车的座位上”判断选spotted 表示“看见，发现”。
10．A．disagreed
B．complained
C．calculated
D．recommended
解析：下文语境题。由文章最后一段中的on a bitterly cold night 可知，那天晚上非常冷。同时，Erin 又不认识作
者，由此推知，对方当时在考虑是否要把钱包送到失主家，因此用calculate 表示“预测，估计”。
11．A．selfless
B．risky
C．slow
D．personal
解析：下文语境题。下文中短语take the chance 表示“冒险”，由此可知，这里说的是她觉得到陌生人的家里去
会有点儿危险，因此选B 项risky “有危险的”。
12．A．site
B．direction
C．situation
D．atmosphere
解析：上下文语境题。Erin 在为失主设身处地地考虑，用in that situation 表示“处于那种境遇”，因此选C。site
场所，地点；direction 方向；atmosphere 氛围。
13．A．crisis
B．danger
C．threat
D．failure
解析：上文语境题。本空指前文提到的作者丢失钱包这件事，从前文的fear 判断这里用crisis 表示“危机，危难”。
danger 危险；threat 威胁；failure 失败。
14．A．got rid of
B．made use of
C．had control of
D．took possession of
解析：上下文语境题。Erin 在公交车上捡到作者丢失的钱包，因此用take possession of 表示“拥有”。get rid of
摆脱；make use of 利用；have control of 控制。
15．A．if
B．where
C．how
D．when
解析：上下文语境题。这里用if“是否”引导宾语从句表示疑问：Erin 把作者的驾照照片发布到网上论坛中，看
看是否有人认识作者。
16．A．recalled
B．exchanged
C．repeated
C．whispered
解析：下文语境题。作者说自己跟那些妈妈们除了闲聊之外从来没有深入地交谈过。exchange words 表示“交流，
交谈”。recall 回想起；repeat 重复；whisper 耳语。
17．A．encounter
B．follow
C．consult
D．accompany
解析：上下文语境题。作者说自己遇到的这些人与前面提到的那些人不一样，用动词encounter 表示“遇到，遭
遇”。follow 跟随；consult 咨询；accompany 陪同。
18．A．Going away
B．Turning around
C．Looking back
D．Coming along
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解析：上文语境题。作者在这里发表自己的感慨，用look back 表示“回顾”。go away 走开；turn around 转身；
come along 一起来。
19．A．into
B．against
C．over
D．beyond
解析：上文语境题。根据文意，这里选介词beyond，go beyond 表示“超出，超越”。Erin 的所作所为已经超越
了几乎任何人都会做的事情。
20．A．longing
B．enthusiastic
C．concerned
D．grateful
解析：上文语境题。由上文提到的offer my thanks 和called to thank her 可知，作者心存感激，因此选grateful。
longing 渴望的；enthusiastic 热情的；concerned 关心的。
B
(2019·北京卷)
Regardless of the weather or the distance，Paul Wilson will make sure low－income students in his neighbourhood
arrive at their college classes on time.
A retired engineer,76 －year －old Wilson has been __1.___ free rides to college students for the past eight
years.Since he first started __2.___ his car to the young people，Wilson has __3.___ an astonishing 64,000 miles，and has
had countless pleasant and often humorous __4.___ with the students he transports to and from school.The students
who he's __5.___ have gone on to become physicians，teachers and engineers，but what they've also got out of their time
in school is finding a role model and a friend in Wilson.Some students __6.___ call him “Grandpa”．
Tina Stern __7.___ rides from Wilson for all her four years in college，and the trips meant much more to her than
just free __8.___.“It's not just a ride；you're not just sitting there in __9.___ silence or with your headphones on，”
Stern said.“He asks you questions and actually __10.___ the answers，so the next time you ride with him，he'll__11.___
those things.”
Wilson first worked as a driver through a student－support programme of the non－profit organisation，On Point
for College.Although the __12.___ asks the members only to drive students to and from their classes，Wilson often goes
__13.___ to ensure the welfare and safety of the students.If they have problems with registration，Wilson is there to
__14.___ them.If they run out of certain daily necessities，Wilson will drive to the nearest store and purchase what's
needed.If a student gets hungry on the long drives to and from school，Wilson never __15.___ to buy them a meal.
For many students，Wilson's help is not only appreciated，it's also entirely __16.___ for them to be able to complete
their college education.Some students don't have a reliable car，while others have to __17.___ vehicles with parents who
work six days a week.For them，riding with Wilson has __18.___ them to complete their education—but according to
Wilson，he benefits just as much from the __19.___.“I just love driving，and I love these kids，”Wilson said.“It's such
a(n) __20.___ to be a part of these kids' lives ，even just for a few hours ，getting to know them and hearing their
stories.”
文章大意：主题：人与社会(社会服务)；话题：退休老人乐于助人。本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位老人乐
于助人的故事。老人虽已退休，但仍坚持发挥余热，待人友善，志愿搭载、接送大学生，并积极帮助他们解决生活中
遇到的难题。本题考查考生在情感态度和价值观方面对语篇进行分析和阐释的能力，以及在掌握文章主旨大意和正确
理解句与句、段与段之间的内在联系的基础上，准确运用动词、名词、形容词、副词、介词等的能力。
1．A．linking
B．sending
C．offering
D．distributing
解析：下文语境题。根据下文中的在过去八年中他自愿开车搭载学生可知，他是给大学生主动提供(offer)免费搭
乘的。link 连接；send 派遣；distribute 分配。
2．A．donating
B．lending
C．delivering
D．volunteering
解析：上下文语境题。根据上文他自愿提供免费搭载服务给大学生可知，这里是回顾他的第一次自愿(volunteer)
出车服务。donate 捐献；lend 借出；deliver 递送。
3．A．paved
B．covered
C．measured
D．wandered
解析：上下文语境题。他开车接送学生已经行驶了(cover)惊人的64 000 英里。cover 此处意为“走完(一段路程)”。
pave 铺设；measure 测量；wander 游荡。
4．A．arguments
B．interviews
C．negotiations
D．conversations
解析：下文语境题。根据下文可知他在驾驶途中会和学生交谈(conversation)，他会询问问题并在下一次驾乘时核
实答案。argument 争吵；interview 采访；negotiation 谈判。
5．A．met
B．driven
C．addressed
D．greeted
解析：上下文语境题。结合上下文语境可知，此处谈论的是他所搭载过的(drive)学生已成长为医师、教师和工程
师。meet 遇见；address 演说；greet 迎接。
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6．A．even
B．ever
C．once
D．already
解析：上文语境题。根据上文中的a role model and a friend 可知，有些学生把他当作榜样或朋友，有些学生甚至
(even)喊他“爷爷”。
7．A．earned
B．received
C．assessed
D．demanded
解析：上下文语境题。老人帮助学生们，而Tina 是接受(receive)过帮助的学生之一。earn 赚；assess 评估；demand
要求。
8．A．transportation
B．style
C．time
D．communication
解析：上下文语境题。这里与上文中的free rides 相呼应，用free transportation。除免费搭乘(free transportation)
之外，对学生们而言，旅途中还有更多收获。style 风格；time 时间；communication 交际。
9．A．forced
B．awkward
C．ridiculous
D．suspicious
解析：上下文语境题。这不仅仅是一次搭乘，你不只是在尴尬的(awkward)沉默中坐在那里或戴上耳机。forced
被迫的；ridiculous 荒唐的；suspicious 可疑的。
10．A．selects
B．recites
C．guesses
D．remembers
解析：下文语境题。下次他会核实这些答案，说明他当时是记住(remember)了答案。select 挑选；recite 背诵；guess
猜测。
11．A．act on
B．settle on
C．check on
D．agree on
解析：上下文语境题。他会记住他问的这些问题的答案，然后下次乘车时他会核实(check on)答案。act on 对……
起作用；settle on 决定；agree on 对……取得一致意见。
12．A．club
B．league
C．college
D．programme
解析：上文语境题。由上文中的a student－support programme 可知，此处填programme。这个项目(programme)
要求成员只是提供搭载服务。club 俱乐部；league 联盟；college 大学。
13．A．far
B．around
C．beyond
D．forwards
解析：上下文语境题。go beyond 超越，根据上下文可知他所做的远远超出(go beyond)项目所要求的。go far 成
功；go around 四处走动；go forwards 前进。
14．A．assist
B．watch
C．urge
D．warn
解析：上文语境题。根据上文可知他不仅提供搭载服务，当学生遇到困难时，他也会帮助(assist)他们。watch 观
察；urge 催促；warn 警告。
15．A．expects
B．attempts
C．manages
D．hesitates
解析：上文语境题。根据上文语境可知，如果有学生饿了，他会毫不犹豫地(never hesitate)给他们买饭。expect
期待；attempt 试图；manage 管理。
16．A．extra
B．unusual
C．necessary
D．adequate
解析：下文语境题。根据下文可知这些帮助对于学生来说是很必要的(necessary)。extra 额外的；unusual 不寻常
的；adequate 充足的。
17．A．share
B．fuel
C．repair
D．exchange
解析：上下文语境题。有些学生没有可靠的汽车，而有些学生不得不和父母共用一辆车，此处用share 和后面的with
搭配。fuel 加燃料；repair 修理；exchange 交流。
18．A．required
B．allowed
C．reminded
D．convinced
解析：上下文语境题。对于学生们而言，搭乘老人的车让他们能完成学业，allow sb.to do sth.“允许某人做某事”。
require 需要；remind 提醒；convince 说服。
19．A．experience
B．arrangement
C．appreciation
D．employment
解析：下文语境题。根据下文他爱驾驶也爱孩子们可知，老人觉得自己也从帮助学生的经历(experience)中受益。
arrangement 安排；appreciation 欣赏；employment 职业。
20．A．effort
B．ambition
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C．privilege
D．convenience
解析：上下文语境题。他觉得融入孩子们是一种荣幸(privilege)。和上文中的he benefits just as much from the
experience 相呼应。effort 努力；ambition 雄心；convenience 便利。
C
(2019·浙江卷)
There are lots of ways to raise awareness for a cause.Usually，the __1.___ the idea is，the more it gets noticed.And
that's precisely why one __2.___ Frenchman has caught our attention.
Baptiste Dubanchet is biking across Europe，surviving __3.___ on discarded(丢弃)food.The three－month,1,900－
mile journey from Paris to Warsaw is Dubanchet's __4.___ of raising awareness of food waste in Europe and throughout
the world.
As you can __5.___，the trip is no piece of cake.While restaurants __6.___ tons of food each year，much of it
remains inaccessible because of __7.___ garbage containers，health regulations，or business policies.Only about one in
ten places __8.___ him food that would otherwise be discarded.For legal __9.___，most restaurants have a policy against
__10.___ food waste.“Some people have even __11.___ their jobs by giving me food，” Dubanchet said.
What's __12.___ interesting is the attitude various cities have toward Dubanchet's cause.Berlin has been the
__13.___ while the most difficult was the Czech town of Pilsen.There，he had to __14.___ at some 50 different stores or
restaurants before finding food.The __15.___ is all the more serious when you consider the __16.___ exercise required to
bike from France to Poland.
“I have to get food __17.___ because after all the biking I am tired and I need the __18.___ ，”Dubanchet
explained.“Is my __19.___ full or empty？That is the most important thing，not what I am eating.”
He aims to __20.___ his journey by mid－July.With any luck，he'll turn a few more heads in the process.
文章大意：主题：人与社会(社会服务与人际沟通)；话题：骑行途中吃丢弃食物以提高人们节约食物的意识。本
文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了为提高人们节约食物的意识，法国人Dubanchet 骑行穿越欧洲，途中靠人们丢弃的食物
为生，并介绍了不同城市对食物垃圾的态度不同。该语篇旨在激发考生对食物浪费这一现象的思考。有的地区人们吃
不饱，有的地区却存在着食物浪费现象，如何解决这一矛盾也是我们打赢脱贫攻坚战、实现共同富裕应该思考的问题。
1．A．cleverer
B．older
C．stranger
D．simpler
解析：下文语境题。引起人们对一项事业的关注有很多种方式。通常来说，想法越奇怪(stranger)，得到的关注也
越多。根据下文所述，骑行过程中以垃圾为食是一种奇怪行为。clever 聪明的；old 年纪大的；simple 简单的。
2．A．garbage－eating
B．sports－loving
C．food－wasting
D．law－breaking
解析：下文语境题。根据第二段的surviving...on discarded food(以丢弃的食物为食)可知，这个法国人靠捡垃圾为
食。这就是一个吃垃圾的(garbage－eating)法国人引起我们注意的原因。sports－loving 热爱运动的；food－wasting 浪
费食物的；law－breaking 违法的。
3．A．secretly
B．finally
C．entirely
D．probably
解析：上下文语境题。Baptiste Dubanchet 骑行穿越欧洲，途中完全(entirely)靠吃人们丢弃的食物为生。secretly 秘
密地；finally 最后；probably 很可能。
4．A．purpose
B．way
C．opinion
D．dream
解析：上文语境题。由第一段第一句“There are lots of ways to raise awareness for a cause.(引起人们对一项事业
的关注有很多种方式)”可知，从巴黎到华沙，历时三个月，骑行1 900 英里，这就是Dubanchet 引起欧洲和世界对食
物浪费这一现象的关注的方式(way)。purpose 目的；opinion 观点；dream 梦想。
5．A．observe
B．imagine
C．suggest
D．remember
解析：上下文语境题。正如你能想象(imagine)的，这趟骑行之旅并不容易。observe 观察；suggest 建议；remember
记起。
6．A．store
B．cook
C．shop for
D．throw away
解析：上下文语境题。根据上下文可知，饭店每年都要丢掉(throw away)大量的食物。store 存储；cook 做饭；
shop for 购买。
7．A．locked
B．damaged
C．connected
D．abandoned
解析：上下文语境题。虽然饭店每年都会丢掉大量的食物，但由于垃圾箱被锁(locked)、健康法规或商业政策的限
制，大部分被丢弃的食物是不容易获得的。damage 损坏；connect 连接；abandon 抛弃。
8．A．bought
B．offered
C．ordered
D．sold
解析：上下文语境题。只有大约十分之一的地方为他提供了(offered)会丢弃的食物。buy 买；order 预订；sell 卖。
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9．A．reasons
B．rights
C．fees
D．aids
解析：下文语境题。根据下文可知，送给别人被丢弃的食物是法律不允许的，因此此处指“出于法律原因
(reasons)”。right 权利；fee 费用；aid 援助。
10．A．begging for
B．giving away
C．hiding
D．causing
解析：上下文语境题。大多数饭店都有政策禁止送给(give away)别人被丢弃的食物。beg for 乞求；hide 隐藏；cause
导致，造成。
11．A．did
B．kept
C．accepted
D．risked
解析：上下文语境题。有些人因为给“我”食物而冒着丢掉工作的风险(risk)。do 做；keep 保持；accept 接受。
12．A．hardly
B．usually
C．particularly
D．merely
解析：上下文语境题。特别(particularly)有趣的是，各个城市对Dubanchet 事业的态度。hardly 几乎不；usually
通常；merely 仅仅。
13．A．easiest
B．nearest
C．biggest
D．richest
解析：下文语境题。根据后面的while the most difficult was the Czech town of Pilsen 可知，前面应该是与最困难
的对比，因此柏林是最容易(easiest)得到食物的城市。near 距离近的；big 大的；rich 富裕的。
14．A．work
B．shout
C．ask
D．jump
解析：上下文语境题。在最难获得食物的镇上，他要询问(ask)大约50 家不同的商店或餐馆，才能找到食物。work
工作；shout 大喊；jump 跳跃。
15．A．competition
B．conversation
C．conflict
D．challenge
解析：上下文语境题。大约50 家商店或餐馆一家家询问有没有食物，对骑行者来说是一个挑战(challenge)。
competition 竞争；conversation 对话；conflict 矛盾。
16．A．adequate
B．rewarding
C．demanding
D．suitable
解析：下文语境题。从法国到波兰，对人来讲应该是费力的(demanding)锻炼。adequate 充足的；rewarding 有益
的，值得做的；suitable 合适的。
17．A．again
B．alone
C．later
D．fast
解析：上下文语境题。“我”不得不很快(fast)获得食物，因为骑行之后，“我”很累，需要……。again 再一次，
又一次；alone 单独；later 后来。
18．A．spirit
B．energy
C．time
D．effort
解析：上文语境题。骑行之后很累，需要补充能量(energy)。spirit 精神；time 时间；effort 努力。
19．A．stomach
B．hand
C．pocket
D．basket
解析：上下文语境题。“我的肚子(stomach)是不是饱了？”这是最重要的，而不是“我”在吃什么。hand 手；
pocket 口袋；basket 篮子。
20．A．arrange
B．restart
C．report
D．finish
解析：上下文语境题。他打算在7 月中旬完成(finish)他的旅行。arrange 安排；restart 重新开始；report 报道。
D
(2019·江苏卷)
Wildlife has been greatly threatened in the modern age.There are species( 物种)that are __1.___ every day.The
white －naped crane is a typical example.So scientists are trying their best to __2.___ the species from going out of
existence.
Chris and Tim work at a zoo，helping endangered cranes with their __3.___.Emma，a female crane，has been in
their __4.___ since she arrived in 2004.
Born at an international crane foundation，Emma was __5.___ by human caretakers.This led to an unexpected
__6.___，though she had a wonderful time there.Emma had __7.___ taken herself as a crane and become deeply attached
to humans.She ___8.___ to live with male cranes，and even had a __9.___ for killing some of them，which made it
__10.___ for her to become a mother.
__11.___，the two zookeepers didn't want to see the extinction(灭绝) of this precious species.With their patience and
efforts，they successfully developed a __12.___ of artificial breeding(人工繁殖)and natural reproduction.This __13.___
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Emma to give birth to five baby cranes.
The two keepers are proud of their productive work.But before they can be __14.___，more efforts must be made，
because the population of the crane in the wild is on the __15.___ ，and many other species appear headed toward
extinction.__16.___，not everyone has realized that wildlife has thoughts，feelings，and most importantly，equal rights
to survive.
How can we __17.___ the ever－widening gap that separates us from other animals？Chris and Tim offered us the
__18.___：human beings took it for granted that their __19.___ held all the solutions，but maybe their hearts can be a
better __20.___.
文章大意：主题：人与自然(环境保护)；话题：拯救濒危动物。本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了人类为拯救濒危
野生动物白枕鹤所做的努力。试题考查了考生在情感态度和价值观方面对语篇进行分析和阐释的能力，着重考查考生
在掌握文章主旨大意和正确理解句与句、段与段之间的内在联系的基础上，准确运用动词、名词、形容词、副词等的
能力。考生要发掘语篇主题意义和思想内涵，主人公在拯救濒危野生动物过程中遇到的挑战，以及他们迎难而上的精
神，体悟正确选项在篇章中的不可替代性，即唯一性。
1．A．growing
B．migrating
C．competing
D．disappearing
解析：下文语境题。由后文列举的濒临灭绝的野生动物白枕鹤的例子可知，每天都有物种在消失(disappear)，故
选D 项。grow 增长；migrate 迁徙；compete 竞争。
2．A．ban
B．save
C．split
D．remove
解析：下文语境题。由下文提到的Chris 和Tim 为拯救白枕鹤所做的努力可知，科学家们一直在尽最大努力拯救
(save)这些物种免于灭绝。save sb./sth.from doing sth.拯救某人/某物免于做某事，是固定搭配。ban sb.from doing
sth.禁止某人做某事；split 分裂，使分开；remove 移开，拿开。
3．A．abortion
B．recreation
C．reproduction
D．administration
解析：下文语境题。由第四段中的artificial breeding and natural reproduction(人工繁殖和自然繁殖)可知，这两
位饲养员帮助濒危的白枕鹤繁殖(reproduction)。abortion 人工流产；recreation 娱乐，消遣；administration 管理，施
行。
4．A．care
B．eye
C．mind
D．story
解析：下文语境题。由下文的叙述可知，Chris 和Tim 在Emma 来到动物园之后一直在照顾她。in one's care＝in
the care of sb.由某人照管，是固定搭配。另外，下文中的human caretakers 也给出了提示。
5．A．found
B．chosen
C．raised
D．seized
解析：下文语境题。由下文中的become deeply attached to humans(变得非常依恋人类)可知，她是由人类饲养(raise)
大的。
6．A．bonus
B．consequence
C．victory
D．sacrifice
解析：下文语境题。由后面though 引导的让步状语从句的意思“尽管她在那里过得很愉快”可知，“她是由人类
饲养大的”这一事实导致了意想不到的后果(consequence)。bonus 奖金；victory 胜利；sacrifice 牺牲。
7．A．never
B．always
C．unluckily
D．cheerfully
解析：下文语境题。后面提到Emma 变得非常依恋人类，由此可知，她从来不(never)把自己看作是一只鹤。always
总是；unluckily 不幸地；cheerfully 高兴地。
8．A．liked
B．refused
C．decided
D．hesitated
解析：上下文语境题。既然Emma 从来不把自己看作是一只鹤，那么她会拒绝(refuse)与雄鹤一起生活。like 喜欢；
decide 决定；hesitate 犹豫。
9．A．gift
B．skill
C．concern
D．reputation
解析：上下文语境题。Emma 非常依恋人类，她从来不把自己看作是一只鹤，拒绝与雄鹤一起生活，甚至会杀死
一些雄鹤，并因此出了名。have a reputation for 有……的名声，是固定搭配。gift 天赋，才能；skill 技能，技巧；concern
关心，关注。
10．A．illegal
B．inspiring
C．important
D．impossible
解析：上下文语境题。Emma拒绝与雄鹤一起生活，因此她就不可能(impossible)成为母亲。illegal不合法的；inspiring
鼓舞人心的；important 重要的。
11．A．Therefore
B．Moreover
C．However
D．Instead
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解析：逻辑关系题。“她不可能成为母亲”与“这两位动物园饲养员不想看到这一珍稀物种灭绝”是语意上的转
折关系，故选however(然而)。therefore 因此；moreover 而且；instead 代替，而不是。
12．A．combination
B．collection
C．strategy
D．system
解析：上下文语境题。人工繁殖和自然繁殖是两种繁殖方式，此处指动物园饲养员把这两种方式成功地结合起来
了，故选combination(结合，联合)。collection 收集；strategy 策略；system 系统。
13．A．forced
B．forbade
C．taught
D．enabled
解析：上下文语境题。这种结合使Emma 生了五只幼鹤。enable sb.to do sth.使某人做某事，是固定搭配，且符合
此处的语境。force sb.to do sth.迫使某人做某事，语气强烈，forbid sb.to do sth.禁止某人做某事，teach sb.to do sth.教
某人做某事，不符合此处的语境。
14．A．defeated
B．grateful
C．assured
D．tolerant
解析：上下文语境题。由but 表示的转折含义以及后面提到的“必须付出更多的努力”可知，他们现在还不能确
定(assured)。defeated 被击败的；grateful 感激的；tolerant 容忍的。
15．A．list
B．rise
C．agenda
D．decline
解析：上下文语境题。他们必须付出更多的努力，因为野生白枕鹤的数量在下降(on the decline)，许多其他物种面
临灭绝。list 清单；rise 上升；agenda 议事日程。
16．A．In contrast
B．After all
C．By the way
D．On the contrary
解析：上下文语境题。出现这种情况的原因是，毕竟(after all)不是每个人都意识到野生动物有思想、有感情，最
重要的是，还有平等的生存权利。in contrast 相比之下；by the way 顺便说一下；on the contrary 相反。
17．A．leave
B．bridge
C．open
D．identify
解析：上下文语境题。我们怎样才能弥合我们与其他动物之间日益扩大的鸿沟呢？bridge the gap 消除隔阂/鸿沟
/分歧，是固定搭配。
18．A．course
B．excuse
C．answer
D．reward
解析：上下文语境题。Chris 和Tim 就我们怎样才能弥合我们与其他动物之间日益扩大的鸿沟的问题提供了答案
(answer)，因为他们的努力已经有了回报。course 课程；excuse 借口；reward 奖赏。
19．A．brains
B．behaviors
C．services
D．projects
解析：上下文语境题。上文提到不是每个人都意识到野生动物有思想、有感情，最重要的是，还有平等的生存权
利，人类理所当然地认为他们的大脑(brain)拥有所有的解决方案。behavior 行为；service 服务；project 工程。
20．A．guide
B．treat
C．example
D．companion
解析：上文语境题。人类理所当然地认为他们的大脑拥有所有的解决方案，但也许他们的心可以成为一个更好的
向导(guide)。treat 款待；example 例子；companion 同伴。
E
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
During my second year at the city college，I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course，
called Thinking Chess，for three credits.I _1.___ the idea of taking the class because，after all，who doesn't want to
_2.___ a few dollars？More than that，I'd always wanted to learn chess.And，even if I weren't _3.___ enough about free
credits，news about our _4.___ was appealing enough to me.He was an international grandmaster，which _5.___ I would
be learning from one of the game's _6.___.I could hardly wait to _7.___ him.
Maurice Ashley was kind and smart，a former graduate returning to teach，and this _8.___ was no game for him；
he meant business.In his introduction，he made it _9.___ that our credits would be hard－earned.In order to _10.___ the
class，among other criteria，we had to write a paper on how we plan to _11.___ what we would learn in class to our
future professions and，_12.___，to our lives.I managed to get an A in that _13.___ and learned life lessons that have
served me well beyond the _14.___.
Ten years after my chess class with Ashley，I'm still putting to use what he _15.___ me ：“The absolute most
important _16.___ that you learn when you play chess is how to make good _17.___.On every single move you have to
_18.___ a situation ，process what your opponent ( 对手) is doing and _19.___ the best move from among all your
options.” These words still ring true today in my _20.___ as a journalist.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者通过学习国际象棋学会了如何正确地做决定。
1．A．put forward
B．jumped at
C．tried out
D．turned down
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解析：上下文语境题。根据上文中的offering a “free” course，called Thinking Chess，for three credits 以及下文
中的I'd always wanted to learn chess 可知，参加国际象棋课程是免费的并且可以获得三个学分，而且“我”一直想学
国际象棋，由此可知“我”迫不及待地接受(jump at)了这个主意。put forward 提出；try out 试验；turn down 拒绝。
2．A．waste
B．earn
C．save
D．pay
解析：上文语境题。联系上文中的a “free” course 可知，这是免费的课程，因此可以节省(save)几美元。
3．A．excited
B．worried
C．moved
D．tired
解析：下文语境题。联系下文中的appealing enough to me 可知，即使免费获得学分这件事不足以让“我”兴奋
(excited)，也有其他事情对“我”有足够的吸引力。
4．A．title
B．competitor
C．textbook
D．instructor
解析：下文语境题。联系下文he was an international grandmaster(他是一位国际象棋大师)可知，国际象棋课程的
导师(instructor)足以吸引“我”。title 标题；competitor 对手；textbook 课本。
5．A．urged
B．demanded
C．held
D．meant
解析：上下文语境题。国际象棋课程的导师是国际象棋大师，这就意味着(mean)“我”将跟随下国际象棋最好的
人学习。urge 强烈要求；demand
(坚决)要求；hold 认为。
6．A．fastest
B．easiest
C．best
D．rarest
解析：上文语境题。联系上文中的international grandmaster 可知，他是下国际象棋最好的(best)人之一。
7．A．interview
B．meet
C．challenge
D．beat
解析：上文语境题。联系上文可知，国际象棋课程的导师吸引着“我”，所以“我”迫不及待地想见到(meet)他。
interview 采访，面试；challenge 挑战；beat 击败。
8．A．chance
B．qualification
C．honor
D．job
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的was no game for him; he meant business 可知，这项工作(job)对他而言不是游戏，
而是正经职业。chance 机会；qualification 资格；honor 荣誉。
9．A．real
B．perfect
C．clear
D．possible
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的that our credits would be hard－earned 可知，他向我们明确表示(make it clear that)
这个学分很难获得。
10．A．attend
B．pass
C．skip
D．observe
解析：下文语境题。联系下文we had to write a paper 可知，为了通过(pass)这门课程我们要写论文。attend 参加；
skip 跳过；observe 观察。
11．A．add
B．expose
C．apply
D．compare
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的to our future professions 可知，我们的论文是关于我们打算如何将所学的东西应
用(apply) 到未来的职业的。apply...to...将……应用到……，符合语境。add...to...向……添加……；expose...to...使……
暴露在……；compare...to...把……比作……。
12．A．eventually
B．naturally
C．directly
D．normally
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的to our lives 可知，最终(eventually)要应用到我们的生活中。naturally 自然地；
directly 直接地；normally 正常地。
13．A．game
B．presentation
C．course
D．experiment
解析：上文语境题。联系空前的I managed to get an A 可知，“我”在国际象棋课程(course)上获得了A。game
游戏；presentation 报告；experiment 实验。
14．A．criterion
B．classroom
C．department
D．situation
解析：上文语境题。联系空前的life lessons that have served me well 可知，“我”从中学到了课堂(classroom)之
外的生活课程。criterion 标准；department 部门；situation 状况。
15．A．taught
B．wrote
C．questioned
D．promised
解析：下文语境题。分析语境可知，引号中的内容是导师说的话，也就是他教(teach)“我”的东西。write 写；question
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询问；promise 答应。
16．A．fact
B．step
C．manner
D．skill
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的you learn when you play chess is how to make good _________ (decisions)可知，这
里是指学到的最重要的技能(skill)。
17．A．grades
B．decisions
C．impressions
D．comments
解析：下文语境题。联系下文中的the best move from among all your options 可知，这里指做出正确的决定
(decision)。grade 分数；impression 印象；comment 评论。
18．A．analyze
B．describe
C．rebuild
D．control
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的a situation，process what your opponent is doing 可知，这里指分析(analyze)形势。
describe 描述；rebuild 重建；control 控制。
19．A．announce
B．signal
C．block
D．evaluate
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的the best move from among all your options可知，要从你所有的选择中评估(evaluate)
出最好的一步。announce 宣布；signal 示意；block 堵住。
20．A．role
B．desire
C．concern
D．behavior
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的as a journalist 可知，今天这些话对于“我”作为记者的角色(role)仍然是真实有
用的。desire 渴望；concern 担心；behavior 举止。
F
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)
Two weeks earlier，my son，Ben，had got in touch.He'd moved to England with his mum when he was three and it
had been 13 years since I'd _1.___ seen him.So imagine my _2.___ when he emailed me saying he wanted to come to visit
me.
I was _3.___！I arrived early at Byron Bay where we were supposed to _4.___.The bay was _5.___ in sunshine, and
there was a group of kayakers around 150m off the shore.Getting a little _6.___，I realized one kayak (皮划艇) was in
_7.___.“Something's not _8.___！”I took off my T－shirt and _9.___ into the water.I saw there were two instructors on
board and a man lying across the middle.He was _10.___ violently.Linking arms with one of the instructors，I helped
_11.___ the young man out of the water.He was unconscious and as I looked at his face，something _12.___ to me.Those
brown eyes were very _13.___.“What's his name？”I asked the instructor.“Ben，”he replied，and immediately I
_14.___.That stranger was my son!
The instructors called for an ambulance._15.___，after a brief stay in hospital，Ben was well enough to be allowed to
_16.___ and later the family met up for dinner.We chatted about everything and then Ben _17.___ to me.“I just want to
say thank you，”he said.“You _18.___ my life！”
I still can't believe what a _19.___ it was.I'm just so glad I was there _20.___ to help my son.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。作者到约定的地方去见自己13 年没见面的儿子，却在那里遇到有人溺水。勇敢的
作者下水救人，出乎意料的是，得救的年轻人正是自己的儿子。作者感慨世事难料，认为这种巧合是冥冥之中注定的。
1．A．also
B．often
C．even
D．last
解析：上文语境题。前文说作者的儿子本3 岁时就离开了作者，因此这里表示“自从我上次见他到现在已经13
年了”，用last 表示“上次”。also 也，还；often 经常；even 甚至。
2．A．delight
B．relief
C．anger
D．worry
解析：上下文语境题。前文提到作者已经13 年没见过自己的儿子了，因此儿子发来电子邮件，说要来看望作者，
作者应该感到“快乐(delight)”，而不是“轻松(relief)”“愤怒(anger)”或“担心(worry)”。
3．A．scared
B．shocked
C．thrilled
D．ashamed
解析：上下文语境题。13 年未见的儿子要来看望作者，作者感到高兴，因此选thrilled 表示“激动的”，后面的
arrived early 也给出了提示。scared 害怕的；shocked 震惊的；ashamed 难为情的。
4．A．talk
B．stay
C．meet
D．settle
解析：上文语境题。前文提到作者的儿子要来看望自己，因此作者来到他们约定见面(meet)的地方。talk 谈话；stay
停留；settle 解决。
5．A．bathed
B．clean
C．deep
D．formed
解析：固定搭配题。此处意为“海湾沐浴在阳光中”，be bathed in 表示“沐浴在……中”。clean 清洁的；deep
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深的；form 组成。
6．A．faster
B．closer
C．heavier
D．wiser
解析：上下文语境题。上文提到这些皮划艇离岸边约有150 米远，下文提到作者注意到有意外的情况发生，因此
这里用get closer，表示“走得更近一些”。faster 更快；heavier 更重；wiser 更明智。
7．A．trouble
B．advance
C．question
D．battle
解析：下文语境题。下文提到作者把那个年轻人从水里救出来(the young man out of the water)时，那个年轻人昏
迷不醒(unconscious)，由此判断选A，in trouble 表示“有麻烦”。in advance 提前；in question 有疑问；in battle 在
战斗中。
8．A．real
B．right
C．fair
D．fit
解析：上文语境题。上文提到有一艘皮划艇有麻烦，因此这里用something's not right 表示“有情况不对劲”。real
真正的；fair 公正的；fit 健康的。
9．A．stared
B．sank
C．dived
D．fell
解析：上下文语境题。上文提到作者脱掉T 恤衫，下文提到到水里(into the water)，因此这里表示作者跳进(dive)
水里救人。stare 盯着看；sink 下沉；fall 落入。
10．A．arguing
B．fighting
C．shouting
D．shaking
解析：上下文语境题。上文提到作者跳进水里，下文提到那个年轻人昏迷不醒，因此这里表示年轻人在水中浑身
剧烈地颤抖，选shaking。argue 辩论；fight 打斗；shout 喊叫。
11．A．lead
B．persuade
C．carry
D．keep
解析：上下文语境题。根据前文的linking arms with 和下文提到的out of the water 可知，作者和一个教练员双臂
连接，帮着把那个年轻人从水里救到岸上，用carry 表示“抬”。lead 带领；persuade 说服；keep 保持。
12．A．happened
B．occurred
C．applied
D．appealed
解析：固定搭配题。下文提到被救的年轻人正是作者13 年没见面的儿子，因此这里表示作者看着昏迷不醒的年轻
人，突然想到一件事，用something occurred to sb.表示“某人突然想到某事”。something happened to sb.某事发生在
某人身上；apply to sb.向某人提出申请；appeal to sb.对某人有吸引力。
13．A．sharp
B．pleasant
C．attractive
D．familiar
解析：下文语境题。下文提到被救者是作者的儿子，因此这里表示在作者眼里，对方的褐色眼睛看起来很熟悉
(familiar)。sharp 尖锐的；pleasant 令人愉快的；attractive 吸引人的。
14．A．agreed
B．hesitated
C．doubted
D．knew
解析：上文语境题。上文提到作者对这个年轻人的褐色眼睛很熟悉，教练告诉作者这个人的名字是本，于是作者
马上明白了(know)。agree 同意；hesitate 犹豫；doubt 怀疑。
15．A．Fortunately
B．Frankly
C．Sadly
D．Suddenly
解析：下文语境题。下文提到本在医院里待了很短时间就康复了，这是幸运的事(fortunately)。frankly 坦率地；
sadly 悲伤地；suddenly 突然。
16．A．return
B．relax
C．speak
D．leave
解析：上文语境题。上文提到本在医院里待了很短时间(a brief stay)身体就恢复健康了(well enough)，这里表示他
可以出院了(leave)。return 返回；relax 放松；speak 说话。
17．A．joked
B．turned
C．listened
D．pointed
解析：上下文语境题。上文提到作者和儿子聊天的时候无所不谈(chat about everything)，下文提到儿子表达对作
者的感激之情，因此这里表示本转向(turn to)作者要对他说话。joke 开玩笑；listen 听；point 指向。
18．A．created
B．honored
C．saved
D．guided
解析：上文语境题。上文提到作者帮助教练把本从水中救上来，因此此处选save 表示“挽救，救”。create 创造；
honor 尊敬；guide 指引。
19．A．coincidence
B．change
C．pity
D．pain
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解析：上文语境题。从故事情节的发展来看，作者去与13 年没见面的儿子会面，结果在水中救起溺水者，这个溺
水者正是自己的儿子，这简直太巧了。故选coincidence，表示“巧合的事”。change 变化；pity 遗憾；pain 疼痛。
20．A．on board
B．in time
C．for sure
D．on purpose
解析：上文语境题。这里表示作者感慨自己及时出现在事故现场帮助了自己的儿子，因此选in time 表示“及时”。
on board 在船(或飞机、火车)上；for sure 确信；on purpose 故意地。
G
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)
When most of us get a text message on our cell phone from an unknown person，we usually say “sorry，_1.___
number！” and move on.But when Dennis Williams _2.___ a text that clearly wasn't intended for him，he did something
_3.___.
On March 19，Dennis got a group text _4.___ him that a couple he didn't know were at the hospital，waiting for the
_5.___ of a baby.
“Congratulations！But I think someone was mistaken，” Dennis _6.___.The baby was born and update texts were
_7.___ quickly from the overjoyed grandmother，Teresa.In her _8.___，she didn't seem to realize that she was _9.___ the
baby's photos with a complete stranger.“Well，I don't _10.___ you all but I will get there to take pictures with the
baby，” replied Dennis before asking which room the new _11.___ were in.
Much to the family's surprise，Dennis stuck to his _12.___！He turned up at the hospital _13.___ gifts for the new
mother Lindsey and her baby boy.Lindsey's husband was totally _14.___ by the unexpected visit.“I don't think we
would have randomly invited him over but we _15.___ it and the gifts.”
Teresa _16.___ a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website _17.___ by the touching words ：
“What a _18.___ this young man was to our family！He was so _19.___ and kind to do this.” The post has since gained
the _20.___ of social media users all over the world，receiving more than 184,000 shares and 61,500 likes in just three
days.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。大多数人收到陌生人发来的信息时，往往只是提醒对方弄错了号码。而本文的主
人公丹尼斯在收到一条陌生人发来的信息后却做了不同寻常的事。他做了什么事呢？他的所作所为对别人产生了什么
影响呢？让我们赶快来读这篇文章吧！
1．A．unlucky
B．secret
C．new
D．wrong
解析：上文语境题。联系前文的unknown person(不认识的人)可知，这可能是错误的(wrong)电话号码。unlucky
不幸的；secret 秘密的；new 新的。
2．A．received
B．translated
C．copied
D．printed
解析：上文语境题。联系前文的get a text message(收到一条信息)可知，此处表示丹尼斯·威廉姆斯收到(receive)
了一条很明显本不是发给他的信息。translate 翻译；copy 抄写；print 印刷。
3．A．reasonable
B．special
C．necessary
D．practical
解析：上下文语境题。前面提到，大多数人收到陌生人发来的信息时，通常只是提醒对方弄错了号码。再由后文
可知，丹尼斯做了不同寻常的(special)事情。reasonable 合情合理的；necessary 必要的；practical 实用的。
4．A．convincing
B．reminding
C．informing
D．warning
解析：词义辨析题。由语境可知，此处表示丹尼斯收到一条群发信息，告知(inform)他一对他不认识的夫妇在医院
里等待一个婴儿的出生。convince 说服；remind 提醒；warn 警告，提醒。发信息应是告知某人某事。
5．A．wake－up
B．recovery
C．growth
D．arrival
解析：下文语境题。由下一段中的the baby was born 可知，他们在等待着一个婴儿的到来(arrival)。wake－up 醒
来；recovery 恢复，康复；growth 成长。
6．A．responded
B．interrupted
C．predicted
D．repeated
解析：上文语境题。联系空前的I think someone was mistaken 可知，丹尼斯回复了(respond)信息。interrupt 打
断；predict 预测；repeat 重复。
7．A．coming in
B．setting out
C．passing down
D．moving around
解析：上下文语境题。由上下文可知，新生儿的祖母因为孩子的出生非常高兴，所以群发了一条信息。come in
到来；set out 出发；pass down 传递；move around 四处移动。故选A。
8．A．opinion
B．anxiety
C．excitement
D．effort
解析：上文语境题。由上文的overjoyed 可知，新生儿的祖母因为兴奋(excitement)所以把信息发错了对象。opinion
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意见，看法；anxiety 焦虑；effort 努力。
9．A．comparing
B．exchanging
C．discussing
D．sharing
解析：上文语境题。由前文内容可知，新生儿的祖母发错了信息，跟陌生人分享(share)了婴儿的照片。compare
比较；exchange 交流，交换；discuss 讨论。
10．A．accept
B．know
C．believe
D．bother
解析：上文语境题。由前文的a complete stranger 可知，丹尼斯不认识(know)新生儿一家人。accept 接受；believe
相信；bother 打扰。
11．A．parents
B．doctors
C．patients
D．visitors
解析：上文语境题。由第二段中的a couple he didn't know were at the hospital，waiting for the arrival of a baby
可知，此处是指那对初为人父母(parents)的夫妇。doctor 医生；patient 病人；visitor 参观者。由语境可知，选A。
12．A．dream
B．promise
C．agenda
D．principle
解析：上文语境题。前文提到丹尼斯回复说，他尽管不认识新生儿一家人，还是要到医院跟新生儿合影。此处表
示令新生儿一家人想不到的是，丹尼斯说到做到，出现在了医院里。由语境可知，他答应(promise)做的事情做到了。
dream 梦想；agenda 议事日程；principle 原则。
13．A．bearing
B．collecting
C．opening
D．making
解析：上下文语境题。由语境可知，丹尼斯出现在医院里，并且给那位妈妈和刚出生的男婴带(bear)了礼物。collect
收集；open 打开；make 制作。
14．A．discouraged
B．relaxed
C．astonished
D．defeated
解析：上文语境题。由上文的much to the family's surprise 可知，Lindsey 的丈夫根本没有想到丹尼斯会去医院。
句意：意外的来访令Lindsey 的丈夫很吃惊(astonished)。discourage 使气馁；relax 放松；defeat 打败，击败，均不符
合语境。
15．A．admit
B．need
C．appreciate
D．expect
解析：上下文语境题。由语境可知，虽然新生儿一家人没想到偶然邀请了一个陌生人，但是还是感激(appreciate)
他和他的礼物。admit 承认；need 需要；expect 预料，盼望。
16．A．found
B．selected
C．developed
D．posted
解析：下文语境题。由空后的on a social networking website 可知，丹尼斯把这次偶然见面的照片发布(post)到网
上。文章最后也提到了the post。find 发现；select 选择，精挑细选；develop 发展，开发。
17．A．confirmed
B．simplified
C．clarified
D．accompanied
解析：上下文语境题。丹尼斯把照片发到了网上，并且配上(accompany)了感人的话语。confirm 确认；simplify 使
简化；clarify 澄清。
18．A．pity
B．blessing
C．relief
D．problem
解析：上文语境题。由上文内容可知，丹尼斯的来访令新生儿一家人很吃惊，他们很感激他，他的来访对新生儿
一家人来说是一件幸事(blessing)。pity 遗憾；relief 减轻(痛苦等)；problem 问题。
19．A．smart
B．calm
C．sweet
D．fair
解析：上文语境题。smart 聪明的，精明的；calm 冷静的；sweet 甜的，友好的；fair 公平的。根据语境可知，四
个选项中与kind 并列的是sweet。句意：他做这件事真是太友好和善良了。
20．A．sympathy
B．attention
C．control
D．trust
解析：下文语境题。由空后的receiving more than 184,000 shares and 61,500 likes in just three days 可知，这个帖
子引起了全世界社交媒体用户的关注(attention)。sympathy 同情，同情心；control 控制；trust 信任。
H
(2018·北京卷)
The Homeless Hero
For many，finding an unattended wallet filled with ￡400 in cash would be a source(来源) of temptation(诱惑)．But
the _1.___ would no doubt be greater if you were living on the streets with little food and money.All of this makes the
actions of the homeless Tom Smith _2.___ more remarkable.
After spotting a _3.___ on the front seat inside a parked car with its window down，he stood guard in the rain for
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about two hours waiting for the _4.___ to return.
After hours in the cold and wet，he _5.___ inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could
contact(联系) the driver，only to _6.___ it contained ￡400 in notes，with another ￡50 in spare change beside it.
He then took the wallet to a nearby police station after _7.___ a note behind to let the owner know it was safe.When
the car's owner John Anderson and his colleague Carol Lawrence returned to the car—which was itself worth
￡35,000—in Glasgow city centre，they were _8.___ to find two policemen standing next to it.The policemen told them
what Mr.Smith did and that the wallet was _9.___.
The pair were later able to thank Mr.Smith for his _10.___.
Mr.Anderson said：“I couldn't believe that the guy never took a penny.To think he is sleeping on the streets tonight
_11.___ he could have stolen the money and paid for a place to stay in.This guy has nothing and _12.___ he didn't take
the wallet for himself ；he thought about others _13.___.It's unbelievable.It just proves there are _14.___ guys out
there.”
Mr.Smith's act _15.___ much of the public's attention.He also won praise from social media users after
Mr.Anderson _16.___ about the act of kindness on Facebook.
Now Mr.Anderson has set up an online campaign to _17.___ money for Mr.Smith and other homeless people in the
area，which by yesterday had received ￡8,000.“I think the faith that everyone has shown _18.___ him has touched
him.People have been approaching him in the street；he's had job _19.___ and all sorts，” Mr.Anderson commented.
For Mr.Smith，this is a possible life－changing _20.___.The story once again tells us that one good turn deserves
another.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。主题是“人与社会”。一个无家可归的人，面对钱包中唾手可得的现金，做出的
选择却是在寒冷和雨水中守候，最后将钱包交给警察，此举真的令人感动，让人肃然起敬。选材旨在告诉考生平凡的
善举却蕴含着人性的光辉，要做好事，行善举。
1．A．hope
B．aim
C．urge
D．effort
解析：下文语境题。根据下文的greater 以及if...with little food and money 可知，应该选C 项，这是作者做的假
设：如果你露宿街头，食不果腹又几乎没有什么钱，那么看到那么多的钱时，对钱的欲望(urge)无疑会更大。
2．A．still
B．even
C．ever
D．once
解析：下文语境题。所选单词作状语，修饰比较级，表示more remarkable 的程度，结合此分析可知应该选B 项
even“甚至”。
3．A．wallet
B．bag
C．box
D．parcel
解析：上下文语境题。根据第一段第一句中的wallet 和第三段中的he_________ inside and pulled the wallet out
可知，此处指发现一个“钱包”，应该选A 项，汤姆·史密斯发现在开着车窗的汽车的前排座位上有个钱包。
4．A．partner
B．colleague
C．owner
D．policeman
解析：上下文语境题。由空格后面的to return 并结合下文he could contact the driver 和第四段中的the car's owner
John Anderson and his colleague Carol Lawrence returned to the car 可知，汤姆·史密斯在雨中等候钱包的“主
人”(owner)回来，故选C 项。
5．A．turned
B．hid
C．stepped
D．reached
解析：下文语境题。根据空后的inside 可知，是指车内，再结合下文的pulled the wallet out 可知，应该选D 项，
汤姆·史密斯“伸”(reach)手往车里够，拿出了那个钱包。
6．A．discover
B．collect
C．check
D．believe
解析：上下文语境题。汤姆·史密斯想在钱包里找到一些能够证明主人身份的东西，却“意外发现”(only to discover)
钱包里有400 英镑的纸钞和50 英镑的零钱，选项中的discover 是find 的同义词。
7．A．taking
B．leaving
C．reading
D．writing
解析：下文语境题。根据空格后面的to let the owner know it was safe 可知，汤姆·史密斯拿走了钱包并且给车主
“留”(leave)了言，告诉车主钱包是安全的。
8．A．satisfied
B．excited
C．amused
D．shocked
解析：下文语境题。根据空格后面的to find two policemen standing next to it 可知，车主看到警察站在车旁边应该
是感到“震惊”(shocked)。
9．A．safe
B．missing
C．found
D．seen
解析：词汇复现题。前面提及汤姆·史密斯留言给车主，说钱包是安全的。此处表示警察告诉了车主汤姆·史密斯
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的所作所为，并且说钱包是“安全的”(safe)。
10．A．service
B．support
C．kindness
D．encouragement
解析：上文语境题。根据上文汤姆·史密斯保护车主钱财安全的感人举动可知，车主后来对汤姆·史密斯的“善
举”(kindness)表达了谢意。下文的“...Mr.Anderson _________ about the act of kindness on Facebook.”也是很好的佐
证。
11．A．when
B．if
C．where
D．because
解析：上下文语境题。根据句意尤其是空前的时间状语tonight 可知，汤姆·史密斯本来可以偷走这些钱，花钱找
个地方住下，而不用露宿街头，但是他并没有这样做。when 在此处表示让步，意为“虽然，尽管”。
12．A．rather
B．yet
C．already
D．just
解析：语意逻辑题。汤姆·史密斯身无分文，但是他并没有偷走钱包，此处在语意上是转折关系，故用yet(可是，
但是)。
13．A．too
B．though
C．again
D．instead
解析：语意逻辑题。汤姆·史密斯虽然一无所有，但并没有把钱包据为己有，“而是”(instead)为他人着想。instead
与前文的not 相呼应。
14．A．honest
B．polite
C．rich
D．generous
解析：上文语境题。上文说汤姆·史密斯虽然一无所有，但遇到钱财，毫无私心，这是“诚实的”(honest)表现。
generous“大度的，慷慨的”，汤姆·史密斯本身一无所有，谈不上“慷慨”。
15．A．gave
B．paid
C．cast
D．drew
解析：下文语境题。根据后面一句“He also won praise from social media users...”可知，汤姆·史密斯的善举“引
起”(draw)了公众的极大关注。
16．A．learned
B．posted
C．cared
D．heard
解析：下文语境题。根据下文的on Facebook 并结合介词about 后的宾语可知，车主安德森先生把汤姆·史密斯的
善举“发布”(post)到了脸书上。
17．A．borrow
B．raise
C．save
D．earn
解析：上下文语境题。汤姆·史密斯虽然一无所有，但他的善举感动了安德森先生和公众，所以他们为汤姆·史密
斯和这一地区其他无家可归的人“筹”(raise)钱，这是对他的善举的回报，是合乎情理的。
18．A．of
B．at
C．for
D．in
解析：固定搭配题。show faith in sb.对某人表示信任。
19．A．details
B．changes
C．offers
D．applications
解析：上下文语境题。结合上文的叙述和空格后的and all sorts 可知，安德森先生发起募捐后人们积极响应，很
多人在街上走近汤姆·史密斯，为他提供各种各样的工作机会。
20．A．lesson
B．adventure
C．chance
D．challenge
解析：上下文语境题。this 指代前面汤姆·史密斯得到的回报，这一切对他来说可能是改变一生的好“机
会”(chance)——有了工作就不用露宿街头了，这真是好人有好报。
I
(2017 年11 月浙江)
A young English teacher saved the lives of 30 students when he took _1.___ of a bus after its driver suffered a
serious heart attack.Guy Harvold, 24, had _2.___ the students and three course leaders from Gatwick airport, and they
were travelling to Bournemouth to _3.___ their host families.They were going to _4.___ a course at the ABC Language
School in Bournemouth where Harvold works as a _5.___.
Harvold, who has not _6.___ his driving test, said，“I realized the bus was out of control when I was _7.___ the
students.” The bus ran into trees at the side of the road and he _8.___ the driver was slumped ( 倒伏) over the
wheel.The driver didn't _9.___.He was unconscious.The bus _10.___ a lamp post and it broke the glass on the front door
before Harvold _11.___ to bring the bus to a stop.Police _12.___ the young teacher's quick thinking.If he hadn't _13.___
quickly, there could have been a terrible _14.___.
The bus driver never regained consciousness and died at East Surrey Hospital.He had worked regularly with the
_15.___ and was very well regarded by the teachers and students.Harvold said，“I was _16.___ that no one else was
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hurt, but I hoped the driver would _17.___.”
The head of the language school told the local newspaper that the school is going to send Harvold on a weekend
_18.___ to Dublin with a friend, thanking him for his _19.___.A local driving school has also offered him six _20.___
driving lessons.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了英语老师Harvold 带学生去寄宿家庭的途中，碰到司机突发疾病，在
巴士即将失控的情况下，Harvold 老师面对危险，临危不惧，沉着冷静，成功地控制了巴士使其停下，勇敢地挽救了
全车师生的英雄事迹。
1．A．control
B．care
C．advantage
D．note
解析：根据前两段的内容，特别是第二段中的“Harvold __11__ to bring the bus to a stop”可知，巴士司机突发心
脏病，Harvold 老师控制了巴士。take control of 是固定词组，表示“控制，掌管”，故选control。take care of“照顾，
照料”；take advantage of“利用”；take note of“注意到，将……铭记在心”。
2．A．taken in
B．picked up
C．tracked down
D．helped out
解析：24 岁的Harvold 老师当天的任务是从Gatwick 机场接(picked up)学生和课程负责人并带他们去
Bournemouth 与他们的寄宿家庭见面。take in“收留，欺骗”；track down“(经过长时间艰难搜索后)找到”；help
out“帮助……做事，帮助某人摆脱(困境)”。
3．A．greet
B．thank
C．invite
D．meet
解析：参见上题解析。此处meet 表示“与……见面”，符合语境。greet“问候，迎接，招呼”。
4．A．present
B．introduce
C．take
D．organize
解析：这些学生要去ABC 语言学校参加课程学习，此处take 表示“参加(课程)学习”。present“出示，上演，
授予”。
5．A．driver
B．doctor
C．librarian
D．teacher
解析：根据第一段中的“A young English teacher saved the lives of 30 students”及第二段中的“the young teacher's
quick thinking”可知，Harvold 是ABC 语言学校的老师，故选teacher。
6．A．given
B．marked
C．passed
D．conducted
解析：根据最后一段中的“offered him six __20__ driving lessons”可知，Harvold 老师还没有通过驾照考试。pass
表示“通过(考试)”，符合语境。mark“标记”；conduct“实施，执行，引导”。
7．A．speaking to
B．waiting for
C．returning to
D．looking for
解析：根据语境可知，当时Harvold 老师和学生都在车上，结合选项可推测此处应是指他在与学生讲话。speak to
sb.表示“与某人讲话”符合语境。
8．A．learned
B．noticed
C．mentioned
D．doubted
解析：巴士撞上了路边的树，这时他注意到(noticed)巴士的司机倒伏在了方向盘上：learn“(从其他人那里)得知，
听到”；mention“提到”均不符合语境。所以选noticed。
9．A．sleep
B．cry
C．move
D．recover
解析：根据下文中的“He was unconscious”可推知，司机动不了了，故选move。
10．A．ran over
B．went by
C．carried
D．hit
解析：根据上文中的“the bus was out of control”及“The bus ran into trees”可知，巴士失去了控制，撞到了灯柱。
hit 表示“碰撞，撞击”。run over“撞倒，轧过”；go by“(时间)流逝，遵照”；carry“运送”。
11．A．remembered
B．continued
C．prepared
D．managed
解析：根据下文可知，Harvold 老师最终成功地让巴士停了下来。manage to do sth.表示“设法做成某事”。
12．A．witnessed
B．recorded
C．praised
D．understood
解析：根据上文并结合第二段最后一句可知，Harvold 老师让失控的巴士停了下来，所以警察对Harvold 老师敏
捷的反应表示赞扬，所以选praised。witness“目睹”；record“记录”。
13．A．appeared
B．reacted
C．escaped
D．interrupted
解析：根据下文中的“could have been a terrible __14__”可知，如果当时Harvold 老师没有快速地作出反应，就
很有可能会造成一次非常严重的交通事故。故此处应选reacted，表示“作出反应”。appear“出现”；escape“逃避”；
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interrupt“打断，中断”。
14．A．delay
B．accident
C．mistake
D．experience
解析：参见上题解析。accident 表示“交通事故”。delay“延迟”；experience“经历”。
15．A．airport
B．hospital
C．school
D．police
解析：根据下文中的“was very well regarded by the teachers and students”可知，该巴士司机经常与学校合作，并
备受师生的尊敬，所以选school。
16．A．happy
B．fortunate
C．touched
D．sorry
解析：根据下文中的“no one else was hurt”可知，Harvold 很高兴看到老师和孩子们都没有受伤，故选happy。
fortunate“幸运的”。
17．A．survive
B．retire
C．relax
D．succeed
解析：根据上文中的“The bus driver never regained consciousness and died at East Surrey Hospital”可知，巴士司
机去世了，而Harvold 老师希望他能够活下来，故此处应选survive。retire“退休”。
18．A．project
B．trip
C．dinner
D．duty
解析：根据下文可知，为了表彰Harvold 老师的勇敢行为，学校决定送他去都柏林进行一次周末旅行(trip)。
project“项目”；duty“责任”。
19．A．bravery
B．skill
C．quality
D．knowledge
解析：参见上题解析。此处bravery 表示“勇敢的行为”。
20．A．necessary
B．easy
C．different
D．free
解析：根据上文中的“thanking him for his __19__”和“also”可知，为了表彰Harvold 老师的勇敢行为，所以当
地的驾校也提供给Harvold 老师六节免费的(free)驾驶课程作为奖励。
J
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life, college sets the stage for that
exploration.I myself went through this _1.___ process and found something that has changed my _2.___ at college for
the better: I discovered ASL—American Sign Language(美式手语)．
I never felt an urge to _3.___ any sign language before.My entire family is hearing, and so are all my friends.The
_4.___ languages were enough in all my interactions(交往)．Little did I know that I would discover my _5.___ for ASL.
The _6.___ began during my first week at college.I watched as the ASL Club _7.___ their translation of a song.Both
the hand movements and the very _8.___ of communicating without speaking _9.___ me.What I saw was completely
unlike anything I had experienced in the _10.___.This newness just left me _11.___ more.
After that, feeling the need to _12.___ further, I decided to drop in on one of ASL club's meetings.I only learned
how to _13.___ the alphabet that day.Yet instead of being discouraged by my __14.___ progress, I was excited.I then
made it a point to _15.___ those meetings and learn all I could.
The following term, I _16.___ an ASL class.The professor was deaf and any talking was _17.___.I soon realized that
the silence was not unpleasant._18.___，if there had been any talking, it would have _19.___ us to learn less.Now, I
appreciate the silence and the _20.___ way of communication it opens.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。作者主要讲述了自己学习美式手语的经历及感受。
1. A．searching
B．planning
C．natural
D．formal
解析：根据上文中“While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life”的关键词
“explore”及下文的内容可知，此处指作者在大学通过学习美式手语经历了探索(searching)的过程。planning“计划制
订”；natural“自然的”；formal“正式的”。
2．A．progress
B．experience
C．major
D．opinion
解析：根据下文的内容可知，作者发现了把自己的大学经历(experience)变得更美好的东西。progress“进步”；
major“专业”；opinion“意见，想法，看法”。
3．A．choose
B．read
C．learn
D．create
解析：以前，作者从没感觉到(自己)有学习(learn)任何手语的强烈欲望。choose“选择”；create“创造”。
4．A．official
B．foreign
C．body
D．spoken
解析：根据上文中的“My entire family is hearing，and so are all my friends”及下文中的“languages were enough
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in all my interactions(交往)”可知，口语对作者所有的(社会)交往来说已经足够了。spoken language“口语”符合语境。
official“正式的，官方的”。
5．A．love
B．concern
C．goal
D．request
解析：根据上下文语境可知，作者不知道自己会喜爱(love)美式手语。concern“关心，担心，忧虑”；goal“目标”；
request“要求”。
6．A．meeting
B．trip
C．story
D．task
解析：这个故事(story)始于作者上大学的第一周。meeting“会议”；trip“旅行”；task“任务”。
7．A．recorded
B．performed
C．recited
D．discussed
解析：根据句中的关键词“watched”可知，此处指作者看到美式手语社团的成员表演(performed)。record“记录，
录音”；recite“背诵”；discuss“讨论”。
8．A．idea
B．amount
C．dream
D．reason
解析：手部动作和无需用语言交流的想法(idea)吸引了作者。amount“数额，数量”；dream“梦想”；reason“原
因，理由”。
9．A．disturbed
B．supported
C．embarrassed
D．attracted
解析：参见上题解析。attract“吸引，引起……的注意”，符合语境。disturb“打扰，打搅”；support“支持”；
embarrass“使……尴尬，使……难堪”。
10．A．end
B．past
C．course
D．distance
解析：根据上下文语境可知，作者看到的完全不像自己过去(past)所经历过的任何事情。end“结尾”；course“过
程，课程”；distance“距离”。
11．A．showing
B．acting
C．saying
D．wanting
解析：这种新事物使作者想要(接触)更多。show“展示”；act“表演，扮演”；want“想要”。
12．A．exercise
B．explore
C．express
D．explain
解析：根据上下文语境和第一段中的关键词“explore”可知，作者觉得自己有进一步探索(explore)美式手语的需要。
exercise“锻炼，训练”；express“表达”；explain“解释”。
13．A．print
B．write
C．sign
D．count
解析：根据语境可知，作者那天只是学会了如何用手语来表示全部字母。print“打印，印刷”；write“写”；sign“打
手语”；count“数数”。
14．A．slow
B．steady
C．normal
D．obvious
解析：根据上文的“I only learned how to the alphabet that day”可知，作者并没有对自己缓慢的(slow)进步感到沮
丧。steady“稳步的”；normal“正常的”；obvious“明显的”。
15．A．chair
B．sponsor
C．attend
D．organize
解析：根据语境，尤其是上文的“made it a point to”和下文的“and learn all I could”可知，作者努力做到参加(attend)
这些会议。chair“主持(会议、讨论等)”；sponsor“赞助，举办”；organize“组织”。
16．A．missed
B．passed
C．gave up
D．registered for
解析：根据下文的内容可知，作者注册参加了一个美式手语课程。miss“想念，错过”；pass“通过”；give up“放
弃”；register for“注册，选课”。
17．A．prohibited
B．welcomed
C．ignored
D．repeated
解析：根据上文的“The professor was deaf and any talking”可知，作者所参加的课程的教授是个耳聋的人，故任
何谈话都是被禁止(prohibited)的。welcome“欢迎，欣然接受”；ignore“忽视”；repeat“重复”。
18．A．Lastly
B．Thus
C．Instead
D．However
解析：根据上下文的语境可知，作者很快意识到无声并非不愉快的，反而(Instead)，如果有任何谈话的话，会导
致(caused)作者他们学习得更少。Lastly“最后，终于”；Thus“因此”；However“然而”。
19．A．required
B．caused
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C．allowed
D．expected
解析：参见上题解析。require“要求”；allow“允许”；expect“期望”。
20．A．easy
B．popular
C．quick
D．new
解析：根据语境可知，作者现在非常喜欢这种无声以及它打开的新的(new)沟通方式。easy“容易的”；popular“受
欢迎的”；quick“快速的”。
K
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
In 1973, I was teaching elementary school.Each day, 27 kids __1.___“The Thinking Laboratory.” That was the
_2.___ students voted for after deciding that “Room 104” was too _3.___.
Freddy was an average _4.___，but not an average person.He had the rare balance of fun and compassion(同
情)．He would __5.___ the loudest over fun and be the saddest over anyone's
_6.___.
Before the school year _7.___，I gave the kids a special _8.___，T－shirts with the words “Verbs Are Your
_9.___” on them.I had advised the kids that while verbs( 动词)may seem dull, most of the _10.___ things they do
throughout their lives will be verbs.
Through the years, I'd run into former students who would provide _11.___ on old classmates.I learned that Freddy
did several jobs after his _12.___ from high school and remained the same _13.___ person I met forty years before .Once,
while working overnight at a store, he let a homeless man _14.___ in his truck.Another time, he _15.___ a friend money
to buy a house.
Just last year, I was _16.___a workshop when someone knocked at the classroom door.A woman _17.___ the
interruption and handed me an envelope.I stopped teaching and _18.___ it up.Inside were the “Verbs” shirt and a
_19.___ from Freddy's mother.“Freddy passed away on Thanksgiving.He wanted you to have this.”
I told the story to the class.As sad as it was, I couldn't help smiling.Although Freddy was taken from us, we all
_20.___ something from Freddy.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己的学生Freddy 的性格特征，以及多年后他的生活和工作状况，并
说明了作者自己从他身上学到了一些东西。
1. A．built
B．entered
C．decorated
D．ran
解析：考查动词。在1973 年，作者正在教小学。每天27 个小孩进入“思想实验室”。enter“进入”，符合语境。
build“建造”；decorate“装饰”；run“管理，经营”。
2. A．name
B．rule
C．brand
D．plan
解析：考查名词。根据下文的“Room 104”可知，“The Thinking Laboratory”是学生们选举出来的名字。name“名
字”；rule“规则”；brand“品牌”；plan“计划”。故选A 项。
3. A．small
B．dark
C．strange
D．dull
解析：考查形容词。Room 104 这个名字被学生们选举换成The Thinking Laboratory，所以可判断出学生们认为
Room 104 这个名字太乏味了。dull“枯燥的，无趣的”，符合语境。故选D 项。
4. A．scholar
B．student
C．citizen
D．worker
解析：考查名词。根据上文中的“I was teaching elementary school”可知，作者正在教小学，故可推知Freddy 是一
个普通的学生。故选B 项。
5. A．speak
B．sing
C．question
D．laugh
解析：考查动词。根据下文中的“the loudest over fun”可知，Freddy 对有趣的事情会笑得最大声。故选D 项。
6. A．misfortune
B．disbelief
C．dishonesty
D．mistake
解析：考查名词。根据上文中的the saddest 可知，Freddy 对别人的不幸是感到最悲伤的。misfortune“不幸”；
disbelief“不信，怀疑”；dishonesty“不诚实”；mistake“错误”。故选A 项。
7. A．changed
B．approached
C．returned
D．ended
解析：考查动词。根据语境可知，此处表示在学年结束前。end“结束”，符合语境。change“改变”；approach“靠
近”；return“返回”。
8. A．lesson
B．gift
C．report
D．message
解析：考查名词。在学年结束前，给孩子们的应是礼物。故选B 项。
9. A．Friends
B．Awards
C．Masters
D．Tasks
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解析：考查名词。根据下文可知，作者认为尽管动词看起来是枯燥的，但是孩子们在一生中所做的大多数趣事就
是动词。再结合选项可知，A 项符合语境。
10. A．simple
B．unique
C．fun
D．clever
解析：考查形容词。由while 可知，空处与dull 形成对比，故选C 项。simple“简单的”；unique“独特的”；
clever“聪明的”。
11. A．assessments
B．comments
C．instructions
D．updates
解析：考查名词。根据语境可知，很多年来，作者偶然遇到以前的学生会给他提供一些他们老同学的最新消息，
所以作者才了解到Freddy 的一些情况。update“最新消息”，符合语境。assessment“评估，评价”；comment“评
论”；instruction“指导，教导”。
12. A．graduation
B．retirement
C．separation
D．resignation
解析：考查名词。根据空前的“did several jobs”可知，此处表示Freddy 从高中毕业后。graduation“毕业”，符
合语境，故选A 项。retirement“退休”；separation“分离”；resignation“辞职”。
13. A．daring
B．modest
C．caring
D．smart
解析：考查形容词。根据下文中的“he let a homeless man...a friend money to buy a house”可知，他让一个无家可
归的人睡在他的卡车里，还借给朋友钱去买房子，故可推知他仍然是作者四十年前遇到的那个乐于助人的人。
caring“乐于助人的”，符合语境。故选C 项。
14. A．wait
B．sleep
C．study
D．live
解析：考查动词。根据上文中的“while working overnight”可知，Freddy 上夜班时，让一位无家可归的人在他的
卡车里睡觉。故选B 项。
15. A．paid
B．charged
C．lent
D．owed
解析：考查动词。因为Freddy 是一位乐于助人的人，所以是借给朋友钱买房子。lend“借出”，符合语境。pay“支
付”；charge“(向……)收费”；owe“欠(钱)，负(债)”。
16. A．observing
B．preparing
C．designing
D．conducting
解析：考查动词。根据下文中的“I stopped teaching”可知，作者正在举办一个研习班，这时有人敲教室的门。
conduct“实施，执行”，符合语境。故选D 项。observe“观察”；prepare“准备”；design“设计”。
17. A．regretted
B．avoided
C．excused
D．ignored
解析：考查动词。根据下文中的“I stopped teaching”可知，作者当时正在上课，所以这位女士为打断作者讲课而
请求原谅并递给作者一个信封。excuse“原谅(某人的小错)”，符合语境。regret“遗憾，后悔”；avoid“避免”；
ignore“忽视”。
18. A．opened
B．packed
C．gave
D．held
解析：考查动词。根据上文中的“handed me an envelope.I stopped teaching”可知，一位女士递给作者一个信封，
作者停止了教学并打开它。故选A 项。pack“打包，装箱”；give“交给”；hold“握住，抓住”。
19. A．picture
B．bill
C．note
D．diary
解析：考查名词。根据下文中的“Freddy passed away on Thanksgiving...”可知，这个信封里装着一张Freddy 的妈
妈写的便条。故选C 项。picture“图片”；bill“账单”；diary“日记”。
20. A．chose
B．took
C．expected
D．borrowed
解析：考查动词。根据上文中的“Although Freddy was taken from us”可知，尽管Freddy 从我们中被带走了，但
是我们所有人都从Freddy 那儿拿走了一些东西，即从Freddy 的身上学到了一些东西。故选B 项。
L
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)
A Toronto man is offering a free round－the－world air ticket to the right woman.But _1.___ apply.You must be
named Elizabeth Gallagher and have a Canadian _2.___.
Jordan Axani, 28, said he and his then girlfriend, Elizabeth Gallagher, booked heavily discounted round－the－
world air tickets in May, but their _3.___ ended and he did not want her ticket to _4.___.The ticket had a strict no－
transfer(不可转让) _5.___，but since passport information was not required when _6.___，any Canadian Elizabeth
Gallagher can _7.___ it.
“I just want to see the ticket go to good use and for someone to _8.___ a lot of joy，” said Axani.He posted his
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_9.___ on a social networking website, and received thousands of e －mails, including thirty from actual Elizabeth
Gallaghers with the _10.___ passports, “More _11.___，there are hundreds of Canadians who are interested in _12.___
their name to Elizabeth Gallagher，” Axani said.“It was absolutely out of _13.___，thousands of e－mails, people
around the world _14.___ their stories of travel.”
Axani wrote in his post that he is not _15.___ anything in return and that the woman who uses the _16.___ ticket
can choose to either travel with him or _17.___ the ticket and travel on her own.
The _18.___ is scheduled to start on December 21 in New York City and continue on to Milan, Prague, Paris,
Bangkok and New Delhi before _19.___ in Toronto on January 8.He said the _20.___ woman will be announced on the
website and the trip will be shared online.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。一名来自多伦多的男士与女友分手后，为了不浪费已经订好的机票，在网上征集
与前女友同名的加拿大女性并免费赠送其机票。
1. A．benefits
B．deposits
C．restrictions
D．examinations
解析：根据下文可知，他要找的这位女士必须叫Elizabeth Gallagher，而且必须持有加拿大护照，这些都是赠送
机票的限制要求。benefit“益处”；deposit“订金，押金”；restriction“限制，约束”；examination“检查，考试”。
2. A．origin
B．passport
C．accent
D．friend
解析：参见上题解析。5 空后的“passport information”亦是提示。
3. A．holiday
B．marriage
C．dream
D．relationship
解析：根据上文的“his then girlfriend”可知，他们的男女朋友关系结束了。
4. A．go to waste
B．come to mind
C．go on sale
D．come into effect
解析：根据语境可知，这位男士免费赠送票是因为他不想把机票浪费了。
5. A．policy
B．order
C．payment
D．schedule
解析：机票不可转让，这是民航政策。policy“政策”；order“命令”；payment“付款，报偿”；schedule“时
间表，计划表”。
6. A．applying
B．booking
C．checking
D．bargaining
解析：这张机票在预订的时候没有填护照信息。apply“申请”；book“预订”；check“检查”；bargain“讨价
还价”。
7. A．use
B．borrow
C．choose
D．buy
解析：任何一个叫Elizabeth Gallagher 的女士都能使用此机票。
8. A．sacrifice
B．express
C．experience
D．provide
解析：此处指有了此机票的人可以体验到旅行的快乐。sacrifice“牺牲”；express“表达”；experience“经历，
体验”；provide“提供”。
9. A．answer
B．advice
C．offer
D．comment
解析：根据下文可知，他在社交网站上发布免费提供机票的消息。offer“提供，给予”。
10. A．same
B．right
C．new
D．real
解析：根据语境可知，此处指符合条件的对的(right)护照。
11. A．interesting
B．annoying
C．satisfying
D．convincing
解析：根据语境可知，更有趣的是，几百个感兴趣的人把他们的名字改成Elizabeth Gallagher。
12. A．writing
B．giving
C．lending
D．changing
解析：参见上题解析。change...to...表示“把……改成……”。
13. A．touch
B．question
C．date
D．control
解析：根据下文提到的有成千上万的邮件可知，此处指已经完全失控了。out of control“失控”。
14. A．admiring
B．advertising
C．sharing
D．doubting
解析：根据语境可知，世界各地的人发邮件来与他分享他们的旅游故事。
15. A．leaving
B．looking for
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C．losing
D．dealing with
解析：根据语境可知，他赠送机票并不期望得到什么回报。look for“寻求，期待”。
16. A．single
B．strange
C．regular
D．extra
解析：此处强调这张机票是免费额外得到的。single“单程的”；strange“奇怪的”；regular“有规律的”；
extra“额外的”。
17. A．return
B．take
C．reserve
D．hide
解析：免费使用此机票的女士可以选择与他一起旅游，也可以拿走机票自己旅行。
18. A．interview
B．program
C．trip
D．meeting
解析：此旅行是从纽约市到多伦多。trip“旅游，旅行”。
19. A．ending
B．calling
C．repeating
D．staying
解析：此处介绍机票行程，12 月21 日从纽约市出发，2 月8 日必须返回多伦多，因此是结束于多伦多。end“结
束”。
20. A．honored
B．lovely
C．intelligent
D．lucky
解析：根据语境可知，能得到免费机票的女士是幸运的。honored“光荣的，尊敬的”；lovely“可爱的”；
intelligent“有智慧的，聪明的”。
M
(2018·11 月浙江卷)
I had a student today who got his finger stuck inside a test tube in science class.It was really quite stuck.This young
man's finger _1.___ to get whiter and whiter right before my eyes.
Remaining _2.___，I suggested he carefully rotate (转动) the tube.It wouldn't move a bit.He _3.___ soap and cold
water.Still stuck.Meanwhile _4.___ was breaking out in the class.Finally, I _5.___ the young man to our secretary，who
was a miracle (奇迹) worker _6.___ three kids of her own.With her in charge, I was _7.___ all would be OK.
To get the students back in order, I _8.___ my own story of getting my _9.___ stuck between the rails of a
balcony.Same kind of curiosity, I remembered _10.___ then how far I could thrust(塞) my knee between the rails.Inch
by inch, I kept _11.___ and before I knew it, my knee was stuck and _12.___before my eyes and in front of lots of
_13.___ at a popular Las Vegas hotel!
Hearing my story, many students followed with their own _14.___ of heads, arms, fingers stuck in places they
shouldn't _15.___.A few minutes later, the young man came back, test tube unbroken and finger _16.___ to a lovely
shade of pink.
I just couldn't _17.___ this kid.He's only twelve.I too got my knee unstuck, but not without great_18.___.The excuse
for me, however, was not _19.___ but plain stupidity.I was _20.___fifty years old when this happened.
文章大意：科学课上，一位学生不慎将手指卡在了试管里；几经周折，仍然没法拔出手指，于是“我”请秘书帮
忙，成功将手指拔出。
1. A．used
B．needed
C．happened
D．continued
解析：根据语境可知，那位学生的手指在“我”眼前继续(continued)变得越来越白了。故选D。
2. A．calm
B．silent
C．cheerful
D．active
解析：根据语境可知，“我”当时保持冷静，建议学生转动试管。A 项意为“冷静的”；B 项意为“寂静的”；C
项意为“高兴的”；D 项意为“活跃的”。
3. A．lost
B．fetched
C．tried
D．accepted
解析：根据语境可知，他尝试(tried)(用)肥皂和冷水，但仍然无济于事。故选C。
4. A．fire
B．chaos
C．violence
D．argument
解析：根据第三段中的“To get the students back in order”可知，当时教室里非常混乱。A 项意为“火灾”；B 项
意为“混乱”；C 项意为“暴力”；D 项意为“争吵”。
5. A．described
B．carried
C．introduced
D．sent
解析：根据语境可知，由于尝试了各种方法都无法将手指拔出来，于是“我”将这位学生送(sent)到秘书那里，希
望能够得到帮助。
6. A．raising
B．observing
C．saving
D．teaching
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解析：根据语境及空前的“miracle”可推知，这位同事养育了她自己的三个孩子。
7. A．happy
B．doubtful
C．surprised
D．confident
解析：根据语境可知，因为有秘书的帮忙，“我”坚信一切都将会好起来的。A 项意为“高兴的”；B 项意为“怀
疑”；C 项意为“惊讶的”；D 项意为“自信的”。
8. A．shared
B．wrote
C．read
D．heard
解析：根据语境可知，为了让班级里的学生恢复秩序，“我”分享了自己的故事——“我”的膝盖曾卡在了阳台
扶手的缝隙里。
9. A．head
B．knee
C．arm
D．foot
解析：参见上题解析。下文中的“knee”亦是提示。
10. A．calculating
B．explaining
C．wondering
D．reporting
解析：根据语境可知，此处表示“我”还清楚地记得，“我”当年是想看看“我”的膝盖究竟能伸进去多少。A
项意为“计算”；B 项意为“解释”；C 项意为“想知道”；D 项意为“报告”。
11. A．pushing
B．climbing
C．walking
D．kicking
解析：根据语境可知，“我”不断地将自己的膝盖向缝隙里面推。
12. A．shaking
B．lifting
C．resting
D．swelling
解析：根据语境可知，在“我”注意到之前，在拉斯维加斯的一个非常受欢迎的旅馆里，并且在“我”眼前以及
那么多陌生人(strangers)面前，“我”的膝盖被卡住了，并且开始肿胀。A 项意为“颤抖”；B 项意为“抬起”；C 项
意为“休息”；D 项意为“肿胀”。
13. A．doctors
B．strangers
C．managers
D．students
解析：参见上题解析。
14. A．findings
B．conclusions
C．stories
D．news
解析：根据语境及上文中的“my story”可推知，在听了“我”的故事之后，学生们也开始分享自己的故事。
15. A．be
B．exist
C．stay
D．stop
解析：根据语境可知，在学生们分享的故事里面，他们的头、手臂和手指被卡在本来不该在的位置。
16. A．pointing
B．returning
C．belonging
D．growing
解析：根据语境可知，几分钟后，那个学生回来了，试管完好无损，并且手指的颜色也从之前的白色恢复到了粉
红色。return“恢复”。
17. A．get along with
B．get rid of
C．get used to
D．get mad at
解析：根据语境可知，“我”不能对这位学生大发雷霆。A 项意为“与……相处”；B 项意为“摆脱……”；C
项意为“习惯于……”；D 项意为“对……生气”。
18. A．encouragement
B．disappointment
C．embarrassment
D．achievement
解析：根据语境可知，“我”当年也让膝盖脱离了阳台的扶手，但是却很尴尬。A 项意为“鼓励”；B 项意为“失
望”；C 项意为“尴尬”；D 项意为“成就”。
19. A．ambition
B．youth
C．bravery
D．experiment
解析：根据语境可知，然而，“我”的借口不是因为年轻，而是纯粹的愚笨，毕竟(after all)当年“我”的膝盖被
卡住的时候，“我”已经五十岁了。A 项意为“雄心”；B 项意为“年轻”；C 项意为“勇敢”；D 项意为“实验”。
20. A．in the end
B．in total
C．after all
D．at any rate
解析：参见上题解析。A 项意为“最后”；B 项意为“总共”；C 项意为“毕竟”；D 项意为“至少”。
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·山西省六校第二次联考)
“Did you call 911 last March 17？You _1.___ my life. Please call me.”
Leon, a 71－year－old _2.___ judge, was taking his car for a service when he had a _3.___ heart attack.He learned
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115
later that someone had called 911 and _4.___ first aid, but the details were still_5.___.After his recovery, Leon drove to
the _6.___，put up his notice and began knocking on doors.Leon managed to _7.___ the phone number several days
later. He _8.___ and a woman answered.
Susie Powell was driving to her job that day. She often pauses at that _9.___ crossroads to make eye contact with
other _10.___. She wants to make sure they know that they have a stop _11.___ but she does not. “We couldn't make
eye contact because he was slumped(倒下) over in his seat，” said Powell.So, she _12.___，approached and knocked on
Leon's window. No answer.She dialed 911.When Powell began pulling Leon，his foot _13.___ the brake and the car
started rolling slowly before coming to a stop against a parked vehicle. Powell _14.___ wrestled Leon free and began
first aid.
Two months after the _15.___，when Leon asked what he could do in _16.___，Powell said he didn't need to do
anything.As they got to know each other over lunch, Leon _17.___ his support for a nonprofit organization in
Guatemala.Once again，their lives _18.___.“In college, I did a study－abroad tour in Guatemala，” said Powell. Leon
had a (n) _19.___.He had sponsored a child's education there. What if he sponsored a second child in her name？“As
soon as he said it, I thought, oh, that's __20.___，” said Powell.
文章大意：71 岁的退休法官Leon 驾车去保养的时候突发心脏病，路过的Powell 拨打了911 并对其实施急救。Leon
康复以后费尽周折找到了Powell，为报答她的救命之恩，他以Powell 的名义资助危地马拉的一个孩子接受教育。
1. A．improved
B．saved
C．disturbed
D．ruined
解析：词汇辨析题。根据上文的“911”和下文的故事情节可知，此处表示“去年3 月17 日你拨打911 了吗？你救
了我的性命，请打电话给我”，故用saved。
2. A．elegant
B．stubborn
C．retired
D．lonely
解析：逻辑推理题。由文中的“a 71－year－old”可以推测出Leon 是一位“退休的”法官，故用retired。
3. A．sudden
B．terminal
C．permanent
D．slight
解析：词汇辨析题。sudden“突然的”，符合语境。terminal“末端的，晚期的”；permanent“永久的，永恒的”；
slight“轻微的，无须重视的”。
4. A．taught
B．demanded
C．received
D．performed
解析：词汇辨析题。后来他了解到有人拨打了911 并对他实施了急救，但是细节仍然不清楚。故用performed。
perform“做，实行”。
5. A．available
B．vague
C．transparent
D．vivid
解析：词汇辨析题。参见上题解析。available“可获得的”；vague“模糊的，不明确的”；transparent“显而易
见的，透明的”；vivid“生动的，鲜明的”。
6. A．station
B．works
C．crossroads
D．restaurant
解析：词汇复现题。由下文中的“She often pauses at that __9__ crossroads to make eye contact with other __10__”
可以得知，Leon 将“寻人启事”张贴在自己突发心脏病的路口(crossroads)。
7. A．dig out
B．take out
C．pick out
D．pull out
解析：词组辨析题。几天以后，Leon 找到了那个电话号码。dig out“发现，找出”；take out“取(钱)，切除”；
pick out“挑选，辨认出”；pull out“离站，退出”。
8. A．checked
B．waited
C．dialed
D．begged
解析：词汇辨析题。根据上文中的“phone number”和下文中的“a woman answered”可知，此处表示Leon 拨打
(dialed)了这个电话号码。
9. A．unique
B．safe
C．familiar
D．particular
解析：词汇辨析题。那天Powell 开车去上班，在那个十字路口她都会停下来和其他的驾驶员进行眼神交流。
unique“独特的，独一无二的”；safe“安全的”；familiar“熟悉的，常见到的”；particular“专指的，特定的”。
10. A．passengers
B．drivers
C．judges
D．passers－by
解析：词汇辨析题。参见上题解析。
11. A．advertisement
B．notice
C．place
D．sign
解析：词汇辨析题。她想要确认其他驾驶员知道他们有一个停车(让行)标志，而她行驶的方向没有。sign“指示牌，
标志”。
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12. A．examined
B．parked
C．hesitated
D．raced
解析：逻辑推理题。当时Powell 开着车，看到Leon 没有和她进行眼神交流，而是倒在了座位上，所以她停车(parked)
去敲Leon 的车窗。examine“检查”；hesitate“犹豫”；race“快速移动”。
13. A．came off
B．pressed down
C．gave away
D．stepped on
解析：词组辨析题。当Powell 开始把Leon 从车上拉出来的时候，Leon 的脚从刹车上离开。come off“从……落
下，与……分离”；press down“踩下”；give away“泄露，分发”；step on“踩到”。
14. A．violently
B．easily
C．successfully
D．abruptly
解析：词汇辨析题。Powell 成功地(successfully)将Leon 从车里拖了出来并开始给他实施急救。violently“猛烈地，
激烈地”；abruptly“突然地，唐突地”。
15. A．event
B．disaster
C．interview
D．incident
解析：词汇辨析题。在这个事件发生的两个月后，Leon 问作为回报他可以做些什么。event“重要事情，大事”；
disaster“灾难，灾祸”；interview“采访，面试”；incident“事件，发生的事情”。
16. A．return
B．advance
C．reality
D．detail
解析：固定搭配题。参见上题解析。in return“作为回报”；in advance“提前，预先”；in reality“事实上”；
in detail“详细地”。
17. A．recommended
B．mentioned
C．stressed
D．discussed
解析：词汇辨析题。当他们在吃午饭期间开始相互了解的时候，Leon 提到了他对危地马拉一家非营利机构资助的
事情。recommend“推荐”；mention“提及，提到，谈到”；stress“强调”；discuss“讨论”。
18. A．crossed
B．developed
C．changed
D．continued
解析：词汇辨析题。Powell 救了Leon，Leon 找到了Powell，并与Powell 共进午餐。在此之前，Leon 资助了危
地马拉的一位儿童，而Powell 曾在危地马拉游学。再一次，他们的生活有了交叉(crossed)。
19. A．method
B．excuse
C．relief
D．idea
解析：词汇辨析题。Leon 有了报答Powell 的主意(idea)。
20. A．ridiculous
B．impossible
C．lovely
D．humorous
解析：词汇辨析题。Leon 一说完，Powell 就想：噢，那太好了。ridiculous“可笑的，荒谬的”；impossible“不
可能的”；lovely“可爱的，令人愉快的，极好的”；humorous“幽默的”。
2
(2019·合肥市二模)
I will never forget one summer in my childhood. While walking in the attic(阁楼)，I stepped on something and
_1.___down, with my hand landing on a floorboard that popped up and almost hit me in the head.When I _2.___ and
looked inside the open space, I could not believe my eyes: There was gold in there! I _3.___ a handful of shining gold
cubes, ran to the bottom stair and _4.___ , “Mama, I found gold up there under the floor！”
Back up the stairs I dashed，_5.___ my brothers almost knocked me down as they ran right by me.When Mama
opened the door and _6.___ her head in, she _7.___ said, “Honey，that's insulation (隔热材料)．Now put it all back.”
I felt really disappointed.I had thought I made a real _8.___.
When I _9.___ inside to put the fake gold back, my hand touched what felt like a book.I pulled it out.It was old and
small：Bartlett's Familiar Quotations，which I'd never heard of. And _10.___ I was bored, I decided to see what was inside
this little book.To my __11.___，it was a book of passages, phrases，and proverbs and I could tell that this was going to
be _12.___.
So I spent quite much time on it and found _13.___ in these pages.As I didn't know how to express things clearly, I
often _14.___ to talk about them.This book helped me _15.___ that I didn't need to feel ashamed or _16.___，because
other people had similar experiences.
When I went to college，Bartlett's came with me.Over the years, I've kept my original _17.___，which to this day I
often __18.___.Although it was a _19.___ to find the book, it liberated me in a way.It helped me see more than my young
mind and heart were able to understand.
The book discovered under those floorboards was，_20.___gold.
文章大意：童年时期的一个夏天，“我”在阁楼意外发现了Bartlett's Familiar Quotatians 这本书，“我”被书中
的内容所吸引，它们不但消除了“我”的枯燥，而且帮助“我”很多。
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1. A．slowed
B．calmed
C．looked
D．fell
解析：根据空前的“I stepped on something”及空后的“with my hand landing on a floorboard”可推知，“我”踩住
了某个东西摔倒了。
2. A．bent over
B．showed up
C．lay down
D．broke in
解析：根据上文可知，地板翘了起来，留出了一个孔，于是“我”俯下身去看，发现里面有金子。bend over“俯
身”；show up“出现”；lie down“躺下”；break in“闯入，插话”。
3. A．stole
B．produced
C．seized
D．hid
解析：根据第9 空后的“to put the fake gold back”可推知，“我”当时抓了一把金块，朝楼下跑去。
4. A．yelled
B．sighed
C．admitted
D．complained
解析：根据空后的“Mama，I found gold”可知，“我”当时非常兴奋，大声喊叫，想让母亲知道“我”的发现。
5. A．or
B．so
C．but
D．for
解析：根据空后的“my brothers almost knocked me down as they ran right by me”可知，但是当“我”冲回阁楼的
时候，差点被哥哥们撞倒。
6. A．nodded
B．stuck
C．lowered
D．lifted
解析：根据空后的“her head in”并结合语境可知，母亲把门打开；把头伸了进去，发现那只是隔热材料。nod“点
头”；stick“伸进，伸向”；lower“降下”；lift“举起”。
7. A．simply
B．thoughtfully
C．honestly
D．angrily
解析：根据空后的“Honey，that's insulation(隔热材料)．Now put it all back”可知，母亲仅仅告知了一下实情，
并要“我”将“金子”放回去。simply“仅仅”；thoughtfully“深思熟虑地”。
8. A．difference
B．choice
C．mistake
D．discovery
解析：根据上文中的“I found gold up there under the floor”可知，“我”当时以为自己有了新的发现，但当母亲
告诉“我”不是金子的时候，“我”很失望。
9. A．sat
B．slid
C．reached
D．walked
解析：根据下文中的“my hand touched what felt like a book”可知，“我”将手伸进去，将“假金子”放了回去。
10. A．until
B．now that
C．unless
D．so that
解析：根据上文中的“which I'd never heard of”及空后的“I was bored”可知，这本书“我”从来没有听说过，又因
为“我”感到无聊，所以“我”决定看看书中的内容。
11. A．surprise
B．regret
C．relief
D．disappointment
解析：根据下文中的“So I spent quite much time on it”可知，让“我”感到意外的是，这本书里面有很多文段、短
语等，“我”明白这本书将会有趣(interesting)，所以“我”接下来花了很多时间看这本书。
12. A．absurd
B．controversial
C．boring
D．interesting
解析：参见上题解析。absurd“荒谬的”；controversial“有争议的”。
13. A．sympathy
B．comfort
C．honor
D．doubt
解析：根据空前的“I spent quite much time on it”及上文中的“I was bored”可知，当时因为有了这本书，“我”乏
味的生活有了一些安慰。sympathy“同情”；comfort“安慰”；honor“荣誉”；doubt“怀疑”。
14. A．tended
B．offered
C．managed
D．hesitated
解析：根据空前的“I didn't know how to express things clearly”可知，因为“我”不知道如何清楚地表达事物，所
以“我”在表达它们的时候经常犹豫不决。
15. A．expect
B．remember
C．realize
D．imagine
解析：根据空后的“I didn't need to feel ashamed”并结合语境可知，“我”在表达的时候总是不够果断，但是这本
书却让“我”明白，当“我”表达不好的时候，“我”不需要感到羞愧或尴尬(embarrassed)，因为其他人也有过相似
的经历。
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16. A．embarrassed
B．satisfied
C．astonished
D．tired
解析：参见上题解析。
17. A．mind
B．copy
C．plan
D．file
解析：根据空前的“original”并结合语境可推知，多年来，“我”一直保存着自己当年发现的那本书。copy“一本”。
18. A．put away
B．show off
C．refer to
D．pick up
解析：根据上文可知，多年来，“我”一直留着这本书；再结合语境和常识可知，“我”至今还一直在查看这本
书。put away“将……收起来”；show off“炫耀”；refer to“查看”；pick up“捡起”。
19. A．dilemma
B．disaster
C．pity
D．coincidence
解析：根据上文可知，“我”当时发现这本书纯属巧合，但即便是巧合，这本书却在某种程度上解放了“我”。
dilemma“困境”；coincidence“巧合”。
20. A．still
B．indeed
C．normally
D．hopefully
解析：根据上文中的“It helped me see more than my young mind and heart were able to understand”可知，这本书
让“我”的心灵得到解放，由此可知，这本书对“我”而言，的确是“金子”。
3
(2019·武汉市四月调测)
It was New Year time.We were travelling in a van (小型货车)_1.___ toys to the homeless.When we _2.___ the spot，
something caught my eye.Something or someone was moving in the rubbish. Soon I_3.___ that it was the home of a poor
family.There were two _4.___，both about my age at the time，and a lady I supposed to be their mother.They sat there
_5.___.
As a little girl myself I was _6.___ interested in the little girl.How _7.___ our lives were.She lived for the day，
_8.___through the rubbish for something to fill her stomach.I on the other hand was well looked after and never had to
worry about _9.___.I had a good education and thus a _10.___ future.I looked at the little girl.The only _11.___ she had
was the wornout dress that she was wearing.
Seeing this little girl I made the decision to _12.___ a doll that had belonged to me for a while.When the van came to
a _13.___，I stepped out, called the girl over and _14.___ the doll in her hand.At first she looked at me with _15.___ and
wasn't certain what to do, but then she smiled and I saw _16.___ in her eyes.I went back into the vehicle and we started
to _17.___ off，and that's when we realized the little girl was running_18.___.We stopped again and opened the door.The
girl had _19.___with us.She looked directly at me and said two _20.___ words “Thank You”．
文章大意：我们在新年期间，开车去为无家可归的人分发玩具；“我”远远地发现了一位小女孩，她靠在垃圾中
寻找食物为生；于是“我”走过去，将刚买不久的玩具娃娃送给了她，然后就离开了；我们发现那位女孩在追我们，
我们停下了车，她向“我”说了句“谢谢”。
1. A．showing
B．recommending
C．distributing
D．selling
解析：根据下文“我”送给小女孩玩具娃娃可知，我们在新年期间给无家可归的人分发玩具。故选C。A 项意为
“展示”；B 项意为“推荐”；C 项意为“分发”；D 项意为“出售”。
2. A．left
B．changed
C．chose
D．approached
解析：根据下文中的“When the van came to ___3__，I stepped out”可推知，当我们接近目的地的时候，有东西
引起“我”的注意。故选D。
3. A．guaranteed
B．realized
C．decided
D．accepted
解析：根据空后的“it was the home of a poor family”并结合语境可知，“我”很快意识到那是一户贫困人家的家。
故选B。A 项意为“保证”；B 项意为“意识到”；C 项意为“决定”；D 项意为“接受”。
4. A．boys
B．children
C．drivers
D．adults
解析：根据下文中的“As a little girl myself”可知，当时那里有两个和“我”的年龄差不多的孩子，还有一位女士，
可能是他们的母亲。故选B。
5. A．happily
B．angrily
C．hopefully
D．helplessly
解析：根据下文中的“__8__ through the rubbish for something to fill her stomach”和“the worn－out dress”可
推知，他们无助地坐在垃圾旁边。故选D。
6. A．still
B．less
C．especially
D．probably
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解析：根据语境可知，作为一个小女孩，“我”尤其对那个小女孩感兴趣。故选C。
7. A．similar
B．different
C．difficult
D．ordinary
解析：根据下文中的“She lived for the day...to fill her stomach”“I on the other hand was well looked after...a
__10__ future”可知，我们的生活差别很大。故选B。
8. A．searching
B．getting
C．running
D．breaking
解析：根据上文中的“Something or someone was moving in the rubbish”可推知，当时那个小女孩在垃圾堆里寻找
东西以填饱自己的肚子。故选A。
9. A．food
B．safety
C．health
D．transport
解析：根据上文可知，那个小女孩在垃圾堆里寻找食物，而“我”却得到了很好的照顾，从来不用担心食物。故
选A。
10. A．doubtful
B．distant
C．promising
D．foreseeable
解析：根据该空前的“I had a good education”可知，“我”接受了良好的教育，“我”也有一个有前途的未来。
故选C。A 项意为“怀疑”；B 项意为“遥远的”；C 项意为“有前途的”；D 项意为“可预知的”。
11. A．present
B．decoration
C．requirement
D．possession
解析：根据上文的内容并结合语境可推知，那位小女孩仅有的财产就是她身上穿的那件破旧的裙子。故选D。A
项意为“礼物”；B 项意为“装饰”；C 项意为“要求”；D 项意为“财产”。
12. A．give away
B．give back
C．hand out
D．hand in
解析：根据下文中的“I stepped out...the doll in her hand”可推知，看到这个小女孩，“我”决定把刚买不久的玩
具娃娃送给她。故选A。A 项意为“赠送”；B 项意为“归还”；C 项意为“分发”；D 项意为“提交”。
13. A．station
B．stop
C．street
D．signal
解析：根据上文可知，“我”决定把刚买不久的玩具娃娃送给那个小女孩，所以当车一停下来，“我”立刻下车，
叫那个小女孩过来，然后将玩具娃娃放(placed)在她的手里。故选B。
14. A．tore
B．placed
C．dropped
D．threw
解析：参见上题解析。
15. A．anger
B．pain
C．surprise
D．disappointment
解析：根据空后的“and wasn't certain what to do”和语境可推知，那个小女孩刚开始惊讶地看着“我”。故选C。
16. A．hope
B．loneliness
C．anxiety
D．astonishment
解析：根据上文可知，那个小女孩一家绝望地坐在垃圾旁边，并结合语境可推知，“我”将玩具娃娃放在她手里，
她对“我”微笑，“我”从小女孩的眼中看到了希望。故选A。A 项意为“希望”；B 项意为“孤独”；C 项意为“焦
虑”；D 项意为“震惊”。
17. A．walk
B．get
C．lift
D．drive
解析：根据下文中的“We stopped again”可知，“我”回到车上，我们开车离开，那时我们才意识到，那位小女孩
正在后面追赶我们。故选D。
18. A．behind
B．away
C．out
D．in
解析：参见上题解析。
19. A．got along
B．come along
C．caught up
D．turned up
解析：根据上文的“We stopped again and opened the door”可知，小女孩追上了我们。故选C。get along
with“与……相处”；come along with“和……在一起”；catch up with“追上，赶上”。
20. A．final
B．new
C．key
D．simple
解析：根据语境可知，小女孩直接看着“我”，说了两个简单的词——Thank You。故选D。
4
(2019·洛阳市二模)
On Dec.6, Kelsey Zwick boarded Flight 588 from Orlando to Philly with Lucy, one of her 11－month－old twin
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daughters.Lucy was born 11 weeks prematurely and _1.___ from severe lung disease as a result of a complication(并发
症) of that.The brave baby girl was on oxygen _2.___ until recently.Today, Lucy needs oxygen at night and while
_3.___—one small good deed reminded Zwick how“_4.___”she and her husband, Yuri，truly are.
“To the _5.___ in 2D．I don't know you, but I imagine you saw us _6.___.I was pushing a stroller (轻便婴儿车),
had a diaper (尿布) bag on my arm and was also _7.___ an oxygen machine for my daughter，” Zwick wrote on her
post. “We _8.___ the plane, sat down in our window seat and made _9.___ to those around us about having to sit by my
yelling－but－happy baby.The flight attendant came over and told me a gentleman was waiting to _10.___ seats, ”she
wrote.“You were giving up your comfortable, first－class seat to us.Not able to _11.___ tears, I cried my way up the
_12.___ while my daughter Lucy _13.___！She felt it in her bones too ...real, pure goodness.I smiled and thanked you as
we switched but didn't get to _14.___ you properly，” the mom continued.
“So...thank you.Not just for the seat itself but for _15.___. For seeing us and realizing that maybe things are not
_16.___ easy.For deciding you wanted to show a random act of _17.___ to us.I can't wait to tell Lucy someday.In the
meantime... we will pay it _18.___.”
Zwick's story touched the hearts of many, giving rise to _19.___ comments on the post that has since been _20.___
over 164,000 times.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。Zwick 带着11 个月大的患病的女儿乘坐飞机，一位陌生的男士跟她换座位，Zwick
非常感激他，并决心把这种乐于助人的行为传递下去。
1. A．recovers
B．suffers
C．results
D．benefits
解析：根据空后的“from severe lung disease as a result of a complication(并发症)of that”可知，Zwick 的女儿患
有严重的肺病。suffer from“患有……病”为固定用法。
2. A．test
B．health
C．survival
D．support
解析：根据下文中的“Lucy needs oxygen at night”可知，这个勇敢的女婴目前一直靠氧气维持生命。support“维
持”。
3. A．playing
B．flying
C．sleeping
D．growing
解析：根据语境可知，女婴在飞机上需要氧气维持生命。
4. A．astonished
B．amused
C．lucky
D．anxious
解析：根据下文可知，一位男士给她们让座。一个小小的善举提醒Zwick 和她的丈夫Yuri 是多么幸运(lucky)。
astonished“惊讶的”；amused“逗乐的”；anxious“忧虑”。
5. A．man
B．attendant
C．assistant
D．guide
解析：根据下文中的“told me a gentleman was waiting to__10__ seats”可知A 项正确。
6. A．somewhere
B．anywhere
C．nowhere
D．everywhere
解析：根据上文中的“I don't know you”和下文那位男士给Zwick 让座可推知，此处表示“我不知道你，但是我想
你肯定在某个地方见过我们”。
7. A．filling
B．pumping
C．following
D．dragging
解析：根据上文中的“Lucy needs oxygen at night”可推知，Zwick 推着婴儿车，胳膊下面夹着一包尿布，还为女儿
拖着一个氧气瓶。pump“涌出”；drag“拖，拉”。
8. A．booked
B．reserved
C．preboarded
D．quit
解析：根据上文的内容可知，由于Zwick 女儿的特殊情况，他们提前登机。
9. A．complaints
B．comments
C．offers
D．jokes
解析：根据语境可知，Zwick 坐在靠窗的座位上，和周围的人开玩笑说不得不坐在大喊大叫但快乐的婴儿旁边。
10. A．choose
B．switch
C．accept
D．occupy
解析：根据下文中的“I smiled and thanked you as we switched”中的“switched”可知，有一个绅士正等着和Zwick
换座位。
11. A．burst into
B．give back
C．hold back
D．break into
解析：根据空后的“I cried”可推知，Zwick 不能控制自己的眼泪。burst into“突然爆发”；give back“归还”；
hold back“抑制，控制”；break into“突然开始”。
12. A．passage
B．airport
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C．flight
D．pilot
解析：根据语境可知，Zwick 因为这位男士和她换座位的善举忍不住哭了，在去那位男士座位的走廊里哭。
passage“走廊”。
13. A．shouted
B．crawled
C．talked
D．laughed
解析：根据空后一句“She felt it in her bones too...real，pure goodness”并结合空前的“while”可知，Zwick 在哭
泣，而女儿笑了。
14. A．meet
B．thank
C．recognise
D．greet
解析：根据空前的“I smiled and thanked you as we switched but didn't get to”和空后的“properly”可知，当换座位
的时候，Zwick 笑着感谢那位男士，但没有充分地表达感谢。
15. A．noticing
B．donating
C．reminding
D．forgiving
解析：根据上文中的“but I imagine you saw us __6__”可推知，Zwick 不仅仅感谢那位男士让的座位，更感谢那
位男士的留心。notice“注意，留意”。
16. A．just
B．right
C．always
D．ever
解析：根据语境可知，此处表示“看见我们这个样子意识到事情不总是容易的”。故选C 项。
17. A．forgiveness
B．advantage
C．kindness
D．donation
解析：根据上文提到的一位男士给Zwick 让座的举动可知，此处表示感谢你的善举。
18. A．forward
B．downward
C．backward
D．toward
解析：根据语境可知，Zwick 受到了别人的帮助，并将把这个善举传递下去。故选A 项。
19. A．passive
B．supportive
C．possible
D．negative
解析：根据上文可知，这是一个正能量的故事，得到了网上很多人的支持。
20. A．made
B．chosen
C．researched
D．shared
解析：根据上文的内容可知，Zwick 的帖子得到了网上很多人的支持，还被分享了164 000 多次。故选D 项。
5
(2019·山东省、湖北省二轮复习检测)
Fifty－five years ago, I got into my father's car to take my driver's license exam. My father and I got to the test site
on time.The streets seemed quite _1.___ to me, and the test would take me down a main street.Although _2.___，I was
determined to do my best.Parallel parking was my _3.___，so I hoped that my _4.___ would not hit the curb(路缘)．
When I was _5.___ for the test, my father ，_6.___ being the best teacher, was not pleased with my parallel
parking.His fearful _7.___ could be heard along the streets of my hometown，or in the large empty parking lot.
I felt _8.___ when he said, “Step on the gas! Check your mirror！_9.___ on the brake！” I was convinced that no
one could do all those things at the same time.I drove _10.___ during my test, probably a little too slow.I kept my hands
_11.___ on the steering wheel(方向盘)，_12.___ my mirrors, stopped at stop signs and _13.___ for turns. I was satisfied
with my _14.___up to that point, but then it was time to parallel park.
_15.___，the parking area had no curb.I _16.___ next to a car and began to back inward.Somehow, I _17.___ it on
my first try, lining up right behind the car in front.Minutes later, the _18.___ announced I had passed.I knew that my
life had changed.I finally had _19.___ the freedom of movement and felt sense of _20.___ after the test.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了我驾照考试时的紧张心情、考试过程和考试通过之后的喜悦。
1. A．smooth
B．narrow
C．abnormal
D．transparent
解析：根据上下文可知，作为一个要参加驾照考试的人，我心情很紧张，因而街道似乎很狭窄(narrow)。smooth“平
坦的”；abnormal“不正常的，反常的”；transparent“透明的，显然的”。
2. A．strange
B．confident
C．nervous
D．secure
解析：虽然紧张(nervous)，但我下决心要尽我最大的努力。strange“奇怪的，不寻常的”；confident“自信的，
确信的”；secure“有把握的”。
3. A．strength
B．task
C．goal
D．drawback
解析：根据下文可知，平行停车是我的缺点(drawback)。strength“长处，优势”；task“工作，任务”；goal“目
标”。
4. A．seat
B．telephone
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C．tires
D．tracks
解析：我希望我的轮胎(tires)不要碰到路缘。seat“座位”；telephone“电话”；tracks“足迹，车辙”。
5. A．arranging
B．registering
C．praying
D．practicing
解析：根据上文“I got into my father's car to take my driver's license exam”(我上了父亲的车去参加驾照考试)并结
合下文父亲对我发出的指令可知，此时我在练习(practicing)，为考试做准备。arrange“安排，筹划”；register“记
录，登记”；pray“祈祷”。
6. A．well above
B．far from
C．more than
D．because of
解析：根据下文父亲的表现和“fearful”可知我的父亲远非(far from)最好的老师。well above“远远超出”；more
than“超过”；because of“因为，由于”。
7. A．cries
B．answers
C．sighs
D．quarrels
解析：在我家乡的街道上，或者在大而空旷的停车场上，都能听到他可怕的呼喊声(cries)。answer“回答，答复”；
sigh“叹气，叹息”；quarrel“争吵，吵架”。
8. A．pleased
B．uninterested
C．embarrassed
D．concerned
解析：当父亲向我发出那些指令时我感到很窘迫(embarrassed)。pleased“快乐的，高兴的，满意的”；
uninterested“冷淡的”；concerned“担心的，担忧的”。
9. A．Depend
B．Bend
C．Swing
D．Step
解析：父亲说：“踩油门！检查一下你的(后视)镜！踩刹车！”depend“视乎，决定于”；bend“弯腰，弯曲”；
swing“摇摆，转弯”；step“踩，踏”。
10. A．cautiously
B．uncertainly
C．desperately
D．curiously
解析：在考试时，我小心翼翼地驾驶，可能有点慢。uncertainly“犹豫地”；desperately“绝望地，拼命地”；
curiously“好奇地”。
11. A．busy
B．steady
C．clumsy
D．numb
解析：我双手稳稳地放在方向盘上。busy“繁忙的”；steady“平稳的”；clumsy“笨拙的，不灵活的”；numb“麻
木的”。
12. A．polished
B．prepared
C．watched
D．checked
解析：检查后视镜，在停车标志前停车，并在转弯时发出信号。上文中父亲说的话“Check your mirror！”是提
示。polish“擦亮”；prepare“准备”；watch“注视”；check“检查”。
13. A．signaled
B．looked
C．sped
D．fastened
解析：参见上题解析。signal“发信号”；look“寻找”；speed“快行，疾走”；fasten“扣牢，系牢”。
14. A．allowance
B．independence
C．performance
D．preference
解析：直到那时我对自己的表现(performance)都很满意，但是接下来要平行停车了：allowance“津贴，补助”；
independence“独立”；preference“偏爱，优先权”。
15. A．Accordingly
B．Consequently
C．Obviously
D．Fortunately
解析：上文中提到我希望我的车不要碰到路缘。既然考场没有路缘，那对我来说，肯定是幸运的。accordingly“相
应地”；consequently“因此，结果，所以”；obviously“明显地，显然”；fortunately“幸运地”。
16. A．pulled up
B．wandered around
C．picked out
D．fell off
解析：我把车停在一辆车旁边，开始往里倒。pull up“(使车)停下”；wander around“逛”；pick out“精心挑
选”；fall off“脱落，下降”。
17. A．managed
B．grasped
C．dropped
D．kicked
解析：我第一次尝试就做到了，正好把车停在前面那辆车的后面。manage“达成，完成”；grasp“抓牢，握紧”；
drop“掉下，落下”；kick“踢”。
18. A．driver
B．tester
C．agent
D．guide
解析：几分钟后，测试人员宣布我通过了测试。driver“司机，驾驶员”；tester“测试员”；agent“代理人，经
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纪人”；guide“向导，导游”。
19. A．missed
B．earned
C．compensated
D．deserved
解析：我知道我的生活已经改变了。我获得了活动的自由，在考试后一种成熟(maturity)感油然而生。miss“错过”；
earn“获得”；compensate“弥补，补偿”；deserve“应得，应受到”。
20. A．responsibility
B．loss
C．maturity
D．direction
解析：参见上题解析。responsibility“责任”；loss“丧失，亏损”；direction“方向”。
6
(2019·石家庄市毕业班质检)
When Freddie arrived to perform in the hospital room, Pam worried it was already too late. Her 88－year－old
stepfather，Strobel, had _1.___ been moved to the palliative (姑息疗法)care unit.Para could _2.___ that something had
changed in him.A nurse told her Strobel's _3.___ was near.
“You're probably _4.___ your time，” Pam told Freddie.But Freddie _5.___ with her what medical professionals
had told him：_6.___ may be the last sense to go.
“Let me go in and _7.___，” Freddie said.“It's as much for you as it is for him.”
Freddie is a country and folk musician.When he was in his childhood, his mother encouraged her young son's
_8.___talent.When she was dying of cancer, he put their _9.___ of songs to its greatest use.He would crawl into her
hospital bed with his guitar and _10.___ her favorites.His mother seemed to relax, a(n) __11.___ look crossing her face.
“That moment allowed her and me to _12.___ like we used to when I was singing as a kid，” Freddie recalled.It
emphasized to him the _13.___ of music. When he _14.___ a non －profit organization called Swan Songs which
arranged free musical last wishes, Freddie signed up for the _15.___.
That was the case with Pam's stepfather who enjoyed _16.___music, and Swan Songs sent Freddie.That's why
Freddie arrived at the hospital that day, when Strobel seemed ready to say_17.___.Freddie played some songs and after
45 minutes, Pam asked for just one more song.Freddie _18.___ Love Me.He sang the last note and Strobel took his last
breath.
“Oh my，we just experienced one of the most _19.___moments in our lives.It was a gift for us all.At a really sad
time, it was _20.___，” said Pam.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。Freddie 自小在母亲的鼓励下发展音乐天赋，成为乡村民间音乐家，他的妈妈患癌
症离世前，他为他的妈妈唱歌，她安详离世；Pam 的继父即将离世，Freddie 也用歌曲伴随Pam 的继父走完最后一程。
1. A．still
B．just
C．ever
D．almost
解析：根据上文可知，当Freddie 赶到医院时，Pam 认为已经太迟了；结合语境可推知，Pam 的继父刚刚(just)
被送到姑息疗法监护室。
2. A．tell
B．explain
C．witness D．announce
解析：结合上文她的继父已经被送进姑息疗法监护室可知，Pam 看得出(tell)他有些变化。一位护士告诉她，她继
父的时间(time)不多了。
3. A．failure
B．relief
C．time
D．recovery
解析：参见上题解析。
4. A．killing
B．sparing
C．spending
D．wasting
解析：根据上文Pam 的继父即将去世并结合语境可知，Pam 认为Freddie 这样做很可能是在浪费(wasting)时间。
5. A．shared
B．traded
C．discussed
D．exchanged
解析：根据空后的“with her what medical professionals had told him：__6__may be the last sense to go”可知，
Freddie 和她分享了医疗人员和他说的话。
6. A．Tasting
B．Hearing
C．Smelling
D．Touching
解析：根据第一段中的“When Freddie arrived to perform”和第四段中的“Freddie is a country and folk musician”
以及下文的内容可知，Freddie 坚持进病房为病人演奏(play)音乐，并结合常识可推知，听觉是最后失去的感官；故B
项正确。
7. A．observe
B．check
C．negotiate
D．play
解析：参见上题解析。
8. A．athletic
B．creative
C．musical
D．literary
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解析：根据上文中的“Freddie is a country and folk musician”可知，Freddie 是一位乡村民间音乐家；结合该句可
知，他小时候他的妈妈就鼓励他发展自己的音乐天赋。C 项意为“音乐的”，故C 项正确。
9. A．love
B．instruction
C．choice
D．assessment
解析：根据下文可知，Freddie 的妈妈因癌症濒临死亡时，他给他的妈妈演唱(sing)她最爱的歌曲，让他的妈妈放
松下来；故此处表示他把他们(他和他妈妈)对歌曲的爱发挥到极致。
10. A．recite
B．sing
C．make up
O．pick up
解析：参见上题解析。
11. A．embarrassed
B．regretful
C．confused
D．peaceful
解析：根据该句中的“His mother seemed to relax”可知，他的妈妈看上去放松，脸上掠过平静的(peaceful)表情。
12. A．comfort
B．memorize
C．connect
D．escape
解析：根据语境可知，在Freddie 为妈妈弹奏演唱的那一刻，他感到就如从前孩童时唱歌那样，将妈妈和他联系
(connect)在一起。
13. A．power
B．rhyme
C．style
D．sound
解析：根据上文他的妈妈在濒临死亡时听到音乐仍然放松下来可知，这突出了音乐的力量(power)；B 项意为“押
韵”。
14. A．set up
B．broke up
C．heard about
D．talked about
解析：根据该句中的“Freddie signed up”可知，当Freddie 听说一个名为“Swan Songs”的非营利组织安排免费的、
最后的音乐愿望时，他报名参加了这个项目(program)。C 项意为“听说”，故C 项正确；A 项意为“成立，建立”，
B 项意为“分解，破裂”，D 项意为“谈论”，都与语境不符。
15. A．course
B．program
C．competition
D．treatment
解析：参见上题解析。
16. A．modern
B．popular
C．classical
D．country
解析：根据上文中的“Freddie is a country and folk musician”可知，Freddie 是一名乡村民间音乐家；结合该句中
的“That was the case with Pam's stepfather who enjoyed __16__ music”可推知，Pam 的继父喜欢乡村(country)音乐。
17. A．hello
B．goodbye
C．sorry
D．no
解析：根据上文Freddie 参加(为濒临死亡的人)演奏最后的音乐愿望的项目可知，此处表示Strobel 准备说再见
(goodbye)时，Freddie 赶到医院为他唱歌。
18. A．chose
B．analyzed
C．wrote
D．enjoyed
解析：根据下文中的“He sang the last note and Strobel took his last breath”可知，他唱到最后时，Strobel 停止了
呼吸；结合该句可知，Freddie 选择了《Love Me》这首歌。
19. A, glorious
B．difficult
C．ridiculous
D．magical
解析：根据上文可知，Freddie 唱到最后时，Strobel 停止了呼吸；结合下文的“It was a gift for us all”可知，这一
刻是给我们所有人的礼物；据此可推知，Pam 认为他们经历了人生中最奇妙的(magical)一刻；A 项意为“光荣的，辉
煌的”，C 项意为“荒谬的”，都与语境不符。
20. A．delightful
B．hopeful
C．beautiful
D．forgetful
解析：根据上文叙述的Freddie 唱着《Love Me》伴随Pam 的继父去世，结合该句中的“sad time”和语境可推知，
在这个悲伤的时刻，这是美好的(beautiful)；A 项意为“令人愉快的”，B 项意为“给人希望的”，D 项意为“健忘的”，
都与语境不符。
7
(2019·南昌市二模)
In a clean, clinical room, my best friend was dying in my arms.His eyes, dark brown and trusting, would soon
_1.___ forever. Heartbroken, I said, “Flash, you _2.___ so much happiness to me.I will do something good as a
_3.___.”
Flash came into my _4.___ when I was nine.From the moment my parents brought this cute dog home, he _5.___
my family with joy.
Then, _6.___happened. My mum was diagnosed with breast cancer when I was 11.Then my grandma, who was my
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_7.___，passed away.My sister developed Crohn's disease and while being tested, _8.___ a heart attack.I was being
bullied at school and started to _9.___ classes and avoid seeing people.
Flash soon gave me all the _10.___ he could offer.There were times when I felt there was no _11.___，but a pair of
brown eyes and loving face would somehow ease me. I knew he was _12.___ there for me.I knew he understood.
Now after 15 years, Flash was _13.___.I thought doing charity work was the best reward for him.I _14.___ in a
nonprofit organization in Southampton and contributed about 3,500 hours to _15.___ children with special needs, which
completely changed my life.I learned to love the _16.___ I had been on, and even accept the _17.___ bits.
I still miss Flash.It was him that had somehow _18.___ me to help others.Flash's death was one of the _19.___
moments of my life.But it was also an inspiring moment that _20.___ who I was—in the best possible way—forever.
文章大意：陪伴我多年的狗去世了，我悲痛欲绝，因为它曾经在我人生最艰难的时期陪伴我；狗离开我之后，我
开始思考如何回报它的陪伴；于是，我加入了志愿者服务行列。
1. A．open
B．close
C．shine
D．fade
解析：根据本段第一句中的“my best friend was dying”可知，狗就要去世了，它的眼睛即将永远闭上。故选B。
2. A．brought
B．told
C．saved
D．owed
解析：根据第二段的内容可知，我九岁时，Flash 走进我的生活，陪伴我；由此可知，此处表示它曾经给我带来了
那么多的快乐。故选A。
3. A．relief
B．chance
C．bonus
D．reward
解析：根据第13 空后面的“I thought doing charity work was the best reward for him”可知，为了报答Flash 的陪
伴，我将尽自己的能力做一些事情回报它。故选D。
4. A．mind
B．room
C．world
D．power
解析：根据第5 空前的“my parents brought this cute dog home”可知，在我九岁时，Flash 进入我的世界。故选C。
5. A．helped
B．filled
C．protected
D．decorated
解析：根据语境可知，Flash 让我的家充满欢乐。故选B。
6. A．disasters
B．stories
C．wonders
D．mistakes
解析：根据本段后面的内容可知，母亲患了癌症，祖母去世了，妹妹也生病了，并且我在学校受到同学的欺负。
由此可知，我的家庭经历了一系列不幸的事情，故选A。
7. A．burden
B．trouble
C．strength
D．challenge
解析：根据语境并结合选项可知，祖母当时是我的力量的源泉。故选C。
8. A．caused
B．noticed
C．fought
D．suffered
解析：根据该句中的“while being tested”和“a heart attack”可推知，妹妹当时在检查的过程中，遭受了心脏病的折
磨。故选D。
9. A．skip
B．give
C．take
D．enjoy
解析：根据该句中的“being bullied at school”和“avoid seeing people”可知，我当时在学校受到欺负，并且开始避
开人群。由此可推知，我当时开始逃课。故选A。
10. A．comment
B．comfort
C．expectation
D．relaxation
解析：根据该段中的“ease me”“I knew he understood”可知，Flash 给了我极大的安慰。故选B。
11. A．hope
B．time
C．money
D．use
解析：根据第三段的内容可知，我曾经遇到了一系列的不幸，我时常感到生活没有了希望，但是Flash 棕色的眼
睛、可爱的脸庞总是能让我感到宽慰。故选A。
12. A．frequently
B．sometimes
C．hardly
D．always
解析：根据第10、11 题的解析可知，Flash 总是能够在我最困难的时候，一直在那里陪伴我。故选D。
13. A．aging
B．gone
C．missing
D．deserted
解析：根据文章第一句并结合该句可知，现在，15 年后，Flash 去世了。故选B。
14. A．searched
B．competed
C．volunteered
D．performed
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解析：根据下文中的“a non－profit organization”和“contributed about 3,500 hours”可知，我自愿在一家非营利
机构工作。故选C。
15. A．attending to
B．meeting with
C．talking about
D．bringing up
解析：根据下文中的“children with special needs”可知，我贡献了大约3 500 个小时来照看有特殊需要的孩子。故
选A。A 项意为“照料”。
16. A．earth
B．journey
C．holiday
D．street
解析：根据上文中的“which completely changed my life”，可知，通过志愿者服务，我的生活完全变了，我开始喜
欢我过去所经历的旅程，甚至接受了最难接受的那些事情。故选B。
17. A．fantastic
B．absurd
C．hard
D．pleasant
解析：参见上题解析。
18. A．led
B．forced
C．trained
D．persuaded
解析：根据空前的“I still miss Flash”及第20 空前的“an inspiring moment”可知，Flash 引导我去帮助他人。故选
A。
19. A．fullest
B．craziest
C．tiniest
D．saddest
解析：根据第一段中的“Heartbroken”可知，Flash 的去世是我人生中最难过的时刻之一。故选D。
20. A．explained
B．transformed
C．admitted
D．described
解析：根据第16 空前的“which completely changed my life”并结合第18 题的解析可知，Flash 的去世也是让我发
生改变的时刻。故选B。
8
(2019·安徽省百所重点高中第三次模拟)
I used to watch Gogglebox when Caroline narrated (解说) it, partly because we were great friends, but also because
I loved the programme.In November 2013 ，when she was _1.___ill with cancer, Caroline asked me if I'd narrate
Gogglebox when she wasn't _2.___ to it.Certainly I said yes.Caroline was well and then unwell, so I _3.___ whenever she
needed me to.
When Caroline _4.___ in July 2016, I took over narrating _5.___. She will of course be in my life forever，_6.___ it
was heartbreaking for me to go into the small _7.___ in Manchester at 8 am every Friday morning to _8.___ the
narration.That was because I knew Caroline used to sit in the _9.___ room.Now that time has passed, going there is a
_10.___ moment because I feel Caroline is with me again.
I was new to narration—I'd had little _11.___ about it before.When I first narrated Gogglebox, the team was
_12.___ me during the whole process.Later I got to know the _13.___ and cast of Gogglebox, and they're all unique and
great.I expect to _14.___ my narrating and see them every week.
Gogglebox is so great that it can make you _15.___—I've been in tears loads of times—but it's also really warm and
_16.___，for something in it can always lift your spirits.When Gogglebox is _17.___，I watch it on TV like everybody
else.I can _18.___ my narration as a fan and forget about my _19.___ in it.I'm not only viewing the _20.___，but also
recalling(回忆) the unforgettable past Caroline and I had together again.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己做Gogglebox 节目解说人的经历。因为对该节目的喜爱以及好友
Caroline 是节目解说人，在Caroline 身患癌症的时候，作者曾给Caroline 代班，由此开启了作者的解说之路。
1．A．actually
B．secretly
C．exactly
D．seriously
解析：根据下文中的“with cancer”和作者对Caroline 的回忆可判断，Caroline 身患重病——癌症，故用seriously。
2．A．equal
B．close
C．related
D．used
解析：因为Caroline 身患癌症而不能胜任这份工作了，她问作者是否愿意解说Gogglebox。be equal to sth.“能胜
任某事”，符合语境。be close to“接近……”；be related to“与……有关”；be used to“习惯于……”。
3．A．gave in
B．filled in
C．took down
D．calmed down
解析：根据下文中的“whenever she needed me to”分析，只要需要，作者都会去填补空缺，故用filled in，而give
in“屈服”，take down“取下”，calm down“平静”，均不符合语境。
4．A．passed away
B．turned up
C．left off
D．pulled through
解析：根据下文中的“I took over”“She will of course be in my life forever”“I feel Caroline is with me again”可知，
Caroline 去世了。pass away“去世，亡故”；turn up“到达，来到”；leave off“停止，中断”；pull through“渡过
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难关”。
5．A．rules
B．plans
C．duties
D．traditions
解析：由于Caroline 去世，作者接替了解说的职责，故用duties。
6．A．but
B．then
C．so
D．even
解析：上文中的“She will of course be in my life forever”与下文中的“it was heartbreaking for me to go into”存在语
意和逻辑上的转折关系，故用but。
7．A．stop
B．studio
C．position
D．path
解析：根据语境和下文中的“room”可分析，此处表示每周五早上8 点走进这间小演播室录制节目解说让作者心碎，
故用studio。
8．A．ignore
B．judge
C．record
D．consider
解析：参见上题解析。record“录制，录(音)，录(像)”，符合语境。ignore“忽视”；judge“判断，断定”；
consider“仔细考虑”。
9．A．next
B．other
C．same
D．opposite
解析：前面提到了作者接替了Caroline 的工作，并且走进这间小演播室录制节目解说让作者心碎，因为作者知道
Caroline 曾坐在这间屋子里。故用same。
10．A．tough
B．regular
C．stressful
D．wonderful
解析：上文中的“Now that time has passed”和下文中的“because I feel Caroline is with me again”说明，那样的时期
已经过去，现在走进演播室是一个美妙的时刻，故用wonderful。
11．A．concern
B．doubt
C．expectation
D．knowledge
解析：作者在解说方面是新手，她之前在这方面知之甚少。have little knowledge about/of“对……知道很少”。
12．A．forcing
B．forbidding
C．guiding
D．questioning
解析：根据上文可知，作者在解说方面是新手，因此在作者第一次做解说时，Gogglebox 制作团队全程指导她。
guide“指导”，符合语境。force“强迫”；forbid“阻止，禁止”；question“质询，怀疑”。
13．A．crew
B．family
C．class
D．audience
解析：后来作者认识了Gogglebox 的工作人员(crew)和演员，每个人都很特别并且很棒，作者每周都期待开始解
说录制和见到他们。
14．A．change
B．start
C．complete
D．end
解析：参见上题解析。
15．A．nod
B．excite
C．shock
D．cry
解析：根据下文中的“I've been in tears loads of times”可知，它会让你哭泣，此空该填cry。
16．A．moving
B．disappointing
C．inspiring
D．challenging
解析：根据下文中的“for something in it can always lift your spirits”可知，它也是鼓舞人心的。inspiring“鼓舞人
心的，激励的，启发灵感的”符合语境。
17．A．on the move
B．on the air
C．on the turn
D．on the march
解析：当Gogglebox 播出时，作者像其他人一样在电视上观看。on the air“正在播送(电视、广播)”。
18．A．enjoy
B．act
C．produce
D．improve
解析：根据下文中的“as a fan and forget about my _19__ in it”可分析，作者像一名粉丝一样去欣赏自己的解说。
故用enjoy。
19．A．worry
B．part
C．interest
D．dream
解析：此处指作者会忘记自己参与其中。
20．A．office
B．trip
C．story
D．show
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解析：结合语境分析，此处表示作者不仅是在看这个节目，也是在回忆自己和好友Caroline 共度的难忘往事。故
用show 指代Gogglebox 这个节目。
9
(2019·河北省九校联考)
As a young girl I dreamed of being a dancer, so my parent let me attend dance classes when I was in first grade. But
I_1.___ knew the years to follow would teach me so many life lessons: hard work, leadership, passion(激情)．..
I was a part of dance teams where I learned to dance in _2.___ styles such as jazz, tap dance, ballet and so on.Due
to my talent and hard work, I quickly _3.___ in the teams. However, these classes became too _4.___ for my parents
when I was 13, leading me not to take conventional dance classes for the next four years.I knew we were not _5.___ then,
so I had no complaint.
_6.___ I was not taking dance classes, I used what I learned in _7.___ classes to keep my flexibility and develop my
dancing skills. Throughout this time my _8.___ for dancing helped me learn how to be a(n) _9.___ as I coached myself，
taught my sisters and _10.___ my own shows for my family.With the time and hard work in the four years when I
_11.___ to take dance classes, I was able to be _12.___ to my high school dance team.
Over the next three years in the team I _13.___ myself to be the best dancer.I managed to involve myself in every
dance _14.___；I also struggled with many _15.___.During the first year on the team both of my ankles hurt several
times, and it took me months of _16.___.However，my second competition season _17.___ patellar tendinitis (肌腱炎) in
my knees, which _18.___ disturbs me constantly till today.Even so，I was able to become a co－captain of the team and
lead them to _19.___ the first national championship title in the _20.___ of the team!
文章大意：这是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了她学习舞蹈的经历，字里行间透露的是作者的毅力和决心。
1．A．really
B．merely
C．suddenly
D．barely
解析：依据But 的转折和后面的内容“the years to follow would teach me so many life lessons：hard work，
leadership，passion(激情)”可知，此处应用一个表示否定意义的副词，表示作者不知道接下来几年的舞蹈学习会教会
她这么多。barely“几乎不，几乎没有”，符合语境。
2．A．various
B．latest
C．unique
D．classical
解析：依据下文的“such as jazz，tap dance，ballet and so on”可知，作者学跳各种风格的舞蹈。latest“最新的”；
unique“独特的”；classical“古典的”。
3．A．worked out
B．took out
C．came out
D．stood out
解析：依据上文的“Due to my talent and hard work”可知，由于作者既有天分又勤奋，她很快在舞蹈队里脱颖而
出。work out“锻炼身体，计算出”；take out“拿出，提取”；come out“出版，被获知，盛开”；stand out“出色，
显眼”。
4．A．deadly
B．strange
C．costly
D．valuable
解析：依据下文的“leading me not to take conventional dance classes for the next four years”可知，此处表示因为
舞蹈课的费用非常高，父母无力支付，因此作者停止了舞蹈学习。costly 是形容词，表示“昂贵的”。
5．A．happy
B．content
C．comfortable
D．secure
解析：依据上文作者父母无力支付作者舞蹈学习费用的内容和下文的“so I had no complaint”可知，此处表示作者
知道家里并不宽裕，因此她并不抱怨父母。happy“幸福的”；content“满足的”；comfortable“宽裕的，富裕的”；
secure“安全的，牢靠的”。
6．A．Now that
B．Even if
C．As though
D．Just when
解析：依据主句“I used what I learned...develop my dancing skills”可以推断出，该空所在的从句是让步状语从句，
故用Even if“尽管”。
7．A．new
B．primary
C．previous
D．final
解析：由上文可知，作者这几年没有上正规的舞蹈课，由此推断她用以前学到的舞蹈知识来进行练习。primary“主
要的，基本的”；previous“先前的”；final“最终的”。
8．A．energy
B．admiration
C．appreciation
D．enthusiasm
解析：依据上文可知，在不能上舞蹈课的情况下，作者还在坚持跳舞，由此可以推断出她对舞蹈饱含热情。
energy“精力”；admiration“钦佩，羡慕”；appreciation“感激”；enthusiasm“热情”。
9．A．instructor
B．performer
C．partner
D．contributor
解析：依据下文的“coached myself，taught my sisters”可知，对跳舞的热情帮助作者学习做一个指导者。
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instructor“教练，导师”；performer“表演者”；partner“伙伴，同伴”；contributor“投稿人，捐献者”。
10．A．spoke about
B．backed up
C．made up
D．put on
解析：依据“my own shows for my family”可知，作者为家人表演节目。put on“上演”。
11．A．attempted
B．failed
C．chose
D．intended
解析：依据第二段的最后两句可知，作者四年间没有上正规的舞蹈课，再联系本句中的“in the four years”可知，
fail to do sth.“未做某事”符合语境。attempt“尝试”；choose“选择”；intend“打算，计划”。
12．A．admitted
B．addicted
C．adapted
D．applied
解析：依据下一段内容可知，作者成为校舞蹈队的成员，因此这里指作者被校舞蹈队录取。be admitted to“被……
录取”。
13．A．considered
B．pushed
C．warned
D．expected
解析：依据下文的“I managed”“I also struggled”“I was able to become a co－captain of the team and lead them”
可知，此处表示在校舞蹈队期间，作者督促自己做该队中最优秀的队员。push sb. to be/do...表示“督促某人成为……/
做……”。consider“认为”；warn“告诫”；expect“期望”。
14．A．examination
B．campaign
C．activity
D．trial
解析：依据语境可知，作者努力参与每一项校舞蹈队的舞蹈活动(activity)。
15．A．injuries
B．goals
C．disagreements
D．desires
解析：依据下文的脚踝受伤、肌腱炎可知，在跳舞过程中作者曾多次受伤(injuries)。
16．A．recovery
B．practice
C．suffering
D．learning
解析：依据上文的“both of my ankles hurt several times，and it took me months of”可推断出，此处指作者脚踝
受伤之后花费数月恢复，故选recovery“恢复，康复”。practice“训练”；suffering“痛苦”；learning“学习”。
17．A．cured
B．caused
C．defeated
D．fought
解析：依据上下文可知，第二个舞蹈赛季导致(caused)作者患肌腱炎。
18．A．just
B．also
C．yet
D．still
解析：依据下文的“disturbs me constantly till today”可知，此处应表示这直至今天还困扰着作者，故用still。
19．A．approach
B．understand
C．win
D．keep
解析：即便有这么多伤痛，作者还是成功带领校舞蹈队赢得了校舞蹈队历史上第一个全国冠军头衔。依据句中的
“national championship title”可知，此处用win。win the...title 表示“获得……冠军头衔”。
20．A．organization
B．history
C．charge
D．imagination
解析：参见上题解析。
文体2
夹叙夹议文
(2018·天津卷)
No one is born a winner.People make themselves into winners by their own _1.___.
I learned this lesson from a(n) _2.___many years ago.I took the head _3.___ job at a school in Baxley，Georgia.It
was a small school with a weak football program.
It was a tradition for the school's old team to play against the __4.___ team at the end of spring practice.The old
team had no coach，and they didn't even practice to _5.___ the game.Being the coach of the new team，I was excited
because I knew we were going to win，but to my disappointment we were defeated.I couldn't _6.___ I had got into such a
situation.Thinking hard about it，I came to __7.___ that my team might not be the number one team in Georgia，but
they were _8.___ me.I had to change my _9.___ about their ability and potential.
I started doing anything I could to help them build a little __10.___.Most important，I began to treat them like
_11.___.That summer，when the other teams enjoyed their _12.___，we met every day and _13.___ passing and kicking
the football.
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Six months after suffering our _14.___ on the spring practice field，we won our first game and our second，and
continued to _15.___.Finally，we faced the number one team in the state.I felt that it would be a _16.___ for us even if we
lost the game.But that wasn't what happened.My boys beat the best team in Georgia，giving me one of the greatest
_17.___ of my life!
From the experience I learned a lot about how the attitude of the leader can _18.___ the members of a team.Instead
of seeing my boys as losers ，I pushed and _19.___ them.I helped them to see themselves _20.___ ，and they built
themselves into winners.
Winners are made，not born.
文章大意：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过自己当教练的一次经历告诉我们，胜利者是创造出来的，而不是天
生的。
1．A．luck
B．tests
C．efforts
D．nature
解析：上文语境题。联系上句“No one is born a winner.(没有人天生是胜利者)”知，人们成为胜利者靠的是自己
的努力(efforts)。luck 运气；test 测试；nature 自然，天性。
2．A．experiment
B．experience
C．visit
D．show
解析：下文语境题。联系倒数第二段中的from the experience 可知，从很多年前的一次经历(experience)中“我”
明白了这个道理。experiment 实验；visit 拜访，参观；show 表明，展示。
3．A．operating
B．editing
C．consulting
D．coaching
解析：下文语境题。联系下一段中的being the coach of the new team (作为新队的教练)可知，“我”承担训练(coach)
任务。operate 操作，运行，做手术；edit 编辑；consult 咨询，查阅。
4．A．successful
B．excellent
C．strong
D．new
解析：上下文语境题。联系空前的old team 和下文的being the coach of the new team 可知，这是老队与新(new)
队之间的比赛。successful 成功的；excellent 优秀的；strong 强壮的。
5．A．cheer for
B．prepare for
C．help with
D．finish with
解析：上文语境题。由空前提到的practice(训练)可知，训练是为比赛做准备(prepare for)的。cheer for 为……欢
呼；help with 帮助……；finish with 以……结束。
6．A．believe
B．agree
C．describe
D．regret
解析：上文语境题。上文提到I was excited because I knew we were going to win(我很兴奋，因为我知道我们将会
赢)，但最后“我们”队输了比赛，这个结果是作者不能接受的，因此他不相信(believe)。agree 同意；describe 描述；
regret 后悔，遗憾。
7．A．realize
B．claim
C．permit
D．demand
解析：上文语境题。联系空前的thinking hard about it (仔细考虑)可知，此处意为“我逐渐意识到(realize)……”。
claim 宣称；permit 允许；demand 要求，需求。
8．A．reacting to
B．looking for
C．depending on
D．caring about
解析：上文语境题。联系空前的my team might not be the number one team(我的队可能不是最好的)和but(表转折)
可知，他们依靠(depend on)“我”。react to 对……作出回应；look for 寻找；care about 关心，在乎。
9．A．decision
B．attitude
C．conclusion
D．intention
解析：下文语境题。联系下段中“我”改变自己的做法以及倒数第二段中提到的the attitude (态度)可知，空格处
是指“我”改变了对他们的态度(attitude)。decision 决定；conclusion 结论；intention 意图，计划，打算。
10．A．pride
B．culture
C．fortune
D．relationship
解析：上文语境题。联系空前的I started doing anything I could to help them build a little (我开始做力所能及的一
切来帮助他们建立一些)可知，空格处应是一个褒义词，pride(自豪感)符合文意。culture 文化；fortune 运气，大笔的
钱；relationship 关系。
11．A．leaders
B．partners
C．winners
D．learners
解析：上下文语境题。联系上文的winners(胜利者)和倒数第二段中的losers(失败者)可知，“我”开始把他们当
胜利者(winner)对待。leader 领导者；partner 伙伴，合作者；learner 学习者。
12．A．rewards
B．vacations
C．health
D．honor
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解析：下文语境题。联系空后的we met every day(我们天天见面)和passing and kicking the football (传球和踢球)
可知，其他的队在享受假期(vacation)时“我们”在训练。reward 奖赏；health 健康；honor 荣誉。
13．A．risked
B．missed
C．considered
D．practiced
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的passing and kicking the football(传球和踢球)可知，是在训练(practice)。risk 冒
险；miss 思念，错过；consider 考虑。
14．A．defeat
B．decline
C．accident
D．mistake
解析：上下文语境题。联系上文的we were defeated (我们被打败了)以及空后的on the spring practice field (在春
季的训练场上)可知，是承受了在春季训练场上的失败(defeat)。decline 下降，减少；accident 事故；mistake 错误。
15．A．relax
B．improve
C．expand
D．defend
解析：上文语境题。联系空前的won our first game and our second (赢了我们第一场比赛、我们第二场比赛)可知，
“我们”继续提高(improve)。relax 放松；expand 扩展，膨胀；defend 保卫，保护。
16．A．shame
B．burden
C．victory
D．favor
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的even if we lost the game(即使我们输了比赛)可知，空格处指“与强队对决本身就
是一个胜利(victory)”。shame 羞愧；burden 负担；favor 恩惠，偏爱，支持。
17．A．chances
B．thrills
C．concerns
D．offers
解析：上文语境题。联系空前的my boys beat the best team (我的队员打败了最好的队)可知，这是“我”生命中
最令人激动的事(thrill)之一。chance 机会；concern 关心，担心，忧虑；offer 主动提议。
18．A．surprise
B．serve
C．interest
D．affect
解析：上文语境题。联系上文“我的队员踢得很好，打败了最好的队”知，“我”的态度的改变影响(affect)了队
员。surprise 使……吃惊；serve 服务，提供，端上；interest 使……感兴趣。
19．A．encouraged
B．observed
C．protected
D．impressed
解析：上文语境题。联系空前的pushed (催促)知，空格处是指“鼓励(encourage)他们”。observe 观察；protect 保
护；impress 使印象深刻。
20．A．honestly
B．individually
C．calmly
D．differently
解析：上文语境题。联系上句中的instead of seeing my boys as losers 以及上文的treat them like winners 可知，此
处是指“我帮他们用不同的方式(differently)看待自己”。honestly 老实地，诚实地；individually 个人地；calmly 平静
地。
名师点津
一、题型解读
夹叙夹议类的完形填空一般有以下三种结构特点：
1．事例→观点：先叙述一件事情，然后针对这件事情发表自己的看法或揭示生活的真理。
2．观点→事例：先提出一种观点或看法，然后围绕这一观点或看法用具体的事例来说明。一般是一个事例，有时
也会用几个事例来说明。一般是一个事例，有时也会用几个事例从不同的侧面加以说明。
3．观点→事例→观点：首先提出一种观点或看法，然后用事例说明，最后再进一步阐述或总结自己的观点。
二、解题技巧
1．分析结构，抓住作者观点。在做题时大家要借助文章结构，认真体会记叙和议论的关系，抓住作者的观点，明
确文章的组织方式。看文章属于上述哪种结构，从而明白作者的思路。
2．重视首句，把握文章主题。首句往往是文章的关键句、引题句或主题句。通过首句可以初步判断文章的写作中
心，为全面理解文章打开一扇“窗户”。
3．叙议兼顾，理解议论内涵。夹叙夹议中叙与议是一个有机的整体，叙是议的基础，而议是叙的升华。在读这类
文章时，掌握议论部分的内容是关键，因为叙述是为作者的议论而服务的。所以只有把故事和哲理联系起来，再结合
人物心理和行为的描述，全面把握文章才能正确解题。
4．抓住转换，理清逻辑关系。抓住记叙与议论的转换，及时调整思维方式，理清上下文之间的逻辑关系，在充分
把握语境的基础上，辨析词语，进一步把握作者的观点、态度，找到正确答案。
1．利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题
在高考完形填空文章中，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词
汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索，可以帮助我们快速确定某
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些题目的正确答案。
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)
Two weeks earlier，my son，Ben，had got in touch.He'd moved to England with his mum when he was three and it
had been 13 years since I'd last seen him.So imagine my 42.______ when he emailed me saying he wanted to come to
visit me.
◆A．delight
B．relief
C．anger
D．worry
[解题思路]
本题可以利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题。前文提到作者已经13 年没见过自己的儿子了，因此当儿子发来邮件
说他想来看望作者时，作者应该是感到高兴(delight)，故选____。
2．利用褒贬语境判曲直
每篇完形填空所表达的内容都有一定的褒贬性，这种褒贬性反映了作者的特定心理、情绪状态和写作意图，因此
利用文章内容的褒贬性就能对文章进行准确的逻辑判断，从而在吃透文章并准确传递文章的基础上推断出答案。
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
During my second year at the city college，I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course，
called Thinking Chess，for three credits....And，even if I weren't 43.______ enough about free credits，news about our
instructor was appealing enough to me.He was an international grandmaster，which meant I would be learning from
one of the game's 46.______.I could hardly wait to 47.______ him.
...
43．A．excited
B．worried
C．moved
D．tired
46．A．fastest
B．easiest
C．best
D．rarest
47．A．interview
B．meet
C．challenge
D．beat
[解题思路]
这是作者在上选修的智慧棋盘课之前的一段心理描写。此处作者表达了自己对即将见到的老师的仰慕，使用了许
多褒义词和短语，如appealing，international grandmaster，could hardly wait 等。由此可以判断，第43 题和第46 题
也应该选择褒义词，而且应该是含义最积极、感情最浓厚的词语，这样才能符合上下文语境。故第43 题选____，第
46 题选____。在作者如此强烈的仰慕之情中，作者不可能去“挑战”老师，更不可能去“击败”老师，“采访”也不
是作者此时想做的事，因此此处表示“见到”老师本人让作者迫不及待了，故第47 题选_____。
3．利用对应成分分析法解题
完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对
应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答
案。
典例(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)
Teresa posted a photo of the chance meeting on a social networking website accompanied by the touching words：
“What a blessing this young man was to our family！He was so 59.______ and kind to do this.”
◆A．smart
B．calm
C．sweet
D．fair
[解题思路]
本题可以利用对应成分分析法解题。
从上述分析可以看出，第59 题与kind 形成对应关系。因为有and 这一并列连词，并且and 前后意思应该一致，
表示“他做这件事真是太友好和善良了”。故选____。
4．依托记叙内容，归纳议论观点
在夹叙夹议文中，叙述和议论不可分割，记叙的目的是议论；议论的目的是说明作者的观点和态度，是对记叙部
分的评价或分析，是故事的升华。做题时，需要把文章中的记叙和议论结合起来，保持两者的一致。
典例
It struck me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for all the girls on the team.I think it
is a general principle.__19__ is the best teacher.
◆A．Experience
B．Independence
C．Curiosity
D．Interest
[解题思路]
作者的女儿参加一项娱乐性足球赛并进入了锦标赛。周六在与水平更高的队比赛时她们队输了，但是她们的球队
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善于学习，周日比赛时她们表现得完全不同，居然还进一球。作者由此感慨；实践出真知，经验是最好的老师。这句
话就是叙述后的议论，是升华的部分，故选____。
(浙江卷)
During the war，my husband was stationed at an army camp in a desert in California.I went to live there in order to
be _1.___ him.I hated the place.I had never _2.___ been so unhappy.My husband was ordered out on a longterm duty，
and I was left in a tiny shack (棚屋) alone.The heat was _3.___—almost 125 °F even in the shade of a cactus (仙人
掌)．_4.___ a soul to talk to.The wind blew nonstop，and all the food I ate，and the very air I breathed，were _5.___ with
sand，sand，sand!
I was so sorry for myself that I wrote to my parents.I told them I was _6.___ and coming back home.I said I
couldn't stand it one minute longer.I _7.___ be in prison！My father answered my __8.___ with just two lines—two lines
that will always sing in my __9.___—two lines that completely changed my life：
Two men looked out from prison bars，
One saw the mud，the other saw the stars.
I read those two lines _10.___.I was ashamed of myself.I made up my mind I would find out what was good in my
present __11.___；I would look for the stars.
I made friends with the natives，and their _12.___amazed me.They gave me presents of their favorite artworks
which they had _13.___ to sell to tourists.I studied the delightful forms of the cactus.I watched for the desert sunsets，
and _14.___ for seashells that had been left there millions of years ago when the sands of the desert had been an ocean
_15.___.
What brought about this _16.___ change in me? The desert hadn't changed ，_17.___ I had.I had changed my
_18.___.And by doing so，I changed an unhappy experience into the most amazing _19.___ of my life.I was excited by
this new world that I had discovered.I had looked out of my self－created prison and __20.___ the stars.
文章大意：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章讲述了作者为了陪伴丈夫来到沙漠。恶劣的生存环境让作者感到不快乐。
而作者父亲回信中的两行话彻底改变了她，让她改变了生活态度，学会了在逆境中享受生活。
1．A．off
B．behind
C．near
D．beyond
解析：上文语境题。根据空格前的went to live there 可以看出，作者到那里住的目的是希望离丈夫近(near)一些。
off 离开；behind 在……后面；near 在……附近；beyond 超出，远于。
2．A．before
B．already
C．then
D．still
解析：上下文语境题。根据上文使用的过去时及下文I said I couldn't stand it one minute longer.可知，作者在此之
前(before)从未那么不快乐过。before 在……之前；already 已经；then 然后，那么；still 仍然。
3．A．inflexible
B．incomprehensible
C．uncontrollable
D．unbearable
解析：下文语境题。由破折号后的almost 125 °F even in the shade of a cactus 可知，即便是在仙人掌的阴凉里，这
种炎热也是让人无法忍受的(unbearable)。inflexible 缺乏弹性的，不可改变的；incomprehensible 难懂的，不可理解的；
uncontrollable 控制不住的，无法管束的；unbearable 无法忍受的，承受不住的。
4．A．Only
B．Not
C．Many
D．Such
解析：上下文语境题。由该段内容可以看出，作者所居住地方的炎热的天气、永无休止的风、所吃的食物、呼吸
的空气都令人无法忍受。空格处应该指这里没有(not)作者可以与之聊天的人。only 仅仅，只有；not 没有；many 许多；
such 那样的。
5．A．covered
B．filled
C．buried
D．charged
解析：上下文语境题。此处各选项均可填入构成短语：be covered with 用……覆盖；be filled with 充满……；be buried
with 被……掩埋；be charged with 被指控犯……(罪)。由该句语境可以看出，无论是作者吃的食物还是呼吸的空气，
到处都充满了(were filled with)沙子。
6．A．catching up
B．keeping up
C．giving up
D．getting up
解析：下文语境题。由后面的I said I couldn't stand it one minute longer.可以看出，由于居住地恶劣的环境，作者
打算放弃(give up)并准备回家。catch up 赶上；keep up 保持，维持；give up 放弃；get up 起床。
7．A．ought to
B．might well
C．would rather
D．had better
解析：上下文语境题。由该空所在句可知，作者在信中告诉父母，她一分钟也坚持不下去了，她宁愿(would rather)
去蹲监狱。ought to 应该；might well 有充分理由，足以；would rather 宁愿；had better 最好。
8．A．request
B．call
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C．question
D．letter
解析：上文语境题。由该段第一句中的I wrote to my parents 可知，作者给自己的父母写了封信。request 请求，
要求；call 通话，召唤；question 问题；letter 信。
9．A．comparison
B．imagination
C．consideration
D．memory
解析：下文语境题。由下文可以看出，作者父亲的这两行话彻底改变了作者对生活的态度，所以这两行话总是在
她的记忆(memory)里唱响。comparison 对比；imagination 想象；consideration 考虑，体贴；memory 记忆。
10．A．over and over
B．by and by
C．up and down
D．now and then
解析：上下文语境题。由上下文语境可知，作者收到父亲的信后反复(over and over)阅读，并为自己感到羞愧。over
and over 再三，反复；by and by 不久，很快；up and down 上上下下，来回；now and then 不时，时常。
11．A．company
B．occupation
C．situation
D．relationship
解析：上文语境题。由上文可知，空格所在句表示作者下定决心找到自己目前处境(situation)的优势。company
陪伴，公司；occupation 工作，占用；situation 处境，状况；relationship 关系。
12．A．movement
B．reaction
C．guidance
D．purpose
解析：上下文语境题。由该段内容可知，作者与当地人交朋友，而他们把最喜欢的艺术品作为礼物送给作者。他
们的反应(reaction)让作者感到吃惊。movement 运动，活动；reaction 反应；guidance 指导；purpose 目的。
13．A．refused
B．failed
C．managed
D．happened
解析：上下文语境题。由上下文语境可知，当地人对作者做出的反应让作者感到吃惊，因为他们竟然舍得将拒绝
(refuse)卖给游客的艺术品当作礼物送给作者。refuse 拒绝；fail 失败，不及格；manage 管理；happen 发生，碰巧。
14．A．asked
B．hunted
C．waited
D．headed
解析：上下文语境题。各选项均可与空格后的for 构成短语。ask for 请求，要求；hunt for 寻找；wait for 等待；
head for 前往……。由下文中的定语从句that had been left there millions of years ago 可知，作者在沙漠里寻找(hunt for)
几百万年前遗留下来的贝壳。
15．A．floor
B．surface
C．rock
D．level
解析：上文语境题。由空格所在句when the sands of the desert had been an ocean __15__可知，沙漠里的沙地曾经
是海底(floor)。floor 底部，地面；surface 表面；rock 岩石；level 水平。
16．A．shocking
B．challenging
C．puzzling
D．astonishing
解析：上文语境题。由上文可以看出，作者由最初的抱怨并打算放弃在沙漠中的生活，到后来接受自己的处境并
学会欣赏生活中的美好可以看出，作者的变化是令人十分惊讶的(astonishing)。shocking 骇人的；challenging 具有挑
战性的；puzzling 令人感到迷惑的；astonishing 令人十分惊讶的。
17．A．as
B．but
C．for
D．or
解析：语意关系题。由上文可以看出，沙漠没有改变，但(but)作者发生了变化。as 表原因；but 表转折；for 表原
因；or 表示出现相反的情况。
18．A．attitude
B．principle
C．identity
D．standard
解析：上文语境题。由上文可以看出，作者由最初的不快乐到后来学会享受沙漠生活，完全是因为自己对生活的
态度(attitude)发生了改变。attitude 态度；principle 原则；identity 身份，一致；standard 标准。
19．A．vacation
B．operation
C．affair
D．adventure
解析：上文语境题。所给选项中的adventure 与该句中的experience 相对应。vacation 假期；operation 操作，手
术；affair 事务，事件；adventure 冒险，奇遇。
20．A．sought
B．counted
C．found
D．reached
解析：上文语境题。作者将自己从最初感受到沙漠之苦到后来体验到沙漠生活的快乐的转变比喻为在自设的监狱
里发现(find)了星星。seek 寻找；count 数数；find 发现；reach 到达。
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2018·浙江卷)
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We have all heard how time is more valuable than money，but is it _1.___ to have too much time?
I _2.___back in high school I spent most of my day at school since I also _3.___ a team sport.By the time I got
home，I only had a few hours to do my homework，and I had to do it _4.___.
When I got into college，things _5.___.I suddenly found myself out of class before noon time.Because of all this
_6.___ time，there was no sense of _7.___ to do my school work immediately.I was performing this action of waiting until
it later became a _8.___.Once that happened，I just kept _9.___ my studying further and further back in my day.Then I
got to the point where I was _10.___ really late at night to get my work done.
One day I _11.___ a former classmate of mine who was _12.___ a lot of money running a sideline(副业)．Since his
regular job was _13.___，I asked him why he just didn't do his sideline full－time.He said without the job，he would
_14.___ have too much time and would just do what I did back in _15.___.He said that if he _16.___ the job，he would
lose his _17.___ to work and succeed.
So，try _18.___ your time with other work.This is why there is a _19.___ that if you want something done，ask a
_20.___ person to do it.
文章大意：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。我们都知道时间比金钱更宝贵，但是拥有太多的时间是种什么感觉呢？你是
不是也很想体验一下？那就一起来了解一下作者的经历吧！
1．A．true
B．fair
C．strange
D．possible
解析：上下文语境题。作者在文章开头提出问题“我们都听说过时间如何比金钱更宝贵，但是拥有太多的时间，
这可能(possible)吗？”。true 真的；fair 公平的；strange 奇怪的。
2．A．remember
B．admit
C．understand
D．expect
解析：下文语境题。根据下文叙述可知，作者记起(remember)了高中时的生活。admit 承认；understand 理解；
expect 期望。
3．A．watched
B．loved
C．coached
D．played
解析：上下文语境题。因为作者还参加团体性运动，所以他一天的大部分时间都是在学校度过的。watch 观看；love
热爱；coach 训练；play 参加运动。
4．A．at last
B．right away
C．of course
D．as usual
解析：上文语境题。根据上文可知作者到家后只有几个小时的时间做作业，所以必须立即(right away)开始做。at last
最后；of course 当然；as usual 像往常一样。
5．A．happened
B．repeated
C．changed
D．mattered
解析：上下文语境题。前面提到高中时间紧张，又由后文可知，在大学，课程中午前就结束了，所以说事情发生
了变化(change)。happen 发生；repeat 重复；matter 要紧。
6．A．extra
B．difficult
C．valuable
D．limited
解析：上文语境题。课程结束得早，就有了额外的(extra)时间。difficult 难的；valuable 宝贵的；limited 有限的。
7．A．duty
B．achievement
C．urgency
D．direction
解析：上下文语境题。时间充足，所以“没有立即去做功课的紧迫(urgency)感”。duty 责任；achievement 成就，
成绩；direction 方向。
8．A．burden
B．relief
C．risk
D．habit
解析：上文语境题。作者一直做这个等待的动作直到后来它变成了一个习惯(habit)。burden 重担，负担；relief
缓和，宽慰；risk 冒险。
9．A．pushing
B．taking
C．setting
D．calling
解析：上下文语境题。由上下文可知，作者不断地把学习往后推(push...back)。take...back 带回来；set...back 拖……
后腿；call...back 回电话。
10．A．hanging out
B．staying up
C．jogging round
D．showing off
解析：上下文语境题。因为把功课一直往后推，所以最后只能熬夜(stay up)。hang out 出去闲逛；jog round 在周
围慢跑；show off 炫耀。
11．A．met
B．helped
C．treated
D．hired
解析：下文语境题。由下文叙述可知，有一天作者遇到了(meet)一个以前的同班同学。help 帮助；treat 对待；hire
雇用。
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12．A．raising
B．wasting
C．demanding
D．making
解析：下文语境题。由下文提到的running a sideline(经营副业)可知，此处是指赚许多钱(make a lot of money)。
raise money 筹钱；waste money 浪费钱；demand money 要钱。
13．A．safe
B．important
C．boring
D．rewarding
解析：下文语境题。由下文作者问同班同学为什么不全职经营他的副业可知，他的固定工作很无聊(boring)。safe
安全的；important 重要的；rewarding 值得做的，报酬高的。
14．A．luckily
B．hardly
C．hopefully
D．simply
解析：上下文语境题。如果没有那份工作，他简直会有太多时间。simply“实在，简直”，符合语境。luckily 幸
运地；hardly 几乎不；hopefully 有希望地。
15．A．childhood
B．college
C．town
D．business
解析：上文语境题。结合上文可知，如果拥有太多时间，作者的同班同学就会跟作者在大学里(college)所做的一样。
childhood 童年时期；town 城镇；business 生意，商务。
16．A．quit
B．found
C．accepted
D．kept
解析：上文语境题。上文作者问同班同学为什么不全职经营副业，所以此处是说“如果辞职(quit)”。find 找到，
发现；accept 接受；keep 保持，保留。
17．A．heart
B．chance
C．drive
D．way
解析：上下文语境题。如果辞职，他就会失去工作的动力(drive)。drive n．内驱力，推动力，符合语境。lose one's
heart 倾心于；lose one's chance 失去机会；lose one's way 迷路。
18．A．saving
B．filling up
C．giving up
D．trading
解析：上文语境题。通过上文得出结论：因此，试着用其他工作填满(fill up)你的时间。save 节省；give up 放弃；
trade 交易。
19．A．message
B．story
C．saying
D．fact
解析：上下文语境题。句意：这就是为什么有这样一种说法(saying)……message 信息；story 故事；fact 事实。
20．A．careful
B．busy
C．reliable
D．kind
解析：上文语境题。通过上文的描述可知，越忙效率越高。故此处意为“如果你想做某事，就请忙碌的(busy)人
去完成”。careful 仔细的；reliable 可信赖的；kind 友好的。
B
(2016·全国Ⅲ卷)
When I was 13 my only purpose was to become the star on our football team.That meant _1.___ Miller King，who
was the best _2.___ at our school.
Football season started in September and all summer long I worked out.I carried my football everywhere for
_3.___.
Just before September，Miller was struck by a car and lost his right arm.I went to see him after he came back from
_4.___.He looked very _5.___，but he didn't cry.
That season，I _6.___ all of Miller's records while he _7.___ the home games from the bench.We went 10－1 and I
was named most valuable player，_8.___ I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame for Miller's _9.___.
One afternoon, I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller _10.___ going over a fence—which wasn't
_11.___ to climb if you had both arms.I'm sure I was the last person in the world he wanted to accept _12.___ from.But
even that challenge he accepted.I _13.___ him move slowly over the fence.When we were finally _14.___ on the other
side, he said to me，“You know, I didn't tell you this during the season，but you did _15.___.Thank you for filling in for
_16.___.”
His words freed me from my bad _17.___.I thought to myself ，how even without an arm he was more of a
leader.Damaged but not defeated, he was _18.___ ahead of me.I was right to have _19.___ him.From that day on, I grew
_20.___ and a little more real.
文章大意：本文是夹叙夹议类文章。在学校“我”喜欢踢足球，并且很崇拜Miller King，但是他因为车祸失去了
右臂而不能参加比赛了。“我”代替了他，并且取得了骄人的成绩。“我”心里感觉对不起他，但是他的话让“我”
深受感动。
1．A．cheering for
B．beating out
C．relying on
D．staying with
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解析：上下文语境题。联系空前的to become the star on our football team 和空后的who was the best...可知，“我”
要成为足球队的明星，就意味着要击败(beat out)最好的球员Miller King。cheer for 为……欢呼；rely on 依靠；stay with
与……待在一起。
2．A．coach
B．student
C．teacher
D．player
解析：上文语境题。联系前文“我要在足球上打败Miller King”可知，他是学校最好的球员(player)。coach 教练；
student 学生；teacher 老师。
3．A．practice
B．show
C．comfort
D．pleasure
解析：上文语境题。联系前文all summer long I worked out 可知，整个夏天自己都带着足球，在外练习(practice)。
show 表演；comfort 安慰；pleasure 乐趣。
4．A．school
B．vacation
C．hospital
D．training
解析：上文语境题。联系前文Miller was struck by a car and lost his right arm.可知，他出车祸，住院了，然后从
医院(hospital)回来。school 学校；vacation 假期；training 训练。
5．A．pale
B．calm
C．relaxed
D．ashamed
解析：上文语境题。联系前文“他刚从医院回来”可知他脸色苍白(pale)。calm 平静的；relaxed 放松的；ashamed
羞愧的。
6．A．held
B．broke
C．set
D．tried
解析：下文语境题。联系下文We went 10－1 and I was named most valuable player...可知，“我”打破(break)了
Miller 所有的纪录。hold 保持；set 创造；try 尝试。
7．A．reported
B．judged
C．organized
D．watched
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的the home games from the bench 可知，他坐在凳子上看(watch)比赛。report 报道；
judge 裁判，评判；organize 组织。
8．A．and
B．then
C．but
D．thus
解析：上下文语境题。前后两部分在语意上是转折关系，因此用but。
9．A．decision
B．mistake
C．accident
D．sacrifice
解析：上文语境题。联系空前的Miller's 以及前文讲述的Miller 因为车祸致残不能参加比赛的情况可知，作者总
是责备自己，因为Miller 遭遇车祸(accident)了自己才有机会。decision 决定；mistake 错误；sacrifice 牺牲。
10．A．stuck
B．hurt
C．tired
D．lost
解析：下文语境题。联系后文which wasn't _11__(hard)to climb if you had both arms 可知，因为现在失去了右臂，
他过篱笆时被卡住(stuck)了。hurt 受伤的；tired 疲倦的；lost 丢失的。
11．A．steady
B．hard
C．fun
D．fit
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的if you had both arms 可知，现在他卡住了，如果有两只胳膊，过篱笆对于他来说，
不是难(hard)事。steady 稳定的；fun 有趣的；fit 合适的，健康的。
12．A．praise
B．advice
C．assistance
D．apology
解析：下文语境题。联系下文I __13__(helped)him move slowly over the fence.可知，“我”帮助了他，但是“我”
认为他是不想接受“我”的帮助(assistance)。praise 表扬；advice 建议；apology 道歉。
13．A．let
B．helped
C．had
D．noticed
解析：上下文语境题。联系前文“I'm sure I was the last person in the world he wanted to accept assistance from”可
知，“我”帮助(help)他从篱笆上下来。let 让；have 有；notice 注意。
14．A．dropped
B．ready
C．trapped
D．safe
解析：上文语境题。由前文的move slowly over the fence 和空后的on the other side 可知，最后我们安全(safe)了。
drop 落下；ready 准备好的；trap 卡住。
15．A．fine
B．wrong
C．quickly
D．normally
解析：上文语境题。联系前文We went 10－1 and I was named most valuable player 可知，他说“我”做得很好
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(fine)。wrong 错误地；quickly 迅速地；normally 平常地。
16．A．us
B．yourself
C．me
D．them
解析：上文语境题。联系空前的filling in 可知，因为Miller 受伤，作者代替了他，此处是Miller 说的话，所以用
me。
17．A．memories
B．ideas
C．attitudes
D．dreams
解析：上文语境题。联系前文I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame 可知，他的话让“我”从这些不好
的梦(dream)中摆脱出来。memory 记忆；idea 主意；attitude 态度。
18．A．still
B．also
C．yet
D．just
解析：上文语境题。联系空前的Damaged but not defeated 可知，Miller 尽管受伤，但是没有被打败，他仍(still)
在“我”的前面。
19．A．challenged
B．cured
C．invited
D．admired
解析：上文语境题。联系前文Miller King，who was the best __2__(player)at our school 可知，“我”崇拜(admire)
他。challenge 挑战；cure 治愈；invite 邀请。
20．A．healthier
B．bigger
C．cleverer
D．cooler
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的and a little more real 可知，自己渐渐长大(bigger)。healthy 健康的；clever 聪明
的；cool 酷的。
C
(2016·全国Ⅱ卷)
Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you through that little device( 装置) on your desk.And they've
never actually _1.___ you.Everything they know about you _2.___ through this device sometimes from hundreds of miles
away._3.___ they feel they can know you _4.___ from the sound of your voice.That's how powerful the _5.___ is.
Powerful, yes, but not always _6.___.For years I dealt with my travel agent only by phone.Rani, my faceless agent
whom I'd never met _7.___，got me rock－bottom prices on airfares, cars, and hotels.But her cold voice really _8.___
me.I sometimes wished to _9.___ another agent.
One morning, I had to _10.___ an immediate flight home for a family emergency.I ran into Rani's office
_11.___.The woman sitting at the desk，_12.___ my madness，sympathetically jumped up.She gave me a _13.___ smile，
nodded while listening patiently，and then printed out the _14.___ immediately.“What a wonderful lady！”I thought.
Rushing out _15.___ I called out over my shoulder，“By the way, what's your name？”“I'm Rani，”she said.I
turned around and saw a _16.___ woman with a big smile on her face waving to wish me a safe trip.I was _17.___！Why
had I thought she was cold? Rani was，well，so _18.___.
Sitting back in the car on the way to the airport, I figured it all out.Rani's _19.___—her warm smile, her nods，
her‘I'm here for you’_20.___—were all silent signals that didn't travel through wires.
文章大意：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。多年来作者都是通过电话与旅行代理人联系，觉得对方说话的声音冷冰冰的。
但是有一次订机票的时候作者亲自来到代理人的办公室，发现自己先前的判断是错误的。
1．A．accepted
B．noticed
C．heard
D．met
解析：上下文语境题。根据上文的have formed impressions of you，on your desk 和下文的sometimes from hundreds
of miles away，only by phone，再结合全文可知that little device 是指电话，由此可判断选D 项：他们从来没有见到(meet)
过你。accept 接受；notice 注意；hear 听说；meet 遇见。
2．A．came
B．moved
C．ran
D．developed
解析：上下文语境题。他们对你的了解全部通过这台装置，有时是来自数百英里之外。come from“来自”，符合
语境。come 来；move 移动；run 跑；develop 开发，培养。
3．A．Thus
B．Yet
C．Then
D．Indeed
解析：上下文语境题。前文提到“他们对你的了解全部通过这台装置，有时来自数百英里远的地方”，本空用副
词yet 表示转折含义：可是他们觉得他们能够了解你……thus 因此；yet 然而；then 随后，那么；indeed 的确，确实。
4．A．rather
B．also
C．just
D．already
解析：上文语境题。前文说他们没见过你，他们有时离你数百英里远，这里用just 表示“仅仅；只是”，此处指
“但是他们觉得只需要听到你的声音就能了解你”。rather 很，非常；also 也，还；just 仅仅；already 已经。
5．A．telephone
B．voice
C．connection
D．impression
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解析：上下文语境题。本题很容易因为前文中的the sound of your voice 而错选B 项“voice”，但是文章开头说到“that
little device”，因此这里讲的是“你书桌上的那台小装置”，下文也提到only by phone 和travel through wires，因此
本题选A 项“电话”。telephone 电话；voice 嗓音；connection 联系；impression 印象。
6．A．direct
B．useful
C．easy
D．accurate
解析：下文语境题。通读下文可知，作者开始时因为瑞妮在电话里的声音很冷淡而生气，但见面后，却发现她是
个wonderful lady，因此该空选accurate“准确的”，此处是说(电话是)强大的，但不总是准确的。direct 直接的；useful
有用的；easy 容易的；accurate 准确的。
7．A．in person
B．by myself
C．in public
D．on purpose
解析：上文语境题。in person 表示“亲自”，never met in person 与上文的faceless 相呼应。in person 亲自；by oneself
独自；in public 公开地；on purpose 故意地。
8．A．annoyed
B．interested
C．discouraged
D．confused
解析：上文语境题。作者的这个旅行代理人总能给他最低价格(rock－bottom prices)，但是她冷冰冰的声音让作者
不开心，根据语境可知选A 项“annoyed”。annoyed 生气的；interested 感兴趣的；discouraged 沮丧的；confused 困惑
不解的。
9．A．promote
B．train
C．find
D．know
解析：上文语境题。作者对瑞妮冷冰冰的语气很是气恼，有时希望另外找个代理人。promote 提升；train 训练；
find 找到；know 知道。
10．A．arrange
B．postpone
C．confirm
D．book
解析：下文语境题。由下文的a family emergency 可知，作者家中有急事，需要马上坐飞机回家，故选book“预
订”。arrange 安排；postpone 推迟；confirm 证实；book 预订。
11．A．for the first time
B．at any time
C．from time to time
D．in good time
解析：上文语境题。上文提到，作者之前与瑞妮从来没有见过面，因此这里选for the first time“第一次”。for the
first time 第一次；at any time 随时；from time to time 不时，偶尔；in good time 及早，有足够的时间。
12．A．expecting
B．seeing
C．testing
D．avoiding
解析：下文语境题。作者跑到瑞妮的办公室，坐在桌旁的瑞妮看到(see)作者着急的样子就跳了起来，满是同情。
expect 期待；see 看见；test 检测；avoid 避免。
13．A．shy
B．comforting
C．familiar
D．forced
解析：上文语境题。根据上文中madness 可知作者很着急，因此这里用comforting“令人欣慰的”：她给了我一
个令人欣慰的微笑。shy 腼腆的；comforting 令人安慰的；familiar 熟悉的；forced 勉强的。
14．A．bill
B．form
C．ticket
D．list
解析：上文语境题。上文提到作者家里有急事，需要立即坐飞机回去(an immediate flight home)，因此此处说的是
给作者打印飞机票(ticket)。bill 账单；form 表格；ticket 票；list 清单。
15．A．hopefully
B．disappointedly
C．gratefully
D．regretfully
解析：上文语境题。作者遇到这么热心的旅行代理人，当然是心存感激(gratefully)。hopefully 有希望地；
disappointedly 失望地；gratefully 感激地；regretfully 遗憾地。
16．A．careful
B．serious
C．nervous
D．pleasant
解析：下文语境题。此处应与下文的a big smile，waving to wish me a safe trip 相呼应，故用pleasant“令人愉悦
的”。careful 仔细的；serious 严肃的；nervous 紧张的；pleasant 愉悦的。
17．A．amused
B．worried
C．helpless
D．speechless
解析：上下文语境题。作者想到自己当初对瑞妮的错误判断，而眼前的瑞妮是那么热心，因此一时竟不知道该说
什么(speechless)了。amused 逗乐的；worried 担心的；helpless 无助的；speechless 说不出话的。
18．A．calm
B．nice
C．proud
D．clever
解析：上文语境题。由上文可知，作者亲眼见到瑞妮后发现她是一个wonderful lady，于是反问自己“我之前怎
么会认为她冷冰冰呢？哦，瑞妮是这么友好(nice)”。calm 冷静的；nice 友好的，和蔼的；proud 骄傲的；clever 聪明
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的。
19．A．forgiveness
B．eagerness
C．friendliness
D．skillfulness
解析：下文语境题。破折号后的“她温暖的微笑，她的点头，她的‘我在这里为你服务’……”是对该空格的解
释，对比四个选项，friendliness(友好)最符合语境。forgiveness 宽恕；eagerness 急切；friendliness 友好；skillfulness
熟练。
20．A．explanation
B．attitude
C．concept
D．behavior
解析：上下文语境题。结合上文引号中的内容“我在这里为你服务”及下文的silent signals 判断B 选项“attitude”
符合语境。explanation 解释；attitude 态度；concept 概念；behavior 行为。
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·洛阳市、许昌市一模)
As a young child, I was painfully shy. I'd watch other children at _1.___ in the park, wishing I could join their
ranks for a _2.___ of tag, hide－and－seek, or jump rope, but I was too_3.___ to approach them._4.___，my mother
would come to the rescue. She'd get up from the bench where she was sitting with the other moms，_5.___ my hand, and
ask the other kids if I could play too. The answer was _6.___ yes (I'm sure the other children didn't want to get in
trouble with their own moms), and then I'd be all set for the rest of the afternoon...until the pattern _7.___ itself the next
day.
I became _8.___ awkward and more outgoing as I grow up，thankfully—though I never _9.___ what you'd call a
social butterfly.Today，I feel _10.___ giving public lectures in large halls, and having _11.___ in small groups, but I still
tend to avoid situations in which I'm expected to ‘mingle’ (使混合)with a roomful of _12.___(I'm working on it)．
The reasons for my aversion(厌恶) could be various. For one, I might be _13.___ some residual(残留的)childhood
fear of rejection. But beyond that possibility, one _14.___ element is that I _15.___ to underestimate how much people
like me after I meet them.
As some authors _16.___，conversations are a great _17.___ of happiness in our lives, but they could bring us even
greater joy if we only _18.___ that others like us more than we know, which is a good thing to keep in mind as you
_19.___ the awe －inspiring room of strangers at your next cocktail party, mix and mingle reception, or company
_20.___ hour. I know I'll try to.
文章大意：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，作者通过讲述自己从一个害羞的孩子转变成一个能够和他人自在沟通甚至进
行演讲的人的变化，启迪我们：对他人敞开胸怀，不再害羞会更开心。
1．A．work
B．play
C．study
D．lunch
解析：根据下文“tag，hide－and－seek，or jump rope”可推知，作者在公园里看其他小朋友玩各种游戏，与下
文“and ask the other kids if I could play too”呼应，故选B。
2．A．party
B．course
C．presentation
D．game
解析：根据下文中的“tag，hide－and－seek，or jump rope”可知，这是孩子们所玩的游戏，故选D。
3．A．scared
B．thrilled
C．ashamed
D．shocked
解析：根据下文中的“some residual(残留的)childhood fear of rejection”可知，此处表示作者太害怕(scared)了而
不敢靠近他们。thrilled“极为激动，非常兴奋”。
4．A．Accidentally
B．Temporarily
C．Eventually
D．Absolutely
解析：根据语境可推知，作者不敢参与小伙伴们的游戏，最终(Eventually)母亲会帮其脱离窘境，故选C。
temporarily“暂时地”。
5．A．take
B．keep
C．pick
D．push
解析：此处表示母亲站起来，走过来拉起作者的手，征求其他小朋友的意见，故选A。
6．A．yet
B．simply
C．always
D．already
解析：根据上文的内容可知，作者的母亲会帮其脱离窘境，询问其他小朋友的意见，此处表示得到的答案总是
(always)肯定的。
7．A．considered
B．found
C．concerned
D．repeated
解析：根据上文“my mother would come to the rescue”及下文“the next day”可推知，此处表示作者在陈述过去经
常发生的事情，即：第二天模式依旧，作者依然要依赖母亲才能参与小伙伴们的活动或游戏。
8．A．worse
B．less
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C．quite
D．rather
解析：由空处与下文“more outgoing”呼应可推知，作者不再那么害羞和尴尬了。
9．A．turned into
B．put forward
C．jumped at
D．pointed out
解析：尽管作者已经不再害羞，但是也没有变成(turned into)社交能手。
10．A．attractive
B．popular
C．serious
D．comfortable
解析：根据该句中的“but”可知，句子前后表示转折，此处表示尽管作者在大厅中做演讲感觉很放松，但仍然会避
免一些场合，故选D。
11．A．compositions
B．conversations
C．essays
D．comments
解析：由空处与下文“conversations are a great __17__ of happiness in our lives”呼应可知，作者乐于进行小组谈
话。
12．A．passengers
B．customers
C．strangers
D．authors
解析：由空处与下文“the awe－inspiring room of strangers at your next cocktail party”呼应可知，此处表示一屋
子的陌生人。
13．A．leading
B．carrying
C．describing
D．evaluating
解析：根据语境可推知，作者分析原因，认为可能是自己还带有一些童年残留的恐惧。carry“携带”符合语境。
14．A．likely
B．real
C．full
D．complete
解析：根据上文“beyond that possibility”可推知，此处作者分析了另外一种可能性，故选A。
15．A．like
B．happen
C．refuse
D．tend
解析：由空处与上文“but I still tend to avoid situations”呼应可推知，此处表示作者趋于低估别人对自己的喜欢程
度，故选D。
16．A．arrange
B．demand
C．state
D．discuss
解析：此处表示正如一些作家陈述(state)的那样。
17．A．level
B．reward
C．intention
D．source
解析：根据下文“but they could bring us even greater joy”可推知，谈话是人们生活中快乐的来源。source“来源”。
18．A．observe
B．realize
C．consult
D．control
解析：根据上文作者趋于低估别人对自己的喜欢程度可推知，如果我们意识到(realize)别人比我们知道的更喜欢我
们，我们就会更快乐，故选B。
19．A．discover
B．recognize
C．survey
D．acquaint
解析：根据语境可知，此处表示审视一屋子的陌生人，故选C。acquaint“熟悉”。
20．A．happy
B．last
C．proud
D．individual
解析：根据上文“cocktail party，mix and mingle reception”可推知，此处表示公司的快乐时光，故选A。
individual“个人的”。
2
(2019·潍坊市高三上学期统考)
Sitting at a table in my school cafeteria, I looked around，slowly taking in everything.For the first time in my life，
I_1.___ that I had been seeing without really seeing for the past two years.
Student after student passed my _2.___ carrying that day's lunch, but if you looked deeper, there was more to
_3.___.There was more than just the uniform they were wearing, or the way they had styled their _4.___ that day. There
was a lot more hidden under the _5.___.
Catching the eye of a girl in my grade sitting at a nearby table, I _6.___ politely. She smiled _7.___ and then
continued to pick at the spaghetti in front of her. If I hadn't _8.___ recently that her mother was dying of leukemia, I
would have never _9.___ anything was wrong and I may not have been as _10.___ and sympathetic, either. It suddenly
_11.___ me that we judge others too quickly without knowing the whole story.I realized that everyone may have
something _12.___ they are facing in their lives.
I have an incurable lung disease.No one at our school knows—I don't show any noticeable _13.___ except for a few
coughs here and there.I go about my day like any other kid，_14.___ with the realization that I have a _15.___ and
terrifying future.
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Before that day when I decided to _16.___ the world with a new perspective, I _17.___ myself almost every day. I
thought only about myself and my heavy _18.___. But I've now realized that I am not the only one _19.___：everyone
has their own mountain to face. No one is _20.___—we just need to accept the way we are.
文章大意：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。主要讲述了作者观察生活而进行反思的故事，启迪读者要正确看待生活中的
不幸。
1．A．promised
B．realized
C．pretended
D．joked
解析：根据上文中的“I looked around，slowly taking in everything”及“For the first time in my life”可推知，作
者意识到(realized)了些什么，故选B。下文中的“realized”也是提示。
2．A．order
B．room
C．table
D．cafeteria
解析：与上文“Sitting at a table in my school cafeteria”呼应可知，此处指的是学生们路过作者所坐的餐桌(table)，
故选C。
3．A．observe
B．imagine
C．compare
D．exchange
解析：与上文中的“but if you looked deeper”呼应可推知，此处表示作者认为有更多有待观察(observe)的东西。
4．A．diet
B．clothing
C．bicycle
D．hair
解析：根据上文中的“the uniform they were wearing，or the way they had styled their”可推知，此处表示学生们
的发型，故选D。
5．A．surface
B．uniform
C．rules
D．circumstances
解析：根据常识可知，学生的制服和发型都是外在的东西，且空处与下文中的“we judge others too quickly without
knowing the whole stroy”呼应，故选A。
6．A．said
B．moved
C．waved
D．bowed
解析：根据下文中的“She smiled”可推知，作者给一个女孩打了招呼，对方以微笑回应。
7．A．casually
B．weakly
C．happily
D．impatiently
解析：与下文“her mother was dying of leukemia”呼应可推知，女孩因为母亲病重而勉强地(weakly)对作者笑了笑。
8．A．found
B．noticed
C．heard
D．decided
解析：根据语境可推知，作者听说(heard)了这个女孩家里的不幸。
9．A．suspected
B．remembered
C．predicted
D．regretted
解析：根据语境可推知，作者本不会觉得(suspected)有什么不正常的。
10．A．outstanding
B．willing
C．demanding
D．understanding
解析：与下文中的“sympathetic”呼应可推知，作者对对方表示谅解(understanding)和同情，故选D。
11．A．escaped
B．satisfied
C．hit
D．attracted
解析：根据语境可知，此处表示作者突然意识到，我们在不知道整个故事的情况下迅速对其他人作出评价，故选
C。hit 意为“使突然意识到”。
12．A．extra
B．valuable
C．common
D．tough
解析：根据语境可推知，每个人都可能会面临困境。故选D。
13．A．symptoms
B．diseases
C．complaints
D．weaknesses
解析：根据语境及下文中的“except for a few coughs”可推知，此处指的是一些不为人注意的症状(symptoms)。
14．A．and
B．but
C．or
D．so
解析：根据语境可推知，前后两句是逻辑上的转折关系，故选B。
15．A．bright
B．dark
C．real
D．serious
解析：与语境中的“terrifying”呼应可推知，此处表示因为难以治愈的疾病，作者的前途变得黑暗(dark)，故选B。
16．A．change
B．create
C．view
D．tolerate
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解析：根据上文中的“looked around”和“looked deeper”可推知，作者一直在观察生活，而在那天之后作者以一种
新角度看待(view)世界，故选C。
17．A．pitied
B．forgave
C．challenged
D．encouraged
解析：根据语境及下文中的“I thought only about myself and my heavy __18__”可推知，作者曾经因为自己的病
而怜悯自己，故选C。
18．A．debt
B．reward
C．burden
D．workload
解析：根据语境及空前的“heavy”可推知，不可治愈的病是作者沉重的负担(burden)，故选C。
19．A．blessed
B．favored
C．laughing
D．suffering
解析：根据下文中的“everyone has their own mountain to face”可推知，人们都有要经历的苦难，故选D。
20．A．changeable
B．perfect
C．unique
D．different
解析：根据语境可推知，每个人都不完美，都有自己要应对的困境，我们只是需要接受自己原本的样子，故选B。
3
(2019·福州市一模)
Growing up in the 1960s, I was taught from an early age to send a handwritten thank－you note expressing _1.___
for kindness. My mother used to buy me a box of paper and _2.___me in the art and value of saying “thank you”. She
_3.___ to be right.
A study showed that it took less than 5 minutes to write the thank －you notes. Just 5 minutes to make _4.___
person feel overjoyed！_5.___，in our “instant” world, the idea of getting an actual pen and writing an actual note seems
to never come to mind. We tend to do what is _6.___ for us—a quick text or an email.
It's easy to use the _7.___ of being busy, but even very busy and _8.___ businessmen find time to _9.___ thank－you
notes.For example，when Douglas Conant became CEO of Campbell's, the company had _10.___ half of its market value
and morale(士气) was at an all－time low. He _11.___ fixing that by doing some simple things that are probably not
_12.___ in any MBA class. For one thing, Conant wrote to every _13.___.He gained their confidence and _14.___ ，
turned the company _15.___.
In his ten years as CEO, Conant wrote over 30,000 notes to employees. It's _16.___ not to ask how he did
it._17.___，he had many other things to do _18.___ writing a thank－you note. Conant made time for _19.___ because
he knew the impact (影响)each one would have. An expression of _20.___ in this crazy world still makes a difference.
文章大意：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。小时候，妈妈教“我”用手写的感谢便条来表达对善良的感激，并教“我”
表达感谢的艺术和价值；研究表明，不到五分钟就能用手写好的感谢便条会让他人感到快乐。
1．A．concern
B．sympathy
C．affection
D．appreciation
解析：根据该句中的“a handwritten thank－you note expressing __1__for kindness”可知，该处指用手写的感谢
便条表达对善良的感激(appreciation)，故D 项正确。A 项意为“担心，关心”；B 项意为“同情”；C 项意为“喜爱”。
2．A．consult
B．instruct
C．answer
D．impress
解析：根据该句“My mother used to buy me a box of paper...and
value of saving‘thank you’”可知，“我”
的妈妈过去常常给“我”买一箱纸，并教授(instruct)“我”表达感谢的艺术和价值，故B 项正确。A 项意为“咨询”；
C 项意为“回答”；D 项意为“使留下深刻印象”。
3．A．remained
B．proved
C．appeared
D．claimed
解析：根据语境尤其是下文的内容可推知，此处表示她证明(proved)(这样做)是正确的，故B 项符合语境。A 项意
为“保持”；C 项意为“显得”；D 项意为“声称”。
4．A．one
B．any
C．each
D．another
解析：根据空前一句可知，写感谢便条需要不到五分钟的时间；并结合该句和常识可推知，此处表示仅花费五分
钟就可以让另一个(another)人非常高兴，故D 项正确。
5．A．Yet
B．Therefore
C．So
D．Otherwise
解析：根据该句中的“seems to never come to mind”并结合上文内容可知，尽管仅花费五分钟就能用手写好的感谢
便条能让他人感到快乐，但是(Yet)，在我们这个“快捷的”世界里，人们似乎不愿意用这种方式表达谢意；据此可推
知，该处前后表示转折关系，故A 项正确。
6．A．special
B．necessary
C．convenient
D．important
解析：根据该句中的“a quick text or an email”可推知，该处表示我们趋向于使用对我们来说方便的(convenient)
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方式——快速发送的短信或电子邮件，故C 项正确。
7．A．case
B．excuse
C．example
D．situation
解析：根据语境以及该句中的“of being busy”并结合常识可知，人们很容易以忙为借口(excuse)，故B 项正确。A
项意为“事例”；C 项意为“例子”；D 项意为“情况”。
8．A．humorous
B．optimistic
C．successful
D．experienced
解析：根据语境可知，人们很容易以忙为借口，但即使是很忙碌和成功的(successful)商人也能找到时间写(pen)感
谢便条，故C 项正确。
9．A．pen
B．receive
C．design
D．deliver
解析：参见上题解析。
10．A．lost
B．gained
C．developed
D．damaged
解析：根据该句中的“morale(士气) was at an all－time low”可知，士气空前低落；据此可推知，这家公司已经
损失(lost)了一半的市值，故A 项正确。
11．A．gave up
B．kept up
C．set about
D．worried about
解析：根据该句中的“He __11__fixing that by doing some simple things”并结合语境可推知，他开始做(set about)
一些简单的事情来解决这一问题，故C 项正确。A 项意为“放弃”；B 项意为“跟上”；D 项意为“担心”。
12．A．permitted
B．taught
C．checked
D．tested
解析：根据语境可推知，他所做的简单的事情很可能没有任何MBA 课堂上被教(taught)过，故B 项正确。A 项意
为“允许”；C 项意为“检查”；D 项意为“测试”。
13．A．market
B．businessman
C．company
D．employee
解析：根据下文中的“gained their confidence”和“Conant wrote over 30,000 notes to employees”可推知，Conant 给
每个员工(employee)写了便条，得到了他们的信任，故D 项正确。
14．A．personally
B．frankly
C．naturally
D．occasionally
解析：根据语境可推知，Conant 得到了员工们的信任，顺理成章地(naturally)，使公司好转起来，故C 项正确。
A 项意为“亲自”；B 项意为“坦率地”；D 项意为“偶然”。
15．A．up
B．down
C．away
D．around
解析：参见上题解析。turn around 意为“好转，扭转”，故D 项正确。turn up 意为“开大”；turn down 意为
“调低”；turn away 意为“拒绝”。
16．A．hard
B．great
C．amazing
D．disappointing
解析：根据前一句可知，在担任CEO 的十年间，Conant 给他的员工们写了三万多个便条；结合语境和常识可推
知，这令人很难(hard)不去问他是如何做到的。故A 项正确。
17．A．As usual
B．In short
C．By the way
D．After all
解析：根据语境可推知，此处表示毕竟(After all)，除了(besides)写感谢便条，他有许多其他事情要做，故D 项正
确。A 项意为“像往常一样”，B 项意为“简言之”，C 项意为“顺便提一下”，都与文意不符。
18．A．by
B．in
C．besides
D．without
解析：参见上题解析。
19．A．me
B．it
C．him
D．them
解析：根据语境可知，空处指代空前一句中的“writing a thank－you note”，故B 项正确。
20．A．kindness
B．joy
C．value
D．confidence
解析：根据本文第一句中的“expressing __1__for kindness”并结合全文内容可推知，在这个疯狂的世界中，善良
(kindness)的表达仍然会有作用，故A 项正确。
4
(2019·太原市高三期末)
My seven－year－old daughter always has her nose in a book.She even continued _1.___ in the car on the long
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drive to summer camp, where she lost the book. This is the first lost _2.___ book in my life. In my childhood, my parents
had always expected me to be _3.___，but we were poor, and I didn't _4.___ books. I had to borrow books. My library
books lived on a _5.___ shelf while they were mine, and it _6.___ me when I had to return them to the library on the due
day.
However, my daughter has _7.___ books now than I owned during my whole childhood. So it's probably my _8.___
that she didn't cherish the books. “Sorry, I can't find it，” my daughter said with a shrug, “We just pay $20 for the
book. What's the big _9.___？” The missing library book just met with a cold _10.___ from her, but it met with nail－
biting _11.___ from me. I walked into the library in a deep _12.___ as if I had lost the book.
Feeling the need to make her feel _13.___ for the book, I asked her to do the household chores. She agreed to clean
up all the pets' houses _14.___ my paying the library book. I'd meant the chores to be _15.___！
Surprisingly, she was enjoying herself. I took a picture of her lovely back. So, did I win or lose at _16.___？Did I
teach her the _17.___ of keeping a library book if the picture I took shows she is working _18.___？
To my _19.___，my little girl knew what _20.___ in her life.She could devote herself to the chores as much as to the
books.
文章大意：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，主要讲述的是“我”教育女儿的经历：“我”在童年时期因为家庭经济状况
不好但家人又期望“我”学业成绩优秀，所以对从图书馆借来的书很珍惜；“我”的女儿现在拥有很多书，但却对弄
丢从图书馆借的书毫不在乎，这让“我”意识到有必要让她接受惩罚……
1．A．driving
B．thinking
C．reading
D．viewing
解析：根据文章第一句“My seven－year－old daughter always has her nose in a book”可推知，“我”的女儿甚
至在去夏令营的途中在车里继续看书(reading)。
2．A．school
B．reference
C．story
D．library
解析：根据下文中的“The missing library book”可知，此处是指“我”的女儿把从图书馆借的书弄丢了。故选D。
3．A．powerful
B．practical
C．academic
D．employed
解析：根据本句中的“but we were poor”和下文的“I had to borrow books”可推知，在“我”的童年时期，父母一
直希望“我”能够学业成绩优秀。academic“学业(成绩)优秀的”的符合语境，故选C。
4．A．write
B．own
C．order
D．love
解析：根据上文“we were poor”可知，在童年时期，我们家很穷，所以“我”没有书。故选B。
5．A．wasted
B．dusty
C．present
D．specific
解析：根据语境可知，因为买不起书，只能从图书馆借，所以“我”对从图书馆借来的书很珍惜，把这些借的书
放在特定的(specific)架子上。
6．A．pained
B．companied
C．abandoned
D．lost
解析：根据语境可知，当“我”不得不将借的书在到期日归还给图书馆的时候，“我”感到很苦恼。it pains sb. to
do sth.“某人因不得不做某事而感到苦恼”为固定用法。故选A。
7．A．fewer
B．better
C．cheaper
D．more
解析：根据语境可知，“我”的女儿现在拥有的书比“我”整个童年时期拥有的都要多，故选D。
8．A．work
B．reason
C．fault
D．duty
解析：根据语境可推知，女儿拥有的书太多而不知道珍惜，这可能是“我”的过错(fault)。
9．A．worry
B．question
C．case
D．deal
解析：根据上文中的“my daughter said with a shrug，‘We just pay $20 for the book.What's the big __9__？’”
可知，“我”的女儿认为弄丢一本从图书馆借来的书没有什么大不了。big deal“没什么大不了”是固定搭配，故选D。
10．A．shoulder
B．power
C．refusal
D．excuse
解析：根据上文内容可知，那本从图书馆借的丢失的书遭到了女儿的冷遇(女儿根本就没把这件事放在心上)。meet
with a cold shoulder“遭受冷遇”符合语境。
11．A．impression
B．effort
C．effect
D．concern
解析：根据本句中的“but”可推知，与女儿的不在意相比，那本从图书馆借的书的丢失却令我焦虑不安。concern“忧
虑，担心”符合语境。
12．A．respect
B．thought
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C．shame
D．shock
解析：因为女儿把从图书馆借的书弄丢了，所以当“我”走进图书馆时，内心深感惭愧(shame)，好像这书本是
“我”自己弄丢的。
13．A．eager
B．responsible
C．good
D．suitable
解析：根据语境可知，经过女儿弄丢从图书馆借来的书却对此不在乎这件事，“我”感到有必要让她意识到自己
对弄丢这本书负有责任，所以“我”要求她做家务杂活。
14．A．in need of
B．in trade for
C．in terms of
D．in favor of
解析：她同意把所有的宠物房间都打扫干净，作为对“我”偿还那本丢失的书的交换条件。in trade for“作为
对……的交换”符合语境。in need of“需要”；in terms of“就……而言”；in favor of“赞同，支持”。
15．A．punishment
B．recovery
C．encouragement
D．promise
解析：根据语境可知，“我”本来是要把做家务杂活当作对她的惩罚(punishment)。recovery“恢复”；
encouragement“鼓励”；promise“承诺”。
16．A．studying
B．parenting
C．arguing
D．fighting
解析：“我”在为人父母方面是成功还是失败呢？此处parent 用作动词，意为“做……的父亲(或母亲)”。
17．A．benefit
B．method
C．commitment
D．demand
解析：如果“我”拍的这张照片显示她正认真地(seriously)干活，那“我”让她明白了保存一本从图书馆借来的书
的承诺吗？commitment“承诺，允诺承担”符合语境。benefit“好处，益处”；method“方法，办法”；demand“要
求”。
18．A．seriously
B．unwillingly
C．professionally
D．constantly
解析：参见上题解析。unwillingly“不乐意地，不情愿地”；professionally“专业地，职业地”；constantly“经
常地，持续不断地”。
19．A．disappointment
B．relief
C．regret
D．sorrow
解析：根据下文“She could devote herself to the chores as much as to the books”可推知，令“我”宽慰的是，“我”
的女儿知道在她的人生中什么是重要的。to one's relief 是固定搭配，意为“令某人安慰的是”，符合语境。
20．A．matters
B．proves
C．exists
D．grows
解析：参见上题解析。此处matter 是动词，意为“要紧，重要”。
5
(2019·郑州市二模)
My father was born in a small town in the US. He wasn't sure what he wanted from _1.___，but something told him
to _2.___ and begin a new adventure.
He began that adventure traveling to cities in the US before going on to Australia, New Zealand and the Philippines.
He took my mother and us three daughters with him and went wherever the road _3.___ him.
It's easy to feel _4.___ when you're on the road. We made lots of new friends on our trip—most of them are
mechanics，since we often _5.___ hours in repair shops. But that was a way much _6.___ than sitting by the roadside
while waiting for the engine to _7.___ when it was 40℃outside.
Getting along well sometimes seeme__8.___.There were always a lot of _9.___，
especially among us back seat
passengers about who had to _10.___ in the middle. But even if it was hard，we learned a lot about _11.___. When we
were traveling in the Philippines, we drove to Quezon City one day. It should have been an hour's drive but was nearly
three thanks to bad roads and _12.___ traffic. “Did you put our suitcases in the car？” my father asked my mother as
we arrived there. From the back seat, we saw her _13.___ turn toward my father.“ No，” she said. “I thought you did.”
That was how a seven－hour car trip turned into a 16－hour one, which was mostly spent in _14.___.
On occasions like that, we had to learn to let go of our anger because we were _15.___ in a rolling box with the same
people for the rest of the _16.___. Even if I sometimes felt like opening the car door and _17.___ one of my sisters out, I
kept my feelings to myself.
This is why road trips were like _18.___ universities to us.We _19.___ our PhDs (博士学位) in how to get along with
other people just by traveling in our old car.
If we were _20.___ given a second chance at life, we would do it all over again. Only this time would I put the
suitcases in the car myself.
文章大意：本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。小时候“我”随父亲和母亲以及我的姐妹开车旅行，在此过程中，我们学会
了忍让以及和别人相处。这个颠簸的旅程是一所移动的大学，让“我”受益匪浅。
1．A．move
B．life
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C．experience
D．belief
解析：根据上文可知，“我”的父亲出生在美国的一个小镇上；结合该句中的“He wasn't sure what he wanted”以
及下文叙述的他带着全家开车旅行可推知，那时他不确定想从生活中要些什么，故B 项正确。
2．A．live up
B．struggle on
C．get out
D．walk around
解析：根据该句中的“begin a new adventure”可推知，他得到启示，要他走出去，去开启新的冒险经历。C 项意为
“离开，从……出来”，故C 项正确；B 项意为“勉力维持”。
3．A．took
B．drove
C．served
D．controlled
解析：根据该句中的“wherever the road”并结合语境可知，他带着妈妈和我们这三个女儿，沿路旅行。A 项表示
“带去，引领”，符合语境，故A 项正确。
4．A．anxious
B．upset
C．helpless
D．lonely
解析：根据该句中的“when you're on the road”和下文介绍的沿路交朋友可推知，当在路上时，很容易感到孤独
(lonely)。
5．A．wasted
B．worked
C．spent
D．chatted
解析：根据语境可知，由于我们经常花费几个小时在修理店，所以我们交的朋友大部分是修理工。
6．A．better
B．easier
C．safer
D．cleverer
解析：由于外面的温度达到40 摄氏度，所以去修理店要比坐在马路边等候好得多。
7．A break down
B．cool off
C．clear up
D．turn over
解析：根据该句中的“when it was 40 ℃outside”可知，外面气温高达40 摄氏度；据此可推知，该处指等待发动
机冷却下来；B 项意为“使冷却下来”，故B 项正确。A 项意为“出故障”，C 项意为“清理”，D 项意为“翻转”，
都与语境不符。
8．A．available
B．alternative
C．necessary
D．impossible
解析：根据下文中的“it was hard”并结合语境可知，友好相处有时似乎是不可能的(impossible)。
9．A．arguments
B．fights
C．embarrassments
D．amusements
解析：根据空后的“especially among us...in the middle”可知，我们之间总是有很多争吵，尤其是关于后座的我们
谁坐(sit)在中间时。
10．A．settle
B．rest
C．sit
D．watch
解析：参见上题解析。
11．A．sharing
B．respect
C．communication
D．tolerance
解析：根据该句中的“But”表达的语境可知，尽管这很难解决，但是我们学会了忍耐(tolerance)。
12．A．light
B．heavy
C．local
D．fast
解析：根据该句中的“It should have been an hour's drive but was nearly three”可知，本可以在一小时就完成的路
程，我们却花了三个小时；据此可推知，这里路道较差，交通拥堵，故B 项正确。
13．A．suddenly
B．sensitively
C．calmly
D．slowly
解析：根据语境可知，我们在后座看到母亲慢慢地转过头对父亲说：“没有，我还以为你放了”。
14．A．silence
B．vain
C．panic
D．disappointment
解析：根据上文可知，母亲忘记将手提箱放进车里；结合该句和下文中的“we had to learn to let go of our anger”
可知，我们学会了控制自己的怒气，这个七小时的行程最终变成了十六小时的行程，我们大部分的时间都在沉默。
15．A．buried
B．crazy
C．stuck
D．impatient
解析：根据语境可知，在像上文提到的情况下，我们必须控制自己的怒气，因为我们和相同的人在接下来的旅程
(journey)里一起被困在车里。be stuck in 为固定搭配，意为“被困在……”，故C 项正确。
16．A．holiday
B．journey
C．exploration
D．march
解析：参见上题解析。
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17．A．dragging
B．pushing
C．helping
D．sending
解析：根据该句中的“I kept my feelings to myself”可知，“我”控制住了自己的情绪；据此可推知，此处表示有
时“我”想要打开车门将“我”的一个姐妹推出车外。B 项意为“推”，故B 项正确。
18．A．unusual
B．common
C．free
D．mobile
解析：根据该句中的“road trips”以及下文中的“We __19__ our PhDs(博士学位)”可知，对于我们来说，公路旅
行就如可移动的(mobile)大学。
19．A．earned
B．expected
C．missed
D．valued
解析：根据语境可知，就在这辆旧汽车里，我们获得了如何和他人相处的博士学位；A 项意为“博得，赢得”，
故A 项正确。
20．A．somewhere
B．anytime
C．somehow
D．anyway
解析：根据语境可知，如果我们能以某种方式在人生中获得第二次机会的话，我们还是会去旅行。C 项意为“以
某种方式”，故C 项正确。
6
(2019·原创预测卷)
I have a degree in business. But it was my father's _1.___ for me to seek to attain a business _2.___. He thought that
having a business major would _3.___ me more available choices and make me more _4.___ in entering a global labor
market. I _5.___ his advice.However，even though my college experiences were _6.___，I had no interest in any _7.___
of commerce, let alone having a long－term career (职业) as a businesswoman.
After I _8.___，I worked as a marketing planner at a computer company.My _9.___ and working environment
were great; yet I _10.___ didn't feel happy doing something that held little _11.___ for me. After two months of working
there, I made up my mind to _12.___ and decided to do what I love, namely __13.___ history. I have now been doing this
job for over twenty years. I am _14.___ of being with my students.
If you are in a _15.___ where you don't love what you are learning or doing, please ask yourself what you are really
_16.___about, and what you truly want for your life. Don't _17.___ to get yourself a quick answer. Take some time to
think about what career could bring _18.___ to you.
I like this motto “Success is not the key to happiness._19.___ ，
happiness is the key to success.” Happiness
_20.___the inside of you, not from the outside. If you love what you are doing, you will be successful.
文章大意：这是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者的父亲替作者作出了攻读商科专业的决定，但作者始终对商科不感兴趣；
工作后，从商优厚的薪水并没有让作者开心。作者最终决定辞职去做自己感兴趣的教学工作。作者以自身的经历告诉
我们：做你所爱的事，你就会成功。
1．A．ambition
B．commitment
C．decision
D．response
解析：我有商科学位，但让我去攻读商科专业是父亲的决定。ambition“志向”；commitment“投入，承诺”；
decision“决定”；response“回答”。
2．A．experience
B．position
C．activity
D．major
解析：参见上题解析。experience“经历，经验”；position“职位”；activity“活动”；major“专业”。
3．A．guarantee
B．save
C．leave
D．pass
解析：他认为拥有商科学位将保证我有更多的选择，并使我在进入全球劳动力市场时更具竞争力。guarantee“保
证”。
4．A．independent
B．competitive
C．energetic
D．flexible
解析：参见上题解析。independent“独立的”；competitive“有竞争力的”；energetic“精力充沛的”；flexible“灵
活的”。
5．A．ignored
B．valued
C．took
D．opposed
解析：我接受了他的建议。take one's advice“接受某人的建议”；ignore“忽视”；value“重视”；oppose“反
对”。
6．A．fantastic
B．awkward
C．painful
D．plain
解析：然而，尽管我的大学经历很棒，但我对任何商业领域(field)都不感兴趣。fantastic“极好的”；awkward“令
人尴尬的”；painful“痛苦的”；plain“极普通的”。
7．A．paper
B．field
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C．college
D．job
解析：参见上题解析。
8．A．matured
B．graduated
C．succeeded
D．trained
解析：毕业后，我在一家电脑公司做市场策划。mature“成熟，长成”；graduate“毕业”；succeed“成功”；
train“培训”。
9．A．future
B．dream
C．scholarship
D．pay
解析：我的工资(pay)和工作环境都很好。
10．A．only
B．also
C．still
D．even
解析：但我依旧因为做着一些对我没什么吸引力的事情而不开心。only“仅仅”；also“也”；still“依旧，仍然”；
even“甚至”。
11．A．advantage
B．appeal
C．chance
D．trouble
解析：参见上题解析。advantage“优势”；appeal“吸引力”；chance“机会，可能性”；trouble“困难”。
12．A．quit
B．continue
C．consider
D．wait
解析：在那里工作了两个月后，我决定辞职去做我喜欢的事，即教历史。quit“辞职”；continue“继续”；
consider“考虑”；wait“等待”。
13．A．promoting
B．writing
C．teaching
D．studying
解析：参见上题解析。下文的“being with my students”也是暗示。
14．A．fond
B．tired
C．proud
D．careful
解析：我喜欢和我的学生们在一起。be fond of“喜欢”；be tired of“厌倦”；be proud of“为……感到自豪”；
be careful of“小心”。
15．A．firm
B．game
C．story
D．place
解析：如是你处于你不喜欢你正在学习或做的事情的境地，请问问自己你真正热爱的是什么，你在生活中真正想
要的是什么。此处place 是抽象的地点，表示“处境，情况，境地”。
16．A．anxious
B．optimistic
C．enthusiastic
D．nervous
解析：参见上题解析。enthusiastic“热情的，满腔热忱的”。
17．A．rush
B．hesitate
C．intend
D．stop
解析：不要急于给自己答案。rush to do sth.“赶忙做某事”；hesitate“犹豫”；intend“打算”；stop“阻止，
停止”。
18．A．love
B．joy
C．confidence
D．knowledge
解析：花点时间想想什么职业能够让你快乐(joy)。
19．A．As a result
B．On the whole
C．In the meanwhile
D．On the contrary
解析：我喜欢“成功不是幸福的钥匙，恰恰相反，幸福是成功的钥匙”这句格言。on the contrary“恰好相反”。
20．A．applies to
B．spreads to
C．differs from
D．arises from
解析：幸福来自你的内心，而不是外在。arise from“由……产生”。
文体3
议论文和说明文
(一)议论文
(课标全国卷Ⅰ)
As a general rule，all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine(常规) basis.As a
matter of fact，we can see this _1.___ at work in people of all _2.___.For example，on Christmas morning，children are
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excited about 3.___ with their new toys.But their _4.___ soon wears off and by January those _5.___ toys can be found
put away in the basement.The world is full of _6.___ stamp albums and unfinished models ，each standing as a
monument to someone's _7.___ interest.When parents bring home a pet，their child _8.___ bathes it and brushes its
fur.Within a short time，however，the 9.___ of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents.Adolescents enter high
school with great _10.___ but are soon looking forward to _11.___.The same is true of the young adults going to
college.And then，how many _12.___，who now complain(抱怨) about the long drives to work，_13.___ drove for hours
at a time when they first _14.___ their drivers licenses(执照)？Before people retire，they usually _15.___ to do a lot of
_16.___ things，which they never had _17.___ to do while working.But _18.___ after retirement，the golfing，the fishing，
the reading and all of the other pastimes become as boring as the jobs they _19.___.And，like the child in January，they
go searching for new _20.___.
文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。一般来说，任何事情做久了都会让人厌倦。实际上不论是在工作中，还是在人们
的日常生活中都会有这样的现象；同样的厌倦心理也会出现在各个年龄段。
1．A．principle
B．habit
C．way
D．power
解析：根据文章开头的As a general rule...(作为一个通用的规则……)可知，此处意为“我们能在……中看到这个
定律”，上文中rule 暗示此处要用principle。
2．A．parties
B．races
C．countries
D．ages
解析：由For example 后面提到的几类人children，adolescents，young adults 以及people to retire 可知此处要填
ages，意为“我们可以看到这一定律对各年龄段的人都有效”。
3．A．working
B．living
C．playing
D．going
解析：根据该空后面的with their new toys 可知孩子们是“玩耍”新的玩具，所以此处要用playing。
4．A．confidence
B．interest
C．anxiety
D．sorrow
解析：分析语境，前文说“孩子们很兴奋地玩他们的新玩具”，由But 表转折可知，他们的兴趣(interest)慢慢消
失，而不是confidence“信心”，anxiety“焦虑”，sorrow“伤心”。wear off 逐渐减少，慢慢消失。下文的．..each
standing as a monument to someone's _7__ interest.也暗示此空填interest。
5．A．same
B．extra
C．funny
D．expensive
解析：这里提到的玩具就是原来孩子们非常感兴趣的玩具，所以此处要用same。
6．A．well－organized
B．colorfully－printed
C．newly－collected
D．half
filled
解析：下面的unfinished models“没有完成的模型”是重要提示，与unfinished 并列的应是half－filled，意为“完
成一半的”集邮册，而不是“排列好的”“绘成彩色的”或“最新收集的”。
7．A．broad
B．passing
C．different
D．main
解析：此处语境为：这个世界上到处都是装满一半的集邮册和尚未完成的模型，每个都是某人曾经的兴趣的纪念
碑。passing interest“曾经的兴趣”，也就是曾经那么感兴趣，而现在没有兴趣了。
8．A．silently
B．impatiently
C．gladly
D．worriedly
解析：结合下文的Within a short time，however，the _9__ of caring for the animal is handed over to the parents.
可知，开始时孩子很乐意(gladly)为宠物洗澡和梳理毛发。silently 沉默地；impatiently 不耐烦地；worriedly 忧虑地。
9．A．promise
B．burden
C．right
D．game
解析：孩子没有了兴趣，因此照顾宠物的负担(burden)就移交给父母了。promise 承诺；right 权利；game 游戏。
10．A．courage
B．calmness
C．confusion
D．excitement
解析：根据__3__空前面的children are excited about 可以得知，进入高中的青少年也是满怀“兴奋”的，故此处
要用excitement。
11．A．graduation
B．independence
C．responsibility
D．success
解析：刚进入高中的青少年开始时很兴奋，从but 可以推知，他们不久就失去了兴趣而盼望毕业(graduation)。
independence 独立；responsibility 责任，职责；success 成功。
12．A．children
B．students
C．adults
D．retirees
解析：根据_11__空后面的The same is true of the young adults going to college.And then...可知，此处是讲成年人
(adults)的事情。
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13．A．carefully
B．eagerly
C．nervously
D．bravely
解析：根据后面的．..when they first _14__ their driver's licenses(执照)？可以推知，人们最初拿到驾照的时候是很
“渴望”开车的，故此处要用eagerly。
14．A．required
B．obtained
C．noticed
D．discovered
解析：成人“获得”驾照，因此要用obtained。require 要求；notice 注意到；discover 发现。
15．A．need
B．learn
C．start
D．plan
解析：退休前他们通常打算(plan)做很多事情。
16．A．great
B．strange
C．difficult
D．correct
解析：由下文的the golfing，the fishing，the reading and all of the other pastimes 可知，这是他们退休后打算做的
“极好的事情”，所以此处要用great。
17．A．time
B．money
C．skills
D．knowledge
解析：根据前面的before people retire 可知，他们要做自己原来没有“时间”做的事情，所以此处要用time。
18．A．only
B．well
C．even
D．soon
解析：soon after 意为“不久”，也就是在他们退休后不久，所以此处要用soon。
19．A．lost
B．chose
C．left
D．quit
解析：根据前面的after retirement 可知他们退休了，而他们退休前打算要做的那些事情也正如他们离开的工作一
样无聊，所以此处要用left。
20．A．pets
B．toys
C．friends
D．colleagues
解析：like the child in January“像一月份的孩子那样”，孩子们一月份时已经对圣诞节的玩具失去兴趣了，故此
处意为退休的人对他们之前的打算失去兴趣了，像孩子那样寻找新的玩具(toys)。
名师点津
一、题型解读
议论文型完形填空一般是直接提出论点，通过论据论证，最后作者提出自己的看法或提出另一个话题供大家讨论。
二、解题技巧
1．对于纯议论型的完形填空，在把握全文主旨的情况下，抓住每段的首句是非常重要的。有一项调查结果表明：
英语中有60%—90%的议论文的主旨是文章的首句，抓住了文章的主旨也就“牵住了牛鼻子”，再理解文章也就不难
了。
2．理清文章的论点、论据和结论。与记叙文型完形填空相比，议论文型完形填空更难做一些。一般的记叙文是按
时间顺序进行描述的，我们只要把握事件的发生、发展过程就能将情景把握好。然而，议论文型完形填空就没有这么
简单了。如果我们对论点、论据、结论都把握不清，只能是莽撞地选择答案。一般说来，能说明论点的主要内容的答
案可以在论据里得到印证，且论点里某些答案也可以与论据有机地结合起来，使论点论据形成相辅相成的关系，从而
使整篇文章内容上下一致。如果我们所选的答案前后矛盾，论点与论据相悖，最后的结论与论点相矛盾，那就说明我
们对文章的把握还欠条理性和系统性，这时我们需要重新来理顺文章中的各部分，直到条理清晰为止，然后再依据自
己对文章的把握及各部分的逻辑关系选出答案。
1．把握首段和首句完整的信息，把握全文的主旨大意
议论文的论点一般在首句或首段，这样有利于考生掌握文章的导向，也有利于对下文的理解。
典例
All of us go through some difficult times as we approach teenage years. It's the age when we
have to deal with the most 1.______ in our life.This transition (过渡)from childhood to adulthood is 2.______ for some,
but rough for others. The most important thing about being a teenager is 3.______. When we are teenagers, we would
get blamed or even punished for anything wrong we do.
文章大意：本文开篇第一句是论点：每个人到青春期都会经历一些困难时期。下文讲述的内容均围绕这一论点展
开。
1．A．chances
B．changes
C．feelings
D．expectations
解析：由下一句中的“This transition”可知，此处表述在这个阶段，我们需要面对生活中的大多数改变(changes)。
故选____。
2．A．smooth
B．practical
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C．demanding
D．necessary
解析：由下文“but rough...”可知，此处用smooth“顺利的”和后面的rough 形成对比。从童年到成年的过渡，对
有些人来说是很顺利的(smooth)，但是对另外一些人来说却很艰难。故选____。
3．A．knowledge
B．independence
C．confidence
D．responsibility
解析：根据此空下一句“当我们成为青少年时，我们会因犯错受到责备甚至是惩罚”可知，此处表示“成为青少
年最重要的一件事就是承担起责任(responsibility)”。故选____。
2．把握作者的观点和态度
议论文往往体现作者对某一事物的观点，而作者的观点就是文章的论点。考生要把握作者的观点，了解作者对某
一事物是褒还是贬，是赞成还是反对，通常把握了作者的观点也就是找准了文章的论点。
典例(广东卷)
How long can human beings live Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is 1.______ to live no
longer than 120 years. However, 110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live—if he or she is
2.______ healthy and lucky.Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years ！Yet, our cells simply cannot
continue to reproduce 3.______.They wear out，and as a result，we get old and 4.______ die.Even though we can't live
forever，we are living a 5.______life than ever before.In 1990，the average American life span(寿命) was only 47 years，
but today it is 75 years!
文章大意：本文主要分析了人类寿命延长的原因以及人口老龄化对社会的影响。
1．A．designed
B．selected
C．improved
D．discovered
解析：科学家们认为人体的结构设计决定了人类的寿命可长达120 岁，design“设计”；select“选择，挑选”；
improve“提高，改善”；discover“发现”。故选____。
2．A．completely
B．generally
C．apparently
D．extremely
解析：然而110 岁可能是人们希望能活的最长的寿命——如果他极其健康和幸运。completely“完全地”；
generally“一般地”；apparently“显然地”；extremely“极其，非常”。故选____。
3．A．rapidly
B．harmlessly
C．endlessly
D．separately
解析：根据文章可知，此处表述由于人体的细胞不会无止境的再生，因此人的寿命是有限的。rapidly“快速地”；
harmlessly“无害地”；endlessly“无止境地”；separately“分离地，分开地”。故选____。
4．A．eventually
B．separately
C．automatically
D．desperately
解析：他们(细胞)衰竭后，结果我们就会变老并最终死亡。eventually“最终”；hopelessly“没有希望地”；
automatically“自动地”；desperately“绝望地”。故选____。
5．A．busier
B．longer
C．richer
D．happier
解析：由下文所学的1900 年美国人的平均寿命的例子可知，现在人的寿命比以前更长了。故选____。
3．论点、论据互相结合，选出正确答案
一般来说，能说明论据主要内容的答案可以在论点里得到印证，而论点里的某些答案也可以与论据有机地结合起
来，使论点、论据形成相辅相成的关系，从而使整篇文章上下一致。如果我们所选的答案前后矛盾，论据与论点相悖，
最后的结论与论点矛盾，那么我们就要重新理顺文章的各个部分，直到清楚为止，这样才能选出正确答案。
典例(广东卷)
Parents feel that it is difficult to live with teenagers. Then again ，teenagers have 1.______ feelings about their
parents, saying that it is not easy living with them. According to a recent research, the most common 2.______ between
parents and teenagers is that regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks. On the one hand, parents go mad over
3.______ rooms, clothes thrown on the floor and their children's refusal to help with the 4.______.On the other hand,
teenagers lose their patience continually when parents blame them for 5.______ the towel in the bathroom, not cleaning
up their room or refusing to do the shopping at the supermarket.
文章大意：本文讨论了青少年和家长之间难以相处的原因和解决这一问题的办法。作者认为，沟通是一个双向的
过程，一味地批评和责备会使亲情疏远，父母应当和孩子多交流，互相理解，彼此倾听，才能从根本上解决问题。
1．A．natural
B．strong
C．guilty
D．similar
解析：根据该句中的“Then again”，“it is not easy living with them”和上句中的“it is difficult to live with teenagers”
可知，青少年和他们的父母有着相似的感觉，认为他们彼此之间不容易相处。故选____。
2．A．interest
B．argument
C．link
D．knowledge
解析：由本句中的“regarding untidiness and daily routine tasks”可知，这是他们争论的问题，即他们围绕这些生
活中的小事而争论。故选____。
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3．A．noisy
B．crowded
C．messy
D．locked
解析：根据该句中的“go mad”，“clothes thrown on the floor”和上句中的“untidiness”可知，父母会对杂乱的房间
感到生气。故选____。
4．A．homework
B．housework
C．problem
D．research
解析：根据上文中的“daily routine tasks”可知，此处是指孩子们不愿做家务。故选____。
5．A．washing
B．using
C．dropping
D．replacing
解析：根据语境可知，另一方面，当父母责备他们将毛巾掉落在浴室时，青少年们往往会失去耐心。故选____。
4．通篇阅读，围绕主题(论点)推敲有疑问的题，并最终确定答案
按照文章的内容及语境逐题选择完毕后，一篇完整的文章便呈现出来，此时，一定要通读全文，以验证个别题目
的答案是否与主题偏离，以求更高的准确度。
(2018·长春外国语学校四模)
Do you have a dream? It is part of your life? Everybody had dreams.I have a _1.___，too.When I slept, I would
dream of living it; when I _2.___，I would work for living it.
One day, somebody told me, “To _3.___ is better than to arrive.” Hearing this, I _4.___ laughed it off, not quite
understanding how that was even _5.___.And I didn't realize how true it was _6.___ I had what I wanted.Then I
suddenly realized that the person living the dream was different from the one who had _7.___ fot it.Since then, I have
made a great _8.___ to work for the realization of my dream._9.___，I achieved what I had wanted.I have now become
a wiser, calmer, stronger and more passionate person.
The journey had _10.___ me a lot.I made mistakes and learned from them.I_11.___ and learned to get up again.I
cried and I learned to wipe away my tears.I made friends and learned to _12.___ people.I made enemies and learned to
value _13.___.The journey had transformed a caterpillar(毛虫) into a beautiful butterfly, eagerly waiting to _14.___ the
world with her newly－found wings.
We all know that our _15.___ isn't as perfect as it is in the fairy tales.It _16.___ great ambition and courage to fulfill
our dreams.But we should remember that even if _17.___ gets in our way, nothing will _18.___ us.
So friends, always remember：“Experience is the best _19.___ and there are no guarantees that one will become an
artist.Only the _20.___ matters.” So let's drink to a new journey.Cheers!
文章大意：梦想的实现需要雄心和勇气。要记住：即使有什么会妨碍我们，也没有什么能阻止我们，经历的过程
最重要。
1．A．reason
B．permission
C．dream
D．question
解析：reason 理由；permission 许可；dream 梦想；question 问题。句意为：每个人都有梦想，我也有一个梦想。
故选C。
2．A．got in
B．got through
C．got on
D．got up
解析：结合上句“When I slept, I would dream of living it”可知该句意为：当我起床的时候，我为实现这个梦想而
努力。故选D。
3．A．gather
B．escape
C．travel
D．return
解析：gather 聚集；escape 逃脱；travel 旅行；return 归还。句意为：旅行比到达目的地更好。故选C。
4．A．ever
B．even
C．almost
D．just
解析：句意为：听到这句话，我只是一笑而过，不太明白那怎么可能。故选D。
5．A．possible
B．difficult
C．certain
D．necessary
解析：参考上题解析可知选A。
6．A．because
B．until
C．if
D．after
解析：not...until...直到……才……。句意为直到我拥有了我想要的东西，才意识到它是多么的真实。故选B。
7．A．paid
B．worked
C．prepared
D．waited
解析：pay 支付；work 工作；prepare 准备；wait 等待。句意为：我突然意识到实现梦想的人与为之努力的人不
同。故选B。
8．A．effort
B．research
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C．promise
D．difference
解析：effort 努力；research 研究；promise 许诺；difference 不同。句意为：我为实现梦想而努力。故选A。
9．A．Normally
B．Regularly
C．Finally
D．Actually
解析：normally 正常地；regularly 有规律地；finally 最后；actually 实际上。句意为：最后我得到了我想要的。
故选C。
10．A．pleased
B．changed
C．pressed
D．worried
解析：please 使满意；change 改变；press 按压；worry 担忧。句意为：这个过程使我改变了许多。故选B。
11．A．fell down
B．set down
C．looked out
D．put down
解析：fall down 跌倒，倒下；set down 记下；look out 小心；put down 放下。句意为：我跌倒了，又学会了再次
站起来。此处与空后的get up 相对应。故选A。
12．A．value
B．ask
C．miss
D．see
解析：value 重视，珍惜；ask 问；miss 错过；see 看见。句意为：我交到了朋友，也学会了重视别人。故选A。
13．A．plans
B．choices
C．lessons
D．concerns
解析：plan 计划；choice 选择；lesson 功课，教训；concern 关心。句意为：我树了敌，也学会了重视教训。故选
C。
14．A．save
B．imagine
C．enjoy
D．explore
解析：save 挽救；imagine 想象；enjoy 喜爱；explore 探索。句意为：殷切期待着用她新发现的翅膀去探索世界。
故选D。
15．A．study
B．life
C．plan
D．creation
解析：句意为：我们都知道我们的生活不像童话故事中那样完美。life 生活。故选B。
16．A．attracts
B．advises
C．praises
D．takes
解析：句意为：实现梦想需要雄心和勇气。It takes...to do sth.做某事需要……。故选D。
17．A．something
B．anything
C．nothing
D．everything
解析：句意为：但是我们应该记住，即使有东西挡住我们的道路，也没有什么会阻止我们。something 某事。故
选A。
18．A．persuade
B．stop
C．cure
D．match
解析：参考上题解析。故选B。
19．A．fruit
B．course
C．teacher
D．hope
解析：句意为：经历了最好的老师。teacher 老师。故选C。
20．A．journey
B．task
C．decision
D．wealth
解析：文中多次出现journey，所以这里的意思是：只有旅程是最重要的。故选A。
(二)说明文
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)
Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro，the highest mountain in Africa.They __1.___ with
them lots of waste.The __2.___ might damage the beauty of the place.The glaciers(冰川) are disappearing，changing the
__3.___ of Kilimanjaro.
Hearing these stories ，I'm __4.___ about the place—other destinations are described as “purer” natural
experiences.
However，I soon __5.___ that much has changed since the days of disturbing reports of __6.___ among tons of
rubbish.I find a __7.___ mountain，with toilets at camps and along the paths.The environmental challenges are __8.___
but the efforts made by the Tanzania National Park Authority seem to be __9.___.
The best of a Kilimanjaro __10.___，in my opinion，isn't reaching the top.Mountains are __11.___ as spiritual places
by many cultures.This __12.___ is especially evident on Kilimanjaro as __13.___ go through five ecosystems(生态系统)
in the space of a few kilometers.At the base is a rainforest.It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters ，__14.___ lands of low
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growing plants.Further up，the weather __15.___—low clouds envelop the mountainsides，which are covered with thick
grass.I __16.___ twelve shades of green from where I stand.Above 4,000 meters is the highland ___17.___：gravel(砾石)，
stones and rocks.__18.___ you climb into an arctic －like zone with __19.___ snow and the glaciers that may soon
disappear.
Does Kilimanjaro __20.___ its reputation as a crowded mountain with lines of tourists ruining the atmosphere of
peace？I found the opposite to be true.
文章大意：主题：人与自然(环境保护)；话题：乞力马扎罗山。本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了非洲乞力马扎罗
山的环境污染以及当地机构努力治理之后环境的改观情况。该语篇能激发深入思考，关注自然和生态，探索人与自然
的和谐相处之道。
1．A．keep
B．mix
C．connect
D．bring
解析：上文语境题。根据第一句“Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro...”可知，每年大约
有4 万人试图攀登乞力马扎罗山，所以他们攀登的时候带来(bring)了很多垃圾。
2．A．stories
B．buildings
C．crowds
D．reporters
解析：上文语境题。联系上文中的about 40,000 people 可知，这些人群(crowds)有可能破坏这个地方的美。
3．A．position
B．age
C．face
D．name
解析：上文语境题。联系上文中的The glaciers are disappearing 可知，冰川的消失正在改变乞力马扎罗山的面貌
(face)。
4．A．silent
B．skeptical
C．serious
D．crazy
解析：下文语境题。联系下文other destinations are described as “purer” natural experiences 可知，其他目的地被
描述为“更纯粹的”自然体验，所以作者对乞力马扎罗山被严重破坏的报道表示怀疑(skeptical)。be skeptical about
对……表示怀疑。silent 沉默的；serious 严肃的；crazy 疯狂的。
5．A．discover
B．argue
C．decide
D．advocate
解析：下文语境题。联系下文的much has changed 可知，作者发现(discover)了乞力马扎罗山的变化。argue 争论；
decide 决定；advocate 提倡。
6．A．equipment
B．grass
C．camps
D．stones
解析：下文语境题。联系下文中的with toilets at camps 可知，这里报道的是营地(camp)。
7．A．remote
B．quiet
C．tall
D．clean
解析：上下文语境题。联系上文However(然而)及下文with toilets at camps and along the paths(营地和路边都有厕
所)可推知，作者看到的是干净的(clean)山。
8．A．new
B．special
C．significant
D．necessary
解析：上文语境题。上文提到乞力马扎罗山有众多游客，而且有很多垃圾，还有令人心烦的诸多报道，由此可知，
这里面临的环境挑战是重大的(significant)。new 新的；special 特殊的；necessary 有必要的。
9．A．paying off
B．spreading out
C．blowing up
D．fading away
解析：上文语境题。联系前文的with toilets at camps and along the paths 可知，坦桑尼亚国家公园管理局所做的
努力似乎正在奏效(pay off)。spread out 展开；blow up 爆炸；fade away 逐渐消失。
10．A．atmosphere
B．experience
C．experiment
D．sight
解析：下文语境题。联系下文reaching the top 可知，作者认为乞力马扎罗山最好的爬山体验(experience)并不是登
顶。atmosphere 气氛；experiment 实验；sight 视线。
11．A．studied
B．observed
C．explored
D．regarded
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的by many cultures 可知，山在很多文化中被看作是(regard)灵魂之地，be regarded
as 被看作是……。study 研究；observe 观察；explore 探索。
12．A．view
B．quality
C．reason
D．purpose
解析：上下文语境题。结合上文的“文化观”，再联系下文的go through five ecosystems 可知，这种“经历五种
生态系统”的景色(view)在乞力马扎罗山表现尤为明显。quality 品质；reason 原因；purpose 目的。
13．A．scientists
B．climbers
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C．locals
D．officials
解析：上文语境题。联系上文的“Every year about 40,000 people attempt to climb Kilimanjaro...”可知，爬山的人
(climbers)可以经历五种生态系统。scientist 科学家；local 本地人；official 官员。
14．A．holding on to
B．going back to
C．living up to
D．giving way to
解析：上文语境题。联系上文的It ends abruptly at 3,000 meters 可知，热带雨林在3 000 米处突然中止，取而代
之的是生长着低矮植物的土地。give way to 意为“被……代替”，符合语境。hold on to 坚持；go back to 回到；live up
to 不辜负。
15．A．changes
B．clears
C．improves
D．permits
解析：上下文语境题。上文介绍了五种生态系统中的两种，再联系下文的low clouds envelop the mountainsides
可知，在这里气候又发生了变化(change)。clear 清除；improve 改善；permit 允许。
16．A．match
B．imagine
C．count
D．add
解析：下文语境题。联系空后的twelve shades of green 可知，作者数出了(count)12 种绿色。
17．A．village
B．desert
C．road
D．lake
解析：下文语境题。联系冒号后的gravel，stones and rocks 可知，4 000 米以上是荒漠(desert)。
18．A．Obviously
B．Easily
C．Consequently
D．Finally
解析：上下文语境题。上文介绍了从山下到山上的五个生态系统，所以这里说最后(finally)爬到了一个像北极圈一
样的区域。obviously 明显地；easily 容易地；consequently 因此，所以。
19．A．permanent
B．little
C．fresh
D．artificial
解析：上文语境题。联系上文的climb into an arctic－like zone 可知，攀登者到了一个像北极圈的地方，所以这里
是指常年积雪。permanent 意为“永久的，永恒的”，符合语境。little 少的；fresh 新鲜的；artificial 人造的。
20．A．enjoy
B．deserve
C．save
D．acquire
解析：下文语境题。联系下文的“I found the opposite to be true.”可知，作者在这里进行反问：乞力马扎罗山真的
应该获得(deserve)游人如织，破坏了其平和景象的拥挤山脉这一名声吗？
名师点津
一、题型解读
说明文是对事物的特征、本质、性能、状态、用途、原理或事物的发生、发展、结果、用途、原理等进行介绍、
解释、说明的一种文体。与记叙文相比，说明文类完形填空有如下命题特点：
1．文章多用现在时态。说明文通常是对客观事物或实例的介绍与说明，与时间的变化关系不大，所以文章常用现
在时态。
2．语言简练、平实、准确，常采用客观描述。说明文的目的是要帮助读者认清事物，明白事理，所以语言简练、
平实，易于理解，内容客观真实。
3．文章主题明确，层次分明。高考说明文类完形填空往往文章开头就点明说明对象，从而为同学们把握文章主题
提供有利条件。而且，作者借助合理的说明顺序展开文章，使文章结构清晰，层次分明。
二、解题技巧
1．明确说明对象，理清段落关系。通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明
的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的关系，加深对说明对象的理解。
2．弄清说明顺序，把握文章脉络。在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行解说。把握了说明
顺序能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。常见的说明顺序有时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序(如因果关系、
果因关系、先主后次等)和认识顺序(如由此及彼、由浅入深、由局部到整体、由现象到本质等)。
1．掌握说明顺序
为了清楚、条理地说明事物，作者通常会使用列举等各种方法来说明顺序和步骤，考生需要格外注意这些线索和
走势。
典例
First of all...Then...__2__ ，the pen should make a thick, dark line.Fine －line pens may compensate_for bad
handwriting, but fine, delicate lines do not command attention next to printed text, as, for_example，a signature on a
printed letter.A broader line, on the other hand, gives an impression of confidence and authority(权威)．
A．Meanwhile
B．Generally
C．Afterwards
D．Finally
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[解题思路]
作者为了介绍怎样选择好用的钢笔使用了过渡词first of all, then 等引出相关的细节内容，然后选finally，与前面
的过渡词保持一致。在说明文完形填空试题中，要特别注意文中用来举例或说明步骤、方法或过程等的单词或短语。
故选_____。
2．利用逻辑关系
完形填空通常通过上下文的逻辑关系来命题。理清上下文是怎样的逻辑关系，找准关键信息词，可以帮助我们解
题。
典例
Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you through that little device( 装置) on your desk.And they've
never actually met you.Everything they know about you came through this device, sometimes from hundreds of miles
away.__43__ they feel they can know you just from the sound of your voice.That's how powerful the telephone is.
A．Thus
B．Yet
C．Then
D．Indeed
[解题思路]
上文说，很多人只凭桌上一个小小的装置(电话)就有了对你的印象，即使从未谋面。他们对你的一切了解都来自
这台装置，有时甚至相隔好几百英里。这里说，然而，他们感觉仅通过你的声音就能了解你是个什么样的人。thus“因
此，这样”；yet“然而”；then“于是，接着”；indeed“的确；确实”。根据句意选____。
3．明白所举事例
作者为了说明一件事情或一个道理，通常会举出具体的事例。举例说明是说明文的常用手法，也是做题的突破口。
例如：
典例
To find the meaning from text－based clues, you should look for clues in the sentence.A second kind of clue does not
rely on specific words to indicate the meaning.This kind of context clue is called a framework －based clue.Your
knowledge of the meaning of surrounding words helps you discover the meaning of a word or sentence.Common sense
and your knowledge of the part of speech also help define unknown words.For example, the angry driver shouted
vehemently during his fight with the other driver.What does “vehemently” __56__？You know what __57__ means,
and you know how people feel when they argue.From this, you can figure out that “vehemently” has something to do
with strong emotion or intense feelings.
56．A．mean.
B．use
C．contain
D．complete
57．A．angry
B．grateful
C．happy
D．anxious
[解题思路]
本文主要介绍在阅读过程中学习生词的方法和技巧。有时候在阅读中所遇到的生词的意思可以通过语境知道其含
义。空格前面的句子说，常识和对词性的了解也有助于(读者)给生词下定义。为了表达上文的意思，作者举例说，一
个发怒的司机与另一个司机吵架的过程中喊叫着。这里用副词vehemently 来修饰动词shouted。作者这里肯定问的是：
“vehemently”是什么意思呢？因此56 题选____项，与下文中的“You know what __57__ means”形成呼应。57 题选
_____，意思是“你知道angry 是什么意思，而且你(也)知道人们在争辩时的感受”，也与上文中的“the angry driver”
相呼应。因此理解所举例子对理解文章所述道理非常有帮助。
(2018·黑龙江哈尔滨六中三模)
New genetic analysis has revealed that many Amazon tree species are likely to survive human －made climate
warming in the coming century, contrary to previous findings that temperature increases would cause them to die out.A
study, _1.___ in the latest edition of Ecology and Evolution, reveals the _2.___ age of some Amazonian tree
species—more than 8 million years—and _3.___ shows that they have survived previous periods as warm as many of the
global warming imagined periods _4.___for the year 2100.
The authors write that, having survived warm periods in the past, the trees will _5.___ survive future warming,
provided there are no other major environmental changes._6.___ extreme droughts and forest fires will impact
Amazonia as temperatures _7.___，the trees will stand the direct impact of higher temperatures.The authors _8.___
that as well as reducing greenhouse gas emissions to minimize the risk of drought and fire, conservation policy should
remain _9.___ on preventing deforestation(采伐森林) for agriculture and mining.
The study disagrees with other recent researches which predicted tree species' extinctions _10.___ relatively small
increases in global average air temperatures.
Study co－author Dr Simon Lewis (UCL Geography) said the _11.___ were good news for Amazon tree species, but
warned that drought and over－exploitation of the forest remained major _12.___ to the Amazon's future.
Dr Lewis said, “The past cannot be compared directly with the future.While tree species seem likely to _13.___
higher air temperatures than today, the Amazon forest is being transformed for agriculture and _14.___，and what
remains is being degraded(使恶化) by logging (伐木) ，and increasingly split up by fields and roads.”
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“Species will not move as freely in today's Amazon as they did in previous warm periods, when there was no
human _15.___.Similarly, today's climate change is extremely fast，making comparisons with slower changes in the past
_16.___.”
“With a clearer _17.___ of the relative risks to the Amazon forest，we _18.___ that direct human impacts—such as
forest clearances for agriculture or mining—should remain a key point of conservation policy.We also need more
aggressive _19.___ to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to make minimum the risk of drought and fire impacts
an__20.___ the future of most Amazon tree species.”
文章大意：本文主要讲了一项最新的研究，研究表明气候变暖不会使亚马孙古代树灭绝。
1．A．advertised
B．described
C．published
D．presented
解析：advertise 做广告；describe 描述；publish 公布；present 呈现。此处表示：《生物与进化》的最新版公布的
一项研究。故选C。
2．A．frightening
B．surprising
C．exciting
D．interesting
解析：frightening 令人害怕的；surprising 令人惊讶的；exciting 令人兴奋的；interesting 有趣的。句意为：这项
研究揭示了亚马孙树种惊人的年龄。故选B。
3．A．still
B．nevertheless
C．however
D．therefore
解析：句意为：这些古代树种有着超800 多万年的树龄，因此表明了它可以幸存于和先前所有时期一样温暖的全
球气候变暖的时期，预测为2100 年。therefore 因此。故选D。
4．A．assess
B．confirm
C．forecast
D．promise
解析：assess 评定；confirm 确认；forecast 预测；promise 允许。由上题解析可知选C。
5．A．particularly
B．probably
C．merely
D．possibly
解析：句意为：作者写道，亚马孙的树种曾在高温气候中生存下来，所以将来也有可能在气温升高的气候中存活。
故选B。
6．A．Since
B．Although
C．When
D．If
解析：句意为：虽然随着温度的升高，严重的干旱及森林火灾将会影响亚马孙流域，但这些树木将会忍受更高温
度的直接影响。故选B。
7．A．rise
B．change
C．drop
D．end
解析：rise 升高；change 变化；drop 掉落；end 结束。由本句末的“higher temperatures”可知应是温度升高。故
选A。
8．A．consider
B．decide
C．guarantee
D．recommend
解析：consider 考虑；decide 决定；guarantee 保证；recommend 推荐，建议。后面是作者的建议，故选D。
9．A．based
B．built
C．focused
D．made
解析：base 以……基础；build 建筑；focus 集中；make 制作。句意为：保护措施应当仍然集中于防止为了农业
和矿业的发展而采伐森林。故选C。
10．A．in relation to
B．in response to
C．in reply to
D．in reference to
解析：in relation to 关于，涉及；in response to 响应，回答，对……做出反应；in reply to 答复……；in reference
to 关于。句意为：这项研究与最近其他研究不同的是他们预测树种的灭绝是对相对小幅度的全球平均气温升高的反应。
故选B。
11．A．findings
B．thoughts
C．inventions
D．writings
解析：finding 发现；thought 想法；invention 发明；writing 作品。句意为：教授说这些发现对于亚马孙树种来说
是一个好消息，但他警告称干旱和过度采伐森林对于亚马孙的未来来说仍然是主要的威胁。故选A。
12．A．threats
B．disadvantages
C．embarrassments
D．instructions
解析：threat 威胁；disadvantage 不利条件；embarrassment 窘境；instruction 说明，指示。由上题解析可知选A。
13．A．accept
B．tolerate
C．permit
D．require
解析：accept 接受；tolerate 容忍，忍耐；permit 允许；require 要求。句意为：虽然树种好像能忍耐比现在更高
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的温度，但亚马孙森林正在向农业和矿业转变。故选B。
14．A．farming
B．planting
C．catering
D．mining
解析：farming 畜牧业；planting 种植业；catering 服务业；mining 矿业。由第二段最后一句中的“deforestation(采
伐森林) for agriculture and mining”可知选D。
15．A．power
B．influence
C．desire
D．violence
解析：power 力量；influence 影响；desire 欲望；violence 暴力。句意为：当这里没有人类影响的时候。故选B。
16．A．difficult
B．clear
C．easy
D．important
解析：句意为：现在气候变化极快，使之与过去缓慢地变化比较起来很难。故选A。
17．A．belief
B．direction
C．understanding
D．suggestion
解析：句意为：更清楚地理解了亚马孙森林所面对的危险。我们推断出人类直接的影响，比如为了农、矿业而采
伐森林，仍是保护政策的重点。
18．A．doubt
B．conclude
C．calculate
D．prefer
解析：conclude 推断，做结论。由上题解析可知选B。
19．A．thought
B．guidance
C．protection
D．action
解析：句意为：为了把干旱和火灾的风险降到最低并保护亚马孙树种的未来，我们也需要更多积极的行动来减少
温室气体的排放。action 行动。
20．A．secure
B．advance
C．sacrifice
D．evaluate
解析：secure 保护，使安全。由上题解析可知选A。
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2015·安徽卷)
In our modern world，when something wears out，we throw it away and buy a new one.The _1.___ is that countries
around the world have growing mountains of _2.___ because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.
How did we _3.___ a throwaway society? First of all，it is now easier to _4.___ an object than to spend time and
money to repair it._5.___ modern manufacturing (制造业) and technology，companies are able to produce products
quickly and inexpensively.Products are plentiful and _6.___.
Another cause is our _7.___ of disposable (一次性的) products.As _8.___ people，we are always looking for _9.___
to save time and make our lives easier.Companies _10.___ thousands of different kinds of disposable products：paper
plates，plastic cups，and cameras，to name a few.
Our appetite for new products also _11.___ to the problem.We are _12.___ buying new things.Advertisements
persuade us that _13.___ is better and that we will be happier with the latest products.The result is that we _14.___
useful possessions to make room for new ones.
All around the world，we can see the _15.___ of this throwaway lifestyle.Mountains of rubbish just keep getting
bigger.To _16.___ the amount of rubbish and to protect the _17.___，more governments are requiring people to recycle
materials._18.___，this is not enough to solve (解决) our problem.
Maybe there is another way out.We need to repair our possessions _19.___ throwing them away.We also need to
rethink our attitudes about _20.___.Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to
reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
文章大意：本文是说明文。本文讲述了为什么我们的社会变成了一个垃圾成山、一次性物品充斥的社会，同时指
出要保护环境、解决这一问题，除了回收资源以外，人们更应该改变的是消费习惯。
1．A．key
B．reason
C．project
D．problem
解析：下文语境题。根据第一段末句中的“because people...than ever before”可知这里描述的是一种世界各国正在
面临的问题。
2．A．gifts
B．rubbish
C．debt
D．products
解析：下文语境题。根据空格后的原因状语从句“because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before”
可知答案。
3．A．face
B．become
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C．observe
D．change
解析：下文语境题。文章第二段、第三段和第四段分析了我们变成一次性物品充斥的社会的原因。由此可知此句
是总领性的句子——我们是怎样变成一次性物品充斥的社会的。
4．A．hide
B．control
C．replace
D．withdraw
解析：下文语境题。因为此文谈及的是一次性物品充斥的社会。在一次性物品充斥的社会中，和花时间与金钱修
理东西相比，更换一个东西当然要更容易些。hide“隐藏”；control“控制”；replace“取代”；withdraw“提取”。
5．A．Thanks to
B．As to
C．Except for
D．Regardless of
解析：下文语境题。由于现代制造业和技术，公司可以更快地、更加低成本地生产东西。
6．A．safe
B．funny
C．cheap
D．powerful
解析：上文语境题。由上一句中的“produce products quickly and inexpensively”可知。
7．A．love
B．lack
C．prevention
D．division
解析：下文语境题。由第三段可知，人们喜爱一次性产品是因为它可以节约时间，使人们的生活更轻松。这里表
明人们对一次性产品的喜爱是另外一个原因。
8．A．sensitive
B．kind
C．brave
D．busy
解析：语义逻辑题。为什么要节约时间？是因为人们比较忙。
9．A．ways
B．places
C．jobs
D．friends
解析：语义逻辑题。忙碌的我们总是寻找节省时间的方法。
10．A．donate
B．receive
C．produce
D．preserve
解析：语义逻辑题。公司生产许多不同种类的一次性产品。根据前句的语境可知此处表示生产一次性产品。
11．A．adapts
B．returns
C．responds
D．contributes
解析：下文语境题。由本段内容可知，我们对新产品的强烈欲望也会引起这个问题。adapt to“适应”；return to“返
回”；respond to“对……作出反应”；contribute to“有助于……”。
12．A．tired of
B．addicted to
C．worried about
D．ashamed for
解析：上文语境题。根据前句“我们对新产品的欲望也会引起这个问题”，以及后句“we will be happier with the
latest products”推理可知。
13．A．newer
B．stronger
C．higher
D．larger
解析：下文语境题。根据空后的“we will be happier with the latest products”可知此处表示“越新越好”。
14．A．pick up
B．pay for
C．hold onto
D．throw away
解析：固定搭配题。make room for new ones“为新东西腾出空间”，那么如何为新东西腾出空间呢？
15．A．advantages
B．purposes
C．functions
D．consequences
解析：下文语境题。根据后句“Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger”可知此处指的是“这种抛弃型的生活
方式造成的后果”。
16．A．show
B．record
C．decrease
D．measure
解析：下文语境题。根据后句中的“more governments are requiring people to recycle materials”和文章最后一句中
的“...to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment”可知。
17．A．technology
B．environment
C．consumers
D．brands
解析：参见上题解析。
18．A．However
B．Otherwise
C．Therefore
D．Meanwhile
解析：下文语境题。根据下一段内容以及空格后的“this is not enough to solve (解决) our problem”推理可知空格
前后应为转折关系。
19．A．by
B．in favour of
C．after
D．instead of
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解析：语义逻辑题。维修东西和扔掉它们是对立的概念，因此可知答案。
20．A．spending
B．collecting
C．repairing
D．advertising
解析：上文逻辑题。根据前句中的“to repair our possessions _19__ throwing them away”以及后句中的“Repairing
our possessions and changing our spending habits...”可知。
B
(2015·浙江卷)
Since finishing my studies at Harvard and Oxford，I've watched one friend after another land high－ranking，high
－paying Wall Street jobs.As executives(高级管理人员)with banks，consulting firms，established law firms，and major
corporations，many are now _1.___ on their way to impressive careers.By society's _2.___，they seem to have it made.
On the surface，these people seem to be very lucky in life.As they left student life behind，many had a _3.___ drink
at their cheap but friendly local bar，shook hands with longtime roommates，and _4.___ out of small apartments into
high buildings.They made reservations at restaurants where the cost of a bottle of wine _5.___ a college year's monthly
rent.They replaced their beloved old cars with expensive new sports cars.
The thing is, a number of them have _6.___ that despite their success，they aren't happy.Some _7.___ of unfriendly
co－workers and feel sad for eight－hour workweeks devoted to tasks they _8.___.Some do not respect the companies
they work for and talk of feeling tired and _9.___.However，instead of devoting themselves to their work，they find
themselves working to support the _10.___ to which they have so quickly become _11.___.
People often speak of trying a more satisfying path，and _12.___ in the end the idea of leaving their jobs to work for
something they _13.___ or finding a position that would give them more time with their families almost always leads
them to the same conclusion：it's _14.___.They have loans，bills，a mortgage(抵押贷款)to _15.___，retirement to save
for.They recognize there's something _16.___ in their lives，but it's _17.___ to step off the track.
In a society that tends to _18.___ everything in terms of dollars and cents，we learn from a young age to consider
the costs of our _19.___ in financial terms.But what about the personal and social costs _20.___ in pursuing money over
meaning？These are exactly the kinds of costs many of us tend to ignore—and the very ones we need to consider most.
文章大意：本文讲述了金钱不能代表一切，享受高薪的人并不一定幸福。
1．A．much
B．never
C．seldom
D．well
解析：副词词义辨析。根据上文I've watched one friend after another land high－ranking, high－paying Wall
Street jobs.可知我的朋友都有了很好的工作。故这里意为“他们作为银行、顾问公司等的高级管理人员，在令人钦佩
的职业生涯中走得很顺利(well)”。be well on one's way 意为“在……的路上进展顺利”。much “很多”，never“从
不”，seldom“很少”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为D。
2．A．policies
B．standards
C．experiments
D．regulations
解析：名词辨析。由上文可知“我”的朋友们在很多领域担任要职，有很好的工作。故这里意为“从社会的标准
(standards)看来，他们似乎很成功”。policy“政策”，experiment“实验”，regulation“规则，规章”，均不符合文
意。故正确答案为B。
3．A．last
B．least
C．second
D．best
解析：考查语境理解。根据前文As they left student life behind 和后面的shook hands with longtime roommates
可知这里在描述当他们离开学生生活时候的场景，即他们会在当地的热情待客的廉价酒吧喝最后的(last)一杯酒。
least“最少的”，second“第二的”，best“最好的”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为A。
4．A．cycled
B．moved
C．slid
D．looked
解析：动词词义辨析。由上文As they left student life behind 可知这里在讲述他们离开学生生活的情景，故这里
意为“他们从小公寓搬(moved)出，住到高楼大厦里”。cycle“循环”，slide“滑”，look“看”，均不符合文意。故
正确答案为B。
5．A．shared
B．paid
C．equaled
D．collected
解析：考查语境和动词词义辨析。根据后文They replaced their beloved old cars with expensive new sports cars.
可知这里在对比离开校园前后的生活。这里意为“他们会预订酒店，在那里一瓶酒的价格和大学时期一个月的租金相
等(equaled)”。share “分享”，pay “支付”，collect “收集”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为C。
6．A．advertised
B．witnessed
C．admitted
D．demanded
解析：动词词义辨析。根据前文On the surface, these people seem to be very lucky in life.可知这些人在表面上看
起来很幸运。根据本段内容可知这里是在转折。本句意为“问题是，他们中的许多人都承认(admitted)尽管他们成功，
但他们并不开心”。advertise“通知”，witness“目击”，demand“要求”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为C。
7．A．complain
B．dream
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C．hear
D．approve
解析：动词词义辨析。根据前文they aren't happy 可知本段内容在说他们不开心的事情。故这里意为“一些人抱
怨(complain)同事的不友好”。dream“梦想”，hear“听到，听说”，approve“证明”，均不符合文意。故正确答
案为A。
8．A．distribute
B．hate
C．applaud
D．neglect
解析：动词词义辨析。根据前文they aren't happy 和feel sad 可知本段内容在说他们不开心的事情。故这里意
为“一些人会对八小时的工作时间都致力于他们讨厌(hate)的任务感到难过”。distribute“分配”，applaud“赞同”，
neglect“忽视”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为B。
9．A．calm
B．guilty
C．warm
D．empty
解析：形容词词义辨析。根据前文they aren't happy 可知本段内容在说他们不开心的事情。and 连接两个并列
的成分，故划线处应和tired 意思相近。本句意为“一些人不尊重他们为之工作的公司，感到累和空虚(empty)”。calm
“冷静的”，warm “温暖的”，不符合文意。guilty “愧疚的”，这里不能推断出他们感到愧疚，只是对自己的工作
不满意，故不正确。故正确答案为D。
10．A．family
B．government
C．lifestyle
D．project
解析：名词词义辨析。结合前文可知，这些华尔街的工作者们会花高价去餐厅，买很贵的车，他们并不是因为热
爱而投入到工作中，而是用工作来支撑这种生活方式(lifestyle)。government “政府”，project “项目”，不符合文意。
family“家庭”，本文并没有提到工作对家人的意义，“来支撑家庭”不符合文意。故正确答案为C。
11．A．accustomed
B．appointed
C．unique
D．available
解析：考查语境理解。accustomed “习惯的”，appointed“指定的，约定的”，unique“独特的”，available“有
效的，可获得的，可利用的”。结合前文可知，这些华尔街的工作者们并不是因为对工作的热情而工作，而是用工作
来支撑一种生活方式，这种方式他们已经习惯(accustomed)了，A 项符合文意。故正确答案为A。
12．A．yet
B．also
C．instead
D．rather
解析：副词词义辨析。结合空格处前半句“People often speak of trying a more satisfying path”可知，很多人想要尝
试新的生活方式，而后文中提到“always leads them to the same conclusion...They have loans, bills...”可知，最终他们的
期望落空，前后句之间是转折关系，yet “然而”符合文意。also“也”，instead“相反”，rather“宁可”，均不符
合文意。故正确答案为A。
13．A．let out
B．turn in
C．give up
D．believe in
解析：动词词义辨析。他们尝试更令人满意的途径，也就是他们想要为一些自己坚信(believe in)的东西而努力，
或者换一份能够有更多时间与家人相处的工作。let out“释放”，turn in“上交，归还”，give up“放弃”，均不符
合文意。故正确答案为D。
14．A．fundamental
B．practical
C．impossible
D．unforgettable
解析：考查语境理解。结合后一句“They have loans, bills, a mortgage”可知，尽管他们想要放弃在华尔街的工作，
想要过自己喜欢的生活，但由于贷款账单等等问题，想要换工作的想法最终是不可能的(impossible)。fundamental“根
本性的”，practical “实用的”，unforgettable“难忘的”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为C。
15．A．take off
B．drop off
C．put off
D．pay off
解析：动词词组辨析。take off “起飞，脱下”；drop off“减少，睡着”；put off“延期”；pay off“偿还，付
清”。结合空格前的“loans, bills, a mortgage”可知，此处意为“他们还有贷款和账单要(偿还)”。故正确答案为D。
16．A．missing
B．inspiring
C．sinking
D．shining
解析：考查语境理解。结合前文所述，这些华尔街的工作者们虽然过着外表光鲜的生活，然而他们却不开心，有
些人想要“leaving their jobs to work for something they believe in or finding a position that would give them more time
with their families”，却最终失败。因此可推知，此处意为“他们意识到在他们的生命中，有些东西缺失了(missing)”。
inspiring“鼓舞人心的”，sinking“下沉的”，shining“闪烁的”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为A。
17．A．harmful
B．hard
C．useful
D．normal
解析：形容词词义辨析。此处意为“虽然他们发现自己的生命中缺少了某些东西，但是想要脱离现状去追求却很
难(hard)”。harmful“有害的”；useful“有用的”；normal“正常的”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为B。
18．A．measure
B．suffer
C．digest
D．deliver
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解析：考查语境理解。结合后半句中的“in terms of dollars and cents” 即“以美元和美分计算”，可推知此处意为
“在一个倾向于用美元和美分来衡量(measure)一切的社会中”。suffer“遭受，忍受”；digest“消化”；deliver“配
送”，均不符合文意。故正确答案为A。
19．A．disasters
B．motivations
C．campaigns
D．decisions
解析：名词词义辨析。结合这一段第一句“In a ...everything in terms of dollars and cents” 可知，此处意为“我们
很小的时候就学会了以金钱来衡量我们的决定(decisions)所带来的得失”。disaster “灾难”；motivation“动力”；
campaign “运动，战役”；均不符合文意。故正确答案为D。
20．A．assessed
B．involved
C．covered
D．reduced
解析：动词词义辨析。前一句提到“我们很小的时候就学会了以金钱来衡量我们所做出的决定会带来的得失”，
由后句开始的But 一词可知前后两句形成对照关系。故可推知，后句意为“那么，为了追逐金钱超过追求人生意义本
身而涉及的(involved)个人代价和社会代价是怎样的呢？”assess“评估”；cover“覆盖，涵盖”；reduce“减少”，
均不符合文意。故正确答案为B。
C
(广东卷)
How long can human beings live？Most scientists who study old age think that the human body is_1.___to live no
longer than 120 years.However,110 years is probably the longest that anyone could hope to live—if he or she is
_2.___healthy and lucky.Some scientists even say we can live as long as 130 years！Yet，our cells simply cannot continue
to reproduce_3.___.They wear out，and as a result，we get old and _4.___die.
Even though we can't live forever，we are living a _5.___life than ever before.In 1900，the average American life
span(寿命)was only 47 years，but today it is 75 years!
When does old age begin then？Sixty－five may be out－of－date as the _6.___ line between middle age and old
age.After all，many older people don't begin to experience physical and mental
_7.___until after age 75.
People are living longer because more people _8.___childhood.Before modern medicine changed the laws of nature，
many children died of common childhood _9.___.Now that the chances of dying _10.___are much lower，the chances of
living long are much higher due to better diets and health care.
On the whole，our population is getting older.The _11.___in our population will have lasting effects on our social
development and our way of life.Some people fear such changes will be for the worse，while some see _12.___，not
disaster.Today，many men and women in their “golden years”are healthy，still active，and young in_13.___if not in age.
As our society grows old，we need the _14.___ of our older citizens.With long lives ahead of them，they need to
_15.___active and be devoted.
文章大意：这篇短文讲述的是人的寿命是有限的，但是随着社会的发展，生活水平的提高，人们的寿命比以前更
长了，而且老龄化已经成为社会的一个趋势。我们的社会需要这些老年人继续保持积极的心态，为社会做贡献。
1．A．designed
B．selected
C．improved
D．discovered
解析：考查动词及语境的理解。句意：大多数研究年龄的科学家们认为人体被设计的不会活过120 岁。designed
设计；selected 选择，挑选；improved 提高，改善；discovered 发现。根据句意可知，科学家们认为人体的结构设计
决定了人类最多不会活过120 岁，故应选A。
2．A．completely
B．generally
C．apparently
D．extremely
解析：考查副词及语境的理解。句意：然而110 岁可能是人们希望能活的最长的寿命——如果他/她非常健康和幸
运。completely 完全地；generally 一般地；apparently 显然地；extremely 极其，非常。根据句意可知，如果一个人非
常健康而且很幸运，人们希望能活到110 岁。故选D。
3．A．rapidly
B．harmlessly
C．endlessly
D．separately
解析：考查副词及语境的理解。句意：然而我们的细胞不会一直无止境地再生。rapidly 快速地；harmlessly 无害
地；endlessly 无止境地；separately 分离地，分开地。根据文意可知，因为人体的细胞不会无止境地再生，因此人的
寿命是有限的。因此应选C。
4．A．eventually
B．hopelessly
C．automatically
D．desperately
解析：考查副词及语境的理解。句意：它们(细胞)慢慢消耗尽，结果我们就会变老最终死亡。eventually 最终；
hopelessly 没有希望地；automatically 自动地；desperately 绝望地，自暴自弃地。根据句意可知选A。
5．A．busier
B．longer
C．richer
D．happier
解析：考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：尽管我们不能永久地活着，但我们的寿命比以前更长了。busier 更忙的；
longer 更长的；richer 更富有的；happier 更开心的。根据这一段的内容可知，现在人的寿命比以前更长了。故选B。
6．A．finishing
B．guiding
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C．waiting
D．dividing
解析：考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：作为中年和老年的分界线，65 岁可能已经过时了。finishing 完成；guiding
指导，指引；waiting 等待；dividing 划分。根据文意可知，把65 岁当作中年和老年的分界线，这已经不适合现在的
形势了。dividing line 分界线，故选D。
7．A．stress
B．damage
C．decline
D．failure
解析：考查名词及语境的理解。句意：毕竟，很多老年人直到75 岁之后才开始经历身体和精神的衰弱。stress 压
力，压迫；damage 损坏；decline 衰落，衰弱；failure 失败。根据句意可知，现在很多老年人是在75 岁之后身体和
精神才开始衰退的，故选C。
8．A．survive
B．enjoy
C．remember
D．value
解析：考查动词及语境的理解。句意：现在人们活得更长是因为更多的人从童年中幸存下来。survive 幸存；enjoy
喜欢，欣赏；remember 记得；value 重视，估价。根据这一段的内容和the chances of living long are much higher due
to better diets and health care 可知，现在的人平均寿命比以前更长的一个原因是人们从童年的疾病中幸存了下来，故
选A。
9．A．problems
B．fears
C．worries
D．diseases
解析：考查名词及语境的理解。句意：在现代医学改变了自然的法则之前，很多孩子死于常见的儿童疾病。problems
问题；fears 恐惧，害怕；worries 担心；diseases 疾病。根据句意可知，以前，人们因为很多普遍的儿童疾病而死，
导致平均寿命比较短。故选D。
10．A．poor
B．young
C．sick
D．quiet
解析：考查形容词及语境的理解。句意：既然年少夭折的可能性更低了，那么活得更长的机会就更大了，因为有
了更好的饮食和医学护理。poor 穷的；young 年轻的；sick 病的；quiet 安静的。根据这一段的意思可知，以前人们
在小的时候就因为生病死去了，dying young 就是年少死去。故选B。
11．A．changes
B．recovery
C．safety
D．increases
解析：考查名词及语境的理解。句意：人口结构的改变会对我们社会的发展和我们的生活方式有持续的影响。
changes 改变；recovery 恢复；safety 安全；increases 增长，增加。根据下文中Some people fear such changes will...
可知，我们现在的人口结构改变了，故选A。
12．A．dreams
B．chances
C．strengths
D．choices
解析：考查名词及语境的理解。句意：一些人担心这个改变将会带来一些坏处，然而还有一些人看到的是机会，
而不是灾难。dreams 梦想；chances 机会；strengths 优点，长处；choices 选择。根据句意可知，这句话中的while 表
示对比，即跟前一种人不一样的看法，故选B。
13．A．mind
B．appearance
C．voice
D．movement
解析：考查名词及语境的理解。句意：现在，很多处在“黄金年龄”的男士和女士，身体都非常健康，活动积极，
心态也很年轻。mind 心态；appearance 外表；voice 声音；movement 移动。根据句意可知，这里应该是说虽然年龄
老了，但是心态依然年轻。故选A。
14．A．protection
B．suggestions
C．contributions
D．permission
解析：考查名词及语境的理解。由结尾处的devoted(献身的)可推测出本题答案。句意：随着我们的社会老龄化，
我们需要这些老年公民们的贡献。protection 保护；suggestions 建议；contributions 贡献；permission 允许。故选C。
15．A．sound
B．appear
C．turn
D．stay
解析：考查动词及语境的理解。句意：前面还有很长的寿命，他们需要保持积极的心态和奉献的精神。sound 听
起来；appear 好像，出现；turn 转，变成；stay 保持。根据文意可知，现在人们的寿命更长了，因此老年人也要继
续保持积极心态，为我们的社会做贡献。故应选D。
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·广州市调研)
Why study history?
People live in the present. They plan for the _1.___.History, however, is the study of the past. Given all the _2.___
and pressures that come from living in the present and _3.___ what is yet to come, why bother with what has happened?
Given all the available branches of knowledge, why insist—as most _4.___ systems do—on history? And why urge many
students to study even more history than they are _5.___ to?
Any subject of study needs_6.___ ：supporters must explain why it is worth _7.___. Like most widely accepted
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_8.___，history attracts people who simply _9.___ the information and modes of thought involved. But for people who
are less interested in the subject and more _10.___ about why they should bother
with it, a clearer explanation of its
purpose is required.
_11.___ do not perform heart transplants, improve highway design, or arrest criminals.In a society that quite
correctly expects education to serve _12.___ purposes, history's functions can seem more difficult to _13.___ than those
of engineering or medicine. History is in fact very useful, actually _14.___，but the products of historical study are often
less _15.___ and immediate than those of other subjects.
History helps us understand people, societies and how they __16.___. For example, how can we _17.___ past wars
and future threats without using historical materials? Unfortunately, major aspects of the society's operation cannot be
set up as precise experiments._18.___，history must serve, however imperfectly，as our _19.___，helping us understand
who we are and why we do what we do. This, fundamentally, is why we cannot_20.___history.
文章大意：很多人有这样的疑惑：我们所有的需求和压力都来自活在当下，以及对未来的预期，为什么还要在已
经发生的事情上花费时间呢？虽然历史研究的成果往往不如其他学科那样立竿见影，但是，历史学科实际上是非常重
要的，它能帮助我们了解我们是谁和我们为什么要做我们所做的事情。
1．A．process
B．result
C．future
D．environment
解析：根据该句中的“plan for”，并结合常识可知，人们为未来做计划。C 项意为“未来”，故C 项正确。A 项意
为“过程”；B 项意为“结果”；D 项意为“环境”。
2．A．causes
B．demands
C．choices
D．orders
解析：根据该句中的“and pressures that come from living in the present”并结合选项可知，空处与名词“pressures”
对应，表示“来自活在当下的需求和压力”。B 项意为“需求”，故B 项正确；A 项意为“原因”，C 项意为“选择”，
D 项意为“次序”，都与语境不符。
3．A．avoiding
B．fearing
C．celebrating
D．anticipating
解析：根据上文的“They plan for the __1__”以及该句中的“__3__what is yet to come”，并结合语境，此处是
说对未来的预期。D 项意为“预期”，故D 项正确。A 项意为“避免”，B 项意为“恐惧”，C 项意为“庆祝”，都
与语境不符。
4．A．financial
B．social
C．educational
D．political
解析：根据下文中的“urge many students to study even more history”可知，我们总是敦促学生学习更多历史知识；
结合该句中的“Given all the available branches of knowledge，why insist—as most __4__ systems do—on history？”
可知，考虑到所有可用的知识分支，为什么大多数教育体系坚持教授历史？C 项意为“教育的”，符合语境。A 项意
为“财政的”，B 项意为“社会的”，D 项意为“政治的”，都与语境不符。
5．A．required
B．invited
C．forced
D．permitted
解析：根据该句“And why urge many students to study even more history than they are __5__ to？”，并结合常
识可知，此处表示为什么要敦促许多学生学习比他们被要求学习的还要多的历史呢？A 项意为“要求”，故A 项正确。
B 项意为“邀请”，C 项意为“强迫”，D 项意为“允许”，都与语境不符。
6．A．direction
B．exploration
C．justification
D．revolution
解析：根据该句“Any subject of study needs __6__：supporters must explain why it is worth __7__”，并结合常
识可知，任何学科的研究都需要正当的理由(justification)，支持者必须解释其值得关注(attention)的原因，故C 项正确。
A 项意为“方向”，B 项意为“探索”，D 项意为“改革”，都与语境不符。
7．A．assessment
B．attention
C．expectation
D．mention
解析：参见上题解析。B 项意为“关注”，故B 项正确。A 项意为“评估”；C 项意为“期望”；D 项意为“提
及”。
8．A．subjects
B．concepts
C．topics
D．concerns
解析：根据该段第一句中的“subject”，并结合语境可知，该处指“大多数被普遍接受的学科”。A 项意为“学科”，
故A 项正确。B 项意为“概念”，C 项意为“话题”，D 项意为“忧虑”，都与语境不符。
9．A．provide
B．receive
C．share
D．like
解析：根据该句中的“history attracts people who simply __9__ the information and modes of thought involved”，
并结合语境可知，历史吸引了喜欢这些信息以及相关的思维方式的人。D 项意为“喜欢”，故D 项正确。A 项意为“提
供”，B 项意为“接受”，C 项意为“分享”，都与语境不符。
10．A．doubtful
B．worried
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C．thoughtful
D．certain
解析：根据该句中的“why they should bother with it”可知，此处表示对为什么要花费时间学历史有疑问；结合全
句内容可知，对于那些对这门学科不太感兴趣，而且对为什么要花费时间学这门学科有疑问的人来说，需要更清楚地
解释学这门学科的目的。A 项意为“怀疑”，故A 项正确。B 项意为“担心的”，C 项意为“思考的，深思的”，D
项意为“肯定”，都与语境不符。
11．A．Supporters
B．Historians
C．Audiences
D．Teachers
解析：根据上文可知，历史学科吸引了喜欢历史信息和相关思维方式的人：而对于对历史学科不太感兴趣的人来
说，则需要更清楚地向他们解释学习这一学科的目的；并结合语境可知，该处说明历史学家的特点，并引出对上述问
题的解释。B 项意为“历史学家”，故B 项正确。A 项意为“支持者”；C 项意为“观众”；D 项意为“老师”。
12．A．public
B．multiple
C．different
D．useful
解析：根据该句中的“In a society that quite correctly expects education to serve __2__ purposes”，并结合该段尾
句中的“History is in fact very useful”和常识可知，社会期望教育有作用。D 项意为“有用的”，故D 项正确。A 项意
为“公共的”，B 项意为“多种多样的”，C 项意为“不同的”，都与语境不符。
13．A．define
B．expect
C．satisfy
D．ignore
解析：根据该句中的“history's functions can seem more difficult to __3__than those of engineering or medicine”，
并结合常识可知，历史学科的功能似乎比工程或医学学科的功能更难定义。A 项意为“给下定义”，故A 项正确。B
项意为“预期”，C 项意为“满足”，D 项意为“忽视”，都与语境不符。
14．A．optional
B．attractive
C．accessible
D．essential
解析：根据该句中的“History is in fact very useful，actually __4__”，并结合语境可推知，空处和“very useful”
对应，说明历史事实上是非常有用的，实际上是非常重要的。D 项意为“极其重要的”，故D 项正确。A 项意为“可
选择的”，B 项意为“吸引人的”，C 项意为“可进入的”，都与语境不符。
15．A．valuable
B．interesting
C．instructive
D．accurate
解析：根据该句中的“but the products of historical study are often less __15__ and immediate than those of other
subjects”可知，历史研究的成果往往不如其他学科的成果更有教育意义和即时的效果。C 项意为“有教育意义的”，
故C 项正确。A 项意为“有价值的”，B 项意为“有趣的”，D 项意为“精确的”，都与语境不符。
16．A．imagine
B．behave
C．fight
D．fade
解析：根据下文所举的例子，并结合该句“History helps us understand people，societies and how they __16__”
可知，历史帮助我们了解人、社会以及他们是如何表现的。B 项意为“表现”，故B 项正确。A 项意为“想象”，C
项意为“战斗”，D 项意为“褪色”，都与语境不符。
17．A．prevent
B．remember
C．evaluate
D．declare
解析：根据下文“Unfortunately ，major aspects of the society's operation cannot be set up as precise
experiments”；并结合该句中的“how can we __17__past wars and future threats without using historical materials”
可推知，如果不使用历史资料，我们如何评估过去的战争和未来的威胁呢？C 项意为“评估”，故C 项正确。A 项意
为“阻止”；B 项意为“记得”；D 项意为“宣告”。
18．A．Consequently
B．Alternatively
C．Fortunately
D．Admittedly
解析：根据上文可知，社会运转的重要方面不能作为准确的实验来设置，并结合该句可知，因此，历史必须作为
我们的实验室(laboratory)，帮助我们了解我们是谁和我们为什么要做我们所做的事情。A 项意为“因此”，故A 项正
确。B 项意为“或者”，C 项意为“幸运地”，D 项意为“不可否认地”，都与语境不符。
19．A．library
B．laboratory
C．clinic
D．museum
解析：参见上题解析。B 项意为“实验室”，故B 项正确。A 项意为“图书馆”，C 项意为“诊所”，D 项意为
“博物馆”，都与语境不符。
20．A．make up for
B．give in to
C．get close to
D．stay away from
解析：根据上文可知，历史帮助我们了解我们是谁和我们为什么要做我们所做的事情；据此可知，此处是说我们
不能远离历史。D 项意为“远离”，故D 项正确。A 项意为“弥补”，B 项意为“屈服”，C 项意为“接近”，都与
语境不符。
2
(2019·广州市二模)
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Always wished the Earth had a second moon? Then you will be _1.___ to hear that the Chengdu Aerospace Science
and Technology Microelectronics System Research Institute has plans to launch multiple mini moons over the next few
years.
Similar to the _2.___ satellite, the light of the artificial orb (球体) will be obtained from the sun and _3.___ to Earth
by its mirror－like coating. According to its designers, the _4.___ of light being reflected can be controlled from Earth
and the light can even be _5.___，if necessary.
While the multiple mini moons will certainly appear picturesque，their main purpose is to conserve _6.___.The
Chengdu Aerospace experts claim the mini moon's dusk －like glow will allow the government to eventually _7.___
costly streetlights in cities. They estimate that using the artificial satellite to light up Chengdu's streets at night will
_8.___ the city 1.2 billion yuan annually. Since the orb's location can be _9.___ moved, it
could also be used to shine
light over disaster－struck areas that have lost _10.___.
Once the first mini moon is _11.___ successfully ，the experts plan to launch three _12.___ ones.Together ，the
satellites, which will take turns depending on their _13.___ in relation to the sun，are expected to _14.___ an area of
3,600 to 6,400 square kilometers.While the orbs will be _15.___ through a telescope from anywhere on the globe, their
real beauty will only be seen by visiting Chengdu.Officials，_16.___，believe they will be a huge tourist attraction,
helping improve the city's __17.___.
As is often the case with major _18.___，some experts are concerned. They _19.___ that the moons will impact on
the sleep patterns of humans and animals. However, officials believe the satellites will cause little，if any，_20.___.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。成都航天科工微电子系统研究院计划在未来几年发送人造月亮用以反射太阳光线，
利用反射光可以照亮成都夜晚的街道，从而节能省钱。
1．A．pleased
B．surprised
C．alarmed
D．relieved
解析：根据语境可知，如果你一直盼望有第二个月亮的话，那听到在未来几年会发射多颗微型“月亮”，你会感
到高兴(pleased)。
2．A．traditional
B．unique
C．natural
D．famous
解析：根据该句中的“the light of the artificial orb(球体) will be obtained from the sun”并结合常识可知，从太阳
中获取光是自然卫星的普遍特点，而这种人造球体和自然卫星类似。C 项意为“自然的，天然的”，故C 项正确。
3．A．carried
B．reflected
C．introduced
D．transformed
解析：根据该句中的“by its mirror－like coating”，并结合物理常识可推知，该处指太阳的光线被反射到地球，
B 项意为“反射”，故B 项正确。D 项意为“使变形”。
4．A．colour
B．speed
C．source
D．amount
解析：根据该句中的“can be controlled from Earth”并结合语境可知，可以从地球上控制光的量；D 项意为“数
量”，故D 项正确。
5．A．sent out
B．switched off
C．given away
D．turned down
解析：根据语境可知，在地球上可以控制光的量，如果有必要，甚至可以关闭光源。B 项意为“关掉”，故B 项
正确。A 项意为“发出，分发”；C 项意为“泄露，赠送”；D 项意为“拒绝，调低”。
6．A．resources
B．animals
C．farmland
D．space
解析：根据下文中的“They estimate that using the artificial satellite to light up Chengdu's streets at night”可知，利
用这种人造卫星可以照亮成都夜晚的街道；结合该句可知，制造这种人造卫星旨在节约资源。A 项意为“资源”，故
A 项正确。C 项意为“农田”。
7．A．rebuild
B．expand
C．improve
D．remove
解析：根据下文利用这种人造卫星可以照亮成都夜晚的街道可知，专家称这种光将使政府最终能够移除城市中昂
贵的路灯。D 项意为“移走，去掉”，故D 项正确。
8．A．bring
B．leave
C．save
D．cost
解析：根据语境可知，他们估计，在夜间利用人造卫星照亮成都的街道，每年可以节省12 亿元人民币。C 项意为
“节省”，故C 项正确。
9．A．hardly
B．easily
C．frequently
D．normally
解析：根据上文可以在地球上控制光的量并结合该句可知，由于人造月亮的位置可以轻易移动，故它也可以用来
照亮受灾地区。B 项意为“轻易地”，故B 项正确。
10．A．money
B．home
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C．contact
D．power
解析：根据该句中的“to shine light over disaster－struck areas”可推知，受灾地区电源断了，可以利用人造月亮
照亮受灾地区。D 项意为“电，电力”，故D 项正确。
11．A．travelling
B．appearing
C．working
D．signaling
解析：根据语境可知，一旦人造月亮成功运作，专家们将计划发射另外三个。C 项意为“运转，运行”，故C 项
正确。D 项意为“发信号”。
12．A．additional
B．special
C．bright
D．colourful
解析：参见上题解析。A 项意为“另外的”，故A 项正确。
13．A．size
B．importance
C．position
D．function
解析：根据该句中的“in relation to the sun”并结合常识可知，这些卫星将根据它们相对于太阳的位置反射光线，
预计照亮3 600 至6 400 平方公里的区域。C 项意为“位置”，故C 项正确。
14．A．pick up
B．take up
C．hold up
D．light up
解析：参见上题解析。D 项意为“照亮”，故D 项正确。A 项意为“拿起，学会”，B 项意为“占据，开始从事”；
C 项意为“举起，支撑”。
15．A．reliable
B．visible
C．available
D．testable
解析：根据该句中的“through a telescope”可知，虽然地球上任何地方都可以通过望远镜看到这些球体，但它们真
正的美只能通过参观成都才能看到。visible 意为“可见的”，符合语境，故B 项正确。A 项意为“可依靠的”；C 项
意为“可用的”；D 项意为“可检验的”。
16．A．therefore
B．however
C．otherwise
D．moreover
解析：根据上文可知，只有通过参观成都才能看到球体的美；结合该句中的“they will be a huge tourist attraction”
可知，它们将成为游览的一大吸引点；根据句意可知，前后句有逻辑上的因果关系，A 项意为“因此”，故A 项正确。
17．A．population
B．education
C．technology
D．economy
解析：根据语境并结合常识可知，官员们相信，这些人造月亮将成为一个巨大的旅游吸引点，帮助促进城市的经
济发展。D 项意为“经济”，故D 项正确。
18．A．drawbacks
B．breakthroughs
C．evolution
D．conflict
解析：根据上文可知，人们将发射人造月亮用来反射太阳的光；结合该句可知，重大的突破常常会引起专家的担
心。B 项意为“突破”，故B 项正确。A 项意为“缺点”；C 项意为“进化，演变，发展”；D 项意为“冲突”。
19．A．doubt
B．conclude
C．worry
D．agree
解析：根据前一句中的“concerned”并结合该句可知，他们担心这些人造月亮会影响人类和动物的睡眠模式。
20．A．disturbance
B．destruction
C．satisfaction
D．discussion
解析：参见上题解析并结合该句可知，然而官员们认为，这种人造月亮不会给人们带来干扰或带来很少干扰
(disturbance)。
3
(2018·陕西省教学质检二)
As farm kids, my siblings(兄弟姐妹) and I were expected to work hard and do our jobs.We knew no better, so
didn't really _1.___ it—at least until we were young teenagers and wondered why our friends had so much more _2.___
time than us.
That ability to depend on myself has _3.___ me very well through life.The independence and self－reliance not only
_4.___ my physical abilities, it also came to shape me _5.___，too.However it can at times, also be a huge _6.___ to bear.
As my physical strength has been affected by rheumatoid arthritis, a(an) _7.___ that causes pain and swelling in
one or more joints of the body, there have been many lessons for me in learning how to receive help.My health is now
much improved compared to _8.___ it was a couple of years ago, or even last year.Daily challenges do still exist, but I
have learned that it is OK to _9.___ help.
The joy that others receive in lending _10.___ has made me realize that it is almost selfish not to receive help!
_11.___ is no need to deny others the pleasure of helping.If we are _12.___ need, it is _13.___ OK to ask for
assistance.Physical and emotional _14.___ are strengths, certainly, when used well.But the _15.___ of independence is
unhealthy, unbalanced and unnecessary.
_16.___ being a mum, too, I've been given lots of lessons on the need to connect, and to acknowledge that I am
_17.___ and need others to rely on.There are certainly times like this in all of our lives, whether a parent or
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not.Sometimes life does just get too much.
If we can _18.___ our need for independence, though, and grow into more interdependence, ease and space do
grow.The _19.___ we are to reach out and be open, the easier life is.It not only gives us emotional _20.___，but it brings
joy and stronger connections in our relationships.
文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。自立自强、不依靠他人的确非常重要，但是当我们遇到困难时，也没有必要硬撑。
向他人求助不仅可以让我们的生活更加容易，也为他人带来了帮助别人的乐趣。
1．A．question
B．support
C．remember
D．forget
解析：考查动词辨析。根据本句中的“why”可知，此处指我们并没有质疑。question 意为“询问，质疑”，符合
语境。support 意为“支持”；remember 意为“记住”；forget 意为“忘记”，均与语境不符。故答案选A。
2．A．happy
B．hard
C．free
D．busy
解析：考查形容词辨析。根据第一句“As farm kids, my siblings(兄弟姐妹)and I were expected to work hard and do
our jobs.”可知，我们兄弟姐妹几人被期望努力学习和工作。因此我们的疑问是为何我们的朋友比我们有更多空闲的
时间。free 意为“空闲的”，符合语境。happy 意为“高兴的”；hard 意为“难的”；busy 意为“忙的”，均与语境
不符。故答案选C。
3．A．refused
B．received
C．found
D．served
解析：考查动词辨析。根据下文内容可知，自立自强对“我”的人生很有帮助。serve 意为“对……有用”，符合
语境。refuse 意为“拒绝”；receive 意为“收到”；find 意为“找到”，均与语境不符。故答案选D。
4．A．astonished
B．affected
C．punished
D．realized
解析：考查动词辨析。根据语境可知，此处指自立自强不仅影响了“我”的体能，还从情感上塑造了我。affect
意为“影响”，符合语境。astonish 意为“使惊讶”；punish 意为“惩罚”；realize 意为“实现，意识到”，均与语
境不符。故答案选B。
5．A．emotionally
B．logically
C．physically
D．magically
解析：考查副词辨析。由上文中的“physical abilities”和逻辑连词“not only...also”可知，此处指还从情感上塑造了
“我”。emotionally 意为“情感上”，与上文呼应，符合语境。logically 意为“逻辑上”；physically 意为“身体上”；
magically 意为“魔法般地”。故答案选A。
6．A．width
B．height
C．weight
D．depth
解析：考查名词辨析。根据语境可知，它(自立自强)有时也是一种要承受的重担。weight 意为“重任，重担”，
符合语境。width 意为“宽度”；height 意为“高度”；depth 意为“深度”，均与语境不符，故答案选C。
7．A．accident
B．disease
C．disaster
D．argument
解析：考查名词辨析。根据本句中的“that causes pain and swelling in one or more joints of the body”可推知，
“rheumatoid arthritis”是一种疾病。disease 意为“疾病”，符合语境。accident 意为“事故”；disaster 意为“灾难”；
argument 意为“争论”，均与语境不符。故答案选B。
8．A．that
B．which
C．when
D．what
解析：考查宾语从句。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导的宾语从句作介词to 的宾语；且从句中缺少“was”后的表
语，所以应用本身有词义的what 来引导此从句。故答案选D。
9．A．give out
B．hand out
C．ask for
D．hope for
解析：考查动词短语辨析。根据上文的“learning how to receive help”及语境可知，此处指每天的挑战的确仍然存
在，但是“我”已经知道可以寻求帮助。ask for 意为“请求(给予)”，符合语境。give out 意为“分发，用尽”；hand
out 意为“分发”；hope for 意为“希望”，均与语境不符。故答案选C。
10．A．a favor
B．a chance
C．a room
D．a hand
解析：考查固定搭配。根据下文中的“deny others the pleasure of helping”可知，人们在帮助他人时得到的快乐已
经让“我”意识到不接受帮助是自私的。lend a hand 为固定搭配，意为“帮助”，符合语境。故答案选D。
11．A．There
B．This
C．It
D．That
解析：考查固定句型。固定句型There is no need to do sth.意为“没有必要做某事”。故答案选A。
12．A．on
B．in
C．at
D．with
解析：考查介词辨析。固定短语in need 意为“处于困境”，与下文的“ask for assistance”相呼应，符合语境。故
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答案选B。
13．A．less than
B．more than
C．better than
D．worse than
解析：考查短语辨析。根据上文可知，如果我们处于困境中，寻求帮助是非常好的。more than 意为“非常”，
符合语境。less than 意为“少于”；better than 意为“好于”；worse than 意为“坏于”，均与语境不符。故答案选
B。
14．A．self－reliance
B．self－confidence
C．self－judgment
D．self－defense
解析：考查名词辨析。根据第二段内容可知，自立自强不仅影响了“我”的体能，还从情感上塑造了“我”。由
此可知，此处说明身体上和情感上的自力更生是长处。self－reliance 意为“自力更生”，符合语境。self－confidence
意为“自信”；self－judgment 意为“自我判断”；self－defense 意为“自卫”，均与语境不符。故答案选A。
15．A．overcome
B．overestimate
C．overuse
D．oversleep
解析：考查词义辨析。根据转折连词“But”以及本句中的“unhealthy, unbalanced and unnecessary”可知，此处指过
度的自立自强是不健康的、失衡的和不必要的。overuse 意为“过度的使用”，与上文中的“when used well”形成对比，
符合语境。overcome 为动词，意为“克服”；overestimate 意为“过高的估计”；oversleep 为动词，意为“睡过头”，
均与语境不符。故答案选C。
16．A．If
B．Unless
C．Since
D．Until
解析：考查连词辨析。根据语境并结合主句时态可知，此处应用since 引导时间状语从句，意为“自从……以来”。
if 意为“如果”；unless 意为“除非”；until 意为“直到”，均与语境不符。故答案选C。
17．A．positive
B．weak
C．strong
D．honest
解析：考查形容词辨析。根据本句中的“need others to rely on”可知，此处指承认“我”是脆弱的，需要依赖别人。
weak 意为“弱的”，符合语境。positive 意为“积极的”；strong 意为“强壮的”；honest 意为“诚实的”，均与语
境不符。故答案选B。
18．A．strengthen
B．widen
C．increase
D．decrease
解析：考查动词辨析。根据本句中的“grow into more interdependence”可知，此处指减少我们对独立的需要。
decrease 意为“减少，减小”，符合语境。strengthen 意为“加强”；widen 意为“变宽”；increase 意为“增加”，
均与语境不符。故答案选D。
19．A．braver
B．ruder
C．healthier
D．more modest
解析：考查形容词辨析。根据上下文可知，此处指我们越是敢于伸出手，开阔心胸，生活就会越惬意。braver 意
为“更勇敢的”，符合语境。ruder 意为“更无礼的”；healthier 意为“更健康的”；more modest 意为“更谦虚的”，
均与语境不符。故答案选A。
20．A．nervousness
B．belief
C．relief
D．burden
解析：考查名词辨析。根据语境可知，此处指这不仅给了我们情感上的安慰，还给我们带来欢乐并让我们的人际
关系更紧密。relief 意为“安慰”，符合语境。nervousness 意为“紧张”；belief 意为“信任，信念”；burden 意为
“负担”，均与语境不符。故答案选C。
专题四语法填空与短文改错
第1 讲
语法必备
语法填空和短文改错这两种题型得分的高低完全取决于对语法知识的掌握程度。本部分旨在点透语法填空的破题
技巧、短文改错的设错角度。帮助考生利用二轮有效的时间高效复习，达到一种语法融会贯通两种题型的最佳复习效
果。
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重点一
动词形式最常考，“谓”与“非谓”要辨清
考点一
千变万化的谓语动词
(动词的时态、语态和主谓一致和情态动词和虚拟语气)
正面解读增分语法填空
考法1
考查动词的时态——3 个技巧搞定谓语时态
1．(2018·北京卷)China's high－speed railways _have_grown__(grow) from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past
few years.
解析：考查时态。句意：在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路已经从9,000 公里增长到25,000 公里。该句时间状语
为in the past few years。中国高速铁路的增长是从过去一直到现在几年里的情况，故该句应用现在完成时态。现在完
成时可以表示过去的事情对现在的影响，也可以表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的。常见的时间状
语有：since ＋时间点/从句，for two months，so far，recently，in the past/last few days 等。
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I don't see any reason to give up work. I love coming here and seeing my family and all the
friends I _have_made__(make) over the years.
解析：over the years 常与完成时连用，在此意为“(从过去某时到现在的)多年来”。根据主句谓语动词love 的时
态可知，定语从句的谓语动词make 应用现在完成式。
3 ．( 全国卷Ⅰ)In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River Cleveland, Ohio.It _was__(be)
unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.
解析：句意：当时很难想象这条河流能被清理干净。根据句中时间状语In 1969 可知该处谓语动词用一般过去时，
填was。需要记住的短语clean up“打扫”。
4．(2017·北京卷)_Di___(do) you call that company to see how they think of our product yesterday?
解析：句意：昨天你给那家公司打电话询问他们对我们产品的看法了吗？根据句中时间状语yesterday 可知谓语用
一般过去时。
5．(上海卷)In recent years, stress _has_been_regarde___(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems,
from high blood pressure to mental illness.
解析：句意：最近几年，压力被认为是从高血压到精神问题的各种健康问题的起因。根据句中时间状语In recent
years 可知本句用现在完成时；又主语stress 与regard 是被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态。主语是stress，故谓
语动词用单数形式，填has been regarded。be regarded as...“被认为……”。
6．(2018·北京卷)—Hi, I'm Peter.Are you new here? I haven't seen you around?
—Hello, Peter.I'm Bob.I just _starte___(start) on Monday.
解析：考查时态。句意：——嗨，我是彼得。你是新来的吗？我没有在附近见过你。——你好，彼得。我是鲍勃。
我周一刚刚开始住在这儿。根据两人谈话内容可知，Bob 现在在这儿，他开始(start)住在这儿是发生在周一的事情，
周一是一个过去的时间，故该句应用一般过去时态。
7 ．(2017· 全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah says, “My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment, school
_comes__(come) first.
解析：句意：萨拉说：我的爸爸认为我现在该接受这份工作，但是目前学业是最首当其冲的。根据句中已存在的
谓语动词says 和thinks 可判断出该空应用一般现在时。主语是第三人称单数，故谓语用单数形式，填comes。
8．(全国卷Ⅱ)A boy on a bike _caught__(catch) my attention.He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.
解析：句意：我注意到一个骑自行车的男孩。他正挨着公交车骑自行车，一边挥舞着胳膊。根据设空后一句的were
riding 可知该空用一般过去时，表过去的动作。注意catch 的过去式和过去分词分别是caught, caught。
9．(2019·天津卷)I _h___hope___(hope)to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage，but I couldn't
manage it.
解析：考查时态。句意：我本来计划在Peter 结婚时送他一个礼物的，可是我没有做到。couldn't manage 用的是
一般过去时，它之前的动作用过去完成时，表示过去本打算做某事而没有做成。
10．(2017·北京卷)People _have__(have) better access to health care than they used to, and they're living longer as a
result.
解析：句意：人们比以前更容易得到医疗保障，因此现在人们的寿命更长。根据句中关键信息than they used to
可知此处是现在与过去的对比，故空处用一般现在时。主语是People，故谓语动词用复数形式，填have。需要记住的
短语have access to“可以得到，可以利用”；as a result“结果”。
11．(四川卷)However，it stayed with her and learned about the ways of the forest.Then，after two and a half years，
the mother _drove__(drive)the young panda away.
解析：句意：然后两年半后，熊猫妈妈就把幼崽赶走了。设空与前面一句中的谓语动词stayed 和learned 时态一
致，接下来的过去的动作，应用一般过去时。注意drive 的过去式和过去分词形式分别是drove，driven。
12 ．(2017· 全国卷Ⅰ)When fat and salt _are_remove___ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing
something.
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解析：句意：脂肪和盐分从食物中除去，食物尝起来好像没味。状语从句用一般现在时；主语fat and salt 与remove
之间是被动关系，应用被动语态。主语fat and salt 是两个并列的主语，谓语动词应用复数形式，故填are removed。
be removed from...“从……中去除；被开除……；被撤职”。
13 ．(2019· 北京卷)On the first day of my first grade ，I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach. I
_voice___(voice)my biggest concern to my mother.“How will I make friends？”
解析：考查时态。句意：我向妈妈表达了我最大的担忧，“我将如何交朋友？”此处的voice 是动词，“表达”
的意思，作谓语。叙述的是一年级的事情，参照语境中的stood 可知，用一般过去式。故填voiced。
14 ．(2019· 北京卷)Does the name of the college you attend really matter ？Research on the question
_suggests/suggested/has_suggeste___(suggest)that，for most students，it doesn't.
解析：考查时态。句意：对于这个问题的研究表明，对于大多数学生来说，它不重要。这里表示研究的客观结果，
所以用一般现在时，一般过去时或现在完成时均可，故填suggests/suggested/has suggested。
15．(2017·天津卷)I _was_driving__(drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
解析：句意：我正开车去伦敦时突然发现自己走错了路。本句是固定句式be doing sth.when...表示“正在做某事
突然……，”此时主句用过去进行时，主语是I，故填was driving。
16．(上海卷)Then it hit me—why would she not want to tell me about what she _h___done__(do)．
解析：句意：我突然想到——她为什么不想告诉我她的所作所为呢？宾语从句谓语动词是would not want，表过
去的动作，从句谓语动词是发生在主句谓语动词之前的动作，表“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。
名师点津
熟用3 个技巧巧解时态题
技巧1
慧眼识别标志词
在高考语法填空中，有时会给出时间标志，考生可根据所给标志词或时间状语轻松得出答案。
①一般现在时：every time，now and then，often，sometimes，usually，occasionally，always，seldom。
②一般过去时：yesterday，last year，in 2015，the other day，two days ago，段时间＋later。
③一般将来时：tomorrow，next year，in a week，in the future，right away，soon，tonight 等时间状语。
④现在进行时：all the time，at this moment，at present，always，continually，constantly。
⑤现在完成时：since，recently，lately，already，in the last/past few days，so far，up to now，till now，for＋段
时间。
⑥过去完成时：by then，by the end of...，by that time。
技巧2
参考语境和并列谓语
①语境理解少不了：题干中没给出具体的时间状语时，应仔细分析设空处所在句前后句子中的谓语动词的时态，
弄清动作发生的时间及顺序，确定所填谓语动词的时态。
②瞻前顾后找并列：可根据并列连词and, but, or, as well as, rather than, both...and..., neither...nor...，either...or...，
not only...but also...等前后的谓语动词形式确定所填谓语动词的时态。
③同一个主语连接两个或两个以上的并列谓语，谓语动词时态一致。
④当句中有and, or, but 等并列连词时，要根据句意判断并列连词前后的动词应与哪个动词时态一致。
技巧3
固定句式很重要，主从须呼应
熟记以下固定句型中的时态
①“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，陈述句用一般将来时。
②This/It/That is＋the＋序数词＋time＋that 从句，从句用现在完成时。
③was/were doing sth.when sb./sth.did
④no sooner/hardly had sb.done sth.that/when sb./sth.did
⑤在时间、条件状语从句中，主句用一般(过去)将来时，从句用一般现在(过去)时。
⑥在宾语从句中，如主句用一般过去时，从句应用过去的某种时态；定语从句和状语从句的时态应与主句谓语动
词的时态保持一致。
考法2
考查动词的语态——分析逻辑关系，定语态
17．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah _has_been_told/was_tol___(tell) that she could be Britain's new supermodel earning a
million dollars in the next year.
解析：句意：萨拉被告知她可以成为英国的超模明星，第二年就可以收入一百万美元。Sarah 与tell 之间是被动
关系，故用被动语态。此处可以用一般过去时表过去发生的动作，也可用现在完成时态，表过去发生的动作对现在的
影响。
错解分析：考生在考虑动词的时态时，常忽略语态，如此题容易误填told。因此考查动词的时候要从句意出发，
考虑动作的主语和动词之间是主动还是被动关系。
18 ．(2018· 江苏卷)I
was
sent
to
the
village
last
month
to
see
how
the
development
plan
_h___been_carrie___(carry)out in the past two years.
解析：考查时态。句意：上个月我被派到村里去看看在过去的两年里发展计划是如何执行的。根据句中时间状语
last month 和in the past two years 可知，空格处所用的动词carry out 发生在sent 之前，所以是“过去的过去”，故
用过去完成时；plan 与carry out 构成逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用被动语态。
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19．(全国卷Ⅲ)Truly elegant chopsticks might_be_made__(make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.
解析：句意：真正雅致的筷子也许由金银做成带有汉字。句子的主语chopsticks 与谓语make 是被动关系，由于
设空前有情态动词might 可知此处是含有情态动词的被动语态，其结构是：情态动词＋be＋及物动词的过去分词，因
此填be made。
20．(2017·北京卷)In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones hadn't
_been_invente___(invite) yet.
解析：句意：20 世纪50 年代，在美国大多数家庭里只有一部电话，那时无线电话没有发明。根据句意以及句中
时间标志词In the 1950s 和yet 可知设空应用过去完成时；且wireless phones 与invent 是被动关系，故用过去完成时
的被动语态，设空前已有hadn't，故填been invented。
21．(四川卷)The giant pand__is_love___ (love) by people throughout the world.
解析：句意：大熊猫受到全世界人们的喜爱。主语与谓语动词之间是被动关系；主语是第三人称单数；而且本句
表达的是普遍现象，故用一般现在时的被动语态，填is loved。
名师点津
解题时要首先找出句子的主语，然后找出动词，如果主语是动作的发出者，动词则用主动语态；如果主语是动作
的承受者，则用被动语态。只有及物动词才有被动语态。
牢记常考的几种时态的被动语态。(1)①一般现在时：am/is/are done；②一般过去时：was/were done；③一
般将来时：will be done；④过去将来时：would be done；⑤现在进行时：am/is/are being done；⑥过去进
行时：was/were being done；⑦现在完成时：has/have been done；⑧过去完成时：had been done。
(2)含有情态动词的被动语态形式：情态动词＋be done。
考法3
考查主谓一致——牢记三个一致原则，破解主谓一致难题
22．(2019·天津卷)Amy, as well as her brothers，_was_given__(give)a warm welcome when returning to the village
last week.
解析：本题考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：艾米和他的兄弟们上周回到村里时，受到了热烈的欢迎。由时间
状语last week 可知应用一般过去时；as well as 连接并列主语，谓语动词就远原则，即这句话真正的主语是Amy，故
用单数；由句意可知用一般过去时的被动语态。
23．(全国卷Ⅲ)Then, handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of achievement.Leaving the less
important things until tomorrow_is__(be) often acceptable.
解析：句意：把不太重要的事情留到明天通常是可以接受的。本句主语是动名词短语Leaving the less important
things until tomorrow，故谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。此处是陈述一般事实，故谓语用一般现在时，故填is。
24．(全国卷Ⅱ)Yangshuo _is__ (be) very beautiful.A study of travelers conducted by the website TripAdvisor names
Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
解析：句意：阳朔真是很美。游客评论网站“猫途鹰”命名阳朔为全球十大旅游胜地之一。“阳朔很美”是客观
事实，应用一般现在时，主语是第三人称单数名词，故谓语用第三人称单数形式，填is。name...as...“命名……为……”。
25．Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, _is_regarde___(regard) as one of the best all－round
forms of exercise.
解析：句意：如今，骑自行车与慢跑和游泳一样，被看作是一种最好的全能运动形式。主语与regard 是被动关系，
应用被动语态。句子主语部分是A along with B 结构，因此谓语动词的数与A 一致，即与cycling 一致，故谓语用单数
形式，填is regarded。
26．(广东卷)He made cheese and butter for the family with what _was_left__(leave)．
解析：句意：他用剩下的奶给家里做奶酪和黄油。what 在从句中作主语，与leave 之间是被动关系，应用被动语
态。又因主句谓语是一般过去时，故该空用一般过去时的被动语态，填was left。
27．(2017·江苏卷)The publication of Great Expectations, which _was__(be) both widely reviewed and highly praised,
strengthened Dickens' status as a leading novelist.
解析：句意：《远大前程》这本书广受赞誉，它的出版巩固了狄更斯作为最杰出的小说家的地位。根据题干可以确
定which 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Great Expectations，是一本书的名字，因此定语从句中的be 动词应用单
数形式。根据题干中的strengthened 可知语境为过去的时间，故设空处谓语一般为过去时，故填was。
名师点津
一、明析主谓一致三原则中的常考点
1．语法一致原则
主语和谓语之间经常插入一些短语，如with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，
including，in addition to 等引导的短语，这些短语中的名词常被误认为是主语。这时，谓语的数要和真正的主语一致。
2．就近一致原则
(1)由neither...nor...either...or...not only...but also...，or 等连接并列主语时，谓语要和位置上最近的主语保持一致。
3．意义一致原则
(1)and 连接的并列成分指同一概念或作为整体理解时，谓语用单数形式。如：The iron and steel industry is very
important to our life.钢铁工业对我们的生活非常重要。
(2)集体名词看作整体时，谓语用单数形式；看作个体时，谓语用复数形式。
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(3)非谓语动词、从句作主语时，谓语一般用单数形式。
二、掌握常考的三种特殊情况
1．“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数，表示复数意义。
2．“half/most/the rest/the remaining/one third＋of＋名词”作主语时，若这个结构中的名词为复数，则谓
语用复数形式；若这个结构中的名词为单数或不可数名词，则谓语用单数形式。
3．all，the remaining，the rest，what，who，some，most 等作主语时，谓语动词的数根据它们的实际意义而定。
考法4
情态动词和虚拟语气——利用基本规则
28．(2017·北京卷)Samuel, the tallest boy in our class, _can__ easily reach the books on the top shelf.
解析：句意：Samuel，我们班最高的男生，能很轻松地够着书架顶上的书。根据语境可知此处表示能力，应用can。
29．(2017·北京卷)If the new safety system _h___been_put__(put) to use, the accident would never have happened.
解析：句意：如果这个新的安全系统投入使用，这个事故就不会发生了。根据主句确定是对过去情况的虚拟，故
从句用had done 形式，从句主语system 与put to use 是被动关系，故用had been put。
30
．
(2019·
天
津
卷
)The
workers
were
not
better
organized,
otherwise
they
_would/should/could/might_have_accomplishe___(accomplish)the task in half the time.
解析：考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被更好的组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根据上句the
workers were not better organized 可知，这是对过去事情的虚拟。与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为：从句：If
＋主语＋过去完成时＋其他，主句：主语＋should(would, could, might)＋现在完成时＋其他。
31．(2018·江苏卷)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _h____(have) a second chance to become
more involved.
解析：考查虚拟语气。句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我再有一次机会去更多地参与。本题考
查wish 引导的宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。由wish 引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气：
1.用wish 表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式(be 动词用were)。2.用wish 表示对将
来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might＋动词原形。3.wish 用于对过去的事实表
示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had＋动词过去分词或could, would ＋have ＋done。
分析此题需抓住前句There is a good social life in the village 的时态是一般现在时，可以判断出此题wish 用于表示现在
不可能实现的愿望。
32. (2018·江苏卷)It's strange that he _shoul___ have taken the books without the owner's permission.
解析：考查虚拟语气。句意：真奇怪，他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句型“It is
important/necessary/strange/impossible/natural that...”中，其中由that 引导的主语从句通常用“should＋动词原形”这
样的虚拟语气，其中的should 可以省略。It is important/necessary/strange/impossible/natural that...主语从句
多数情况下用虚拟语气，表达一种要求、命令或者责备、建议或主观看法。但是如果只是表示陈述一个事实而不是强
烈的感情，完全可以用一般的陈述语气。试比较：It is strange that he had made a mistake.(陈述一个事实：他犯了错误
让人有点奇怪。)It is strange that he (should) have made a mistake.(虚拟语气，说话者是在责备他本不应该犯错。)
33．(2018·天津卷) I can't find my purse.I _could/might__ have left it in the supermarket yesterday, but I'm not
sure.
解析：考查情态动词表推测。句意：我不能找到我的钱包了，昨天我有可能把它落到超市了，但我不确定。根据
句中时间状语yesterday 可知，是对过去事情的推测，故用情态动词＋have done，再根据后句but I'm not sure.可知，
此推测为不能肯定的推测，故用情态动词could/might，表示“可能”。
34．(2018·天津卷)If we _h___caught__(catch)the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach.
解析：考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我们昨天赶上飞机的话，现在我们正在海滩享受我们的假日了。根据时间状语
yesterday 可知，从句表示与过去事实相反，故用had＋done。
名师点津
1．空后是do/have done/be doing，根据语气确定填哪个情态动词。
2．情态动词不能单独作谓语，需和后面的实义动词或be 动词构成谓语：情态动词＋do/be...，表对过去的猜测时
用“情态动词＋have done”。
3．虚拟语气的考查重点在于判断句子是对现在、过去还是将来的情况进行的虚拟，判断出时间后再根据相应的句
型确定谓语动词的形式。
反面解读破解短文改错
设错点1
谓语动词时态误用与动词形式用错
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)One was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a
doctor. And the other is that I wanted to help people in need.
_is→was__
解析：此处作者讲述的是上中学时的事情，提到两个原因，上文用的One was that...，那么此处And the other...
应与之一致，也应用was。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer came, they will invite their students to pick the vegetables！_came→comes__
解析：句意：当春天来临，他们就会邀请他们的学生摘新鲜的蔬菜。主句是一般将来时，故when 引导的时间状
语从句谓语动词用一般现在时。
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3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I had grown not only physically, but also mentally in the past few years._had→have__
解析：句意：在过去的几年中我的身心都成长了。句中时间状语是in the past few years，故谓语动词用现在完成
时。
4．(全国卷Ⅰ)I thought it a good idea.It does not cost much, yet we can still learn a lot._thought→think__
解析：句意：我认为这是个好主意，不需要花费很多钱我们也能学到很多。根据后面句中的谓语动词is, does，和
can 可推断出该处表示的是现在的看法而非过去的看法，故thought 改为think。think 的过去式和过去分词形式分别
是thought, thought。
5．(全国卷Ⅱ)Tony was scared and begun to cry._begun→began__
解析：句意：托尼害怕了，开始哭起来。根据and 前的谓语动词was scared 可知动词begin 应用一般过去式。begin
的过去式、过去分词和现在分词形式分别是began, begun, beginning。
名师点津
①上下文中时态应一致：若上文是一般过去时则同样用一般过去时，若上文是一般现在时，则同样用一般现在时。
②在简单句中，谓语动词的时态要与时间状语一致；并列谓语动词的时态应一致。
③不规则动词的过去式和过去分词形式易用混。如began 用作begun, gave 用作given 等。
设错点2
语态误用
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and became
a new member of the school music club._took→taken__
解析：句意：在这张照片拍后的一个月后，我进入高二年级并成为学校音乐团的一名新成员。主语this photo 与
take 是被动关系，应用被动语态。take 的过去式和过去分词分别是took，taken。
7 ．( 全国卷Ⅰ)Every day, he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are using for
cooking._using→use___
解析：句意：每天他都保证使用新鲜的蔬菜和优质油烹调。主语fresh vegetables and high quality oil 与use 是被
动关系，应用被动语态。
8．(全国卷Ⅰ)Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem._去
掉been__
解析：句意：许多研究表明全球变暖早已是个非常严重的问题。主语studies 与show 是主动关系，应用主动语态，
故去掉been。
名师点津
①被动语态的构成形式：一般时be done；进行时be being done；完成时has/have/had been done。
②及物动词(短语)之后若无宾语应用被动语态；不及物动词(短语)无被动语态。
③“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”结构中be 动词不可遗漏。
设错点3
谓语动词单复数的误判
9．(浙江卷)He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us._was→were__
解析：句意：他总是问我们是谁并假装不认识我们。句中主语是we，是第一人称复数形式，故谓语用复数形式，
故was 改为were。
10．(全国卷Ⅰ)My dream school look like a big garden.There are all kinds of flowers and trees._look→looks__
解析：句意：我梦想的学校像个大花园，有各种各样的花和树木。主语My dream school 是第三人称单数形式，
故谓语动词用单数形式。
名师点津
①主语是单数形式，谓语动词就用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词就用复数形式。
②倒装句中谓语的数与其后的主语的数一致。
设错点4
情态动词和虚拟语气的错用
11．(全国卷Ⅱ)We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip._chose→choose__
解析：情态动词can 后应用动词原形，而chose 为choose 的过去式，故将chose 改为choose。choose 的过去式和
过去分词形式分别是chose，chosen。
12．(全国卷Ⅱ)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby._去掉can 或can→shoul___
解析：suggest 作为“建议”讲时，其后接的宾语从句谓语通常用“(should＋)动词原形”，故此处可去掉can 或
将can 改为should。
提分单句训练
Ⅰ.单句填空
1．(皖北一模)One evening at the stop, our father _suffere___ (suffer) an old pain in his back.
解析：考查时态。句意：一天晚上在车站，父亲背疼的旧疾复发。根据句中时间状语One evening，可知本句谓语
用一般过去时。
2．(深圳二模)She insisted and handed it to me as she _hurrie___(hurry) off with her husband.
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解析：考查时态。句意：as 引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词与主句谓语动词insisted and handed 时态一致，应用
一般过去时。以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词，其过去式和过去分词是变y 为－ied，如carry－carried。注意fly 的过去式
和过去分词分别是flew，flown。
3．(石家庄冲刺模考)Usually, a number of large temple fairs _are_hel___(hold) around the Spring Festival, which
many people visit.
解析：考查时态和语态。句意：通常大型庙会在春节左右举行，很多人逛庙会。根据句中时间状语Usually 可知
谓语用一般现在时，又主语与temple fairs 是被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。“a number of＋复数名词”作
主语，谓语动词用复数形式，故该处填are held。hold 的过去式和过去分词分别是held, held。
4．(山大附中三模)She was born too early and only _weighe___(weigh) two kilometers at birth.
解析：考查时态。句意：她是早产儿，出生时体重只有2 公斤。weigh“重量为……，”是系动词，不能用于被动
语态，根据and 前面的谓语动词was born 可知此处用一般过去时，故填weighed。at birth“出生时”。
练有小得：常见的不用于被动语态的动词(短语)有：①系动词：look，smell，taste，feel，prove 等。②表主语特
征的不及物动词cut，lock，read，sell，wash，write 等与well，easily，badly 等副词连用。③不及物动词(短语)：remain,
happen，appear，take place, break out 等。
5．(郴州二模) High in thick bamboo forests in the misty, rainy mountains of southwestern China _lives__(live) one
of the world's rarest mammals: the giant panda, also called the panda.
解析：考查时态。句意：在中国西南部潮湿多雨的群山中的茂密的竹林里生活着世界上最稀有的哺乳动物之一：
大熊猫，又叫熊猫。本句主干部分是全部倒装句，倒装句谓语动词的数与句子主语的数一致，本句主语是one of the
world's rarest mammals，故谓语动词用单数形式。熊猫生活在中国西南部群山的竹林中是客观事实，故谓语用一般现
在时，故填lives。
6．(北京) In today's information age, the loss of data _can__ cause serious problems for a company.
解析：考查情态动词。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丢失造成
严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，故该空应用情态动词can。
练有小得：can 的基本用法：1.(表示能力、功能)能，会；2.(表示推测)可能，可能会；3.(表示允许，请求)可以；
4.(表示客观可能性)有时会。
7．(芜湖三模)When hosts place dishes on the table, they _will_arrange__(arrange) the main courses at the center
with the supporting dishes placed around them.
解析：考查时态。句意：当主人在桌子上放菜时，他们会将主菜放在中间，辅菜放在主菜周围。when 引导的时间
状语从句是一般现在时，故主句用一般将来时。
8 ．( 云南统测)You may not like certain things or ideas.In your eyes, either you or your home country
_has_change___ (change) ever since.
解析：考查时态和主谓一致。句意：你也许不喜欢某些事情或某些想法。在你眼中，要不是你就是你的祖国从那
以后变了。根据句中时间状语ever since 可知谓语用现在完成时；either...or...连接两个主语，谓语动词的数与最近的主
语一致，故该处谓语动词的数与your home country 一致，应用单数，故填has changed。
9．(江苏)Hopefully in 2025 we will no longer be emailing each other, for we _will_have_develope___(develop) more
convenient electronic communication tools by then.
解析：考查时态。句意：希望在2025 年，我们不再互相发电子邮件，因为到那时候我们将开发出更方便的电子通
信工具。根据时间状语in 2025，可知用将来时；再根据时间状语by then(到那时)，可知用完成时。结合两者可知用将
来完成时。
10．Tom has finished his homework, and now he _is_playing__(play) football with his friends.
解析：句意：汤姆已经做完作业，现在正在跟他的朋友们踢足球。此处表示动作正在进行，因此用现在进行时。
由于受并列连词and 和前一分句时态的干扰，考生容易误填has played。
11．(长沙二模)Now Beijing _feels__(feel) like my second home.
解析：考查时态。句意：现在北京像我的第二个家。根据句中时间状语Now 可知谓语用一般现在时，故填feels。
错解分析：考生容易填is feeling 或is felt。feel 是系动词，不能用于被动语态和进行时态。
12．(赣州联考)I smiled and thanked her very gratefully, nodding yes, as the bus _h___stoppe___(stop) already and I
had to hurry away.
解析：考查时态。as 引导的原因状语从句的谓语动词stop 发生在and 后的谓语动词had 之前，表过去的过去，
应用过去完成时，故填had stopped。
13．(衡水二模)Most of us _fell__(fall) asleep on the way back to Urumqi, but I stayed wide awake.
解析：考查时态。句意：我们中大部分人在回乌鲁木齐的路上睡着了，但是我一直很清醒。设空与but 后一句中
的stayed 是并列谓语，应用一般过去时，故填fell。fall 的过去式和过去分词形式分别是fell，fallen。
14．(冀州二模)Nowadays, the Qixi Festival _is_referre___(refer)to as the “Chinese Valentine's Day”．
解析：考查时态和语态。句意：现在七夕被看成中国的情人节。主语the Qixi Festival 与refer to 是被动关系，故
用被动语态；句中时间状语是Nowadays，故该句应用一般现在时的被动语态，故填is referred。
练有小得：以下动词的过去式、过去分词和现在分词要双写最后一个字母。
infer(推断)—inferred—inferred—inferring
prefer(更喜欢)—preferred—preferred—preferring
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occur(发生)—occurred—occurred—occurring
refer(提到)—referred— referred— referring
15．(2018·北京卷)They might have found a better hotel if they _h___driven__(drive) a few more kilometers.
解析：考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。由“they might have found
a better hotel”可知，该句是表示对过去的虚拟。if ______ a few more kilometers 是条件句部分，表示对过去的虚拟，
条件句部分要用过去完成时态。
练有小得：1.表示对现在的虚拟：if 条件句用一般过去时，主句用would/might/could/should＋do；2.表示对
过去的虚拟：if 条件句用过去完成时，主句用would/might/could/should＋have done；3.表示对将来的虚拟：if 条
件句用were to do/should do/一般过去时，主句用would/might/could/should＋do。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1 ．( 湘潭二模)The
smile
from
farmers,
who
are
getting
a
good
harvest,
always
making
me
happy._making_→make__
解析：分析句子结构可知本句主语是The smile，who are getting a good harvest 是定语从句，故make 应在句中作
谓语。主语smile 是第三人称单数名词，故谓语动词用单数。
2 ．( 龙岩二模)People on that night will lighten up fancy lanterns and go out to appreciate the
moon._lighten→light__
解析：light up“点燃”，在此处用作及物动词，在will 后应用原形，故lighten 改为light。
3．(黑龙江哈六中四模)To my joy, my effort was finally paid off._去掉was__
解析：pay off“取得回报”是不及物动词短语，不能用于被动语态。
4 ．( 潮州二模)This afternoon, I went to the biggest shopping center downtown, and buy a present for
her._buy→bought__
解析：句中时间状语是This afternoon，又and 前的谓语是went，故该处用一般过去时。
5 ．( 滨州一模)Last Friday, big posters were putting up in school, which appealed to us to protect the
earth._putting→put__
解析：主语posters 与put up 是被动关系，应用被动语态。
增分写作训练
阅卷老师说：“在写作中，主动不如被动好”，即被动句比主动句表达更准确更生动。请利用被动语态升级以下
句式。
1．We will exhibit all the works in the display hall on the third floor of the Art Center.
_All_the_works_will_be_exhibite__in_the_display_hall_on_the_thir__floor_of_the_Art_Center.__
2．We expect you to arrive at the main gate before 9 o'clock.
_You_are_expecte__to_arrive_at_the_main_gate_before_9_o'clock.__
3．We select the outstanding exhibits from 200 pieces of works handed in by the teachers and students.
_The_outstanding_exhibits_are_selecte__from_200_pieces_of_works_hande__in_by_the_teachers_an__students.__
Ⅰ.用适当的时态、语态填空
After the ship sank, I _1.swam__(swim) to the shore of a lonely island. I found my mobile phone and a pocket knife.
I __2.sat__(sit) down and looked up at the sky. Night had come, and I wanted to go home. I told myself to remember the
Golden Rules from Bear Grylls ，which _3.are__(be): always be safe ，find water and food. On this island ，there
_4.were__(be) many trees，and I found one to use as a shelter.
The next morning, when I woke up I was hungry and thirsty. I took out my phone, but I didn't want to call anyone
yet. For I only _5.remembere___(remember) my Dad's number and certainly he _6.was_working__(work) at the
moment. Then I walked along the shore, I found a bottle of water and _7.drank__(drink) some. After that, I went into
the forest to find some food. I saw some apple trees and I climbed up the trees and used the pocket knife to cut the
apples down. I was so hungry that I _8.ate__(eat) all the apples.
When I went to the other side of the island, I found, to my excitement，a little boat that could _9.be_use___(use) for
me to go home. So I sat on the boat, starting sailing in the sea. On the way home, I saw my brother swimming in the sea.
He was so tired and I helped him to climb on the boat. He said he _10.h___foun___(find) a compass in the water. So we
used the compass to find our way home together.
Ⅱ.短文改错
When I was very young, I stayed at my hometown with my grandma. She was a diligent woman. She likes to grow
vegetables or takes care of all the houseworks. Though my parents often ask her to quit the work, my grandma never
listen. She takes that she does as her great joy. I understand her because I see her smile and she is satisfied with life.
Several months before, my father bought for her a new smartphone. And during the Spring Festival，I instructed her
how email and use the Internet. Aside from emailing, she thinks it feels greatly to talk to their grandchildren on
WeChat.
When I was very young, I stayed at my hometown with my grandma. She was
is
a diligent woman. She likes to grow
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vegetables
or
and
takes care of all the houseworks
housework
. Though my parents often ask her to quit the work, my grandma never
listen
listens
. She takes that
what
she does as her great joy. I understand her because I see her smile and she is satisfied with life.
Several months
before
ago
，my father bought for her a new smartphone. And during the Spring Festival，I instructed her how ∧
to
email and use the Internet. Aside from emailing, she thinks it feels greatly
great
to talk to their
her
grandchildren on WeChat.
1．解析：was 改为is。考查时态。文章的主体时态是一般现在时，故把was 改为is。
2．解析：or 改为and。考查连词。根据语境可知，前后句表示顺承关系，不是转折关系，故把or 改为and。
3．解析：houseworks 改为housework。考查名词。housework 是不可数名词，没有复数，故把houseworks 改为
housework。
4．解析：listen 改为listens。考查时态和主谓一致。文章的主体时态是一般现在时，主语是my grandma，故把
listen 改为listens。
5．解析：that 改为what。考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，此处引导宾语从句，作does 的宾语，表示“……
的事物”，故把that 改为what。
6．解析：before 改为ago。考查副词。before 表示从事情发生到过去某个时间是多久，ago 表示从事情发生到现
在时间过去了多久。根据语境和文章的主体时态为一般现在时可知，此处应用ago。
7．解析：删除bought 后的for。考查介词。buy sb.sth.“给某人买某物”为固定用法。for 多余，故删除。
8．解析：how 后加to。考查非谓语动词。此处考查“疑问词＋不定式”结构，故在how 后加to。
9．解析：greatly 改为great。考查词形转换。feel 是连系动词，后面应该用形容词great 构成系表结构。
10．解析：their 改为her。考查代词。该句主语是she，此处表示“她的(外)孙子(女)们”，所以应用形容词性物
主代词her。
考点二
复杂多变的非谓语动词
正面解读增分语法填空
考法1
非谓语动词作宾语——句型公式法
1．(2019·浙江卷)But some students didn't want _to_wear__(wear) the uniform.
解析：考查非谓语动词作宾语。句意：但是，有一些学生不想穿学生服。want to do sth 想要做某事，这是want
的固定用法。故填to wear。
2 ．(2018· 天津卷)I didn't mean _to_eat__(eat)anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldn't help
_trying__(try) it.
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：我不打算吃任何东西，但冰激凌看起来如此的好以至于我忍不住地要试一试。固
定短语mean to do(打算做)，couldn't help doing 忍不住做。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But unlike her school friends,16－year－old Sarah is not spending half－term _resting__(rest)．
解析：句意：但是和她的学校朋友不同，16 岁的萨拉不是用半个学期休息。spend time doing sth。“花费时间做
某事”，动名词作宾语。
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models wants _to_prove__(prove) that
she has brains as well as beauty.
解析：句意：但是已和其他超模一起走过各种秀场的萨拉想证明自己智慧与美貌并存。want to do sth.“想要做某
事”。
5．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)A 90－year－old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for _being__(be) Britain's oldest full
－time employee—still working 40 hours a week.
解析：介词for 后跟动词时，应用动名词作宾语。
6．(全国卷Ⅱ)In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air
condition” a house without _using__(use)electric equipment.
解析：句意：土坯房值得赞扬的是它们不用电器自动调节房屋温度的能力。设空前是介词without，故该空用动名
词作宾语。without doing sth.“在不做某事的情况下”。
7．(全国卷)I heard a passenger behind me shouted to the driver, but he refused _to_stop__(stop) until we reached
the next stop.
解析：句意：我听见我后面有个乘客冲着司机大喊，但司机坚持要到下一站才停车。refuse to do sth.“拒绝做某
事”。
8．(2017·江苏卷)A quick review of successes and failures at the end of year will help _shape/to_shape__(shape) your
year ahead.
解析：句意：在年底对一年的成败进行快速的回顾有助于你下一年的发展。设空作动词help 的宾语，应用不定式
或不带to 的不定式，故填shape/to shape。help (to) do sth.“帮助做某事”。
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名师点津
提示词是动词，若句中已有谓语，且设空处不是作并列谓语而是作宾语时，应用非谓语动词。
牢记非谓语动词作宾语的固定结构
①在介词(如by, about, with, for, after，to 等)之后作宾语应用动名词。
②若非谓语动词作如下动词(短语)的宾语，则应填不定式：agree, afford, choose, decide, expect, fail, hope, manage,
offer, pretend, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish, would like, used to 等。
③若非谓语动词作如下动词(短语)的宾语，则应填动名词：admit, allow, advise, avoid, consider, escape, enjoy，keep，
finish，feel like, get down to, include, involve, mind, miss, practice, recommend, suggest 等。
④mean, forget, regret, try, go on, remember 等可接动名词或不定式作宾语，应注意联系语境和动词(短语)用法确
定填动名词或不定式作宾语。
⑤believe/consider/find/feel it＋adj.＋to do sth.中it 是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。
考法2
非谓语动词作定语——关系分析法
9．(2019·天津卷)Most colleges now offer first－year students a course specially _designe___(design) to help them
succeed academically and personally.
解析：本题考查非谓语动词作定语。a course 和design 之间是动宾关系，所以用过去分词。句意：现在大多数
大学都为一年级学生开设了一门课程，专门帮助他们在学业和个人方面取得成功。
10 ．(2019· 全国卷Ⅱ)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans
_to_retire__(retire) from her 36－year－old business.
解析：名词plan 后接不定式作后置定语。
11．(2019·北京卷)Earth Day，_marke___(mark)on 22 April，is an annual event aiming to raise public awareness
about environmental protection.
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：地球日于4 月22 日举行，是一项旨在提高公众环保意识的年度活动。分析句式可
知，设空处是要做名词Earth Day 的后置定语，且两者之间是被动关系，要用过去分词。故填marked。
12 ．(2017· 北京卷)The national park has a large collection of wildlife, _ranging__(rang) from butterflies to
elephants.
解析：句意：公园里有大量的野生动物，从蝴蝶到大象种类繁多。分析句子结构可知设空在句中作定语，a large
collection of wildlife 与range 是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词短语作后置定语。range from...to...意为“包括(从……
到……之间)的各类事物”。
13．(2017·天津卷)I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train _to_catch__(catch)．
解析：句意：开会期间我一直在看钟表，因为我要赶火车。本空所在部分利用have sth.to do 结构，表“有某事要
做”，不定式作定语修饰名词a train。
名师点津
提示词是动词，且句中已有谓语，根据非谓语动词与主语的逻辑关系确定何种形式作定语。
①若表将来的动作用不定式to do；如表将来的被动的动作用to be done。
②若与逻辑主语是主动关系，用现在分词(v.－ing)；若与逻辑主语是被动关系，用过去分词(v.－ed)。
③若表被动且正在发生的动作用being done。
④看见序数词最高级(＋名词)，用不定式作定语。
⑤抽象名词ability, chance, opportunity, plan, promise 等后常用不定式作后置定语。
考法3
非谓语动词作主语和表语——成分分析法
14．(全国卷Ⅰ)It took years of work _to_reduce__(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.
解析：句意：减少工业污染的净化河水需要多年的工作。it takes/took...to do sth.“做某事花费/需要……”，
为固定句式，故填不定式to reduce。该句式中it 是形式主语，不定式短语才是真正的主语。
15 ．( 全国卷Ⅱ)There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and
_disappointe___(disappoint)．
解析：句意：公交站有很多人在等车，他们中有些人看上去非常焦虑和失望。在句中作系动词looked 的表语，说
明people 的心理感受，应用过去分词，故填disappointed，意为“失望的”。
16．(2019·天津卷)_Learning__(learn) to think critically is an important skill today's children will need for the
future.
解析：考查非谓语动词作主语。句意：学会批判性思维是当代小孩未来所必需的重要技能。句子缺少主语成分，
故用动名词作主语。
17．(2017·上海卷)Do you find yourself getting impatient or _annoye___(annoy) with people over unimportant
things?
解析：句意：你发现自己变得不耐烦或因为一些无足轻重的事情而生人们的气吗？设空在句中与impatient 并列作
系动词get 的表语，说明yourself 的心理感受，应用过去分词，故填annoyed，意为“生气的”。
名师点津
1．非谓语动词作主语
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①首先判断所给动词应用非谓语动词形式，根据句子结构判断句中缺主语，找到句子的谓语部分，确定应用动名
词/不定式作主语。
②表一般的动作要用动名词，表具体的动作用不定式。
③掌握用动名词/不定式作主语的句型：
a．It's＋adj.(＋for/of sb.)＋to do sth.
b．It's no use/good/fun/a waste of time doing sth.
c．It takes sb.＋some time/money＋to do sth.
d．It's worthwhile to do/doing sth.
2．非谓语动词作表语
提示词是动词，设空前是系动词，根据句子结构确定用不定式或分词作表语。
①表抽象的动作要用动名词，表具体的动作用不定式。
②表“令人感到……的”用现在分词；表“感到……的”用过去分词。
考法4
非谓语动词作状语和补语——辨清逻辑关系
18．(2018·北京卷)During the Mid－Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _to_share__(share) a
meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：在中秋节期间，家人们通常会聚在一起吃饭，赏月，品尝月饼。gather 是谓语动
词，“_________ a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes”是状语，家人聚在一起的目的是吃饭，赏月，品尝
月饼，表目的用动词不定式。动词不定式做目的状语时，可以置于主句之前也可以置于主句之后，通常译为“为了”。
19．(2018·天津卷)I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs _taken__(take)．
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：我需要一个新护照，所以我将不得不拍照片。本题考查非谓语动词。宾语my
photograph 与补足语之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
20．(全国卷Ⅲ)People probably cooked their food in large pots, _using__(use)twigs(树枝)to remove it.
解析：句意：人们可能用很大的锅做饭并用树枝搅动。People 与use 是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词短语作
状语，表伴随。
21．(全国卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough _to_cool__(cool)
the house during the hot day.
解析：句意：墙壁已放出热量，并足以在炎热的白天冷却房屋。根据固定句式be＋adj.＋enough to do“足以……，”
不定式作结果状语。
22．(2019·北京卷)Nervously _facing__(face) challenges，I know I will whisper to myself the two simple words “Be
yourself”．
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：紧张地面对挑战，我知道我将轻声对自己说两个简单的字“Be yourself”。分析句
式可知，此处是做句子的状语，要用非谓语动词，其逻辑主语是I，与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，用现在分词作状语。
故填facing。
23．(2017·天津卷)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment, _allowing__(allow) more patients to
be treated.
解析：句意：这家医院近期获得了新的医疗设备，这让更多的病人可以接受治疗。非谓语动词所表示的动作allow
与其逻辑主语(前面的整个句子)是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作状语，表自然而然的结果。句中应记住的用法
allow sb.to do sth.“容许某人做某事”。
名师点津
1．分析逻辑关系
①作状语：表伴随、时间、或条件等要用现在/过去分词，若表自然而然的结果用现在分词。
②作状语：表目的、出乎意料的结果或在形容词之后作状语，用不定式。
③如非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，且正在进行，用doing。
④如非谓语动词与逻辑主语之间是被动关系，且表完成，用done。
2．牢记4 种用法
①allow/beg/command/encourage/expect/forbid/persuade/tell 等＋sb.to do sth.
②“五看三使两听一感觉”的感官动词(look at, see, watch, notice, observe, make, let, have, hear, listen to, feel)＋
sb.＋do sth.
③主语＋系动词＋形容词(easy, hard, impossible, important 等)＋to do
④too＋adj./adv.＋to do
⑤adj.＋enough＋to do
反面解读破解短文改错
设错点1
谓语动词与非谓语动词的误用
1．(全国卷)Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner._Have→Having__
解析：句意：下午晚些时候喝茶是午饭和晚饭之间的过渡。动词原形在句中不能作主语，应改为动名词形式。
2．(浙江卷)The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming._felt→feel__
解析：句意：教室的能看风景的位置使我觉得像在做梦。make sb.feel like“使某人觉得像”。make sb.do sth.“使
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某人做某事”。
名师点津
句中已有谓语动词，如再出现动词，又没有并列连词，应考虑非谓语动词形式，根据其在句中所作成分和逻辑关
系，判断其形式是否正确。
设错点2
介词后动词形式错误
3．(全国卷Ⅰ)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip._take→taking__
解析：句意：我们可以在待在家中和旅行之间选择。between...and...连接两个并列的动名词。
4 ．( 全国卷Ⅱ)After looks at the toy for some time ，he turned around and found his parents were
missing._looks→looking__
解析：句意：看了一会儿玩具，他转身发现父母不见了。介词After 之后应接动名词作宾语。
5．(全国卷Ⅲ)I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes._wear→wearing__
解析：句意：通过穿奇装异服，我向他们表明我独立了。介词by 之后应接动名词作宾语。
名师点津
掌握介宾标志
①after，by 等介词之后应接动名词作宾语。
②含有介词to 的短语如look forward to, lead to, when it comes to be devoted to 等后接动词时需用动名词。
设错点3
不定式符号to 的多余或缺失或不定式后动词形式用错
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)When summer came, they will invite their students pick the fresh vegetables！_pick 前加to__
解析：句意：夏天来临，他们邀请学生来摘新鲜的蔬菜。invite sb.to do sth.“邀请某人做某事”。
7．(浙江卷)He would ask who we were and pretend not to knowing us._knowing→know__
解析：句意：他总会问我们是谁并假装不认识我们。pretend(not) to do sth.“假装(不)做某事”。
名师点津
动词不定式在句中作宾语或状语，to 不能省略。有些动词后面接不定式作宾语，如agree to do，要牢记to 是不定
式符号。设错点4
过去分词与现在分词的错用
8 ．(2017· 全国卷Ⅲ)In
their
spare
time,
they
are
interesting
in
planting
vegetables
in
their
garden._interesting→intereste___
解析：句意：在业余时间，他们对菜园种菜很感兴趣。interesting“有趣的”，interested“感兴趣的”，结合语
境可知此处应用interested，构成短语be interested in“对……感兴趣”。
9．(四川卷)Mom was grateful and moving._moving→move___
解析：句意：妈妈既感激又感动。在句中作表语，说明主语Mom 的心理感受，应用moved，表“感动的”。
10．(浙江卷)It was both excited and frightening to be up there！_excited→exciting__
解析：句意：在那里高高地坐着又刺激又令人害怕。此句主语是It，指坐在高处这件事是令人兴奋的，应用exciting。
名师点津
①修饰人或修饰voice，look, smile 等名词常用excited, moved 等意为“感到……的”的过去分词。
②修饰物常用amazing, moving 等意为“令人……的”的现在分词。
提分单句训练
Ⅰ.单句填空
1．(鹰潭二模)Garl Hearn, a local official, said officials had to take it down as they were worried about drivers
_stopping__(stop) in front of sign in order to take photographs.
解析：句意：一个当地官员卡尔·和恩说官员们不得不拿下它因为他们担心为了在告示牌前面停下来为了拍照的司
机们。drivers 与stop 是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。
2．(北京海淀区二模)Like great athletes or scientists, great teachers have the ability _to_inspire__(inspire) others as
well.
解析：句意：就像伟大的运动员和科学家一样，伟大的老师也有激励他人的能力。the ability to do sth.“做某事的
能力”。被修饰词是抽象名词时，常用不定式作定语，常见的该类名词有ability, chance, idea，hope，wish，fact，excuse，
opportunity, attempt，way 等。
3．(北京西城区二模)We are in complete agreement with the suggestions _mentione___(mention) in your letter.
解析：句意：我们完全同意你在信中提出的建议。mention 与the suggestions 是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分
词作定语。in agreement with“同意”。
4．(山大附中三模)In nineteen sixty, Wilma Rudolph became the first American woman _to_win__(win) three gold
medals in one Olympics.
解析：句意：在1960 年，威尔玛鲁道夫成为第一个在一届奥运会上获得三块金牌的美国女人。当名词被序数词修
饰，且该名词与作定语的非谓语动词之间为逻辑上的主谓关系时，需用不定式作后置定语。
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5．(济南一模)Suddenly, I felt someone _moving__(move) my luggage.I opened my eyes and looked up.
解析：句意：突然，我觉得有人在动我的行李。我睁开眼睛抬起头来。feel sb.doing sth.“感觉某人正在做某事”。
练有小得：常用不定式作宾语的动词有afford, agree, choose, demand, decide, determine, expect, hope, manage,
refuse, want, wish, offer, pretend，promise 等。
6．(保定一模)Meilun is very lively, often _jumping__(jump) onto the roof and hanging upside down from a rail.
解析：句意：美仑很活泼，经常跳到屋顶上从一个轨道上倒挂着。Meilun 与jump 是逻辑上的主谓关系，应用现
在分词作伴随状语。
7．(皖北二模)_Seeing__(see) our returning to the car, Dad was eager to hear all about what we'd seen.
解析：句意：看见我们回到车上，爸爸渴望听到所有我们所看到的事情。Dad 与see 是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用
现在分词作状语。
8．(唐山一模)It is polite _to_offer__(offer) the tea cup to guests with both hands.
解析：it is polite to do sth.“做某事是有礼貌的”，在该句式中，it 是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语。
9．(2017·北京卷)Jim has retired, but he still remembers the happy time _spent__(spend) with his students.
解析：句意：Jim 已经退休了，但是他依然记得和学生一起度过的快乐时光。句子已经有谓语了，spend 和time
之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词。
10．(深圳二模)Though _caught__(catch) in the rain unexpectedly, we still treasured the memory and will always
recall the warmth and kindness of the Chinese couple.
解析：句意：尽管出乎意料地遭遇到大雨，我们仍然珍惜这段记忆并且永远会回忆起这对中国夫妇的温暖和善良。
be caught in“遭遇……”，在句中作状语，应用过去分词形式。
练有小得：需熟记的几个短语
be caught in(遭遇)；be buried in(专心；埋于)；be lost in(迷路；迷失)；be dressed in(穿着); be stuck in(困于；卡
在); be hidden(藏身)；be addicted to(沉溺于)等短语，在句中作状语或补语用过去分词形式。
11．(金丽衢二模)But Jie declined the invitation, _preferring__(prefer) to lead a quiet life with his mother in the
mountains.
解析：句意：但是介子推拒绝了邀请，他宁愿和母亲在山中过安静的生活。Jie 与prefer 是逻辑上的主谓关系，应
用现在分词作状语。注意prefer 的现在分词形式要双写最后一个字母r。
12．(泸州四模)The engineers say the new material could provide an alternative to air conditioners, which are
expensive _to_run__(run)．
解析：句意：工程师们说这种新型材料可替代空调，空调开起来太贵了。不定式和句子主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，
不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。
练有小得：动词不定式也可以跟在一些作表语的形容词后，构成“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构。这类形
容词有：easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossible, dangerous 等，表示
主语的特征或性质，不定式和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，不定式常用主动形式表示被动意义。
13．The hall was dark when I came in; the show was about _to_begin__(begin)．
解析：句意：当我进去时，大厅里一片漆黑，演出马上就要开始了。结合句意判断此处考查固定搭配be about to do
sth.“马上/即将做某事”，故空格处填to begin。
错解分析：考生极易忽视句意理解，误认为设空处于介词about 之后，而填动名词beginning 作宾语，about doing
意为“关于做某事”。
14 ．(2018·江苏卷)Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, _exceeding__(exceed) the expected
number of 12,000 held by market analysts.
解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：在这期间，大约创造13,500 个新的工作，超过市场分析师持有的12,000 个的预期
数量。分析全句可知，这里指前一件事情所带来自然而然的结果，故用现在分词作结果状语。
15．(上海卷)_Wondering__(wonder) how my mum could consume so quickly, I began observing her daily routine
for two weeks.
解析：句意：想知道妈妈怎么吃菜这么快，我两周来开始观察她的日常活动。I 与wonder 是逻辑上的主谓关系，
故用现在分词作状语。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1 ．( 海口二模)When
talked
about
sport,
I
always
felt
very
exciting,
because
I
like
it
so
much._talked→talking;_exciting→excite___
解析：句意：当谈论运动时，我总是很兴奋，因为我非常喜欢运动。I 与talk 是逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分
词作状语。在句中作表语说明主语I 的心理感受时，表“兴奋的”，应用excited。
2．(南充三模)As for me, if I have a better idea, I will choose stick to it._choose 后加to__
解析：句意：就我而言，如果我有更好的主意，我会坚持我的主意。choose to do sth.“选择做某事”，stick to sth.“坚
持某事”。
3．(石家庄一模)In the beginning, I always kept silent in our oral class to avoid make mistakes._make→making__
解析：句意：一开始，我在我们的口语课上总是保持沉默以避免犯错误。avoid 后需接动名词作宾语，故make 改
为making。
4．(枣庄二模)Actually, my mother helped me cooked it and I had practiced for several days._cooked→cook__
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解析：句意：事实上，妈妈帮我做菜而且我练了好几天。help sb.(to)do sth.“帮助某人做某事”。
5．(吉林三模)This afternoon I went to the bookstore near my house, only find it was closed._only 后加to__
解析：句意：今天下午我去我家附近的书店结果发现书店关门了。“only＋不定式”表示出乎意料的结果。
增分写作训练
非谓语动词在写作中的运用可以让阅卷老师眼前一亮。请利用非谓语动词升级以下句式
1．The Mid－Autumn Festival is approaching. I'd like to invite you to celebrate it with my family.(利用with 复合结
构升级)
_With_the_Mid－Autumn_Festival_approaching,_I'__like_to_invite_you_to_celebrate_it_with_my_family.__
2．When we saw the bikes in rows on the pavement, we really felt excited.(利用分词作状语升级)
_Seeing_the_bikes_in_rows_on_the_pavement,_we_really_felt_excited.__
3．The family name is shared by billions of Chinese, and has the same pronunciation as yours.(利用分词作定语升
级)
_The_family_name_share__by_billions_of_Chinese_has_the_same_pronunciation_as_yours.__
Ⅰ.用适当的非谓语形式填空
China is working on next－generation bullet trains with a maximum operational speed of 400 km per hour that will
be ready by 2020 for markets _1.linke___(link) to the Belt and Road Initiative, the country's top railway vehicle maker
said.
“_2.Applying__(apply) new materials in the research and production of the future high －speed trains, the
researchers will design new type of trains _3.made__(make) of lighter materials.” said a senior engineer at the China
Railway Rolling Stock Corporation.
The
new
trains
will
be
able
_4.to_reduce__(reduce)
per
passenger
energy
consumption
by
10%
_5.compare___(compare) with high－speed trains that can run 350 km per hour.
Feng Hao, a rail transportation researcher at the National Development and Reform Commission, said the 400
km/h high －speed train project would help many heavily _6.populate___(populate) countries switch from a long
dependence on automobiles.
“Because many markets along the Belt and Road Initia, especially in Central Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East
and Eastern European countries, are planning _7.to_buil___(build)high －speed raillines or to improve their
_8.existing__(exist)
railway
systems,
they
are
eager_9.to_gain__(gain)
technological
support
from
China
_10.to_assist__(assist) in daily operations, repairs, staff training and other services，” Feng said.
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2019·石家庄市一模)
Last term, I accommodated an exchange student calling Jacob from the Great Britain to our school. He really cares
for Chinese culture. Jacob asked me to show himself around the city on weekends. I took him to many local place of
interest and we also go to the theater to watch a show of Peking opera. He was so attracted by the performance as he
decided to learn it. My father happened to know a master of Peking opera and introduced Jacob to him. Jacob was great
honored to be one of his students. Put his heart into it, Jacob made a rapid progress. When he returned England, he
gave a performance, for what he won much admiration from his classmates.
Last term, I accommodated an exchange student calling
called
Jacob from the Great Britain to our school. He really
cares for Chinese culture. Jacob asked me to show himself
him
around the city on weekends. I took him to many local
place
places
of interest and we also
go
went
to the theater to watch a show of Peking opera. He was so attracted by the
performance
as
that
he decided to learn it. My father happened to know a master of Peking opera and introduced Jacob
to him. Jacob was
great
greatly
honored to be one of his students.
Put
Putting
his heart into it, Jacob made a rapid progress.
When he returned ∧
to
England, he gave a performance, for what
which
he won much admiration from his classmates.
1．解析：calling 改为called。考查过去分词。分析句子结构可知，an exchange student 和动词call 之间为逻辑上
的动宾关系，故用过去分词作后置定语。
2．解析：himself 改为him。考查代词。根据该句主语“Jacob”并结合语境可知，Jacob 要“我”周末带他在城里
转转。show sb.around 为固定搭配，意为“领(某人)参观”，故用宾格代词him。
3．解析：place 改为places。考查名词的单复数。place 为可数名词，根据该句中的“many”可知，该处指“许多
当地有意思的地方”，故用其复数形式。
4．解析：go 改为went。考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“took”可知，该句陈述的是过去发生的事情，应用一般
过去时，故用went。
5．解析：as 改为that。考查固定用法。so...that...为固定句型，意为“如此……以至于……”，根据语境和该句
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中的“so”并分析句子结构可知，此处应将as 改为that。
6．解析：great 改为greatly。考查副词。副词一般修饰动词和形容词，根据该句中的“honored”可知，该处应用
副词修饰，故用greatly。
7．解析：Put 改为Putting。考查现在分词。分析该句结构可知，该句主语Jacob 和动词put 之间为逻辑上的主谓
关系，故用put 的现在分词形式。
8．解析：删除made 后的a。考查固定搭配。make progress 为固定搭配，意为“取得进步”，progress 为不可数
名词，其前不加冠词。
9．解析：returned 后加to。考查介词。return 意为“返回”时为不及物动词，其后应加上to 再接宾语，故在returned
后加to。
10．解析：what 改为which。考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，作介词for 的宾
语，先行词为a performance，故用which 引导该定语从句。
重点二
词性转换、比较等级和名词的数
正面解读增分语法填空
考法1
考查词性转换——确定词性，联系构词法
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)We are so proud of her. It's _wonderful__(wonder).
解析：考查词性转换。系动词is 后跟形容词作表语。故用wonder 的形容词形式wonderful。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the _introduction__(introduce) of electric－powered
engines and lifts.
解析：句意：由设空前的定冠词the 和设空后的介词of 可知设空应填名词。动词Introduce 的名词是去掉词尾的
字母e 再加后缀－tion。the introduction of...“介绍/引进……”。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)The Central London Railway was one of the most _successful__(success) of these new lines, and
was opened in 1900.
解析：句意：伦敦中心地铁是这些新开线路中最为成功的线路之一。它于1900 年通车。the most _________ of these
new lines 在句中作系动词was 的表语，设空前是the most，故设空填形容词与之构成最高级，名词success 的形容词
是successful。
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her __education__(educate)．
解析：句意：她决定继续自己的学业。设空前是形容词性物主代词her，故设空应填名词。educate 的名词形式是
education，意为“教育”。be determined to do sth.“决定做某事”；carry on with sth. “继续进行某事”；receive a
good education“接受良好的教育”。
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)It is _certainly__(certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal.
解析：句意：那肯定很有趣但是那种生活方式有点不真实。设空后是形容词fun，应用副词作状语修饰，故填
certainly。
练有小进：fun 作名词时，是不可数名词，意为“乐趣；有趣的人或物”，是不可数名词，前面不能加不定冠词，
也没有复数形式。常用于短语have fun“玩得开心”；for fun“为了玩乐”；make fun of“取笑”；fun 作形容词时，
意为“有趣的；给人欢乐的”。
6．(2019·天津卷)A dog's eating habit requires regular training before it is _properly__(proper) established.
解析：考查词性转换。句意：在狗的饮食习惯被正确地建立之前，需要定期的训练。修饰动词用副词。
7．(2019·浙江卷)Students should have a proper attitude towards college before thinking about which college to
attend, and it's never too early to make necessary preparations for a healthy and _meaningful__(meaning)college
experience.
解析：考查词性转换。这里与前面的healthy 并列，修饰后面的名词college experience，故此处也要用形容词。故
填meaningful。
8．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Food in small pieces could be eaten easily with twigs which _gradually__(gradual)turned into
chopsticks.
解析：句意：用树枝容易吃小块的食物这些树枝就逐步演变成了筷子。设空处修饰谓语动词turned into，作状语
应用副词形式，故填gradually，意为“逐渐地”。
9 ．( 全国卷Ⅱ)Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat
_slowly__(slow)during cool nights，thus warming the house.
解析：句意：由土坯做的房子在热天吸收太阳的热量，在凉爽的夜晚慢慢放出热量，因此使房屋变暖。设空后是
谓语give out，应用副词作状语修饰，故填slowly。
10．(全国卷Ⅰ)While there are _amazing__(amaze)stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are
gradual.
解析：句意：尽管有一些令人吃惊的快速改观的事情，但是对我们大部分人而言，变化是循序渐进的。设空后是
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名词stories，应用形容词作定语。设空所填词说明事物stories 的特性，应用以－ing 结尾的形容词amazing，表“令
人吃惊的”。amazed 意为“吃惊的”，用以说明人的心理感受或修饰与人有关的名词，如appearance(外表)，look(神
情)，expression(表情)，smile(微笑)，voice(嗓音)等。
11．(2017·浙江卷)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a _shiny/shining__(shine) object.
解析：句意：但是有个东西让她凑近看了一下，于是她注意到一个闪闪发光的东西。设空前是冠词a，设空后的
object 是名词，故设空处应填形容词，说明事物的特征，意为“闪闪发光的”，填shiny 或shining。
12．(四川卷)Chinese scientists _recently__(recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.
解析：句意：中国科学家最近有机会研究一个野生雌性大熊猫和它的小宝宝。设空在句中修饰谓语动词had，应
用副词作状语：故填recently，意为“最近”。
13．(2018·广东卷)_Luckily__(lucky), he also had a cow which produced milk every day.
解析：句意：幸运的是，设空在句中作评注性状语，修饰全句，应用副词。故填Luckily。注意句首字母要大写；
注意以－y 结尾的形容词变副词应将y 改为i 再加－ly。
名师点津
一、这样运用句子成分解词性转换
分析句子结构并确定所填词在句子中所作的成分是解答词性转换题的关键所在。
(1)句子成分与词性的关系
成分
词性
主语
名词、代词、数词、动词－ing 形式、不定式、名词化的形容词、从句，相当
于名词的短语
谓语
动词、动词短语
宾语
名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词－ing 形式、不定式、从句，相当
于名词的短语
定语
形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、介词短语、动词－ing 形式、动
词－ed 形式、从句
状语
副词、不定式、动词－ing 形式、动词－ed 形式、介词短语、名词、从句
补语
形容词、副词、不定式、动词－ing 形式、动词－ed 形式、名词、介词短语
表语
名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、介词短语、动词－ing 形式、动
词－ed 形式、从句
同位语
名词、数词、代词、从句
(2)解题技巧
①若提示词在主语或宾语的位置，且前面有冠词、形容词、物主代词等，一般填名词形式。
②若提示词作表语，或修饰后面的名词，一般填形容词形式。
③若提示词对整个句子或对其前、后的动词、形容词起修饰作用，一般填副词形式。
④要牢记常见的后缀形式，确保正确转换词性。
二、活用构词法，秒杀词性转换
牢记几种常考的构词法
1．形容词变副词的后缀
分类
示例
以－le 结尾的形容
词，变－le 为－ly
possible→possibly，terrible→terribly，comfortable→comfortably，
gentle→gently，simple→simply 等
以－y 结尾的形容
词，变－y 为－ily
easy→easily，angry→angrily，noisy→noisily，happy→happily，
heavy→heavily，healthy→healthily 等
常考且容易拼错的
副词
excitedly，rudely，truly，healthily，politely，widely，nicely，closely，
surprisingly，increasingly，disappointedly，fortunately，hurriedly
等
2.形容词变名词的后缀
后缀
示例
－age
short adj.短缺的→shortage n．不足；短缺
－cy
fluent adj.流利的→fluency n．流利；流畅
－dom
wise adj.聪明的→wisdom n．明智；智慧
－ence
different adj.不同的→difference n．差异
－ness
weak adj.虚弱的→weakness n．虚弱；弱点
－th
strong adj.强壮的→strength n．力气，优势
－y
difficult adj.困难的→difficulty n．困难
－ty
safe adj.安全的→safety n．安全
－ity
responsible adj.负责的→responsibility n．责任
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3.动词变名词的后缀
常见的动词变名词的后缀有－al，－ance，－ence，－ion，－tion，－ation，－(ss)ion，－ing，－ment，－ure，
－ture，－y 等。
后缀
示例
－al
approve v．赞成，批准→approval n．赞成，批准
－ance
appear vi.出现→appearance n．出现；外貌
－ion
attract vt.吸引→attraction n．吸引
－ment
achieve vt.达到，完成→achievement n．功绩；成就
－y
recover v．恢复→recovery n．恢复；痊愈
4.动词、名词变形容词的后缀
常见的动词、名词变形容词的后缀有－able，－al，－ful，－ed，－ing，－ible，－ive，－ous，－some，－y，
－ern，－ish 等。
后缀
示例
－able
accept vt.接受→acceptable adj.可接受的
－ed
confuse vt.使困惑→confused adj.感到困惑的
－ing
convince vt.说服，使信服→convincing adj.令人信服的
－ful
forget vt.忘记→forgetful adj.健忘的
－al
nature n．自然→natural adj.自然的
－ible
access n．进入，使用权，通路→accessible adj.容易取得的
－ous
caution n．谨慎→cautious adj.谨慎的
5.表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀
常见的表示否定或相反意义的前缀和后缀有dis－，il－，im－，in－，ir－，mis－，un－，－less 等。
前缀
示例
dis－
advantage n．优势→disadvantage n．缺点
il－
legal adj.合法的→illegal adj.不合法的
in－
convenient adj.方便的→inconvenient adj.不方便的
ir－
regular adj.有规律的→irregular adj.无规律的
mis－
lead vt.引导→mislead vt.误导
un－
willing adj.乐意的→unwilling adj.不乐意的
6.变动词的前缀和后缀
前、后缀
示例
en－
able adj.有能力的→enable vt.使能够
－en
sharp adj.尖的→sharpen vt.使尖锐
－ify
simple adj.简单的→simplify vt.简化
－ize
apology n．道歉→apologize v．道歉
考法2
考查比较等级——利用标志词确定比较级
14．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Even _worse__(bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.
解析：句意：更糟糕的是，人们所吃快餐的数量增加了。设空前是比较级修饰语Even，故设空处应填比较级。注
意bad/badly 的比较级和最高级分别是worse，worst。类似用法还有What's worse/worse still/even worse“更
糟糕的是”。
15．(全国卷Ⅱ)If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify (识别)those
of _greater__ (great) and less importance.
解析：句意：如果你因为工作职责而感到有压力的话，那么你应该退一步弄清哪些事情更重要，哪些事情不太重
要。空后的and 连接两个并列成分，设空处应与less 并列，应用比较级。故填greater。
16．(全国卷)Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is _cleaner__(clean) than ever.
解析：句意：最后，辛苦的工作得到了回报，现在河水比以前干净多了。根据句中比较级的标志词than 可知该空
应用比较级，故填cleaner。
17．(辽宁卷)The _harder__(hard) you try to beat him, the more likely you will get hit.
解析：句意：你越想努力打败他，你就越有可能被打倒。根据空前的The 和后一分句的the more likely 可知此处
应用比较级。“the＋比较级……，the＋比较级……”为固定句式，表“越……，就越……”。
18．(2017·浙江卷)Sixteen years _earlier__(early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring to cook a meal.
解析：句意：十六年前，帕拉森取下钻石戒指做饭。表示“……之前”，应用early 的比较级earlier。
练有小得：early(adj.& adv.)是高考语法填空和短文改错的高频考点，所以考生应记牢以下几点：
at/from an early age“年少时/自年少时”，in the early days“最初”，early in the morning“一大早”。
时间段＋earlier 表“……之前”，at one's earliest convenience“尽早”。
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19．(上海卷)Up to a certain point, the more stress you are under, the _better__(good) your performance will be.
解析：句意：在一定程度上，你所受的压力越大，你的表现就会越好。根据设空前一分句的the more 和设空前的
定冠词the，可判断此处是“the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”结构，意为“越……，就越……”。形容词good 的
比较级和最高级分别是better，best。句中应记住的短语up to a certain extent“在某种程度上”；under stress“在压
力下”。
20．(浙江卷)Not _more__(much) than a half－hour walk, I thought.
解析：句意：我认为不超过半小时的步行。根据设空前的Not 和设空后的than 可判断出该空填more，构成固定
短语not more than。not more than＋基数词，意为“不超过”。more than＋基数词，意为“多于”，no more than＋
基数词，意为“仅仅”。
名师点津
提示词是形容词或副词，根据语境和句意，该词词性不变，意思不变，则可能填该词的比较级或最高级。
6 类标志词确定答题线索
①设空后含有than...结构时用比较级。
②设空前有用来修饰比较级的词语much，far，even，rather，any，a little，a bit，a great deal 及倍数等时用比
较级。
③表“越……就越……”用the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..。
④句中虽没有than，但暗含比较级，也用比较级。
⑤设空后有表示范围的标志词“in＋范围”，“of＋范围”，“among＋范围”等时，用最高级。
⑥设空前有(one of＋)the，the＋序数词，by far the 等修饰词时，用最高级。
考法3
考查名词的单复数——利用标志词确定名词的数
21．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible _crowds__(crowd)
on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.
解析：句意：它在地下仅七千米处运行，这使人们得以避开上下班路上拥堵的人群。及物动词avoid“避免”，后
可接名词或动名词作宾语。设空前有形容词terrible，故该空不能填动名词。crowd 作“人群”解时，为可数名词，需
用复数形式。the crowd“人群”；a crowd of“一群/一堆……”；crowds of“成群的……”；be crowded with“挤
满……”。
22．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several _invitations__(invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate
on her studies.
解析：为了专心学习，她已经拒绝了几场走秀。根据设空前的several 可知空处所填名词应用复数形式。句中应记
牢的短语turn down“拒绝”；concentrate on“专心于”。
23．(四川卷)Any smell might attract natural_enemies__(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda.
解析：句意：任何气味都可能引来天敌设法吃掉小熊猫。大熊猫的天敌不止一个，设空前无表示“一”的不定冠
词或数词，故enemy 应用复数。
名师点津
提示词是名词，分析句子成分后发现词性不需改变，则考虑用所给名词的复数形式。同时注意不规则的变化情况。
1．查看名词前面的修饰语，确定名词的单复数形式
①不定冠词a；an 后用名词单数形式。
②名词前有one of the 时用名词复数形式。
③名词前有many，several，few，a few，a number of，hundreds of，a couple of，all，both, other 等表“多”的
数量词时用名词复数形式。
④名词前有超过1 的基数词，如two，three 等时，名词用复数形式。
⑤名词前有形容词different，various 等时，名词用复数形式。
2．如所填名词作主语，且谓语动词是复数形式are，were，have 等，则名词应用复数形式。
3．牢记含名词复数的短语，如good manners 礼貌；take turns 轮流；in all directions 向四面八方；in ruins 成为
废墟；in high spirits 兴致勃勃。
反面解读破解短文改错
设错点1
形容词、副词之间的误用、同根形容词与名词的误用
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road._suddenly→sudden__
解析：句意：我如释重负，并在路中间紧急刹车。suddenly 是副词，表示“意外地；忽然地”。sudden 为形容词，
表示“突然的；迅速的”，修饰名词stop。come to a sudden stop“突然停下”。故将suddenly 改为sudden。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes, playing pop music, and collecting the
latest music albums._difference→different__
解析：句意：我喜欢研究各种汽车和飞机、弹奏流行音乐，收集最新唱片。修饰名词kinds 应用形容词。different
kinds of 表“各种各样的”。
3．(全国卷Ⅱ)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady._steady→steadily__
解析：句意：相反，他希望他的生意会稳步扩大。句中grow 为实义动词“增长；扩大”，应用副词修饰。本题
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不可将grow 看作系动词，当grow 为系动词时，意为“逐渐变得”，后接形容词作表语，如grow older，grow stronger
等。
4．(全国卷Ⅱ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest._honest→honesty__
解析：句意：我的叔叔告诉我他成功的关键是诚实。系动词之后的表语说明主语key 是“什么”，应用名词。
honest“诚实的”，是形容词；honesty“诚实”，是名词。
名师点津
1．利用词类的用法确定用词
①名词前和系动词后应用形容词，行为动词前后、形容词前、过去分词前、句首和句尾等时应用副词。
②系动词后作表语表“……的”之意时用形容词而不用副词或名词。
③作表语，说明主语是“什么”，应用名词。
2．在改正过程中尤其注意改正词的拼写，如某个形容词变副词时，是去掉最后一个字母再加－ly 或直接加－ly
等。
设错点2
近义词和形近词的误用
5．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)A few minutes late, the instructor asked me to stop the car._late→later__
解析：句意：几分钟之后，教练让我停车。作形容词的时候，later 是late 的比较级，如：Their deadline is quite
late.Ours is even later.(他们的截止日期很迟，我们的更迟。)作副词的时候，late 意为“迟”；later 意为“稍后；随后”。
故将late 改为later。
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Beside, they often get some useful information from the Internet._Beside→Besides__
解析：besides 表“另外”，常用在句首，表示与上文的递进关系。beside 是介词，意为“在……旁边”，后接宾
语。根据语境可知此处应用besides。
名师点津
①late/lately/later/latest 是改错中常设考点，注意区别。
②hard/hardly; beside/besides; close/closely 等也是改错中常考的。
设错点3
原级与比较等级或最高级的误用
7．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together._earlier→early__
解析：句意：他们一起早起浇菜。此处无比较对象和比较意义，用原级表示“早”。get up early“起得早”。early
可作形容词也可作副词。
8．(全国卷Ⅲ)They were also the best and worse years in my life._worse→worst__
解析：句意：它们是我一生中最好也是最糟糕的岁月。根据句中的最高级the best 和介词短语in my life 可知worse
应改为最高级。
9．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)One was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick person could feel much more better after
seeing a doctor._去掉more__
解析：much 修饰well 的比较级better，表示程度。
设法点4
名词的单复数形式的误用
10．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！” “Slow down！”_word→words__
解析：此句中word 意为“话语；言语”，为可数名词，指代后文中的“Speed up！” “Slow down！”，故应用
复数形式。word 表示“消息；诺言”时，无复数形式。
11．(全国卷Ⅰ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from
books._knowledges→knowledge__
解析：句意：如果到国外旅行，我们既能开阔视野又能获得书本上得不到的知识。knowledge 作“知识”讲时，
通常情况下为表示抽象意义的名词，是不可数名词。knowledge 前面偶尔可加不定冠词a，表示“某方面特定的知识”，
构成“a＋adj.＋knowledge＋of＋n.”，如a thorough knowledge of the English language。
12．(全国卷Ⅲ)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me._year→years__
解析：由语境可知，13 岁至19 岁有很多年，所以可数名词year 应用复数形式years。
练有小得：解答此类题时，考生可以从以下两个方面入手：(1)查看名词前后的修饰词，若有超过1 的基数词修饰，
如three, many, a few, several, a couple 或表示复数的介词短语(如本题)等，名词要用复数形式；(2)查看谓语动词的形式，
若谓语动词为are, were，have 等，作主语的名词要用复数形式。
13．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Since I was a kid, I've considered different job I would like to do._job→jobs__
解析：job 是可数名词，其前有different 修饰，“不同的工作”是复数概念，故此处用jobs。
名师点津
①不可数名词如fun, furniture, information, progress, health, advice, knowledge, weather 等没有复数形式；同一个
名词如experience, possession 等有可数和不可数的用法。
②利用名词的修饰语和谓语动词确定名词的单复数是否正确。
提分单句训练
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Ⅰ.单句填空
1．(蚌埠二模)At the last weekend of November, I drove to Fragrant Hills Park to see red _leaves__(leaf) with my
wife.
解析：考查名词的数。句意：在十一月份的最后一个周末，我开车和妻子去香山看红叶。leaf 是可数名词，根据
语境可知该处用leaf 的复数形式。
2．(威海二模)Chengdu has the _highest__ (high) density(密度) of restaurants of any city in the world—there are
around 40,000.
解析：考查比较等级。根据该空前的定冠词the 和设空后的介词短语in the world 可判断出该空用最高级。
3．(遂宁三模)_Traditionally__ (tradition), food eaten on this day renamed after parts of the dragon.
解析：考查词形转换。该空在句中作状语修饰全句，应用副词，故填Traditionally。
4．(唐山三模)Others argue that it's not _reasonable__(reason) to link degrees with swimming ability.
解析：考查词形转换。该空在句中作表语，应用形容词，故填reasonable。
5．(枣庄二模)Our day was filled with _laughter__(laugh)，lots of selfies(自拍), chatting about experiences and also
complaints of how steep the steps were the higher we climbed。
解析：考查词形转换。设空前是介词with，故设空填名词。laugh 的名词是laughter“笑声”，是不可数名词。
6．(榆林二模)Others say, “You can't do that, and it is __impossible__(possible)．”
解析：考查词形转换。该空在句中作表语，故词性不变，根据and 前一句中的can't do that 可知该处用possible
的反义词impossible。
7．(合肥二模)The handmade cloth shoes are more durable(耐用的) and comfortable, _softer__(soft), and absorb
sweat better.
解析：此处durable, comfortable 和soft 是并列关系，根据前面的more durable 和后面的better 可知soft 用比较
级，故填softer。
8．(济南二模)I still find some habits here quite strange and __humorous__(humor)．
解析：考查词形转换。该空所填词与该空前的strange 在句中是宾语补足语，应用形容词形式，故填humorous，
意为“幽默的”。
9．(合肥三模)However, it was not _formally__(formal) set as a festival until the Tang Dynasty.
解析：考查词形转换。该空在句中作状语修饰谓语was set，应用副词，故填formally，意为“正式地”。
10．(福州二模)This amazing small city is _probably__(probable) the only city in China with well－preserved walls
and in some way a living museum.
解析：考查词形转换。该空在句中作状语修饰全句，应用副词，故填probably。考生容易直接在probable 词尾
加－ly 变为副词。
练有小得：副词的用法并不难，但考生很难拿满分，主要是形容词变副词的规律掌握的不牢。
一般直接加、“元e”去e 加true→truly，“辅y”改i 加，“le”结尾e 改y(whole→wholly 例外)，“ic”结尾加－
ally，“ll”结尾加－y(如full→fully)。
11．(遂宁三模)The special _foods__(food) usually eaten on this day include dragon's scales, popcorn and pig's head.
解析：考查名词的数。根据句中谓语动词include 可知名词用复数形式，故填foods。考生容易误解为food 只能用
作不可数名词。
12．(唐山三模)They won't receive their degrees until they pass the test _successfully__(success)．
解析：考查词形转换。该空在句中作状语修饰谓语，应用副词，故填successfully。
13．(辽宁大连模拟)After a little while, he felt well and _energeti___(energy) again.
解析：该空处位于系动词felt 之后，因此应用所给词的形容词形式作表语。有些考生误认为felt 为实意动词而误
填副词或者由于不熟悉词性变化规则而出现拼写错误。
14 ．Nothing
would
make
me
happier
than
to
give
teddy
bears
to
all
the
children
here,
but
_unfortunately__(fortunate), that cannot be done.
解析：句意：如果把泰迪熊带给这里的所有小孩，我再开心不过了，但很遗憾的是，这件事没能实现。修饰整个
句子应用副词。由语境可知，此处表示“不幸的是”，故用unfortunately。
15．New research into EQ suggests that success is not _simply__(simple) the result of a high IQ.
解析：句意：然而，对于情商的新研究表明，成功不仅仅是高智商的结果。修饰be 动词要用副词，simple 是以le
结尾的形容词，变副词时要去e 加－y。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．My brother is much good at tennis than me.He has won every match between us._good→better__
解析：考查比较等级。句意：我的哥哥网球比我好得多。他赢了我们两人之间的每一场比赛。根据句中比较级修
饰语much 和比较级提示词than 可知good 应改为比较级形式better。
2．I thought the biscuits were really well._well→goo___
解析：good 作形容词，常用来指人的品行好，或事物的质地好。well 作形容词时，表示“健康的；状态良好”，
作副词时，意为“很好地”，此处指饼干很好吃，应用形容词good。
3 ．( 鄂尔多斯二模)They took photos, wrote down their names on the walls, and even threw rubbishes
everywhere._rubbishes→rubbish__
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解析：考查名词的数。rubbish“垃圾”，是不可数名词，没有复数形式。
4．People in industrial countries expect to live twice long as people who lived a few hundred years ago._twice 后加
as__
解析：考查比较等级。此处是倍数表达的结构之一“倍数＋as＋原级＋as＋比较对象”，故在twice 后加as。
5 ．( 蚌埠三模)My father was pleasing when I showed him the money a month after._pleasing→pleased ；
after→later__
解析：在句中作表语，说明主语my father 的心理感受，应用以－ed 结尾的形容词，表“高兴的”，应用pleased。
表“一段时间以后”，应用“一段时间＋later”。after 用于时间段之前。
增分写作训练
写作中利用高级词汇可以使作文丰富多彩。请利用词形转换知识升级下面各句中的加黑体词汇。
1．Not only does Chinese calligraphy benefit health, but also it can cultivate morality and make our souls pure.
Not only is Chinese calligraphy _beneficial_to/of_benefit_to__health, but also it can cultivate morality and
_purify__ our souls.
2．I'm pleased to tell you how to learn Chinese calligraphy.
It's my _pleasure__ to tell you how to learn Chinese calligraphy.
3．What is important is to develop their interest in learning English, creating a good learning environment.
What is of _importance__ is to make them _intereste___ in learning English, creating a good learning environment.
Ⅰ.用括号中所给词的适当形式填空
KBG84 is a one－of－a－kind girl band in Japan consisting of 33 singing and dancing _1.grannies__(granny), with
an average age of 84. The _2.oldest__(old) member, Ham Yamashiro，is 97 years old! The new band, based in the remote
island of
Kohama
in
Okinawa, is
a huge
hit
in
the
country.Many
people
are rather shocked
by
their
_3.success__(succeed)．
Their
lyrics
are
about
the
island
and
nature.These
elderly
women
are
extremely
attractive
and
_4.energeti___(energy) when they perform. Their energy and enthusiasm is amazing, considering their age. In fact, no
one under the age of 80 is allowed into the band.
Okinawan _5.islanders__(islander) have one of the _6.highest__(high) life expectancies ( 平均寿命) in the
world.Their diet chiefly consists of vegetables and local sweet _7.potatoes__(potato), with no practically added sugar.
But Menaka says she isn't particular about her diet.She keeps fit by doing housework.
KBG84 is the _8.invention__(invent) of Japanese musician Kikuo Tsuchida, who has lived in Kohama for 20 years.
The band recently signed a record deal, and performs _9.wonderfully__(wonderful)—a full house for every
performance. The band is becoming _10.better__(well) known than before and the seniors are constantly followed
around by camera crews. But they like sitting around chatting about life.
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2019·安徽省重点中学盟校联合模拟)
The summer vacation is generally the happy period of school life. It matters a lot to the students whether they can
get some rest from their daily school schedule. Nowadays, the summer vacation period last 45 days every summer season.
One purpose of it is to give students long break after final exams. Another of purpose is to get students relax in the
unbearable heat of the summer season. It also aims to help students to train our weak subjects.During the summer
vacation，students get many opportunity to visit new places and enrich their general knowledge.However, they have
more free time for which they are interested in.
The summer vacation is generally the
happy
happiest
period of school life. It matters a lot to the students
whether
as/because
they can get some rest from their daily school schedule. Nowadays, the summer vacation period
last
lasts
45 days every
summer season. One purpose of it is to give students ∧
a
long break after final exams. Another of purpose is to get
students
relax
relaxed
in the unbearable heat of the summer season. It also aims to help students to train
our
their
weak
subjects.During the summer vacation，students get many
opportunity
opportunities
to visit new places and enrich their general
knowledge.
However
Besides/Furthermore/Moreover
，they have more free time for which
what
they are interested in.
1．解析：happy 改为happiest。考查形容词。依据前面的the 和后面的of school life 可知，暑假通常是学校生活
中最快乐的时段。
2．解析：whether 改为as/because。考查连词。此处用as/because 引导从句解释暑假对学生来说非常重要的原
因。
3．解析：last 改为lasts。考查主谓一致。该句的主语是the summer vacation period，因此谓语动词用单数形式。
4．解析：在long 前加a。考查冠词。本句中的break“休息”是可数名词，且long 的发音以辅音音素开头，故
前面要加冠词a。
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5．解析：删除Another 后的of。考查介词。another 是限定词，意为“另一个”，在本句中修饰名词purpose，
因此删除of。
6．解析：relax 改为relaxed。考查非谓语动词。此处考查了“get sb.＋宾补”的结构，句中的students 与relax
是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此用过去分词作宾补。
7．解析：our 改为their。考查代词。由本句中的help students 可知，这里指学生的弱势科目，因此用their。
8．解析：opportunity 改为opportunities。考查名词复数。opportunity 作“机会”讲时可作可数名词，由句中的
many 可知此处用其复数形式。
9．解析：However 改为Besides/Furthermore/Moreover。考查副词。暑假期间，学生们有很多机会参观新地
方并丰富他们的知识。而且，他们有更多的自由时间做自己感兴趣的事。前后句之间是递进关系，故用
Besides/Furthermore/Moreover“而且”。
10．解析：which 改为what。考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，此处名词性从句作介词for 的宾语，且从句
中缺少宾语，因此用what，表示“……的事物”。
重点三
小词不可忽视——冠词、介词、数词和代词
正面解读增分语法填空
考法1
考查冠词和数词——基本用法是关键
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)When we got a call saying she was short－listed, we thought it was ____ joke.
解析：joke 是单数可数名词，故其前应用不定冠词a，在此表示泛指。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _the__
top.
解析：句意：这包括挖路、铺轨道，然后在上面建造一个结实的顶。此处特指所修地铁的顶部，故用定冠词the。
语法填空中无提示词填空的考查方向多为介词、冠词、连词或代词。当可数名词单数前无冠词时，则考虑填入冠词，
如果名词前已经有冠词或其他修饰词，则空格处多用介词。
3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead, she is earning ￡6,500 a day as ____ model in New York.
解析：model“模特”，为可数名词。此处表示泛指，前面要用不定冠词修饰。又因为model 的发音以辅音音素
开头，故用a。选择冠词，要注意根据语境判断是表示特指还是泛指。通常情况下，表示特指时常译为“这个……，
这些……”，而泛指时则译为“一个……”。
4．(全国卷Ⅰ)Now，years later, this river is one of _the__ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.
解析：句意：现在，数年之后，这条河是环境保护最典型的例子之一。空格后部分的中心词是名词examples，再
由one of 可知，这里的most 表示最高级意义；形容词最高级前用定冠词the。
5．(2019·浙江卷)Everybody wears _the__ same style of clothes.
解析：考查冠词。句意：每个人都穿相同风格的衣服。same 是形容词，意思是“相同的”，常与the 连用修饰名
词。故填the。
6．(上海卷)You can tell when you are over the top and on the downward slope, by asking yourself ____ number of
questions.
解析：句意：通过自查许多问题你能够断定你处在巅峰和低谷的时候。a number of 意为“许多；大量的”，是固
定搭配。
名师点津
1．填冠词的情况
若设空后是(形容词＋)名词，且二者搭配在一起表泛指或特指；或设空后有序数词或最高级等，设空处一般填冠
词。
2．2 个技巧确定填a(an)还是the
技巧1
根据泛指或特指确定冠词
①第一次提到某人或某物，用a(n)；表上文已提到的人或物用the。注意填写时考虑后面词的开头音素，以元音音
素开头填an，以辅音音素开头填a。
②“a(n)＋名词”表一类人或一类物或指同类中的“一个”，或表数量“一”。
③“a＋序数词”表“又一；再一”；“the＋序数词”表“第几个”。
④“the＋形容词最高级”表“最……”；“a＋比较级”表“更……的”。
技巧2
根据固定搭配确定冠词
常考的含不定冠词a 或the 的固定搭配：
①动词(catch/take/hit 等)＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位
②at a loss“不知所措”；as a result“结果”；a waste of...“浪费……”。
③have/take a look/walk“看一看/去散步”。
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3．利用意义确定数词
①表顺序或等级时，用序数词；表数量或数目的多少用基数词。
②表达简单分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词。
考法2
考查介词——根据固定搭配
7．(2018·天津卷) At first Robert wouldn't let his daughter go diving, but eventually he gave _in__ as she was so
confident about her skills.
解析：考查介词。句意：起初，罗伯特不愿让他女儿去潜水，但最终他让步了，因为她对她的技能是如此的有把
握。gave in 屈服，让步。
8．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds on the roads
above as they travelled to and _from__ work.
解析：句意：地铁仅7 000 米，允许人们在上下班时避开路上拥挤的人群。此处是指“当他们来回上下班时”。
考生平时多用from...to...连接起始点，而本题涉及同一个地点，表示“往返”，一些考生由于没有掌握to 和from 的用
法而误填其他介词。
9．(2018·江苏卷)Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which calls _for__ a clear road
map and timetable.
解析：考查介词。句意：发展长江经济带是一项需要清晰的路线图和时间表的系统工程。calls for“需要”。
10．(全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat
_with__ their hands.
解析：句意：比如，在印度，大多数人还是按照传统用手吃饭。介词with 作“用；使用”讲时，表示使用某种工
具或人的某一身体部位，如用嘴巴、耳朵、眼睛等。
11．(全国卷)For those who fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away __by__ car and offers all the scenery of the better
－known city.
解析：句意：对于那些乘飞机去桂林的人来说，乘车(去阳朔)只需要一个小时的路程，而且这里有桂林这座更著
名城市的所有景色。by car“乘汽车”。
12．(2017·北京卷)Many people who live along the coast make a living _in__ fishing industry.
解析：句意：很多居住在沿海的人都以捕鱼业谋生。本题考查介词。in 表示“从事或影响某种工作”，符合语境。
13．(2017·天津卷)We offer an excellent education to our students._In__ return, we expect students to work hard.
解析：句意：我们向我们的学生提供优质的教育，作为回报，我们希望学生能够努力学习。in return 意为“作为
回报；作为报答”。
14 ．(2019· 北京卷)First celebrated _in__ 1970 ，the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and
regions(地区)．
解析：考查介词。句意：第一次庆祝是在1970 年。如今，这一天的活动遍及190 多个国家和地区。在年份前要用
介词in。故填in。
名师点津
1．填介词的情况
设空后是名词、代词、动名词或what 从句，且它们不在句中作主语也不作动词宾语，则该空可能填介词。
2．记牢一词多义的情况
如：①against“紧靠着……；反对；反抗；和……比；以……为背景”
②beyond“在……另一边；在……更远处；超出；非……所能及”
③off“在……的外面；在……的沿海；偏离；从……离开”
④over“在……的正上方；越过；在……期间”
⑤with“和……在一起；具有；用……；凭借；关于……；随着；由于；支持”
3．依据句式和搭配填介词
①与动词的搭配，如：mistake...for...“把……误认为……”；devote...to...“致力于……”；look forward to...“盼
望……”。
②与名词或代词的搭配，如：lack of“缺乏……”；advice on“……的建议”；approach to“……的方法”；on one's
own/by oneself“靠自己”。
③与形容词的搭配，如：be afraid of“害怕”；be absent from“缺席”；be busy with“忙于”；be good at“擅
长”。
考法3
考查代词——根据所作成分转换代词(给提示词)或根据替代对象或句式填写代词
15．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than
25,000 people were using _it__ every day.
解析：句意：然而，该地铁很快被证明是巨大的成功，在六个月内，每天超过25 000 人使用它。根据语境可知，
此处应用it 指代文中的the railway。
16．(全国卷Ⅱ)Then the driver stood up and asked, “Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？” A woman on
the bus shouted, “Oh dear! It's _me/mine__(I)．”
解析：设空所在句句意：公交车上的一个女士大声喊道：“噢，它是我的。/是我。”该句既可以用宾语me 表“是
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我(丢了手提箱)”，也可以理解用名词性物主代词mine 表示“是我的手提箱”。
17．(全国卷Ⅰ)The river was so polluted that _it__ actually caught fire and burned.
解析：句意：这条河被污染得如此严重以至于都能起火燃烧起来。根据句子结构可知从句中缺少主语，且根据句
意可知，设空处指代主语The river。故填it。
18．(四川卷)By that time，the panda no longer needed _its__(it)mother for food.
解析：句意：到那时，熊猫不再需要它妈妈喂食了。该空在句中作定语，修饰名词mother，应用形容词性物主代
词，故填its。
名师点津
当句子缺少主语和宾语时，一般要填代词；确定填代词之后，再看一下设空处所填代词是否与前文提到的人或物
有指代关系。
①作主语：人称代词主语(I，we，you，he，she，they，it)。
②作宾语：人称代词宾格(me，us，you，him，her, them，it)、名词性物主代词(yours，mine，his，hers，ours，
theirs，its)。
③作表语：宾格代词或名词性物主代词。
④作定语：形容词性物主代词( your，my，his，her，their，our，its)。
⑤如果宾语与主语是指同一人，用反身代词(myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，
themselves)。
⑥填it 的情况：作形式主语或形式宾语一定用it；指代前面提到的同一个事物或情况；固定搭配；如make it(成
功)。
反面解读破解短文改错
设错点1
冠词的错用、多用或漏用
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school, and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every
day._a→an/one__
解析：hour 的发音以元音音素开头，故其前冠词应用an，故将a 改为an。又因为此处表示“一个半小时”，可
以用one hour and a half 表达，故也可以将a 改为an。
2．(全国卷Ⅰ)But in that case, we will learn little about world._在world 前加the__
解析：world 意为“世界”，其前通常加定冠词the，表示特指。
3．(全国卷Ⅲ)At the first, I thought I knew everything._去掉the__
解析：at first“起初；首先”，是固定短语。
4．(浙江卷)Every time he arrived home at end of the day，we'd greet him at the door._在end 前加the__
解析：at the end of...是固定搭配，意为“在……结束的时候；在……尽头”，
名师点津
①判断一个单词前用不定冠词a 还是an，要看该词的发音，而不是看该词的首字母。在useful, European, university
等词之前用不定冠词a。在honest, honour, hour，umbrella 等词之前用an。
②复数名词表特指时用the。
③可数名词复数或不可数名词表泛指时不用冠词。
④单数可数名词前按照特指或泛指用an/a 或the。
设错点2
数词基本用法的误用
5 ．(2017· 全国卷Ⅰ)In
the
summer
holiday
following
my
eighteen
birthday,
I
took
driving
lessons._eighteen→eighteenth__
解析：此处表示我的18 岁生日，即我的第18 个生日，表示顺序而不是数量，故应用序数词。基数词表示数量或
数目的多少，如two apples, one hundred days；而序数词表示顺序或等级，如in the twenty－first century, in the eighth
lunar month。
6．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I still remember how hard first day was._first 前加the/my__
解析：序数词前要用定冠词the 或形容词性物主代词修饰。
名师点津
①序数词前通常用定冠词或形容词性物主代词修饰。
②“in one's＋基数词的复数形式”表“在某人几十多岁时”。
设错点3
介词的误用、多用或漏用
7．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle on the road._on→of__
解析：in the middle of 意为“在……的中间”，故把on 改为of。此处为“道路的中央”，表示所属关系，而on
后跟地点表示“在……上面”。
8．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They have also bought for some gardening tools._去掉for__
解析：英语中动词分及物动词和不及物动词，及物动词后直接跟宾语。buy 的搭配有buy sb.sth.和buy sth.for sb.，
考生受到干扰容易用错。类似短语有make sb.sth./ make sth.for sb.。
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9．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself, I realize of how fast time flies._去掉第二个of__
解析：realize 为及物动词，可以直接跟宾语。考生易受含of 的短语hear of(听说)；learn of(了解到)；think of(想
起)；dream of(梦见); talk of(谈起)等的影响，不易发现此处的错误。
10．(全国卷Ⅱ)My uncle says that he never dreams becoming rich in a short period of time._dreams 后加of/about__
解析：句意：我叔叔说，他从没梦想过在短期内变富。dream of/about (doing) sth.为固定搭配，意为“梦想做某事”。
名师点津
①in addition, in addition to, as well as, as well, as a result, as a result of 带宾语和不带宾语时用法不同。
②及物动词后不加介词，常见的有enter, reach, approach, marry, discuss 等；不及物动词如agree, arrive, graduate
等后接宾语时需加介词。
③this, that, every, last, next 构成的时间状语前无需加介词。
设错点4
代词指代对象不一致
11．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself，...This picture often brings back to me many happy
memories of your high school days._your→my__
解析：此处介绍的是我的故事，因此这里应该是我高中时期的回忆。上下文的人称应该保持一致。
12．(全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view._your→our__
解析：句意：如果我们出国旅游，我们就能拓宽视野。此处应用our 与主语we 保持一致，故将your 改为our。
13．(全国卷Ⅲ)I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself._yourself→myself__
解析：by oneself“独自地；单独地”，句子主语是第一人称单数I，因此将yourself 改为myself。
名师点津
①用反身代词时，其人称和数要与所指代的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。
②要根据上下文确定人称代词的单复数及上下文指代是否一致。
③形容词性物主代词修饰名词不能单独使用；名词性物主代词相当于名词，不能修饰名词。
Ⅰ.单句填空
1．(龙岩二模)The local drama “Huiban” was popular in South China during the _eighteenth/18th__(eighteen)
century.
解析：考查数词。设空前是定冠词the，设空后是名词century，表在“几世纪”，应用序数词。
2．(银川一中三模)Zhang Xiaoquan Scissors are produced in Hangzhou City，_the__ provincial capital of Zhejiang
Province in East China.
解析：考查冠词。句意：张小泉剪刀产于杭州市。杭州是华东浙江省的省会城市。该处特指杭州是浙江省的省会
城市，应用定冠词the。
3．(龙岩二模)It is the most well－known Chinese opera form, recognized as “Oriental Opera” _with__ a long
history of 160 years.
解析：考查介词。句意：它是最著名的中国戏剧形式，被认为是有着160 年历史的东方戏剧。表“有多长时间的
历史”，应用with a history of...。
4．(石家庄考前模拟)Sugar paintings are made of melted brown or white sugar, with which craftsmen can paint
____ variety of animals and flowers.
解析：考查冠词。设空与空后的variety of 构成固定短语，a variety of，意为“各种各样的”。
5．(黄冈二模)If we are not aware _of__ these differences, some unusual things might happen.
解析：考查介词。句意：如果我们意识不到这些区别会发生一些不同寻常的事情。be aware of“意识到……”，
是固定用法。
6．(遂宁二模)On this day, dragons, a prominent totem (图腾) in Chinese culture raise _their__(they) heads with the
sound of thunder.
解析：考查代词。句意：在这一天，中国文化中的图腾，龙听到雷声抬起头。设空后是名词heads，故设空处应
填形容词性物主代词their。
7 ．( 皖北二模)I told him I wanted him to have some memory of the visit, even though he didn't get to see it
_himself__(he)．
解析：考查代词。设空在句中作宾语，且与主语he 是同一人，应用反身代词。
8．(2018·北京卷)—Good morning, Mr.Lee's office.
—Good morning.I'd like to make an appointment _for__ next Wednesday afternoon.
解析：考查介词。句意：——早上好，Lee 先生办公室。——早上好。我想预约下周三下午(和Mr.Lee 见面)。make
an appointment for 意为“为……预约”，是固定搭配。make an appointment with sb.和某人预约。
9．(太原一模)A mouse, because of _an__ unlucky chance, made close friends with an evil frog. One day, _the__ frog
played a trick on the mouse.
解析：考查冠词。第一空后是形容词unlucky，是元音音素开头的单词，应用不定冠词an；第二空frog 是可数名
词，且在本题中第二次出现，应用定冠词the。
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10．(唐山三模)_As__ a water sport, swimming does less harm to joints (关节) and muscles.
解析：考查介词。句意：作为水上运动，游泳对关节和肌肉伤害很小。根据语境可知该处填介词As。as 作介词讲
时，意为“作为”。
11．(枣庄二模)History suggests that this great structure built by the ancient Chinese over many years as a barrier to
protect their land _against__ invaders from the northern borders of the country.
解析：考查介词。protect...against...“保护……免受……的伤害”。
12．(蚌埠三模)As one volunteer once put _it__，“I feel as though I am able to help in the world and use my skills.”
解析：考查固定用法。as sb.put it“正如某人所说”。
13．(锦州二模)This is a group of people who have been familiar __with__ social media as soon as they came to the
world.
解析：考查介词。句意：这群人一出生就熟悉社交媒介。bc familiar with...“熟悉……”
14．It is said that one _fifth__(five) of pupils here go on to study at Peking or Tsing Hua University.
解析：句意：据说这儿有五分之一的学生上北京或清华大学。表达简单分数时，分子应用基数词，分母应用序数
词，表“五分之一”，应用one fifth，故设空填fifth。
15．When she retired and went back home in the 1990s, she was already in her _fifties__(fifty)．
解析：句意：当她在20 世纪90 年代退休回家，她早已50 多岁了。“in one's＋基数词的复数形式”表“在某人
几十多岁时”。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．The young man doesn't have many experience.He probably can't do that job._many→much__
解析：句意：这个年轻人几乎没有经验，他可能做不了那份工作。experience 作“经验”讲时，为不可数名词；
作“经历”讲时，为可数名词。根据句意可知，此处的experience 表示“经验”，故不可用many 或few 修饰，但可
用much 或little 修饰。much 或little 修饰不可数名词。
2．(2018·鄂尔多斯二模)It had a history of over eight hundreds years._hundreds→hundre___
解析：表“百、千、万”等的hundred，thousand，million 等数词前如有具体的数词，应用单数形式。
3 ．Between
1995
and
2000,
two
third
of
the
island's
population
was
forced
to
flee
to
other
countries._third→thirds__
解析：当分数的分母大于一时，分母要用复数形式。two thirds“三分之二”。
4．(广西考前模拟)Though she left with the money, she returned later with wine, chocolates and some others treats
to say thanks._others→other__
解析：others 相当于other＋复数名词，故应将others 改为other。
5．(皖南八校三模)I have become a well－known figure out in our city._去掉out__
解析：figure 用作名词，该处指一个有名的人物。figure out“弄清楚”，是固定的动词短语。
6．The moment the plane took off, it felt so nervous that I was afraid to look out the window._it→I；out 后加of__
解析：该处指我紧张得不敢往窗外看。故代词it 改为I。look out of“朝……外面看”。
Ⅰ.在空格处填上适当的介词、冠词或代词
China has once again proved _1.its/the__ ability to change the world with the “new four great inventions”：high－
speed railways, electronic payments, shared bicycles and online shopping.
They're related to China's high－tech innovation, which has improved _2.the__ quality of people's lives，according
to a survey made by the Belt and Road Research Institute of Beijing Foreign Studies University.
“My wallet is no longer in use. I can buy and eat whatever I want simply _3.with__ a fingertip on my phone，”
said _4.___ university student，adding that “even pancake sellers are using mobile payment”．
The bikes _5.themselves__ are not new, but the operating model of bike －sharing is based _6.on__ satellite
navigation system, mobile payment, big data and other high technologies.
China has entered _7.___ new innovative era，thanks to the large amounts _8.of__ capital. China has invested in
encouraging innovation, said Bernhard Schwartlander, WHO Representative in China.
_9.It__ is increasingly clear that China is innovating and no longer copying Western ideas. This is especially true in
mobile, where China is leading in many ways such as... social messaging app WeChat, she said.This is partly because
China skipped over the PC era and went directly to mobile. China has _10.the__ largest mobile users in the world.
Ⅱ.短文改错
I used to be a person who hates exercising.But after I started playing baseball，I attracted by the sport. Therefore，
I cut down on most of my spare time, like shopping. Though it wasn't the hard process for me, I needed to make more of
an effort than others. I enjoy the feeling of work with my teammates as well as the time we spend it together. There is a
proverb that goes, “The process is much beautiful than the outcome.”
I am a beginner in this sport. Sometimes people will look down on me, and it doesn't matter. It will only make me
keep trying. Only with practising over and over again do I believe I can catch up with other fantastic player one day.
The challenge encourages myself to go on.
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I used to be a person who hates
hates
exercising.But after I started playing baseball，I
∧
was
attracted by the sport.
Therefore，I cut down on most of my spare time, like shopping. Though it wasn't the
a
hard process for me, I needed to
make more of an effort than others. I enjoy the feeling of
work
working
with my teammates as well as the time we spend it
together. There is a proverb that goes, “The process is much
more
/ ∧
more
beautiful than the outcome.”
I am a beginner in this sport. Sometimes people will look down on me，and
but
it doesn't matter. It will only make me
keep trying. Only with
by
practising over and over again do I believe I can catch up with other fantastic player
players
one day.
The challenge encourages myself
me
to go on.
1．解析：hates 改为hated。考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“used to”可知，该处陈述的是过去发生的事情，应用
一般过去时，故将hates 改为hated。
2．解析：attracted 前加was。考查动词的时态和语态。根据该句中的“by the sport”和句意知，主语I 和动词attract
之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；又根据该句中的“started”可知，此处描述的是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时。
故在attracted 前加was。
3．解析：the 改为a。考查冠词。句意：虽然这对我来说不是一个艰难的过程，但我需要比别人付出更多的努力。
根据句意可知，该处泛指“一个艰难的过程”，且hard 的发音以辅音音素开头，故用不定冠词a。
4．解析：work 改为working。考查动名词。介词后可接动名词、名词或代词，故此处介词of 后用动名词working。
5．解析：删除spend 后的it。考查代词。分析该句结构可知，此处为定语从句，先行词为the time，关系代词在
从句中作spend 的宾语被省略，故it 多余，应删除。
6．解析：much 改为more 或much 后加more。考查形容词的比较级。根据该句中的than 可知，该处表示比较的
含义，应用形容词的比较级，故可将much 改more；此处也可理解为much 作副词，修饰形容词的比较级，此时应在
much 后加more。
7．解析：and 改为but。考查连词。该句意为：有时候人们会看不起我，但没关系。根据句意可知，此处表转折，
故用连词but。
8．解析：with 改为by。考查介词。根据句意可知，此处表示“通过反复练习”。表示使用某种方式或方法，应
用by“通过，使用”，故将with 改为by。
9．解析：player 改为players。考查名词的单复数。player 为可数名词，根据该句中的other 和句意可知，此处表
示“其他出色的运动员”，故用player 的复数形式。
10．解析：myself 改为me。考查代词。分析句子结构可知，该处作及物动词encourage 的宾语，表示“鼓励我继
续下去”，故用宾格代词me。
重点四
经常考查的并列句和三大从句
正面解读增分语法填空
考法1
考查并列连词——关系分析法＋搭配和句型法
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)I work not because I have to，_but__ because I want to.
解析：考查连词。与前面的not 一起构成not...but 句型，该句型意为“不是……而是……”。
2．(全国卷Ⅲ)In much of Asia, especially the so－called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan，Korea，_an___
Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks.
解析：句意：在亚洲大部分地区，尤其在中国、日本、韩国和越南的称为“饭碗”文化中，食物经常是用筷子吃
的。China，Japan，Korea 和Vietnam 之间是并列关系，故用and 连接。
3．(全国卷Ⅰ)But the river wasn't changed in a few days _or__ even a few months.
解析：句意：但是河流不是几天甚至几个月就改变了的。根据but 及句意判断，此处要填一个表示递进含义的词，
故用or。or even“甚至”。
4．(四川卷)It was time for her to have a new baby, _an___ it was also time for the young panda to be independent.
解析：句意：是她有一个新宝宝的时候了，也是小熊猫独立的时候了。两个完整的独立的句子应该用连词相连。
上下句之间为并列关系，故用and。并列连词可以连接平行的词、短语或句子。
5．(广东卷)One day, the cow was eating grass _when__ it began to rain heavily.
解析：句意：一天，这头奶牛正在吃草，突然下起了大雨。be doing sth...when...是固定结构，意为“正在做某事……
这时……”，when 是并列连词。意为“这时……”。
6．(辽宁卷)It asks you to act like water; to be flexible as well _as__ strong.
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解析：句意：它要求你表现得像水一样；柔韧又坚强。as well as“以及；和”，是固定短语。用来连接两个并列
成分，作用相当于and。
7．(广东卷)Our rooms hadn't been reserved for that week, _but__ for the week after.
解析：句意：我们的房间预订的不是那一周，而是后一周。根据前面的not 判断，本空填but，not...but...不是……
而是……。
名师点津
1．确定填并列连词
无提示词，设空前后是两个并列成分，如两个主谓完整的句子、单词、短语等；而且相并列的成分之间是并列、
转折、选择或因果关系，此时需填并列连词。
2．3 个技巧要熟用
技巧1
关系分析法
分析设空前后两句话的关系，确定用哪个并列连词。
①表并列或顺承关系：用and
②表转折关系：用but
③表选择关系：用or
④表因果关系：用so(因此)，for(因为)
⑤表对比关系：用while
技巧2
搭配法
①表并列关系：as well as“也”；both...and...“二者都……”；not only...but also...“不但……而且……”。
②表选择关系：either...or...“不是……就是……”；neither...nor...“既不……也不……”；not...but...“不是……
而是……”。
技巧3
句型法
①祈使句＋and/or 十陈述句，如表顺承用and，表转折用or。
②when 作并列连词的常用句型：
be about to do...when...；be doing...when...；be on the point of doing...when...；had just done...when...；hardly...when...
等。
考法2
考查定语从句关系的用法——3 步法确定关系词
8．(2019·北京卷)The students benefiting most from college are those _who/that__ are totally engaged(参与)in
academic life，taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources(资源)．
解析：考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。_________ are totally
engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who 或that。
9．(2019·天津卷)Their child is at the stage _where__ she can say individual words but not full sentences.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can say individual
words but not full sentences 是一个定语从句，先行词是the stage，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，用关系副词where。
10．(2019·江苏卷)We have entered into an age _when__ dreams have the best chance of coming true.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age(一
个时代)，且先行词在从句中作时间状语，所以关系词用when。
11．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah, _who__ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants prove that she has
brains as well as beauty.
解析：句意：但是和超模参加过各种走秀的萨拉想证明她智慧与美貌并存。分析句子结构可知，本句有has taken
part in 和wants to prove 两个谓语部分，且中间无连词，故推知空格处引导从句，结合语境可知此处应为非限制性定
语从句，修饰指人的先行词Sarah，从句中缺少主语，故用who 引导非限制性定语从句。一些考生受Sarah 影响很容
易误填代词she。
12．(2018·北京卷)She and her family bicycle to work, _which__ helps them keep fit.
解析：考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这有助于她们保持健康。“_________ helps them
keep fit”是非限制性定语从句，该从句修饰整个主句，引导词在从句中做主语，故该从句应用关系代词which 引导。
13．(全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, _who__lived from roughly 551 to
479B．C．, influenced the development of chopsticks.
解析：句意：有些人认为中国的伟大圣贤孔子，大约生活在公元前551—479 年，对筷子影响很大。根据句意可知，
空格后_________ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C．，是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词Confucius 指人，故需用
关系代词who 引导非限制性定语从句。
14．(全国卷Ⅰ)Maybe you have a habit _that/which__ is driving your family crazy.
解析：句意：可能你有一种让家人发疯的习惯。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导定语从句，先行词是a habit；关
系词在从句中作主语，故用关系代词that/which 引导定语从句。
15 ．(2017· 北京卷)The little problems _that/which__ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great
inventions.
解析：句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的小麻烦有可能成为伟大发明的灵感。题干中，The little problems 是先行词，
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_________ we meet in our daily lives 是定语从句，从句中缺少宾语，因此用that/which 引导定语从句。
16．(2017·天津卷)My eldest son, _whose__ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment.
解析：句意：我的大儿子现在在纽约，他的工作让他走遍世界各地，设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词son，空
格处在从句中作定语修饰名词work，所以要用关系代词whose。
17．(上海卷)She was taking the food to the refugee camp, in _which__ she distributed it to children.
解析：句意：她把食物带到难民营。在那里她把食物分给孩子们。定语从句先行词是the refugee camp，指物，从
句中in 之后缺少宾语，故用关系代词which 引导定语从句。
18．(广东卷)When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market
_where__people from the towns met regularly.
解析：句意；当收获的季节到来，他在各镇人们来往的集市上售卖草药、蔬菜和棉花。先行词是表示地点的名词
market；从句中缺少地点状语，故用where 引导定语从句。
名师点津
1．确定是定语从句
设空处无提示词，而设空前的主句完整；设空后的句子不完整，且对设空前的某一名词或代词起限定作用，考虑
填定语从句关系词。
2．掌握3 步法解题技巧
第1 步：分清限制与非限制
在先行词的后面出现逗号的，是非限制性定语从句。
①that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
②which 引导非限制性定语从句可代表主句的全部或部分内容，which 意为“这一点”。
③as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放句中或句首，意为“正如”。其后的谓语动词多是be seen，be known，be
reported，be mentioned，be said，is often the case 等。
第2 步：寻找先行词，辨别人与物
①先行词指人：用that/who/whom/whose；
②先行词指物：用that/which/whose 等。
第3 步：判断所缺成分，确定关系词
①缺少主语：that/which/who；
②缺少动词的宾语：that/which/who/whom；
③缺少介词的宾语：whom/which；
④缺少定语：whose；
⑤缺少时间、地点或原因状语时：分别用when，where，why。
3．必记定语从句中的2 个高频考点
①当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词，如point，situation，case，stage 等，若在从句中作状语，用关系副词where
引导定语从句；若作主语或宾语，则用关系代词that/which。
②先行词为表示时间、地点或原因的名词，在从句中作状语时，用when/where/why 引导从句；在从句中作主
语或宾语时，用that 或which 引导从句。
考法3
考查名词性从句的引导词——成分分析法＋句意理解法
19．(2018·江苏卷)By boat is the only way to get here, which is _how__ we arrived.
解析：考查名词性从句。句意：乘船是到达这里唯一的途径，这就是我们如何到达的。分析which 引导的非限定
性定语从句可知，后面为表语从句，这里用连接副词how 引导表语从句，充当方式状语，表示“如何”。
20．(2017·北京卷)Every year, _whoever__ makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.
解析：句意：每年，在风筝节上，制作出最漂亮的风筝的人会赢得一份奖品。设空处引导主语从句，从句中缺少
主语成分，且表示“无论准”，故填whoever。
21．(2017·天津卷)She asked me _whether/if__ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadn't.
解析：句意：她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆，我承认我还没有归还。设空处引导的是宾语从句，根据句意可知
该宾语从句要用whether/if 引导。
22．(2017·北京卷)Jane moved aimlessly down the tree－lined street, not knowing _where__ she was heading.
解析：句意：Jane 在绿树成荫的街道上漫无目的地走着，不知道她要去哪里。设空处引导宾语从句，从句中缺少
地点状语，故用where 引导宾语从句。
23．(上海卷)Eventually, I decided to follow her and _what__ happened truly amazed me.
解析：句意：最后我决定跟踪她，然后发生的事情真的让我感到震惊。由谓语动词amazed 可知
“_________happened”为主语从句，从句中缺主语，且表示“……的事物”，所以用what。
24．(广东卷)I didn't understand _why__ this would happen and my credit card had already been charged.
解析：句意：我不明白这种事情为什么发生，我的信用卡早被扣钱了。设空后的从句为宾语从句，该从句缺少原
因状语，故填why 引导宾语从句。
25．(2019·北京卷)What students do at college seems to matter much more than _where__ they go.
解析：考查宾语从句。句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里(哪所大学)更重要。这里表达去哪所大学，表示
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地点，作状语。故用where。
26．(2019·江苏卷)Scientists have obtained more evidence _that__ plastic is finding its way into the human body.
解析：考查同位语从句。句意：科学家已经获得更多证据，塑料正在进入人们的体内。从句不缺句子成分，意思
完整，且与evidence 指代的是同一事件，用that 引导同位语从句。
名师点津
1．确定是名词性从句
设空处无提示词，先确定主句主谓结构；再确定设空和设空后的内容在主句中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
2．利用2 个技巧搞定名词性从句
技巧1
分析句子成分
①缺少主语、宾语、表语：用连接代词what，who，whom，which，whatever，whose 等。
②缺少状语(结合句意判断)：用连接副词where(表地点)，when(表时间)，how(表方式)，why(表原因)等。
③不缺成分，句意缺少“是否”：用if/whether。
④不缺成分且句子意义完整：用that。
技巧2
句意语境巧解题
有些引导词在句中有很鲜明的意义，如if“如果”，whoever“无论谁”，whatever“无论什么”，because“因
为”，why“为什么”等。结合句意翻译和语境，不难解决这类试题。
3．牢记what 和that 的区别
①that 没有词义，也不做任何成分，当从句意义完整，不缺任何成分时用that；
②What 在从句中表示“……的(东西)”(有时候可以不译)，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。
考法4
考查状语从句连接词——根据逻辑关系和连词含义解题
27．(2018·江苏卷)_Unless__ you can sleep well, you will lose the ability to focus, plan and stay motivated after one
or two nights.
解析：考查连词。句意：除非你能睡好，否则一两个晚上之后，你会失去专注、计划的能力和保持积极性。Unless
除非，如果不。
28．(2017·北京卷)_Although/While/Though__ birds use their feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for
other purposes.
解析：句意：尽管鸟类用它们的羽毛来飞行，可是它们的羽毛还有一些其他用处。设空处引导让步状语从句。
29．(2017·北京卷)If you don't understand something, you may research, study, and talk to other people _until/till__
you figure it out.
解析：句意：如果你不明白某件事情，你可以去调查、研究并与其他人商讨，直到你弄明白为止。设空处引导时
间状语从句，表示“直到……为止”，故用until/till。
30．(2017·江苏卷)Located _where__ the Belt meets the Road, Jiangsu will contribute more to the Belt and Road
construction.
解析：句意：位于“一带”和“一路”的交汇处，江苏将对“一带一路”的建设贡献更多。设空处引导地点状语
从句，且在从句中作地点状语，因此用where 引导。
31．(四川卷)_When/If__ it cried，she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats.
解析：句意：当熊猫宝宝哭的时候/如果熊猫宝宝哭．猫妈妈会轻摇并轻拍它。根据语境可知用When/if 引导时
间状语从句，注意在句首，首字母应该大写。
32．(上海卷)_Before__ she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didn't need to keep it a secret from me.
解析：句意：母亲还未来得及做出反应，我就给了她一个拥抱。根据句意可知该句用Before 引导时间状语从句，
表“在……之前”。
33．(2019·天津卷)Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents' opinion _unless__ he wants their support.
解析：考查连词。句意：汤姆是如此独立，以至于他从来不征求父母的意见，除非他想得到他们的支持。unless
除非。
名师点津
1．确定是状语从句
设空前后两个句子之间含有一定的逻辑关系时，应用状语从句的引导词。
2．2 个关键点
(1)重点关注几组引导词用法
原因状语从句
as，because，since，now that 等
地点状语从句
where，wherever 等
目的状语从句
so that，in order that，for fear that，in case 等
结果状语从句
so that，so...that...，such...that...
条件状语从句
if，unless，so/as long as，in case
让步状语从句
though/although ，as ，even if/though ，while ，however ，
whether...or...，whatever，whoever，no matter how/what/which 等
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(2)利用时间先后法巧定时间状语从句引导词
①动作同时发生：when，whenever，while，as 等。
②动作接连发生：as soon as，the minute，immediately，once 等。
③先后发生：before，after 等。
④动作的延续：since。
⑤动作的终止或开始：till/until。
反面解读破解短文改错
设错点1
并列连词的错用、缺失或多余
1．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)I had grown not only physically, and also mentally in the past few years._and→but__
解析：此处表示过去几年里，我不仅身体上成长了，而且思想上也成长了。not only...but also...为固定搭配。考生
要熟记neither...nor...，either...or...，not...but...等的基本含义。
2．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Before getting into the car, I thought I had learned the instructor's orders, so once I started the
car, my mind went blank._so→but/yet__
解析：句意：上车前我认为自己领会了教练的命令，但是一旦启动汽车，我的大脑一片空白。根据语境可知，此
处前后句存在转折关系。so 是表示因果关系的并列连词，应该改成表示转折关系的并列连词but 或者yet。
3．(全国卷Ⅰ)Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used for cooking._or→an___
解析：本句为肯定句，fresh vegetables 和high quality oil 是并列关系，应用and 连接。
名师点津
分析句与句之间的关系和相应的标点符号确定是否缺少、多余或用错并列连词。
①表并列、选择或转折关系用并列连词and，or 或but/yet。
②表前因后果的关系用so。
③表前果后因的关系用for。
④while 表“对比”，when 表“就在这时”。
设错点2
定语从句关系词的错用或缺失
4．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the
rooftop of their house._that→which__
解析：分析句子结构可知，第二个逗号后面为一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为前面句子中的garden，定语从句
中缺少主语，故用which。that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
5．(四川卷)The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite._what→that/which 或删去what__
解析：先行词为the dishes，且定语从句中cooked 后面缺少宾语，故用关系代词that/which 引导定语从句。因其
在从句中作宾语，故也可省略关系代词。
名师点津
①先行词指人时不能用which，whom 只作宾语。
②在介词或逗号后不可以用that 引导定语从句。
③what 不能引导定语从句。
④先行词表时间或地点，在从句中作主语或宾语时，用that/which；作状语用when，where。
设错点3
名词性从句连接词的错用、缺失或多余
6．(全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle is the owner of a restaurant close to that I live._that→where__
解析：连接词在此引导宾语从句且在从句中作地点状语，故用where。
7 ．( 全国卷)After looks at the toy for some time ，he turned around and found where his parents were
missing._where→that 或去掉where__
解析：found 后面接的宾语从句结构和意义均完整，故用that 引导宾语从句，或去掉where。
名师点津
①that 与其他连接词的重复使用在改错中常出现，应注意分析。
②一般句意完整只缺引导词用that，否则根据句意及连接词本意选用合适的连接词。
设错点4
状语从句连接词的错用、缺失或多余
8．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left._去掉much__
解析：此处为so...that...“如此……以至于……”结构。形容词前一般不用much 修饰，除非是一些以a 开头的作
表语的形容词(alike，afraid，awake 等)，much 一般用于修饰形容词的比较级。
9．(全国卷Ⅰ)Though not very big, but the restaurant is popular in our area._去掉but 或but→yet__
解析：句意：尽管饭店不大，但是在我们那个地方很受欢迎。though 不和but 连用但可与yet 连用，故去掉but
或but 改为yet。
10．(全国卷Ⅱ)He liked it so very much that he quickly walked into the shop._去掉very__
解析：本句使用的是so...that...结构，so 修饰much，very 多余，故应去掉。
名师点津
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①such...that...结构中such 后接名词；so...that...结构中so 后接形容词或副词。
③so＋many/much/few/little(少)十名词＋that...。
③并列连词不能与从属连词连用，如although/though 不能与but 连用，because 不能与so 连用。
①the moment/the instant/every time/immediately 等相当于连词，引导时间状语从句，不能与when 连用。
提分单句训练
Ⅰ.单句填空
1．(北京东城区二模)Nobody can go back and start a new beginning, _but__ anyone can start now and make a new
ending.
解析：考查连词。空格前的句意为“没有人可以回到过去重新开始”，空格后的句意为“谁都可以从现在开始做
个新的结束”，所以前后句是转折的关系，故填but。
2．(2018·天津卷)Kae, _whose__ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.
解析：考查定语从句关系词。句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。
分析句子，句中先行词为Kate，在非限定性定语从句中作名词sister 的定语，故用关系代词whose。
练有小得：分析定语从句需抓住两点：1.找准先行词；2.看先行词在从句中所作的成分。抓住这两点，再根据句意，
从而能够判断出正确的关系词。
3．(合肥三模)The ninth day of the ninth month is the day that has two “yang” numbers, and “chong” in Chinese
means double, which is _how__ the name “Chongyang” came into being.
解析：考查名词性从句。句意：这就是重阳这个名字如何形成的。_________the name “Chongyang” came into being
在句中作表语，从句中缺少方式状语，故用how 引导宾语从句。
4．(威海二模)As a local saying goes: “If you cannot find someone, he or she is either playing mahjong _or__ on the
way to play mahjong.”
解析：考查连词。根据设空前的提示词either 可知该处填or。either...or...“或者……或者……”。
5．(2018·天津卷)The gold medal will be awarded to _whoever__ wins the first place in the bicycle race.
解析：考查名词性从句连接词。句意：无论谁获得自行车比赛第一名，金牌将授予他。分析句子可知，宾语从句
中缺少主语，故用whoever，表示“任何人，无论谁”。
6．Agatha didn't tell me _when__ she would pick up her son from school.
解析：考查名词性从句。句意：Agatha 没有告诉我她什么时候去学校接她儿子。本题的从句属于tell 后的宾语从
句，从句中主谓宾和地点状语都有，应使用表示时间的连接副词when。
7．(北京西城区二模)I gave some money to John, _whose__ house was destroyed in the flood.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：我给了约翰一些钱，他的房子在洪水中被毁了。定语从句先行词是John，指人，从
句中house 前缺少定语，故用关系代词whose 引导定语从句。
8．(芜湖三模)Guests should not start to eat _until/before__ the host says, “Please enjoy yourself” or something like
that.
解析：考查状语从句。句意：直到主人说“请享用吧”或其他类似的话客人才能开始吃饭。或在主人说“请享用
吧”或其他类似的话之前客人不能开始吃饭。根据句意可知该处用until 或before 引导时间状语从句。
9．(榆林二模)Some of them let these dreams die, _but/while__ others protect them and take care of them through
bad days.
解析：考查连词。设空前一句“有些人让梦想死去”和设空后一句“其他人保护他们并在苦难的日子里呵护自己
的梦想”是转折关系或对比关系，故用while 或but。
10．I really enjoy listening to music, _because/for__ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of
the day.
解析：句意：我真的很喜欢听音乐，因为音乐有助于我放松，让我忘记一天中的其他忧愁。空格前后两句是因果
关系，故用because 或for。
11．What surprised us most is that he doesn't know _where__ the differences between the two books lie.
解析：考查宾语从句。句意：最让我们惊讶的是他不知道两本书有什么区别。及物动词know 后引导宾语从句，
从句中缺少地点状语。故用where 引导宾语从句。
12．(遂宁二模)In ancient China, people would pray the dragon god beside a river _or__ a lake for the precious
spring rains to breed their crops.
解析：考查连词。设空前后的a river 和a lake 是选择关系，故用连词or。
13．The task will not be fulfilled _unless__ we get help from other teams.
解析：考查状语从句。句意：除非我们得到其他队的帮助否则这项任务不会圆满完成。主从句是逻辑上的条件关
系，故用unless“如果不；除非”引导条件状语从句。
14．The only point _that__ you need to know when you drink tea is that it should not be drunk along with meals.
解析：考查定语从句。句意：喝茶时你需要记住的唯一一点是不要吃饭时饮茶。定语从句先行词是point，指物，
且由only 修饰，从句中缺少宾语，只能用关系代词that 引导定语从句。
15．(临汾三模)All the competitors, _whether__ students or adults, have a strong interest in Chinese poetry.
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解析：考查连词。句意：所有的选手，无论是学生还是成人，都对中国诗歌有浓厚的兴趣。whether...or...“无论……
还是……”。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．It is well known Confucius was born in the city of Qufu in Shandong Province, China._known 后加that__
解析：考查名词性从句。句意：众所周知，孔子出生在中国山东省的曲阜市。本题中it 作形式主语，真正的主语
是that 引导的从句。
2．The store I bought my textbooks is having a sale this week.
_store 后加where__
解析：考查定语从句。句意：在我买课本的那个商店这周要进行大甩卖。先行词store 表示地点，且从句I bought
my textbooks 结构完整，故用关系副词where 修饰表示地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。
3．In spite of these difficulties we meet in learning English, but I believe practice makes perfect._去掉but__
解析：句意：尽管在学习英语的过程中会遇到这些困难，但是我相信熟能生巧。in spite of“尽管”，引导名词短
语作状语，不能与but 连用。but 是表转折的并列连词，应连接两个并列成分。
4．The next day, he gave us a reason that he failed to attend the important meeting._that→why__
解析：考查定语从句。句意：第二天他给了他们一个他没能出席重要会议的理由。定语从句先行词是reason，表
原因，从句中缺少原因状语，故用关系副词why 引导定语从句。
5．(2018·黄山二模)It's the first meal you eat in the day, no matter whenever it is._whenever→when__
解析：考查状语从句。no matter when 相当于whenever，引导时间状语从句。
增分写作训练
利用从句可以使作文句式灵活多变，使句子生动，请按要求利用三大从句升级以下句式
1．We are delighted to accept the invitation to play a friendly table tennis match, and it will no doubt strengthen our
friendship.(利用非限制性定语从句升级)
_We_are_delighte__to_accept_the_invitation_to_play___friendly_table_tennis_match,_which_will_no_doubt_stren
gthen_our_friendship.__
2 ．My classmates and I often noticed shared bikes were placed very messily everywhere, so we felt upset and
decided to do something.(利用so...that...引导状语从句升级)
_My_classmates_an__I_often_notice__share__bikes_were_place__so_messily_everywhere_that_we_felt_upset_an_
_decide__to_do_something.__
3．We know that it is one of the most significant festivals for us in Chinese culture.
①_It_is_known_that_it_is_one_of_the_most_significant_festivals_for_us_in_Chinese_culture.__(利用主语从句升
级)
②_What_is_known_is_that_it_is_one_of_the_most_significant_festivals_for_us_in_Chinese_culture.__( 利用主语
从句及表语从句升级)
③_As_is_known_to_us,_it_is_one_of_the_most_significant_festivals_for_us_in_Chinese_culture.__(利用非限制性
定语从句升级)
Ⅰ.用适当的并列连词、从属连词或引导词填空
Findings suggest _1.that__ playing with smartphones before sleep is positively associated with insomnia(失眠症).
Recent studies show that nearly 24 percent of Chinese people suffer from insomnia _2.an___ the number of young
people affected is rising. And more than 60 percent of people born after 1990，the group _3.that/which__ are most likely
to use their smartphones just before sleep, do not sleep well.
Bedtime mobile phone use is an unhealthy sleep habit _4.because/as__ it can delay falling asleep and reduce sleep
quality._5.What__ makes the researchers concerned is _6.that__ nearly three－quarters of the young people fall asleep
each night with their phones within reach.About 60 percent of them use their smartphones for up to 80 minutes
_7.before__ they fall asleep. And 54.7 percent of the people aged between 18 and 25 go to bed later than 12 pm.
Good sleep is helpful in protecting the brain's neurons (神经元) _8.while/but__ lack of sleep for long periods can
endanger health.Therefore，all people，including the young，are advised to avoid using electronic devices one hour before
sleep and go to bed at fixed times._9.But__ it is beneficial to sleep _10.if__ people listen to soft music and read books
before going to bed.
Ⅱ.短文改错
There is a tradition in my family. On New Year's Eve，all my relative will come to our house for a feast. As matter of
fact, it isn't the food that bring us together but the sense of belonging does. Making dumplings was always great fun. We
put a coin into one of the dumplings. Everybody expects to eat the one with the coin inside, because it is said whomever
gets the coin will have good fortune in the followed year. When my mom serves the dumplings, they help ourselves
immediately, hoping to get the good luck of our entirely year. The coin never comes to me, and I am pretty sure of that
the luck is always there.
There is a tradition in my family. On New Year's Eve，all my relative
relatives
will come to our house for a feast. As∧
a
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matter of fact, it isn't the food that bring
brings
us together but the sense of belonging does. Making dumplings was
is
always
great fun. We put a coin into one of the dumplings. Everybody expects to eat the one with the coin inside, because it is
said whomever
whoever
gets the coin will have good fortune in the followed
following
year. When my mom serves the dumplings, they
we
help ourselves immediately, hoping to get the good luck of our entirely
entire
year. The coin never comes to me, and
but
I am
pretty sure of that the luck is always there.
1．解析：relative 改为relatives。考查名词的单复数。此处指“我”所有的亲戚，且relative 是可数名词，故应用
其复数形式。
2．解析：matter 前加a。考查固定搭配。as a matter of fact 是固定搭配，意为“其实，事实上”。
3．解析：bring 改为brings。考查主谓一致。此处定语从句中主语是that，指代the food，为第三人称单数，故
此处谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式。
4．解析：was 改为is。考查时态。此处描述的是每年都会发生的事情，表示现在经常发生的动作或存在的状态，
故应用一般现在时。
5．解析：whomever 改为whoever。考查代词。whomever 在句中作宾语，而此处是作主语，故应用whoever。
6．解析：followed 改为following。考查形容词。此处指“在第二年，在接下来的一年”，故应用形容词following，
意为“(时间上)接着的”。
7．解析：they 改为we。考查代词。根据语境可知，此处指当“我”的妈妈端上饺子时，我们马上自己吃饺子。
故用we。
8．解析：entirely 改为entire。考查形容词。此处修饰名词year，应用形容词，故把entirely 改为entire。
9．解析：and 改为but。考查连词。根据此处前后内容之间的逻辑关系可知，此处为转折关系，故应将and 改为
but。
10．解析：删除of。考查介词。be sure that 是固定用法，of 多余，故删除。
重点五
增分书面表达的特殊句式
正面解读增分语法填空
考法1
考查祈使句、感叹句和省略句
1．(全国卷Ⅱ)It could be anything—gardening, cooking, music, sports—but whatever it is, _make__(make) sure it's
a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.
解析：句意：它可以是园艺、烹饪、听音乐、做运动等任何事情，但无论是什么，务必保证它是让你释放日常压
力的而不是让你担忧的事。分析句子结构可知，并列连词but 连接两个句子。第二个句子中whatever 引导让步状语从
句，其后应该是主句，祈使句可以充当主句，故该空填动词原形作谓语。
2．(湖南卷)Always _keep__ in mind that your main task is to get this company running smoothly.
解析：句意：永远记住你的主要任务就是让这个公司顺利运作。句子没有主语且表示命令，故为祈使句，答案为
keep。
3．(北京卷)If _accepte___(accept) for the job, you'll be informed soon.
解析：句意：如果你被录取做这个工作，你将很快被通知。本题考查状语从句的省略：完整的句子为：If you are
accepted for the job，you'll be informed soon。
4．(湖南卷)Video games can be a poor influence if _left__(leave) in the wrong hands.
解析：句意：电子游戏如果落入坏人的手里就可能有坏的影响。这里考查了leave 作及物动词的用法，可以理解
为if (the video games are)left in the wrong hands，主从句的主语相同，省略从句中的主语和be 动词。
名师点津
1．祈使句的4 种句式
①动词原形(＋宾语＋其他成分)
②Be＋表语，如Be honest.
③Let’s/Let us do/not do sth.
④祈使句＋and/or＋简单句(简单句谓语用一般将来时)
2．感叹句的3 种句式
①What(＋a/an)＋形容词＋名词＋主语＋谓语！
②How＋形容词＋a/an＋单数可数名词＋主语＋谓语！
③How＋形容词/副词＋主语＋谓语！
3．记准省略规则
在when，while，Whenever，till，as soon as，if，unless，as if，though，as 等引导的状语从句中，若谓语有be
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动词，而主语又与主句主语一致或主语是it 时，从句的主语和be 动词常被省略。
考法2
考查强调句、倒装句和there be 句型
5．(2017·天津卷)_It__ was when I got back to my apartment that I first came across my new neighbors.
解析：句意：就是我返回我的公寓的时候，我第一次遇了我的新邻居。根据语境和结构可知，本句是强调句式，
被强调部分为when 引导的时间状语从句，根据基本结构“It is/was...that...”可知设空处填It。
6．(天津卷)You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel _that__ the coach picks up tourists.
解析：句意：你等错地方了。长途客车是在宾馆接游客。本句是强调句。被强调部分为at the hotel，故设空处填
that。
7．(江苏卷)Not until recently _di___ they encourage the development of tourist－related activities in the rural
areas.
解析：句意：直到近期，他们才开始鼓励农村地区与旅游有关的活动的发展。not until 位于句首时，句子需用部
分倒装结构，此处指过去所发生的动作，需用一般过去时，故填did。
8．(天津卷)Only when Lily walked into the office _di___ she realize that she had left the contract at home.
解析：句意：直到莉莉走进办公室她才意识到她把合同落在家里了。“only＋状语从句”置于句首时，主句需用
部分倒装形式。根据题干中的had left 可以推断出设空处应该用一般过去时，故填did。
9．(湖南卷)Only after talking to two students _di___ I realize that having strong motivation is one of the biggest
factors in reaching goals.
解析：句意：直到跟两个学生谈过之后，我才意识到有强大的动机是达成目标最关键的因素之一。“only＋状语”
放在句首，后面句子需用部分倒装形式。根据语境可知设空处应该用一般过去时，故答案为did。
10．(2019·天津卷)The professor warned the students that on no account _shoul___ they use mobile phones in his
class.
解析：考查部分倒装。句意：这位教授警告学生们，在他的课堂上，决不应该使用手机。on no account 决不，否
定词放在句首，句子使用部分倒装，应该做should do，敢于做dare do，根据句意表示“应该”。
名师点津
1．牢记强调句的2 个句式及1 个方法
①强调句型的基本构成：It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分。被强调部分可以是主语、宾语和状
语等。
②not...until 的强调句型：It is/was not until...＋that＋其他部分。
2．部分倒装的3 个句式
①利用否定词定位法确定倒装句。否定词(短语)置于句首，句子要用倒装语序。特别要注意某些表否定意义的短
语或否定词如：at no time, by no means, in no case, on no condition/account, not until, not only 等。
②熟悉only 置于句首倒装的条件。只有当“only＋状语”置于句首时，句子才倒装，“only＋主语”置于句首，
句子不倒装。
③当so...that，such...that 中的so...和such...置于句首时，主句主谓部分倒装。
3．there be 句式的2 个关键点
①there be 结构中的谓语动词be 可与there seem to be(似乎有)；there happen to be(碰巧有)等替换。
②如果有两个或两个以上的主语，谓语动词be 采用就近一致原则。
反面解读破解短文改错
设错点1
祈使句与省略句的误用
1 ．(2017· 全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the words, “Speed up ！”“Slow down ！”“Turning
left！”_Turing→Turn__
解析：句意：教练一直重复说着，“加速！”“右拐弯！”此处与“Speed up！”“Slow down！”并列，表示命
令，用祈使句，所以应用动词原形开头。故应改Turning 为Turn。近两年高考语法填空和短文改错部分对祈使句的考
查比较突出，解题的关键在于根据句子类型判断动词应用何种形式。同时，要特别注意并列结构中动词的一致性问题。
2 ．( 全国卷)At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need
help._whenever 后加I__
解析：分析句子结构可知，whenever 引导的时间状语从句缺了主语，根据句意可知，此处应为主语I。此处不符
合状语从句的省略原则——从句谓语部分不是be 动词，故不可省略。
名师点津
①祈使句的谓语动词一律用动词原形。
②状语从句的省略句式中，如主语与动词是主动关系，用现在分词形式；如是被动关系，用过去分词形式。
设错点2
there/here be 句型的误用
3．(全国卷Ⅱ)There have three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon._have→are__
解析：分析句子结构可知，此处是there be 句型，表示“有”，there 不能与have(有)连用。最近的主语是three
lessons，故用复数谓语are。
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)They were two reasons for the decision._They→There__
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解析：此处是there be 句型表示“有”。
名师点津
①there/here be 句型中谓语动词的数遵循“就近一致”原则。
②there be 句型表“有”，there 不能与have(有)连用。
设错点3
强调句中连接词使用错误
5．It was three years ago when the English club was born._when→that__
解析：本句是强调句型，强调时间状语three years ago。
6．It was her advice which made me a better speaker and full of confidence._which→that__
解析：分析该句可知，本句是一个强调句，强调her advice，故将which 改为that。
名师点津
①强调句型中，要用that 作连接词，不能用which 或其他词，且不能省略。
②被强调部分是人，且作主语时，引导词可以用who。
设错点4
倒装句中系动词等的错用或缺失
7．In a word, success is important, and so does failure, because it's the mother of success._does→is__
解析：句意：总之，成功很重要，失败也很重要，因为失败乃成功之母。因为“success is important”的谓语动词是
系动词be，故将does 改为is。
8．At no time they break the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them._they 前加di___
解析：at no time“决不”，置句首时，主谓部分倒装。本句时态为一般过去时，break 为原形，故在they 前加
did。
名师点津
①否定词at no time“决不”等置于句首，句子要部分倒装。
②利用句中的时态、时间状语或语境确定助动词/情态动词/系动词的正确使用。
提分单句训练
Ⅰ.单句填空
1．(新余二模)As you can see, it was sharing with my friend _that__ helped me out of that dark time and brought
back my confidence.
解析：考查强调句。强调sharing with my friend 部分，故填that。容易误以为是定语从句，而错填who。
2．(乌鲁木齐二模)_Pay__(pay) the price, learn the lesson, and grow that much stronger.
解析：考查祈使句。设空与空后的learn 和grow 是并列的祈使句的谓语，故填Pay。
3．Now, just in front of the house _stands__(stand) a tall tree with a history of 100 years.
解析：句意：现在，就在这座房子前面耸立着一棵有100 年历史的大树。表示地点的介词短语置于句首，且主语
是名词，后面的主语，谓语部分需用全部倒装形式；根据时间状语Now 可推知设空处需用一般现在时；本句主语为单
数第三人称，故填stands。
4．So buried _was__(be) she in doing her homework that she didn't notice it got dark outside.
解析：句意：她如此专心做家庭作业以至于她都没注意到外面已经黑了。so...that...句型中，将so...置于句首，后
面的主谓语需部分倒装；根据题干中didn't 可知设空处需用一般过去时，故答案为was。
5．It wasn't until in high school _that__ I began to trust other people again.
解析：句意：直到上了高中我才开始再次信任别人。本句考查强调句型“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他成
分”。强调not until in high school，故填that。
6．A child, if actively _engage___(engage) in classroom activities, can be taught many things.
解析：考查省略句。句意：如果孩子能积极参加课堂活动，他能学会许多东西。将本句补全后为：If a child is actively
engaged in classroom activities, he can be taught many things.。
7．(2018·天津卷)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house _that__ we saw Lily in the passenger seat.
解析：考查强调句。句意：只有当汽车在我们房子前停下来我们才看到在乘客位置的莉莉。这里考查强调句，强
调句型结构为：It is/ was ＋被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)＋that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)＋其他
部分。本题强调时间状语only when the car pulled up in front of our house。
8．(2018·北京卷)In any unsafe situation, simply _press__(press) the button and a highly－trained agent will get you
the help you need.
解析：考查祈使句。句意：在任何不安全的情况下，仅仅摁一下这个按钮，一个训练有素的特工就会使你得到你
需要的帮助。and 是连词，连接并列结构，and 后面是一个句子，那么，前面也应是句子，选项中只有动词原形可以
构成祈使句，其余的都是非谓语动词，无法构成句子。祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句是一种常见结构。当前后两部分间为
承接关系时，用and；前后意思为相反关系时，用or。该句式中的陈述句部分常用一般将来时态。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．(鄂尔多斯二模)Once there had a wooden pagoda(塔) in my village._had→was__
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解析：考查固定句型。there be 句型，表“有”，be 动词不能用has, have 或had 等代替。
2．(广西考前模拟)It was in the wallet where I found a phone number._where→that__
解析：考查强调句。强调句强调状语in the wallet，应用that。
3．(鄂尔多斯二模)Now not only the villagers realize the importance of protecting the pagoda but also tourists know
that they should try their best not to cause damage to it._only 后加do__
解析：考查倒装句。not only 置于句首，主谓用部分倒装形式，句中时间状语是now，故谓语用一般现在时。故
only 后加助动词do。
4．(石家庄一模)Don't afraid of making mistakes.Learn from mistakes, and success is just waiting for us._afraid 前
加be__
解析：分析句子结构可知，该句为祈使句，afraid 为形容词，故应在其前加动词原形be。
增分写作训练
在写作中可以打破常规，利用倒装句或强调句增添新意。请利用特殊句式升级以下句式
1．It is not only an interesting and meaningful activity but it also offers us a good chance to make new friends.(利用
倒装句式升级)
_Not_only_is_it_an_interesting_an__meaningful_activity_but_it_also_offers_us___goo__chance_to_make_new_frie
nds.__
2．If you join us, you will enjoy yourself at the book fair.(利用“祈使句＋and＋简单句”升级)
_Join_us_an__you_will_enjoy_yourself_at_the_book_fair.__
3．What's more, it is wonderful to exercise while you enjoy the great view.(利用省略句升级)
_What's_more,_it_is_wonderful_to_exercise_while_enjoying_the_great_view.__
4．The idea of sharing requires people's awareness of civilization.(利用强调句式升级)
_It_is_the_ide__of_sharing_that_requires_people's_awareness_of_civilization.__
Ⅰ.语法填空
(2019·湖南长沙一模)
When we read poems, we often imagine what the poets _1.were_thinking__(think) when they wrote or what they
were doing at the time. These thoughts let us connect with the words better, as if we'd created the poem
_2.ourselves__(we)．Will a poem still mean as much if a computer writes it?
By _3.using__ (use) algorithms(算法), computers can now create all kinds of text, including research papers, books，
news, stories and even poems. Computer－generated poems might be correct in both grammar and style，_4.but/yet__
some say they still lack _5.creativity__(create) and true meaning. Australian researcher Oscar Schwartz created a
website _6.calle___(call) “bot or not”. On his site, you can read poems and guess whether they _7.were_written__(write)
by a human or a computer. Schwartz recently gave a speech in Sydney, in _8.which__ he stated that some of the
website's poems were able to _9.fool__(foolish) 65 percent of human readers.
He said that on his website, he hoped people would question the difference between humans and machines—and be
able to identify what it is _10.that__ makes us human.
文章大意：当我们读一首诗时，我们经常想象诗人写诗的时候在想什么，或者他们当时在做什么。如果一台电脑
写了一首诗，它的意义还会一样吗？
1．解析：考查动词的时态。句意为：当我们读诗的时候，我们经常想象诗人写诗时在想什么，或者他们当时在做
什么。根据句意和连词or 后面的what they were doing 可知，此处表示诗人当时在想什么，应用过去进行时。
2．解析：考查代词。句意为：这些想法让我们与文字更好地产生联系，就像我们自己创作了那首诗一样。根据句
意可知此处指主语we 本身，故填ourselves。
3．解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为：通过使用算法，如今电脑能创作出各种文本，包括研究性论文、书、新闻、
故事甚至是诗。设空处在介词后，应用动名词，故填using。
4．解析：考查连词。句意为：电脑生成的诗在语法和文体上可能都正确，但有人说它们还是缺乏创造性和真正的
意义。设空处前后句意是转折关系，故填but 或yet。
5．解析：考查词性转换。句意见上一题解析。设空处应用名词作lack 的宾语，且根据句意可知设空处表示“创
造性；独创性”，故填creativity。
6．解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为：澳大利亚研究者奥斯卡·施瓦茨创立了一个网站叫作“bot or not”。设空处前
有谓语动词created，故设空处填非谓语动词；call 和它所修饰的名词website 之间是逻辑上的被动关系，所以用过去
分词作后置定语，故填called。
7．解析：考查动词的时态和语态。句意为：在他的网站上，你可以读诗并猜测这些诗是人写的还是电脑写的。从
句中的主语they 和write 之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态；因为写诗的动作已经发生，所以应用一般过去时，故填
were written。
8．解析：考查定语从句。句意为：施瓦茨最近在悉尼做了一次演讲，他在演讲中说道网站上的一些诗能够骗过
65%的人类读者。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为speech，在句中作介词in 的宾语，故填which。
9．解析：考查词性转换。句意见上一题解析。be able to do sth.为固定句式，故填fool。
10．解析：考查特殊句式。句意为：他说在他的网站上，他希望人们能够质疑人类和机器的不同，并且能够辨别
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到底是什么造就了我们人类。强调句的特殊疑问句结构为“疑问词＋it＋is＋that＋句子的其他成分”，故填that。
Ⅱ.短文改错
(2019·河北省衡水中学第十次调研)
During the holiday I take part in a special summer camp. There I met a girl from Canvey, a town on the Thames,
where is to the east of London. As a host, I showed him around such place as the Great Wall and the Summer Palace.
She was deeply impressing by the great sights. I also told her about the great changes that had been taken place in the
past few decades. She said Beijing was quite different from that she had expected and that it was very beautifully.
Meanwhile, I improved my spoken English in her help. I think summer camp is very valuable.
答案：
During the holiday I take
took
part in a special summer camp. There I met a girl from Canvey, a town on the Thames,
where
which
is to the east of London. As a host, I showed him
her
around such place
places
as the Great Wall and the Summer Palace.
She was deeply impressing
impressed
by the great sights. I also told her about the great changes that had been taken place in the
past few decades. She said Beijing was quite different from
that
what
she had expected and that it was very beautifully
beautiful
.
Meanwhile, I improved my spoken English
in
with
her help. I think ∧
the
summer camp is very valuable.
1．解析：考查动词时态。文章使用一般过去时描述，故将take 改为took。
2．解析：考查定语从句。先行词为Thames，关系词在从句中充当主语，故将where 改为which。
3．解析：考查代词。上文中提到girl，故将代词him 改为her。
4．解析：考查名词复数。句中提到两个名胜古迹：长城，故宫。故将place 改为places。
5．解析：考查固定短语。句意：壮丽的景色给她留下了深刻的印象。sb. be impressed 给某人留下印象。故将
impressing 改为impressed。
6．解析：考查固定用法。take place 发生，没有被动语态。故将been 去掉。
7．解析：考查宾语从句。What 在从句中充当excepted 的宾语，故将that 改为what。
8．解析：考查形容词。形容词作表语，故将beautifully 改为beautiful。
9．解析：考查介词。在谁的帮助下with the help of sb.或with one's help，故将in 改为with。
10．解析：考查定冠词。上文中提及并特指应使用定冠词the。
第2 讲
语法填空
试
卷
年份
体裁
与词
数
题
材
自由类填空
指示类填空
高考命题者
说
冠
词
介
词
副
词
代
词
连
词
与
状
语
从
句
定
语
从
句
名
词
性
从
句
谓
语
动
词
非
谓
语
动
词
词
类
转
换
名
词
代
词
比
较
级
全
国
卷
Ⅰ
2019
年
说明
文
(185)
北
极
熊
现
状
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
2
1
1
0
1
1.考查目的：
主要考查在
运用英语过
程中的词法
和句法基本
知识，兼顾行
文逻辑、习惯
用法、固定搭
配以及常用
句型等。
2.选材趋势：
一般选取200
词左右的记
叙文或说明
文，内容广
泛。
3.素养考查：
2018
年
说明
文
(196)
跑
步
健
身
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
3
1
1
0
1
2017
年
说明
文
(221)
健
康
饮
食
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
1
1
0
1
全
国
卷
Ⅱ
2019
年
记叙
文
(207)
人
物
介
绍
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
2
3
1
0
0
0
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208
旨在考查考
生的思维品
质、文化意识
和学习能力。
4.考点设置：
基本上每个
空考查一个
语法项目，但
动词、名词等
用法较多，可
能从不同角
度进行考查。
5.设题要求：
一般6－7 个
空有提示词，
以实词为主，
所填词的适
当形式一般
不超过三个
词；3－4 个空
没有提示词，
以填虚词为
主。
2018
年
说明
文
(204)
农
业
结
构
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
2
2
3
0
0
0
2017
年
说明
文
(193)
地
铁
的
历
史
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
3
1
0
0
全
国
卷
Ⅲ
2019
年
记叙
文
(175)
旅
行
经
历
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
2
2
3
0
0
0
2018
年
记叙
文
(204)
与
动
物
接
触
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
3
0
1
1
1
2017
年
记叙
文
(213)
人
物
介
绍
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
2
2
2
1
0
0
精通题型解题技巧
有的放矢拿高分
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)
The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland.While they are
rare north of 88°，there is evidence __1.that__ they range all the way across the Arctic，and as far south as James Bay in
Canada. It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been
__2.poorly__(poor)studied；however，biologists calculate that there are about 20,000－25,000 polar bears worldwide.
Modern methods __3.of/for__ tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid－1980s，and
are expensive __4.to_perform__(perform) consistently over a large area.In recent years some Inuit people in Nunavut
__5.have_reporte___(report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements，leading to a __6.belief__(believe)
that populations are increasing.Scientists have responded by __7.noting__(note) that hungry bears may be
congregating(聚集) around human settlements，leading to the illusion(错觉) that populations are __8.higher__(high)
than they actually are. Of __9.the__ nineteen recognized polar bear subpopulations ，three are declining ，six
__10.are__(be) stable，one is increasing，and nine lack enough data.
文章大意：主题：人与自然(自然生态)；话题：北极熊现状。本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了北极熊种群数量越
来越少、亟须保护的现状。
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1．解析：考查同位语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导同位语从句，解释说明evidence 的具体内
容，从句中不缺少成分且意义完整，故用that 引导。
2．解析：考查词性转换(形容词变副词)。修饰动词studied 应用形容词poor 的副词形式poorly。
3．解析：考查介词。a method of/for doing sth.做某事的方法。
4．解析：考查非谓语动词。此处是“主语＋be＋adj.＋不定式”结构，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。
5．解析：考查时态。根据句中的时间状语in recent years 可判断用现在完成时。
6．解析：考查词性转换(动词变名词)。根据空格前的不定冠词a 可知，此处应填believe 的名词形式belief(看法，
信念)。
7．解析：考查非谓语动词。介词后接动词时，应用其动名词形式。respond by doing sth.通过做某事回应。
8．解析：考查形容词比较级。根据空格后的than 可知，此处应用high 的比较级形式higher。
9．解析：考查冠词。此处特指确认的19 个亚种群，故用定冠词the。
10．解析：考查时态和主谓一致。此处陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时；six 指代six polar bear subpopulations，
谓语动词应用复数。
一、提示类填空
这种形式主要考查动词的时态和语态、主谓一致、非谓语动词的形式、词性转换、名词的数、形容词和副词的比
较级与最高级。解答这类题目时，首先需要判断设空处在句子中的功能，其次再决定该用什么形式。
(一)提示词为动词
[解题模板]
Step 1
分析句子结构，确定空格处是否作谓语；
Step 2
思考1
如果作谓语，要考虑时态、语态、主谓一致、虚拟语气
思考2
如果不作谓语，考虑是否是非谓语；如果是非谓语，考虑用哪种形
式，是动词－ing 形式，还是过去分词，还是不定式
思考3
如果既不作谓语，也不是非谓语，就要考虑词性转换。那就需要根
据上下文以及在句子中所作的成分考虑词性转换的类型
1.考查谓语动词
如果句子中没有别的谓语动词，或者虽然已经有谓语动词，但需要填的动词与之并列，那么所给动词就是谓语动
词，就要考虑时态和语态、主谓一致和虚拟语气。
典例1 (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene _________(declare) she had no plans to retire from her
36－year－old business. Irene said...
[解题步骤]
①分析句子结构(picking 作状语，是非谓语动词)→句子缺少谓语
②考虑语态→由句意知用主动语态
③考虑时态→由后面的had 和said 可知，用一般过去时态。
④尝试解答：_declare___
典例2 (2019·浙江卷)
When every pupil in the school wears the uniform, nobody _________(have) to worry about fashion(时尚)．
[解题步骤]
①分析句子结构(when 引导时间状语从句)→句子缺少谓语
②考虑语态→由句意知用主动语态
③考虑时态→本句是when 引导的时间状语从句，遵循主将从现原则，因此，主句可以使用将来时will do；根据
语境可知，本文叙述的是客观事实，因此，本句亦可用一般现在时，主语是nobody，谓语用单数
④尝试解答：_will_have/has__
典例3 (2019·浙江卷)
When the children are walking or _________(cycle) to school on dark mornings, car drivers can easily see them.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子结构(主句完整，从句是when 引导的时间状语从句)→句子缺少谓语
②考虑语态→由句意知用主动语态
③考虑时态→or 连接两个并列成分，根据or 前的walking 可知，此处要用cycling
④尝试解答：_cycling__
典例4 (2018·北京卷)
A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who _________(trap) in the mountains for two days.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子结构(who 引导定语从句)→句子缺少谓语
②考虑语态→由句意“一个救援人员冒着生命危险挽救了两个被困在山里两天的旅游者。”知用被动语态。
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③考虑时态→由risked 可知，营救人员救游客是过去的事情，被困两天发生在营救人员救了他们之前，即“过去
的过去”，该空应用过去完成时态。过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的
过去”，其表达形式为had done，被动语态的表达形式为had been done。
④尝试解答：_h___been_trappe___
2．考查非谓语动词
如果句子中已有谓语动词，又不是并列关系时，所给动词通常是非谓语动词，就要确定用动词－ing 形式、过去分
词还是不定式，同时还要考虑非谓语动词的时态和语态。作主语或宾语时，通常用动词－ing 形式表示习惯或一般情况，
用不定式表示具体的情况。作定语时，动词与被修饰词之间是主动关系用动词－ing 形式，是被动关系用过去分词，如
果强调将来的动作，用不定式。作状语时，关键也是要看清与逻辑主语之间的主被动关系。当表示目的时，则只有不
定式形式。
典例1 (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans _________(retire) from her
36－year－old business.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子结构→句子已有谓语，应用非谓语
②分析非谓语动词句法功能→plan 后接不定式作定语
③尝试解答：_to_retire__
典例2 (2019·江苏卷)
_________(enjoy)the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子结构→句子已有谓语，应用非谓语
②分析非谓语动词句法功能→非谓语动词作目的状语→联想不定式的句法功能
③尝试解答：_To_enjoy__
典例3
(2019· 江苏卷)China's image is improving steadily, with more countries _________(recognize) its role in
international affairs.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子结构→句子已有谓语，应用非谓语
②分析非谓语动词句法功能→非谓语动词作宾语补足语→联想分词的句法功能
③尝试解答：_recognizing__
典例4 (2018·北京卷)
_________(travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子结构→句子已有谓语，应用非谓语
②分析非谓语动词句法功能→非谓语动词作主语→联想动名词的句法功能
③尝试解答：_Travelling__
典例5 (2018·北京卷)
Ordinary soap, _________(use)correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子结构→句子已有谓语，应用非谓语
②分析非谓语动词句法功能→非谓语动词作状语→联想分词的句法功能→Ordinary soap 与use 之间是被动关系，
故要用过去分词
③尝试解答：_use___
3．考查词性转换
所给的提示词虽然是动词，但空格处既不考查谓语动词也不考查非谓语动词，那就可能是词性转换。转换成名词
时，还要注意名词的单复数。
典例(2019·浙江卷)
Other American studies showed no _________(connect) between uniforms and school performance.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子成分→空格前的no，后接名词
②connect 的名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词→可用单数也可用复数
③尝试解答：_connection/connections__
(二)提示词为形容词或者副词
所给提示词为副词时，就要考虑是否要变为比较级；提示词为形容词时，可能要进行词性转换也可能要变为形容
词的比较级。
[解题模板]
Step 1
分析句子结构，确定空格处是否是形容词或者副词的比较级
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Step 2
思考1
如果不是比较级，那就要考虑词性转换
思考2
如果是词性转换，首先考虑是否是形容词转换为副词
思考3
如果不是形容词转换为副词，就要考虑是否转换为名词
思考4
如果转换为名词，就要考虑用名词的单数还是复数
典例1 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years _________(long) than non －
runners.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子成分→空格前有数词，后有比较级的标志词than
②根据所做分析判断→此处用比较级
③尝试解答：_longer__
典例2 (2019·浙江卷)
When the children are walking or cycling to school on dark mornings, car drivers can _________(easy) see them.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子成分→空格前有情态动词can，后有动词原形see
②根据所做分析判断→此处用副词修饰动词
③尝试解答：_easily__
(三)提示词为名词
提示词为名词时，一般考查单复数的变化。有时候也考查词性转换。
[解题模板]
Step 1
分析句子结构，确定空格处在句子中所做的成分
Step 2
思考1
如果空格处填名词，首先要考虑是否用复数
思考2
如果不填名词，那就要考虑是否填形容词
思考3
如果是名词转换为形容词，需要考虑名词怎样转换为形容词
典例1 (2019·北京卷)
No matter what you like to do，there is a way to get involved in various _________(activity) on Earth Day.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子成分→空格处作介词in 的宾语
②根据所作句子成分分析判断→此处用名词→空前的various 判断用复数
③尝试解答：_activities__
典例2 (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to _________(strength) your leg muscles(肌肉), avoid
hills and get good running shoes.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子成分→do 是谓语动词知，空格前to 是不定式
②根据所作句子成分判断→此处用动词原形
③尝试解答：_strengthen__
典例3 (2019·浙江卷)
School uniforms are _________(tradition) in Britain, but some schools are starting to get rid of them.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子成分→空格前的are，后接形容词作表语
②尝试解答：_traditional__
(四)提示词为代词
提示词为代词时，一般考查人称代词转换为物主代词或者反身代词。
[解题模板]
Step 1
分析句子结构，确定空格处在句子中所做的成分
Step 2
思考1
考虑是否是人称代词转换为物主代词
思考2
如果不是转换为物主代词，考虑是否是由主格变为宾格或者
填其反身代词
典例1 (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)
When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find _________(they) alive.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子成分→空格处作动词find 的宾语
②根据所作句子成分判断→此处用宾格形式
③尝试解答：_them__
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典例2 (全国卷Ⅰ)
On my recent visit, I help a lively three－month－old twin that had been rejected by _________(it) mother.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子成分→空格处作mother 的定语
②根据所作句子成分判断→此处用形容词性物主代词形式
③尝试解答：_its__
二、自由类填空
这种形式主要考查考生对语篇的理解和逻辑关系的把握以及对固定搭配和常见句式的掌握程度：考查的内容主要
是介词、冠词、代词、连词、情态动词、连接代词和连接副词、关系代词和关系副词以及句式：因为没有提示词，考
生需要根据文章大意和上下文语境以及对长难句结构的分析来判断设空处在句子中的功能，以确定其词性和意义，最
后确定内容。
[解题模板]
Step 1
分析句子结构，根据句子所缺成分确定是哪类词
Step 2
思考1
根据句子本身的含义，填写介词、冠词或者代词
思考2
分析句子结构，看看是否需要填写连词
思考3
根据逻辑关系、固定搭配、固定句型等填写适当的词
1.填介词
如果名词或者代词在句子中不作主语、表语或者动词的宾语时，其前面一般是填介词。高考通常考查介词与动词、
形容词或者名词的搭配。做题时应该先根据上下文和句意推断出设空处的具体意思，然后根据熟记的短语来确定要填
的词。在学习的过程中应注意对短语的归纳、积累、比较和记忆。
典例1 (2019·浙江卷)
But can uniforms help improve school standards? The answer _________ this question is not clear.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子成分→空格后是名词→判断应该用介词
②根据空格前名词answer→确定答案
③尝试解答：_to__
典例2
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I was searching _________ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子成分→空格后中心词是名词gorillas→判断应该用介词
②根据固定搭配search for...→确定答案
③尝试解答：_for__
2．填冠词
如果空格后有名词而且两者搭配在一起表示泛指或者特指含义，或者有序数词、最高级、表示特指意义的比较级
等形式，那么，这个空格处要填写冠词。
典例1 (2018·全国卷Ⅱ)
Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7
percent.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子→空格处缺少冠词
②根据固定搭配over the past＋一段时间→确定答案
③尝试解答：_the__
典例2 (2018·全国卷Ⅲ)
Unexpectedly, I'm face－to－face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at _________ top of her lungs.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子→空格处缺少冠词
②根据固定搭配at the top of→确定答案
③尝试解答：_the__
3．填代词
it 的用法是考查的重点。特别是it 作形式主语和形式宾语的句型中。也可能考查人称代词。
典例
①Now it occurred to _him__ that his farm had much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.
剖析：句意：现在看来，好像他的农场是非常有潜力的，奶牛的死也似乎给他带来了好运气。It occurred to
sb.that...“某人突然发现……”，这是一个固定的句型，因为这篇短文讲述的是约翰逊(Johnson)，故填him。
②The frozen parts of the city also make _it__ easier for residents to skate around.
剖析：这里考查的是it 作形式宾语的情况。分析句子结构可知，make 是谓语动词，easier 是宾语补足语，不定式
是真正的宾语，用it 作形式宾语代替了。
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4．填并列连词
分析句子结构，如果空格前后是两个并列的成分，如两个并列单词、短语或者句子等，而且相互并列的成分之间
为并列、转折、选择、因果关系，这时候就要填并列连词。
典例
In much of Asia, especially the so－called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan，Korea，_________ Vietnam, food is
usually eaten with chopsticks.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子结构→句子缺少连词
②根据句子中的逻辑关系判断空格前列举的三个国家与空格后的Vietnam 是并列关系
③尝试解答：_an___
5．填从句连接词
从句连接词是指引导状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句的引导词。判断空格处要填哪类引导词，首先要分析句子
成分，看看它引导哪一种从句，然后根据引导词的种类和功能来确定填哪一个引导词。
典例1 (2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield，_________ she opened with her
late husband Les.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子→判断此处是非限制性定语从句
②判断先行词在从句中所作成分→作opened 的宾语
③判定先行词是shop，先行词指物
④尝试解答：_which__
典例2 (2019·浙江卷)
On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth _________ gives off light in the dark.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子→判断此处是限制性定语从句
②判断先行词在从句中所作成分→作主语
③判定先行词是cloth，先行词指物
④尝试解答：_which/that__
典例3 (2018·江苏卷)
Self－driving is an area _________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子→判断此处为限制性定语从句
②判断关系词在从句中所作成分→在句中作状语
③判断先行词是area，先行词指地点
④尝试解答：_where__
典例4 (2018·北京卷)
This is _________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for the best.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子结构→空格所在句在系动词is 之后→判断此处为表语从句
②根据从句中所缺成分→从句中缺少taught 的宾语
③尝试解答：_what___
典例5 (2018·北京卷)
_________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone.
[解题步骤]
①分析句子结构→句子缺少连词
②根据句意→if 表示条件
③尝试解答：_If__
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)
On our way to the house，it was raining __1.so__ hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take
__2.to_get__(get) there.It was in the middle of Pearl City.
We were first greeted with the barking by a pack __3.of__ dogs，seven to be exact.They were well trained by their
masters ___4.who__ had great experience with caring for these animals.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and
__5.recommende___(recommend) wonderful places to eat，shop，and visit.For breakfast，we were able to eat papaya(木
瓜)and other fruits from their trees in the backyard.
When they were free from work ，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting
__6.competition__(compete) to watch ，together with the story behind it.They also shared with us many
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__7.traditional__(tradition) stories about Hawaii that were ___8.hugely__(huge) popular with tourists.On the last day of
our week－long stay，we __9.were_invite___(invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore
under the stars，___10.listening__(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals.
文章大章：主题：人与自我(生活)；话题：旅行经历。本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者的一次旅行经历。
1．解析：考查副词。分析句子结构可知，此处是so...that...结构，意为“如此……以至于……”，so 修饰副词hard。
2．解析：考查非谓语动词。此处是it takes some time to do sth.结构，意为“花费多长时间做某事”。
3．解析：考查介词。a pack of 是固定搭配，意为“一群……”。
4．解析：考查定语从句引导词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指人的先行词their masters，且
在从句中作主语，故填关系代词who。
5．解析：考查时态。此处讲述过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。
6．解析：考查词性转换(动词变名词)。根据空格前的an interesting 可知，此处应填动词compete 的名词形式
competition。
7．解析：考查词性转换(名词变形容词)。所填词修饰名词stories，故应用tradition 的形容词形式traditional。
8．解析：考查词性转换(形容词变副词)。所填词修饰形容词popular，故应用huge 的副词形式hugely。be hugely
popular with 非常受……欢迎。
9．解析：考查时态和语态。事情发生在过去，且主语we 与动词invite 之间是被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动
语态。
10．解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处应填非谓语动词形式与and 后面的现在分词meeting 并列，
主语we 与listen 之间是主动关系，故用现在分词短语作状语。
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
According to a review of evidence in a medical journal，runners live three years _1.longer__(long) than non－
runners.You don't have to run fast or for long _2.to_see__(see) the benefit.You may drink，smoke，be overweight and
still reduce your risk of _3.dying__(die) early by running.
While running regularly can't make you live forever，the review says it _4.is__(be) more effective at lengthening life
_5.than__ walking ，cycling or swimming.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014
_6.that/which__ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths
from all _7.causes__(cause)．
The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do.But otherwise it's probably running.To avoid knee pain，you can
run on soft surfaces，do exercises to _8.strengthen__(strength) your leg muscles (肌肉)，avoid hills and get good running
shoes.Running is cheap，easy and it's always _9.energeti___(energy)．If you are time poor，you need run for only half the
time to get the same benefits as other sports，so perhaps we should all give _10.running/it__ a try.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了跑步的益处，号召我们尝试一下这种运动方式。
1．解析：考查副词的比较级。句中的than 是比较级的标志，故填long 的比较级longer。
2．解析：考查非谓语动词。此句意为“你不必跑得很快，也不必跑很长时间就见到效果”，不定式短语to see the
benefit 作目的状语。
3．解析：考查非谓语动词。介词of 后接动词时要用其动名词形式。
4．解析：考查时态和主谓一致。根据语境知这里用一般现在时，主语it 是第三人称单数形式，故谓语动词用is。
5．解析：考查介词。根据句中的比较级more effective 可知，这里是把running 与walking，cycling，swimming
进行比较，故填than。
6．解析：考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指物的a study，且在从句中
作主语，故填关系代词that 或which。
7．解析：考查名词复数。cause 表示“原因，起因”时是可数名词，前面有all，故填cause 的复数形式。
8．解析：考查词性转换之名词变动词。此处不定式短语作目的状语，故填strength 的动词形式strengthen。
9．解析：考查词性转换之名词变形容词。连系动词is 后接形容词作表语，故填energy 的形容词形式energetic。
10．解析：考查名词或代词。此处号召我们尝试一下这种运动，因此可以填名词running，也可以用it 指代。give
sth.a try 尝试一下某事。
B
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)
Diets have changed in China—and so too has its top crop.Since 2011，the country _1.has_grown__(grow) more corn
than rice.Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _2.the__ past 25 years，while rice has increased only 7
percent.
A taste for meat is _3.actually__(actual) behind the change：An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens，
pigs ，and cattle.Another reason for corn's rise ：The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice
_4.to_improve__(improve) water quality.Corn uses less water _5.than__ rice and creates less fertilizer (化肥) runoff.This
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switch has decreased _6.pollution__(pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer
for people.
According to the World Bank ，China accounts for about 30 percent of total _7.global__(globe) fertilizer
consumption.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government _8.starte___(start) a
soil－testing program _9.that/which__ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011，fertilizer use
dropped by 7.7 million tons.That prevented the emission(排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide.China's approach
to protecting its environment while _10.feeding__(feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food
policymakers worldwide，”says the bank's Juergen Voegele.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。中国近年来根据人们的膳食变化调整农作物种植结构，为全球生态环境保护做出
了贡献。
1．解析：考查时态和主谓一致。由时间状语since 2011 可知句子用现在完成时，主语the country 是第三人称单
数，故谓语动词用has grown。
2．解析：考查固定搭配中的定冠词。over the past 25 years 在过去的25 年里。
3．解析：考查词性转换之形容词变为副词。修饰be behind the change 用形容词actual 的副词形式actually。
4．解析：考查非谓语动词之动词不定式。此处表示“政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是水稻来改善水质”，故用不定
式作目的状语。
5．解析：考查介词。由句中的比较级less 可知，此处将玉米和水稻进行比较，故填than。
6．解析：考查词性转换之动词变为名词。decrease“降低，减少”，后接名词作宾语，pollute 的名词形式是pollution。
7．解析：考查词性转换之名词变为形容词。修饰名词短语fertilizer consumption 应用形容词，名词globe 的形容
词形式是global。
8．解析：考查时态。由2005 可知事情发生在过去，应用一般过去时，故谓语动词用start 的过去式started。
9．解析：考查引导定语从句的关系代词。分析句子结构可知，所填词引导定语从句，修饰指物的a soil－testing
program 且在从句中作主语，故用that 或which。
10．解析：考查非谓语动词之现在分词。China 与feed 是主动关系，所以用“连词＋现在分词”形式作状语。
C
(2018·11 月浙江高考)
The Caffeine Catch
Caffeine, a chemical typically found in coffee, has caused a lot of concern because it is one of the few drugs that
show
up
regularly
in
our
food
supply.You
probably
_1.have_been_using/have_use___(use)
caffeine
since
childhood.Caffeine _2.was__(be)in your first Coke. If you ever enjoyed a chocolate bar, you ate caffeine. Soft drinks are
the major source (来源) of caffeine for most children and even some adults._3.Recently__(recent), caffeine has found its
way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.
Small amounts of caffeine—a cup _4.or__ two of coffee a day—seem safe for most people. However，some people
have trouble with even small amounts. One cup of coffee _5.in__ the late afternoon or evening will cause _6.them__(they)
to stay awake almost all night. Larger amounts of caffeine can cause a problem _7.calle___(call) caffeinism. You get very
nervous and you can't sleep.
It is possible _8.that__ caffeine may cause birth defects ( 缺陷) in humans, too.One study showed that
_9.women__(woman) who drank a lot of coffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more
likely _10.to_have__(have) children with birth defects.
文章大意：这是一篇说明文，主要讲述了咖啡因对人类健康的影响。
1．解析：考查动词的时态。根据下文中的“since childhood”可知，此处应用现在完成进行时或现在完成时，故填
have been using/have used。
2．解析：考查主谓一致。根据上下文内容以及空处所在句中的“in your first Coke”可知，此处描述的是发生在过
去的事，且主语是不可数名词Caffeine，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式，故填was。
3．解析：考查副词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用副词修饰整个句子，故填recent 的副词形式。
4．解析：考查连词。根据语境可知，此处表示“在一天一杯或两杯咖啡”，故此处应用or“或者”。
5．解析：考查介词。根据语境可知，此处表示“在一天下午的晚些时候或晚上”，故此处应用介词in。
6．解析：考查代词。分析句子结构可知，空处作宾语，故用they 的宾格形式。
7．解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处call 与problem 之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故填其过去分
词形式。
8．解析：考查主语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处It 作形式主语，真正的主语是空处引导的从句，且空处在从
句中不作成分，故填that。
9．解析：考查名词的单数。根据下文中的“they were”和“were”可推知，此处应用其复数形式women。
10．解析：考查固定用法。根据“were more likely”可知，其后应接动词不定式。be likely to do sth.“很可能做某
事”为固定用法。
D
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt.This trend, which
was started by the medical community(医学界)_1.as__ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side
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_2.effects__(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.
Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet.They are required _3.to_process__(process) the food that we eat, to
recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.When fat and salt _4.are_remove___(remove) from food, the
food tastes as if it is missing something.As _5.___ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something
missing.Even _6.worse__(bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up.Fast food _7.is__ (be) full of fat and salt;
by _8.eating__ (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.
Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack(吃点心) between meals and will improve the
taste of your food.However, be _9.careful__(care) not to go to extremes.Like anything, it is possible to have too much of
both, _10.which__ is not good for the health.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了一种低脂肪、低盐的饮食趋势及其对人们健康的影响。
1．解析：考查介词。分析句子结构可知，此处在句中作状语，表示“作为一种抵御心脏病的方式”，所以填as，
意为“作为”。
2．解析：考查名词复数。这种趋势产生了一些意想不到的副作用。根据空前的“some”及空后的“such as overweight
and heart disease”可知，此处指不止一种副作用，故用名词复数形式effects。
3．解析：考查非谓语动词。be required to do sth.为固定用法。
4．解析：考查时态和语态。本文的主体时态为一般现在时，此处亦应用一般现在时；又fat and salt 是动词remove
的承受者，应用被动语态。所以此处填are removed。
5．解析：考查冠词。as a result 为固定搭配，意为“结果”。
6．解析：考查比较级。短语even worse 意为“更糟糕的是”，表示意义的递进。故用worse。
7．解析：考查时态和主谓一致。此处是对客观情况的描述，应用一般现在时；分析句子结构可知，该句缺少谓语
动词，又因主语为fast food，故填is。
8．解析：考查非谓语动词。介词by 后跟名词、代词或动名词作宾语，故填eating。
9．解析：考查形容词。此处为形容词作表语，故填careful“当心的”构成系表结构。
10．解析：考查关系代词。分析句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，空处指代前句的内容，且在从句中作
主语，故填关系代词which。
E
(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)
Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me,
pandas are its top _1.attraction__(attract)．
So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not－for－profit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay
for research, I _2.was_allowe___(allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600－acre centre.From tomorrow, I
will be their UK ambassador.The title will be _3.officially__(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.But my
connection with pandas goes back _4.to__my days on a TV show in the mid－1980s, _5.when__I was the first Western
TV reporter _6.permitte___(permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.My
ambassadorial duties will include _7.introducing__(introduce) British visitors to the 120－plus pandas at Chengdu and
others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.
On my recent visit, I held a lively three －month －old twin that had been rejected by _8.its__(it) mother.The
nursery team switches him every few _9.days__(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle －fed ，
_10.the__other is with mum—she never suspects.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者的成都之旅及其与大熊猫之间的故事。
1．解析：考查词性转换。但对于像我一样的游客，熊猫是成都最吸引人的事物。由形容词性物主代词its 以及形
容词top 可知此处应该填动词attract 的名词形式attraction，意为“向往之地，有吸引力的事”。
2．解析：考查时态和语态。分析句子结构可知，主语I 与动词allow 之间存在被动关系，且前一句的“was”表明
此处应用一般过去时，故填was allowed。
3．解析：考查词性转换。修饰动词应该用副词，所以填officially。
4．解析：考查介词。go back to 是固定搭配，意为“追溯到”。
5．解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导定语从句，且在从句中作时间状语，故填关系副词
when。
6．解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，permit 与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系，故填过去分词permitted
作后置定语，相当于that/who was permitted。
7．解析：考查非谓语动词。动词include 后需跟动名词作宾语，所以此空填introducing。
8．解析：考查代词。由语境及后面的名词mother 可知，此空应该填it 的形容词性物主代词its。
9．解析：考查名词。由few 修饰可数名词复数可知，此空填days。every few days 是“每隔几天”的意思。
10．解析：考查冠词。这里考查的是one...the other...这一固定搭配，意为“一个……另一个……”。
F
(2017·浙江卷)
Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small
_1.carrots__(carrot) and was about to throw them away.But something made her look closer, and she noticed a
_2.shiny/shining__(shine) object.Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her long－lost wedding ring.
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Pahlsson screamed _3.so__ loudly that her daughter came running from the house.“She thought I had hurt
_4.myself__(I)，”says Pahlsson.
Sixteen years _5.earlier__(early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring _6.to_cook__(cook) a meal.When she
wanted to put the ring back on later, it was gone.She suspected that one of her three daughters—then ten, eight, and
six—had picked it up, but the girls said they hadn't.Pahlsson and her husband _7.searche___(search) the kitchen,
checking every corner, but turned up nothing.“I gave up hope of finding my ring again，” she says.She never replaced
it.
Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got _8.swept__(sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and
was spread over the garden, _9.where__ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through
it.For Pahlsson, its return was _10.___ wonder.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。丢失多年的钻戒竟然在主人打理花园时不经意地出现了。这多么令人激动啊！
1．解析：考查名词复数。a handful of 一把，几个，后接可数名词的复数形式。a handful of carrots 几个胡萝卜。
2．解析：考查词性转换之动词变为形容词。空格处修饰名词object，故用形容词。shine 的形容词形式为shiny
或shining，意为“闪闪发光的”。
3．解析：考查副词。分析句子结构可知，so 与后面的that 构成句型so...that...，意为“如此……以至于……”。
so 修饰副词loudly。
4．解析：考查反身代词。句意为“她原本以为我伤到了自己”。
5．解析：考查副词的比较级。sixteen years earlier 意为“早在16 年前”。
6．解析：考查非谓语动词之动词不定式。莉娜当时摘掉钻戒的目的是做饭，故用动词不定式表目的。
7．解析：考查时态。该句中but 后的turned up 使用了过去式，search 是与之并列的谓语动词，故也应使用过去
式。
8．解析：考查get done 结构。get swept“被扫掉”。
9．解析：考查定语从句的引导词。分析句子结构可知，空格处所在的句子是定语从句，修饰前面的先行词the
garden，且从句缺少地点状语，故用where 引导该定语从句。
10．解析：考查冠词。a wonder 一个奇迹。
G
(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)
Yangshuo，China
It was raining lightly when I _1.arrive___(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn't care.A few hours
_2.before/earlier___，I'd been at home in Hong Kong，with _3.its__(it) choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，
even with the rain.
I'd skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the
Li River _4.that/which__are pictured by artists in so many Chinese _5.paintings__(painting) ．Instead ，I'd headed
straight for Yangshuo.For those who fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away _6.by__ car and offers all the scenery of the
better－known city.
Yangshuo _7.is__ (be) really beautiful.A study of travelers __8.conducte___(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor
names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend
destination for people in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it _9.regularly__ (regular)
arranges quick getaways here for people __10.living__ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者到中国阳朔游玩的经历和感受。
1．解析：句意：就在天亮之前我到了阳朔，天下着小雨。根据前后句时态可知用一般过去时。
2．解析：句意：几个小时前，我还在香港的家里。注意不可以用ago。
3．解析：句意：带着窒息的烟雾。后面为名词，故用its。
4．解析：句意：漓江被许多艺术家所绘画。先行词为Li River，在从句中作主语。
5．解析：句意：在如此多的中国绘画中。painting 为可数名词，注意用复数形式。
6．解析：句意：乘汽车只需要1 个小时。by car 乘汽车。
7．解析：句意：阳朔真的很漂亮。这里用一般现在时。
8．解析：句意：一项网站所进行的调查。过去分词作后置定语，表示被动关系。
9．解析：句意：定期为人们安排这里适合旅行的地方。用副词修饰动词。
10．解析：句意：住在上海和香港的人们。现在分词作后置定语。
H
(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)
If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back and identify ( 识别)those
of_1.greater__(great) and less importance.Then, handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense
of_2.achievement__ (achieve)．Leaving the less important things until tomorrow_3.is__ (be) often acceptable.
Most of us are more focuse__4.on__ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.So, get an early start and
try to be as productive_5.as__ possible before lunch.This will give you the confidence you need to get you through the
afternoon and go home feeling accomplished.
Recent_6.studies__ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks_7.regularly__
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(regular)．Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for_8.___ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
If you find something you love doing outside of the office, you'll be less likely_9.to_bring__(bring) your work
home.It could be anything—gardening, cooking, music, sports—but whatever it is，_10.make__ (make) sure it's a relief
from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.
文章大意：本文为说明文。本文主要介绍了缓解工作中的压力的一些方法。
1．解析：考查形容词的比较级。根据语境及下文的“and less importance”可知，此处应用形容词的比较级来修饰
importance，故填greater。
2．解析：考查词性转换。首先处理最重要的工作以便你能感到一种真实的成就感。介词后接名词，a real sense of
achievement 意为“一种真实的成就感”。
3．解析：考查主谓一致和时态。把不太重要的事情留到明天通常是可以接受的。分析句子结构可知，该句中的主
语为动名词短语“Leaving the less important things until tomorrow”，故谓语动词为第三人称单数形式，且全文的基本
时态为一般现在时。故填is。
4．解析：考查介词。我们中的大多数人在早上的时候会比我们在一天中的晚些时候更加集中于我们的工作。固定
短语be focused on 意为“集中于……。”故填on。
5．解析：考查连词。因此，早点儿开始并且在午饭前要尽可能高效。固定结构as...as possible 意为“尽可能……”。
6．解析：考查名词复数。最新的研究表明，如果我们有规律地短暂休息的话，我们在工作中会变得高效得多。分
析句子结构可知，谓语动词为show，为复数形式，且study 作“研究，调查”讲时为可数名词，故主语应为复数。故
填studies。
7．解析：考查词性转换。副词修饰谓语动词take，故填regularly“有规律地”。
8．解析：考查冠词。固定短语for a while 意为“一会儿”。
9．解析：考查非谓语动词。固定短语be likely to do sth.意为“可能做某事”，故填to bring。
10．解析：考查祈使句。分析句子结构可知，but 连接两个并列分句。其中第二个分句中，whatever 引导让步状
语从句，其后为祈使句充当主句。故填make。
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·南昌市二模)
Ballet is a formal kind of dance performance with a rich and interesting history. The word “ballet” comes from the
French language, and _1.is__(be) based on the Italian word“balletto”. “Balletto” means a little dance. Ballet's early
roots began in Italy in the late 1400s. But it was in France _2.that__ballet developed into the form we know today.
The French ruler Louis the Fourteenth had a big influence __3.on/upon__ the direction of ballet in its early history.
He ruled France for seventy－two years，_4.starting__(start) in 1643.He started dancing as a boy and worked hard
daily.
Louis the Fourteenth turned ballet into a form of dance that reflected _5.his__(he)power and influence. Ballet's
many rules and _6.extremely__(extreme) detailed movements expressed a person's power and social relations.The king
made sure that ballet became a _7.requirement__(require) for the people of his court.He also started the Royal Academy
of Dance ，_8.where__important people could learn this art. The aim of this dance was self －control, order and
perfection.
Ballet slowly changed from a dance at the king's court to one __9.performe___(perform)by professional dancers.
When Louis the Fourteenth died in 1715, ballet _10.was_brought__(bring) to other parts of Europe and was developing
in other ways.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。芭蕾舞的发展经历了一段有趣的历史，法国国王路易十四将芭蕾舞列为宫廷艺术，
并制定了严格的规则；路易十四去世后，芭蕾舞开始在欧洲传播开来。
1．解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。本句的主语The word “ballet”为单数，且本句前半句用的是一般现在时，
此处也应用一般现在时，故填is。
2．解析：考查强调句型。此处考查“It was＋被强调部分＋that＋句子其他部分”强调句型，此处强调地点状语“in
France”。
3．解析：考查介词。influence 意为“影响”，其后接on/upon 表示“对……有影响”。
4．解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词start 和其逻辑主语“He”构成主谓关系，故用start 的现在
分词形式。
5．解析：考查代词。根据语境及空后的名词短语“power and influence”可知，此处应用形容词性物主代词his。
6．解析：考查词形转换。修饰形容词“detailed”要用副词extremely。
7．解析：考查名词。根据该空前的冠词“a”并结合语境可知，此处应填名词形式。
8．解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“the Royal Academy of
Dance”，引导词在从句中作地点状语，故用where 引导该从句。
9．解析：考查过去分词。根据空后的“by professional dancers”可知，此处表示被专业舞者表演。故填performed。
10．解析：考查动词的时态和语态。根据该句中的“in 1715”可知，此处应用一般过去时，且此处表示路易十四去
世后，芭蕾舞被传播到欧洲其他地方。故填was brought。
2
(2019·武汉市4 月调测)
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On January 25,2020，over a billion people in China and millions around the world will celebrate the Chinese New
Year，or the Spring Festival.The ancient tradition ，_1.whose__ date is determined by the lunar calendar and falls
somewhere between January 21 and February 20 each year, is the _2.longest__(long) and most important of all Chinese
festivals.
The preparations will _3.officially__(official) begin with Little New Year on January 17,2020. It is observed with a
day of memorial ceremonies.Other Little New Year activities include cleaning the house _4.to_sweep__(sweep) away bad
luck and hanging spring couplets—red decorations hung in pairs—for wealth. Since red _5.is_believe___(believe) to
keep misfortune and evil spirits away, it can be noticed in everything from clothing to _6.lanterns__(lantern) used to
decorate houses.
Often _7.considere___(consider) the most important meal of the year, the reunion dinner is both delicious and
rooted in Chinese tradition._8.___ whole chicken symbolizes family togetherness ，while long uncut noodles show
longevity (长寿)．Wealth is represented by dumplings and spring rolls. Children receive red envelopes filled _9.with__
money and inspiring messages from elders and are often allowed to stay up late to watch the _10.amazing__(amaze)
fireworks shows.
The two－week long celebrations will end on February 8—the day of the full moon—with the Lantern Festival.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了中国的传统节日春节的相关内容。
1．解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，本句是一个非限制性定语从句，空处在从句中作定语，先行词为“The
ancient tradition”，空处与“date”为所属关系，故用whose 引导该从句。
2．解析：考查形容词的最高级。根据语境和空前的“the”及空后的“most important”可知，此处表示最高级的含义，
故用形容词的最高级。
3．解析：考查副词。分析句子成分可知，此处应用副词officially 修饰动词begin，在句子中作状语。
4．解析：考查非谓语动词。根据语境并分析句子结构可知，此处是不定式作目的状语，故填to sweep。
5．解析：考查动词的语态、时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，此处是“sth.be believed to do sth.”句型，应用
被动形式；此处为一般性描述，故应用一般现在时；且主语red 为第三人称单数，故填is believed。
6．解析：考查名词的单复数。lantern 是可数名词，且其前无限定词，故用其复数形式。
7．解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，consider 和其逻辑主语“the reunion dinner”构成动宾关系，故用
过去分词形式。
8．解析：考查冠词。chicken“鸡”是可数名词，第一次在文中出现，句子的谓语动词为单数形式，且whole 的
发音以辅音音素开头，故填不定冠词A。
9．解析：考查介词。固定词组搭配be filled with...意为“充满……”，符合语境，故填介词with。
10．解析：考查词形转换。根据空前的“the”和空后的名词词组“fireworks shows”可知，此处应用形容词修饰其后
的名词词组“fireworks shows”。故填amazing“令人惊叹的”。
3
(2019·太原市期末)
Birth order，whether you are an older，middle or younger child in your family，affects your career path as well as
personality，a new study shows.
_1.To_reach__(reach) their conclusions ，researchers studied many successful people from different career
groups.One of the most important _2.discoveries__(discover) is that middle children are more likely to become CEOs
than
other
children.Among
them
_3.is__(be)
Mark
Zuckerberg.The
reason
could
be
that
they
are
more
_4.competitive__(competition) and flexible to fight for attention from the parents，_5.which__ makes them fit for high－
flying roles._6.It__is claimed that consideration of others and high levels of management are required.
Interestingly ，they found the _7.majority__(major) of astronauts are eldest children ，the _8.first__(one) born
children in the family.While youngest children were found to be more likely to have careers in classical music，because
they are _9.possibly__(possible) more sensitive and romantic.As for only children，the study suggests they are more
likely to become artists due _10.to__their personality of doing things perfectly and maturely.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一项有关出生顺序与职业道路之间关系的研究的研究及其结论。
1．解析：考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知，为了得出结论，研究者们调查了很多来自不同职业群体的成功人士。
此处表示目的，故填To reach。
2．解析：考查词形转换。根据空前的“One of the most important”可知，空处应用名词的复数形式，故填discoveries。
3．解析：考查主谓一致和时态。根据空后的“Mark Zuckerberg”可知，空处应用单数形式；又此处是一般性描述，
应用一般现在时。故填is。
4．解析：考查词形转换。根据空后的and 可知，空处与“flexible”并列，词性相同，故填competitive。
5．解析：考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面的“they are more...from the
parents”，故用which 来引导该从句。
6．解析：考查固定用法。It is claimed that“据说”是固定用法。
7．解析：考查词形转换。根据本句的句意，以及空前的“the”和空后的“of astronauts”可知，空处应填major 的名
词形式majority。the majority of 表示“大多数”。
8．解析：考查序数词。根据本句中的“are eldest children”可知，此处指大多数宇航员都是家中年龄最大的孩子，
即家中第一个出生的孩子，故应填first。
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9．解析：考查副词。分析句子结构可知，空处修饰后面的形容词比较级结构“more sensitive and romantic”，故应
用possible 的副词形式possibly。
10．解析：考查固定搭配。根据语境可知，此处表示至于独生子女，该研究表明，由于他们做事情完美且成熟的
个性，他们更可能成为艺术家。due to“由于，因为”是固定短语。
4
(2019·石家庄市一模)
A material can be really special when it was named after the place where it _1.was_create___(create) originally.
That's certainly the case _2.with__ china. And of all types of china, white porcelain(瓷) is among the most famous.
Nowadays, the _3.traditional__(tradition) material has taken on a modern look in the _4.hands__(hand) of four
Chinese artists in the Modern White Porcelain Exhibition. And the key word here is “modern”. One of the works
_5.is__(be) a porcelain boat.But look _6.attentively__(attentive) and you'll see that the boat _7.built__(build) with
porcelain looks like a takeout box.Inside the boat is a statue of a baby. The baby stands for humans and the boat is
_8.what__ supports life. It suggests we may have done some damage to _9.the__ environment and that we're treating life
like fast food.
All the four artists gave white porcelain a modern style，each in _10.their__(they) own way. And this is what the
exhibition's theme comes from. It's a dialogue between the past and the present.
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了白瓷的现代艺术风格的相关内容。
1．解析：考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据该句中的“was”和句意可知，该空用一般过去时；空前的“it”指代“A
material”和动词create 之间为被动关系，且是第三人称单数，故填was created。
2．解析：考查介词。该句意为：对于瓷器就是这样的例子。with“关于，对于”符合语境，故用with。
3．解析：考查形容词。形容词可修饰名词，根据空后的名词“material”可知，空处用形容词traditional 修饰该名
词。
4．解析：考查名词的单复数。hand 为可数名词，根据该句中的“of four Chinese artists”可知，该处应用其复数形
式。
5．解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。根据语境可知，此处是客观性描述，故用一般现在时；该句主语为“One of
the works”，为第三人称单数形式，故填is。
6．解析：考查副词。修饰动词应用副词，故此处应用副词attentively 修饰动词look。
7．解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，the boat 和动词build 之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用过去分词
built。
8．解析：考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，在该从句中作主语，表示“……的事物”，
故用what 引导该表语从句。
9．解析：考查冠词。该句意为：它表明，我们可能已经对自然环境造成了一些破坏，而且我们对待生命就像对待
快餐一样。根据句意可知，该处特指自然环境，故用定冠词the。
10．解析：考查代词。根据该句主语“All the four artists”可知，此处表示“以他们自己的方式”，故填their。
5
(2019·郑州市二模)
Zhou
Shihao,
17,
from
Shanghai
Yichuan
High
School ，was
shocked
by
the
statistics
he
had
found._1.When/While/As__ he was looking into the use of cellphones by drivers, he found that more than 30% of
them reached for their cellphones on the road.
“Any use of handheld devices (设备) should be _2.firmly__(firm) forbidden while driving，” said Zhou.“It's not a
daily chore, but a serious social issue.”
The teenager's concerns led to his drafting a proposal on this issue—something _3.that__ he did together with five
other schoolmates in the Mock Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference competition in the Putuo District of
Shanghai.
Zhou and his schoolmates were not alone. In January，many Shanghai youngsters, even elementary school students,
took part in Mock CPPCC competitions _4.hel___(hold) in their local districts and handed in proposals on issues
ranging from network security and the future city to the protection of _5.traditional__(tradition) culture.
“The competition really encourages us students to focus on social issues and play an active role _6.in__ taking
responsibility for our country，”said Zhang Simin,17, from Shanghai Nanyang High School.
The senior student used to think that the handling of state affairs was just for politicians. But thinking on the“ 3：
30 problem” changed her mind.
Kids usually finish school at 3：30. However, most parents work until 6：00, _7.making__(make)it hard for them to
pick kids up.“This is a problem we've all been through，” said Zhang.
To help students，Zhang's school _8.invite___(invite) deputies to the National People's Congress to give students
instruction.
“Thanks to the deputies, we finally understand it's not who is to blame that _9.matters__(matter), but finding the
best solution，” said Zhang.
“The competition aims to encourage a sense of citizenship among China's Post－00s generation，” said Xia Jing,
a teacher from Shanghai Jinyuan Senior High School. “Through this channel, students can let their _10.voices__(voice)
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221
be heard.”
文章大意：本文是一篇说明文。上海市宜川中学的学生周世豪和他的同学一起参加了上海普陀区的模拟政协会议
比赛，并提交了一份关于开车时使用手持设备问题的提案。这种比赛促使学生更加关注社会问题。
1．解析：考查状语从句。该句意为：当他调查司机使用手机的情况时，他发现30%以上的司机在路上会伸手拿
手机。根据句意并结合空后的“he was looking into”可知，空处表示“当……时”，故可知答案。
2．解析：考查副词。空处修饰动词forbidden，作状语，表示“坚决禁止”，故用副词firmly。
3．解析：考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，空处引导定语从句，在从句中作及物动词did 的宾语，修饰先行词
something，something 是不定代词，故用that 引导该定语从句。
4．解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词hold 与其逻辑主语“Mock CPPCC competitions”之间为动宾
关系，故用其过去分词形式作后置定语。
5．解析：考查形容词。根据空前的“the protection of”和空后的名词“culture”可知，应用tradition 的形容词形式。
6．解析：考查固定搭配。play an active role in...为固定搭配，意为“在……中发挥积极的作用”。
7．解析：考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，空处作状语，表示结果，故用现在分词形式。
8．解析：考查动词的时态。根据语境可知，该句陈述的是发生在过去的事情，故用一般过去时。
9．解析：考查主谓一致。分析该句结构可知，此处为强调句型，that 指代who is to blame，在从句中作主语，为
第三人称单数形式，故填matters。
10．解析：考查名词的单复数。该句意为：通过这一渠道，学生们能让人们听到他们的呼声。voice 表示“意见，
呼声”时，为可数名词，根据该句中的“students”和“their”并结合句意可知，该处应用名词voice 的复数形式voices。
6
(2019·山东省、湖北省部分重点中学二模)
“Nothing can make our lives ，or the lives of other people ，more _1.pleasant__(please) than kindness.” I
remembered the sentence again after practicing a small act.
Just inside the entrance of a building today I saw a woman _2.seate___(seat) in a wheelchair in front of me. Not
_3.in__ a hurry, I didn't want to disturb her so I stayed behind. She asked me to push the button for the lift after being
aware of my _4.presence__(present). Walking by her to the lift, I pressed the button and the lift came immediately. She
asked me to hold the lift as it would take her some time _5.to_walk__(walk) that short distance.
I was more than glad to do this, but panic _6.rose__(rise) inside me at the same time. The “open” and “close”
symbols on many lifts often don't have the _7.words__(word) “open” and “close” and I often press the wrong
button._8.Thankfully__(thankful) besides the symbol, it also said open, so I was able to press the correct button and told
her to take her time getting on. I didn't press the close button _9.until__ she steadied herself in the lift.
She thanked me and I wished her a blessed day.As _10.___ matter of fact, the process took me only five minutes but
I felt warm inside afterwards.
文章大意：这是一篇记叙文，该文讲述了主人公坐电梯时帮一位坐在轮椅上的女士按电梯按钮，并让电梯门开着
等她上电梯的故事。
1．解析：考查形容词。没有什么比善良能使我们的生活或其他人的生活更愉快的。根据句意可知，空处应填形容
词pleasant“令人愉快的”。
2．解析：考查非谓语动词。本空提示词seat 是使役动词，表示“使坐下”，这里用过去分词作宾补表示状态。
3．解析：考查介词。这里用短语in a hurry 表示“赶时间”，因此本空填介词in。
4．解析：考查名词。根据前面的my 可知，这里填提示词的名词形式presence，其作宾语表示“在场”。
5．解析：考查非谓语动词。从句子结构看，句中为固定句式it takes.sb.some time to do sth.，因此填动词不定式。
6．解析：考查时态。与全文的叙述一致，这里讲述过去发生的事，应用一般过去时。
7．解析：考查名词的数。根据后面的“open”“close”可知，此处指两个单词，故用word 的复数形式。
8．解析：考查副词。这里用提示词的副词形式作状语表示“幸好，幸亏”。
9．解析：考查状语从句。分析句子结构可知，本句是not...until...句型，表示“直到……才……”。
10．解析：考查冠词。as a matter of fact“事实上”，为固定结构，故填不定冠词a。
7
(2019·洛阳市二模)
My mom was a nurse and often took me along to visit the _1.families__(family)she was caring for, including one
who had a series of strokes (中风) and was bedridden. One afternoon Mom told me that we needed to visit the woman
_2.to_give__(give)her medications, and that we would stop at a store _3.on__ the way. I thought we would stop at a
drugstore, but we pulled up to a shopping mall.
My mom _4.heade___(head) to the perfume (香水) counter and bought the most expensive bottle they offered. She
also bought a beautiful nightdress. When I asked her who they were for, she said they were for her patient. She
_5.further__(far) explained although this woman was old and bedridden, she was still a lady, and _6.the__ old deserved
to be treated with respect and grace. When _7.caring__(care)for someone, we should look past the disability or the
illness and look into the soul of the human, so we can connect them with sympathy. I soon realized that my mom's
greatest _8.strength__(strong)was taking care of those who cannot advocate for _9.themselves__(they) and need
trustworthy care providers. That's _10.why__ I wanted to become a doctor.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。妈妈经常带“我”去看望她的病人。她不仅关心病人的身体，还关心病人的心理
健康。在妈妈的影响下，“我”想成为一名医生。
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222
1．解析：考查名词的单复数。根据下文中的“including one”并结合语境可知，病人不止一个，涉及不同的家庭，
故填families。
2．解析：考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，此处表示目的，应用动词不定式，故填to give。
3．解析：考查介词。on the way 意为“在路上”，为固定用法，故填on。
4．解析：考查动词的时态。根据该句中的“bought”可知，此处描述的是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时，故
填headed。
5．解析：考查副词的比较级。根据语境可知，“我”不明白妈妈为什么这么做，所以妈妈进一步解释给我听。故
填further。
6．解析：考查冠词。“the＋某些形容词”表示一类人，the old 表示“老年人”。故填the。
7．解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处为分词短语作时间状语，care 和其逻辑主语we 是主谓关系，
应用现在分词，故填caring。
8．解析：考查词形转换。根据前面的形容词最高级“greatest”和空后的“was”可知，空处应用名词，故填strength。
9．解析：考查代词。此处作for 的宾语，表示“为他们自己”，故填themselves。
10．解析：考查名词性从句。句意：那就是我想要成为一名医生的原因。That's why...表示“那就是……的原因”。
故填why。
8
(2019·安徽省重点中学盟校联合模拟)
Each time I take the underground I find myself _1.surrounde___(surround) by dozens of passengers playing
smartphones. They almost won't even give a glance at the outside world. You may think it is normal to play smartphones
_2.to_kill__(kill) time.What's worse, when I talk with some of my friends, they talk as playing, which is really an
_3.annoyance__(annoy)．
I really miss the old days when I _4.chatte___(chat) with some passengers on the train. Now things are different.
Everyone just concentrates _5.on__ their smartphones. When talking with them，_6.it__ seems that you are disturbing
their playing smartphones. I could not just blame them for I am moving to be one like them. Sometimes I just feel we
_7.largely__(large) ignore our neighbors and want to keep in touch with _8.distant__(distance) strangers through the
Internet. We care about the things far away but pay no attention to the needs nearby._9.How__ ridiculous the situation
is! In a way we _10.are_controlle___(control) by smartphones now. Are you experiencing the same situation like me? Do
you have any ways to avoid that?
文章大意：这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章，讲述了如今人们“手机控”的现象，作者呼吁人们多关注身边的人，不要
被手机控制。
1．解析：考查过去分词。本句考查了“find sb.＋宾补”的结构，myself 与surround 是逻辑上的动宾关系，因此
用过去分词作宾补。
2．解析：考查不定式。本句中it 是形式主语，真正主语是to play smartphones，此处应用不定式作目的状语。
3．解析：考查名词。这真是一件令人生气的事。句中缺少名词作表语，故用annoy 的名词形式，表示“使人烦恼
的事，令人生气的事物”。
4．解析：考查时态。依据句中的the old days 可知，此处描述发生在过去的事情，用一般过去时。注意：chat 要
双写t 再加－ed。
5．解析：考查介词。每个人只把注意力放在自己的手机上。concentrate on...“集中(注意力)于……，聚精会神
于……”。
6．解析：考查代词。本句考查了“it seems that...”句式。
7．解析：考查副词。空处修饰动词ignore，因此用副词，意为“在很大程度上”。
8．解析：考查形容词。由句意和空后的名词可以推断出此处用形容词作定语，distant“遥远的”。
9．解析：考查副词。空处修饰形容词ridiculous，该句为How 引导的感叹句型：How＋形容词＋主语＋谓语。
10．解析：考查时态和语态。在某种程度上，我们现在被手机控制了。we 与control 是被动关系，再结合后面的
now 可知，此处应用are controlled。
第3 讲
短文改错
试
卷
年份
体裁
(词
数)
考点
高考命
题者说
谓语动词
非
谓
语
动
词
形容
词、
副词
名
词
冠
词
介
词
代
词
连
接
词
数
词
时态语
态及主
谓一致
情
态
虚
拟
全
国
卷
2019
年
记叙
文
(93)
0
0
1
3
2
1
0
1
2
0
1.素养考
查：一般以
记叙文为
2018
记叙
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
0
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223
Ⅰ
主，话题贴
近学生生
活，内容积
极向上，彰
显了英语
学科的核
心素养。
2.考查特
点：考点个
数基本上
是维持平
衡的。逐步
会增加关
于行文逻
辑、语篇整
体理解的
考查。
年
文
(113)
2017
年
记叙
文
(108)
1
0
1
3
1
1
1
0
1
1
全
国
卷
Ⅱ
2019
年
记叙
文
(106)
1
0
1
3
1
0
1
1
1
1
2018
年
说明
文
(108)
2
0
2
0
2
1
1
1
1
0
2017
年
记叙
文
(93)
1
0
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
全
国
卷
Ⅲ
2019
年
记叙
文
(102)
1
0
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
2018
年
记叙
文
(102)
2
0
2
2
1
0
1
0
2
0
2017
年
记叙
文
(107)
3
0
0
2
0
1
1
1
2
0
精通题型解题技巧
有的放矢稳拿高分
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)
I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident.One afternoon where I was in primary school，I
was walking by the school playground.Suddenly football fell just in front of me but almost hit me.I stopped the ball and
kicked it hardly back to the playground.To everyone's surprising，the ball went into the net.All the football player on the
playground cheered loudly ，say that I had a talent for football.From now on ，I started to play my football with
classmates after school.I am a good player now.
答案：
I became interesting
interested in playing football thanks to a small accident.One afternoon where
when I was in primary school，
I was walking by the school playground.Suddenly ∧
a
football fell just in front of me but
and almost hit me.I stopped the
ball and kicked it hardly
hard
back to the playground.To everyone's surprising
surprise ，the ball went into the net.All the football
player
players on the playground cheered loudly，say
saying that I had a talent for football.From now
then on，I started to play my
football with classmates after school.I am a good player now.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者因为一次小“意外”而喜欢上足球运动的故事。
1．解析：interesting→interested
become interested in 变得对……感兴趣。
2．解析：where→when
one afternoon 是表示时间的名词，后面的定语从句应用when 引导。
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224
3．解析：football 前加a
此处是泛指“一个足球”，应用不定冠词a。
4．解析：but→and
“一个足球正好落在我面前”与“差点儿打到我”之间是顺承关系，故用并列连词and。
5．解析：hardly→hard
此处表示“用力把足球踢回操场”，应用hard(adv.用力地)。hardly 意为“几乎不”。
6．解析：surprising→surprise
to one's surprise 令某人惊讶的是。
7．解析：player→players
根据前面的all 可知，player 应用复数形式players。
8．解析：say→saying
分析句子结构可知，cheered 是谓语动词，say 前没有并列连词and 等，所以say 只能用
非谓语动词形式；主语与say 之间是主动关系，故用现在分词短语作状语。
9．解析：now→then
文章讲述的是过去发生的事情，应该用from then on，意为“从那时起”。from now on
意为“从现在起”。
10．解析：去掉my
play football 踢足球。
名师点津
从词法、句法和语篇角度考查考生在语篇中综合运用英语知识的能力，所考查的内容覆盖面广、分布合理。
考查内容
命题重点
词法
名词
单数与复数、可数与不可数、所有格
冠词
不定冠词、定冠词与零冠词
代词
主格与宾格、人称与物主、人称与反身、不定代词、
关系代词
介词
介词用法、介词与其他词性的搭配
形容词和副词
原级、比较级、最高级
动词
时态、语态、非谓语动词、情态动词、虚拟语气
词性误用
形容词与副词、形容词与名词、名词与动词
句法
连词(并列连词、从属连词)、主谓一致、there be 句型、特殊句式
行文逻辑
时态一致、指代一致、逻辑一致
◆考查形式
短文改错10 处错误中，考查错词、多词、漏词三种形式的错误。
解答短文改错时要遵循四个原则：改动以最少为原则；虚词以添加或删除为原则；实词以改变词形为原则；不改
动句意为原则。
1．注意冠词考查类型，牢记冠词出错点。
错误类型涉及多词、缺词和错词三种。出错点在a(n)与the 的误用、a 与an 的误用、单数可数名词前冠词的缺失
及误加冠词等方面。要牢记冠词用法，准确判断元音及辅音音素。
典例
①I asked Mom to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen.
剖析：在第二个in 后加the。in the kitchen 与前文的in the sitting room 相对应。
②...he quickly walked into the shop.A woman saw him crying and told him to wait outside a shop.
剖析：a→the。此处特指上文提到的商店。应将a 改为the。
2．考虑名词单复数，注意可数与不可数。
若出现名词，主要考虑名词的可数与不可数问题、单复数问题。错误类型为错词型。
典例
①(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They often get some useful informations from the Internet.
剖析：informations→information。information 是不可数名词，意为“信息”，没有复数形式。
②Mom has a full－time job, but she has to do most of the houseworks.
剖析：houseworks→housework。housework“家务活”为不可数名词。
③...little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent...his parents were missing.
剖析：parent→parents。由后文的his parents were missing 可知，应将parent 改为复数形式。
3．遵循一致性原则，注意代词形式的误用。
主要考查形容词性物主代词指代的错误，不定代词之间的误用、反身代词之间的误用。代词主格与宾格的误用、
代词单数与复数的误用、反身代词与宾格代词的误用等也会涉及。遵循一致性的原则，便可以很容易找到错误。错误
类型以错词为主。
典例
①If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden your view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.
剖析：your→our。前面主语为we，故此处表示“开拓我们的视野”。
②When he came back，I found a bunch of flowers in her hand.
剖析：her→his。手里拿着一束花的是父亲。
4．分析句子成分，注意形容词与副词的误用。
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出题者往往从考生的汉语思维入手，即只考虑句意而忽视形容词与副词的作用。主要表现为：形容词与副词的误
用，形容词、副词的原级、比较级、最高级之间的误用。在分析句子时尤其要注意修饰性的词语在句中的作用，判断
其词性，从而找出错误。错误类型为错词型。
典例
①Instead，he hopes that his business will grow steady.
剖析：steady→steadily。动词grow 应该用副词修饰，steady 是形容词，其副词形式为steadily。
②The dishes that I cooked were Mon's favoritest.
剖析：favoritest→favorite。favorite 是形容词，这里相当于名词，意为“最喜欢的事物”。favorite 本身含有最高
级意义，没有最高级形式，因此要把favoritest 改为favorite。
③...global warming has already become a very seriously problem.
剖析：seriously→serious。由a 和problem 可知，此处应用形容词修饰名词，故应将seriously 改为serious。
5．注意介词错误类型，考虑介词搭配。
短文改错对介词的考查类型涉及多词、缺词和错词三类。主要涉及在及物动词后接宾语时多加介词和在不及物动
词后少加介词，介词的固定搭配以及介词的基本用法。判断时要着重观察动词后的介词以及介词的搭配是否正确。
典例
①Unfortunately, on the development of industrialization, the environment has been polluted.
剖析：on→with。表示“随着……”通常用介词with，with the development of...“随着……的发展”，应将on
改为with。
②Tony saw a toy on a shop window.
剖析：on→in。玩具应该是在橱窗里面，故应将on 改为in。
6．分析逻辑关系，把握全文时态基调。
改错时要重点分析谓语动词的时态、语态。主要设错形式为现在时态与过去时态的误用，主动语态与被动语态的
误用。做题时要把握全文时态基调并注意平行结构及主语与谓语之间的逻辑关系，同时要注意主谓一致。错误类型为
错词型，有时候也有多词情况，例如错用被动语态时been 的多余。
典例
①I thought that it is a good idea.
剖析：thought→think。文章通篇时态为一般现在时，因此要将thought 改为think。
②They always tell me what to do and how to do it.
剖析：tell→told。本文讲述的是过去的事情，故用一般过去时。tell 的过去式是told。
③Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become...
剖析：去掉been。此处表示“研究表明”，应用主动语态。故应将been 去掉。
④A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.
剖析：telling→told。这位妇女看见他哭然后告诉他在商店外面等待。故把telling 改为told，told 和动词saw 是并
列关系。
⑤My dream school look like a big garden.
剖析：look→looks。本题考查主语和谓语在数上的一致性。本句的主语school 是可数名词单数，谓语动词应用单
数，故应将look 改为looks。
7．判断谓语还是非谓语，考虑非谓语动词形式的误用。
主要考查动名词和不定式的误用、现在分词和过去分词的误用、动词不定式是否省略to 等问题。错误类型涉及多
词、缺词和错词三种。短文改错中常常把谓语动词误用作非谓语动词，或把非谓语动词误用作谓语动词，因此在解题
时要多分析一个句子中会有多个谓语的情况，是否其中一个应为非谓语形式。
典例
①Mom was grateful and moving.
剖析：moving→moved。moving“令人感动的”，moved“感动的”，妈妈因为我和爸爸的表现很感激、很感动。
②I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes.
剖析：wear→wearing。介词by 后面用动名词形式，表示方式。
③After looks at the toy for some time, he turned around and found that his parents were missing.
剖析：looks→looking。after 后面的部分没有主语，而且looks 的时态和全文不符，因此这里不能加主语，要把looks
改为非谓语动词looking。
8．判断从句类型，注意连词之间的误用。
短文改错对于连词的考查主要在于句子之间的关系、并列句的逻辑关系以及复合句中连词的作用。主要为“and，
so，or 与but”“that 与what”等连词之间的误用。错误类型涉及多词、缺词和错词三种。
典例
①Mom has a full－time job, so she has to do most of the housework.
剖析：so→but。本句为并列句，前后分句“妈妈有全职工作”与“大部分的家务活还要妈妈干”两者之间为转折
关系，故把so 改为but。
②The dishes what I cooked were Mom's favorite.
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剖析：what→that/which 或删除what。分析句子结构可知，引导词在句中引导定语从句，先行词为dishes，
指物，且在句中作宾语，故把what 改为that/which 或者删除what。
③After looking at the clothes for some time，he turned around and found where his son was missing.
剖析：where→that 或去掉where。found 后面是宾语从句，根据意思可知，这里指“他儿子不见了”这个事实，
故把where 改为that，that 可省略。
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)
I've had many dreams since I was a child.Now my dream is to opens a cafe.Though it may appear simple ，it
required a lot of ideas and efforts.What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one.I want my cafe have a
special theme such as like “Tang Dynasty”．In the cafe，customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment
what is created for them.If I succeed in manage one，I will open more.I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different
city.Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an unique style.
答案：
I've had many dreams since I was a child.Now my dream is to opens
open
a cafe.Though it may appear simple，it
required
requires a lot of ideas and efforts.What I want is not just an ordinarily
ordinary
cafe but a very special one.I want my cafe ∧
to
have a special theme such as like“Tang Dynasty” ．In the cafe ，customers will enjoy yourselves
themselves
in the historical
environment
what
that/which is created for them.If I succeed in
manage
managing one，I will open more.I wish to have a chain of
cafes in many different city
cities.Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an
a unique style.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了作者要开办多家咖啡馆的梦想。语篇以积极工作为切入点，宣扬劳动
精神，倡导考生培养劳动意识、树立奋斗精神。
1．解析：opens→open
to 是不定式符号，后跟动词原形。不定式短语to open a cafe 在句中作表语。
2．解析：required→requires
文章讲述的是现在发生的事，故用一般现在时。
3．解析：ordinarily→ordinary
此处用形容词ordinary 修饰名词cafe。
4．解析：cafe 后加to
want sb./sth.to do sth.希望某人/某物做某事。
5．解析：去掉as 后的like
such as 例如，是固定搭配。
6．解析：yourselves→themselves
此处指代主语customers，要用themselves。
7．解析：what→that/which
先行词是the historical environment，定语从句中缺少主语，故用that 或which。
what 可以引导宾语从句、表语从句等，但不可以引导定语从句。
8．解析：manage→managing
succeed in doing sth.成功做某事。
9．解析：city→cities
many 修饰可数名词复数。
10．解析：an→a
unique 是读音以辅音音素开头的单词，其前用a，不用an。类似的词还有university，European
等。
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
During my last winter holiday，I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.I find a big change
there.The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and another animals.Last winter
when I went here again，they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.They also had a small pond which they
raised fish.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell the fish.I felt happily that their life had
improved.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return for every two years，but he agreed.
答案：
During my last winter holiday，I went to ∧
the
countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.I
find
found a big
change there.The first time I went there，they were living in a small house with dogs，ducks，and another
other
animals.Last
winter when I went here
there again，they had a big separate house to raise doz－ens of chicken
chickens.They also had a small pond
∧
in
which
或where
they raised fish.My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by
sell
selling the fish.I felt happily
happy
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227
that their life had improved.At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return for every two years，but
and he
agreed.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者的爷爷奶奶生活的巨大变化。
1．解析：在countryside 前面加the
词法错误。go to the countryside 表示“去乡下”，是固定搭配。
2．解析：find→found
句法错误。文章讲述的是过去发生的事，故用一般过去时。
3．解析：another→other
词法错误。another 意为“另一个”，修饰可数名词单数；此处表示“其他的”动物，
应用other。
4．解析：here→there
词法错误。去乡下看望爷爷奶奶，应该是“远指”而非“近指”，故用there。
5．解析：chicken→chickens
词法错误。dozens of 许多，修饰可数名词复数。
6．解析：which→where/在which 前面加in
句法错误。pond 是表示地点的名词，后面的定语从句主、谓、宾成
分齐全，故用where 或“介词＋which”引导定语从句；表达“在池塘里”用介词in。
7．解析：sell→selling
词法错误。by 是介词，后接动词时要用其动名词形式。
8．解析：happily→happy
词法错误。feel 此处是连系动词，后接形容词作表语。
9．解析：去掉for
词法错误。every two years 是时间状语，可独立使用，不需要介词。
10．解析：but→and
行文逻辑错误。“每两年回乡下的爷爷奶奶家一次”与“他同意”是顺承关系，故用并列
连词and。
B
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)
When I was little，Friday's night was our family game night.After supper，we would play card games of all sort in
the sitting room.As the kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watching them，my
parents would not to let me.They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.Still I unwilling to play
the games for them sometimes.I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.The games my
parents taught me where I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
答案：
When I was little，Friday's
Friday
night was our family game night.After supper，we would play card games of all sort
sorts in
the sitting room.As the
a
kid，I loved to watch cartoons，but no matter how many times I asked to watching
watch
them，my
parents would not to let me.They would say to us
me that playing card games would help my brain.Still I
∧
was
unwilling
to play the games
for
with them sometimes.I didn't realize how right my parents
are
were until I entered high school.The
games my parents taught me where
when I was a child turned out to be very useful later in my life.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者小时候父母不愿意让他看动画片，而是鼓励他参与玩纸牌游戏的
故事。
1．解析：Friday's→Friday
词法错误。Friday morning/afternoon/night 星期五的上午/下午/晚上。
2．解析：sort→sorts
词法错误。of all sorts 各种各样的。
3．解析：the→a
词法错误。此处表示泛指而非特指。
4．解析：watching→watch
句法错误。ask to do sth.要求做某事。
5．解析：去掉to
句法错误。would (not)表示“意愿”时后面直接跟动词原形，不需要加to。
6．解析：us→me
词法错误。根据行文逻辑可知，此处说的是“我”的事情，所以用对应的宾格代词me 作介词
to 的宾语。
7．解析：在I 后面加was
句法错误。be unwilling to do sth.不愿意做某事。此处说的是过去的事情，主语是I，
所以连系动词用was。
8．解析：for→with
词法错误。for 为了，表示目的，而此处表示“和某人一起玩某物”，故用play sth.with sb.。
9．解析：are→were
句法错误。根据主句的谓语didn't realize 和until 引导的时间状语从句的谓语entered 可知，
此处说的是过去的事情，所以are 应改为were。
10．解析：where→when
句法错误。I was a child 表示的是时间而非地点，故应用when 引导时间状语从句。
C
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)
It was Monday morning，and the writing class had just begin.Everyone was silent，wait to see who would be called
upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.Some of us were confident and eager take part in the class activity；others
were nervous and anxious.I had done myself homework，but I was shy.I was afraid that to speak in front of a larger
group of people.At that moment，I remembered that my father once said，“The classroom is a place for learning and
that include learning from textbooks，and mistake as well.” Immediate，I raised my hand.
答案：
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228
It was Monday morning，and the writing class had just begin
begun.Everyone was silent，wait
waiting to see who would be
called upon to read his and
or
her paragraph aloud.Some of us were confident and eager ∧
to
take part in the class
activity；others were nervous and anxious.I had done myself
my/the homework，but I was shy.I was afraid that to speak in
front of a larger
large group of people.At that moment，I remembered that my father once said，“The classroom is a place
for learning and that include
includes learning from textbooks，and mistake
mistakes as well.”
Immediate
Immediately，I raised my hand.
文章大意：本文是一篇记叙文，描写了作者在写作课上的心理活动。作者虽然完成了作业，但还是害羞，不敢在
很多人面前读文章。作者突然想起父亲曾经说过的话，受到了鼓舞，于是举起了手。
1．解析：begin→begun
句法错误。由语境可知，此处是过去完成时，要用“had＋过去分词”结构。begin 的过
去分词为begun。
2．解析：wait→waiting
句法错误。分析句子结构可知，was 为谓语动词，主语everyone 与wait 之间为主谓关
系，故用现在分词作状语。
3．解析：and→or
行文逻辑错误。his 与her 之间为选择关系，而非并列关系，故用or。
4．解析：eager 后加to
词法错误。(be) eager to do sth.渴望做某事，为固定搭配。
5．解析：myself→my/the
词法错误。do one's/the homework 为固定搭配，意为“做家庭作业”。
6．解析：去掉afraid 后的that
句法错误。be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事。
7．解析：larger→large
词法错误。由语境可知，前后没有比较的意味，故用原级。
8．解析：include→includes
句法错误。分析句子结构可知，that 引导定语从句，修饰place，关系代词替代place
在从句中作主语，从句谓语动词的数要与先行词保持一致。
9．解析：mistake→mistakes
词法错误。句意：……从书本和错误中学习。mistake 是可数名词，此处所指的“错
误”不止一个，应用复数形式。
10．解析：Immediate→Immediately
词法错误。放于句首，作句子状语，要用副词。
D
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)
When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.I had grown not only physically，and also
mentally in the past few years.About one month after this photo was took，I entered my second year of high school and
become a new member of the school music club.Around me in picture are the things they were very important in my life
at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.I enjoyed studying difference kinds of cars and planes，playing pop
music，and collecting the late music albums.This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high
school days.
答案：
When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.I had
have
grown not only physically，and
but
also
mentally in the past few years.About one month after this photo was took
taken
，I entered my second year of high school and
become
became
a new member of the school music club.Around me in
∧
this/the
picture are the things
they
that/which
were very
important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.I enjoyed studying difference
different
kinds of cars
and planes，playing pop music，and collecting the
late
latest
music albums.This picture often brings back to me many
happy memories of your
my
high school days.
1．解析：删除of。考查介词。realize 后接宾语从句，介词of 多余。
2．解析：had 改为have。考查时态。由时间状语“in the past few years”可知，此处强调的是发生在过去的动作对
现在的影响，故应用现在完成时。
3．解析：and 改为but。考查连词。not only...but also...是固定搭配。
4．解析：took 改为taken。考查语态。photo 与take 为被动关系，故应用被动语态。take 的过去分词是taken。
5．解析：become 改为became。考查动词时态。“我”进入高中第二学年并成为学校音乐俱乐部的新成员这一系
列动作发生在过去，所以谓语动词应用became。
6．解析：picture 前面加this 或者the。考查限定词/冠词。picture 作“照片”之意讲时是可数名词，因为上文已
提到过这张照片，因此要用定冠词the 表特指，或者用this。
7．解析：they 改为that 或which。考查定语从句。things 是个名词，后面接了一个定语从句，修饰先行词things，
既可以用that 也可以用which 作关系代词。
8．解析：difference 改为different。考查形容词。名词kinds 前需要形容词来修饰，因此把名词difference 改为形
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229
容词different。
9．解析：late 改为latest。考查形近词辨析。结合句意，这里表示收集最新的音乐专辑，故将late 改为latest。
10．解析：your 改为my。考查人称指代一致。全文介绍的是“我”的故事，因此这里应该是“我”高中时期的
回忆。
E
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday，I took driving lessons.I still remember how hard first day
was.Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructor's orders，so once I started the car，my mind goes
blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.The instructor kept repeating the word ，“Speed up ！” “Slow
down！” “Turning left！” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.A few minutes late，
the instructor asked me to stop the car.It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle on the road.
答案：
In the summer holiday following my
eighteen
eighteenth
birthday，I took driving lessons.I still remember how hard
∧
the/my
first day was.Before getting into the car，I thought I had learned the instructor's orders，
so
but/yet
once I started the car，
my mind goes
went
blank.I forgot what he had said to me altogether.The instructor kept repeating the
word
words
，“Speed
up！” “Slow down！” “Turning
Turn
left！” I was so much nervous that I could hardly tell which direction was left.A few
minutes late
later
，the instructor asked me to stop the car.It was a relief and I came to a suddenly
sudden
stop just in the middle
on
of
the road.
1．解析：eighteen 改为eighteenth。考查序数词。“我的18 岁生日”，应用序数词eighteenth。
2．解析：在first day 前加the 或my。由序数词first 可知，其前应加定冠词the。也可以用形容词性物主代词my
修饰first day。
3．解析：so 改为but 或yet。考查上下文的逻辑关系。根据语境可知，前后两句之间为转折关系，故把so 改为
but 或yet。
4．解析：goes 改为went。考查时态。本文讲述作者18 岁生日后的那个暑假发生的事情，且通篇以过去时为主。
此处应用一般过去时，故把goes 改为went。
5．解析：word 改为words。考查名词的数。根据下文可知，教练发出了很多指令，故用word 的复数形式words。
6．解析：Turning 改为Turn。考查谓语动词。此处为祈使句，并和上文中的“Speed up”和“Slow down”并列，故
改为动词原形Turn。
7．解析：删除so 后的much。考查固定句型。此处含有“so...that...”引导的结果状语从句，句中的much 多余，故
删除。
8．解析：late 改为later。考查副词。late 意为“迟，晚”。“一段时间＋later”表示“一段时间之后”，故把late
改为later。
9．解析：suddenly 改为sudden。考查形容词。该句中的名词stop 应用形容词修饰，所以把suddenly 改为sudden。
10．解析：on 改为of。考查固定搭配。in the middle of 意为“在……的中间”，故把on 改为of。
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·南昌市二模)
In my school we have our own talent show every year, that has been a tradition for 15 years. This year, our school
was held one as scheduled. A great many students took active part in it. I decided to play the violin with a partner
naming Julia, who played the piano along for me. We had practiced many time before the talent show started.
Everyone watched the show excited. Julia and I did a good job. Others students sang and danced happily. The
talent show helped us relax but enriched our school life. We all enjoyed them very much.
答案：
In my school we have our own talent show every year，that
which
has been a tradition for 15 years. This year, our
school was held one as scheduled. A great many students took∧
an
active part in it. I decided to play the violin with a
partner naming
named
Julia, who played the piano along
for
with
me. We had practiced many
time
times
before the talent show
started.
Everyone watched the show excited
excitedly
. Julia and I did a good job. Others
Other
students sang and danced happily. The
talent show helped us relax but
and
enriched our school life. We all enjoyed them
it
very much.
【公众号：实用视界 +VX：18071191557】
230
1．解析：that 改为which
考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的整个句
子，故用which。
2．解析：删除held 前的was
考查动词的语态。此处表示我们学校如期举办了才艺表演，主语our school 和动词
hold 之间为主动关系，故删除was。
3．解析：active 前加an
考查冠词。take an active part in 意为“积极参加”，为固定用法。
4．解析：naming 改为named
考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，动词name 和其逻辑主语a partner 构成动
宾关系，故用name 的过去分词形式作后置定语。
5．解析：for 改为with
考查介词。此处表示Julia 为我弹钢琴伴奏。along with sb.“与某人一起”为固定搭配。
6．解析：time 改为times
考查名词的单复数。此处的time“次”为可数名词，根据语境和前面的“many”可知，
此处应用其复数形式。
7．解析：excited 改为excitedly
考查副词。修饰动词watched 要用副词形式。
8．解析：Others 改为Other
考查形容词。此处表示其他的学生快乐地唱歌跳舞，故应用形容词Other 修饰名词
“students”。
9．解析：but 改为and
考查连词。根据语境可知，“helped us relax”和“enriched our school life”为并列关系，此
处表示“和”，故用连词and。
10．解析：them 改为it
考查代词。此处表示非常喜欢这次才艺表演，为单数形式，故用it 指代“The talent show”。
2
(2019·山东省、湖北省部分重点中学二模)
Several days before，we held an activity in the schoolyard to learn and appreciate what the history and art of
Peking Opera facial masks.Facial masks dated back over 1,000 years.Different colors of masks，as well the various facial
expressions，represent different characters and personalities of the roles.Prepared Peking－Opera－themed things，we
let Peking Opera fans try them.It took me nearly one and a half hour to finish one piece of face painting.Some fans even
put on facial makeup under the help of Miss Mei，a professional teacher，and they certain looked impressive.We all
admired them because of the perfect makeup technique.What an meaningful day we had!
答案：
Several days before
ago
，we held an activity in the schoolyard to learn and appreciate what the history and art of
Peking Opera facial masks.Facial masks dated
date
back over 1,000 years.Different colors of masks，as well ∧
as
the various
facial expressions，represent different characters and personalities of the roles. Prepared
Preparing
Peking－Opera－themed
things ，we let Peking Opera fans try them.It took me nearly one and a half
hour
hours
to finish one piece of face
painting.Some fans even put on facial makeup under
with
the help of Miss Mei，a professional teacher，and they
certain
certainly
looked impressive.We all admired them
her
because of the perfect makeup technique.What an
a
meaningful day we had!
1．解析：before 改为ago
副词错误。ago 表示“从事情发生到现在时间过去了多久”，需和过去时连用。before
指“从事情发生到过去某个时间是多久”，常和完成时连用。由下文对活动的介绍可知，活动是几天前举办的，故此
处用ago。
2．解析：删除appreciate 后的what。引导词多余。what 可引导宾语从句，但此处宾语是名词短语，故what 多
余。
3．解析：dated 改为date。动词时态错误。此处date back 应用一般现在时表示一种客观情况，且前面主语为复
数形式，故用date。
4．解析：as well 后加as。固定搭配错误。as well as 意为“也，除……之外，以及某事物/某人”。
5．解析：Prepared 改为Preparing。非谓语动词错误。此处作状语，且prepare 与主语we 是逻辑上的主谓关系，
故用现在分词形式。
6．解析：hour 改为hours。名词单复数错误。one and a half 后跟名词复数。
7．解析：under 改为with。介词错误。with the help of...“在……的帮助下”。
8．解析：certain 改为certainly。词性错误。修饰动词looked 应用副词。
9．解析：them 改为her。代词错误。我们都很钦佩她娴熟的化妆技巧。此处指上文中的Miss Mei，故用her。
10．解析：on 改为a。冠词错误。meaningful 读音以辅音音素开头，故应用不定冠词a。
3
(2019·广州市二模)
It was a still and quiet morning on the lake. There was no human voices or cars to break the silent. It was a perfect
day for fishing.
We sat at there, afraid to talk, thinking fish would hear us and flee. My father, hold our lunch bag in one hand,
passed me a sandwich. It was terrible hot and clouds of mosquito were feasting on my blood. With my legs covering with
bite marks，I complained，“When will the fish come？”
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231
Suddenly I felt a fish bite. My father became so excited as I was, and together we pulled the fish out that would be
part of us dinner that night.
答案：
It was a still and quiet morning on the lake. There
was
were
no human voices or cars to break the silent
silence
. It was a
perfect day for fishing.
We sat at there, afraid to talk, thinking ∧
the
fish would hear us and flee. My father,
hold
holding
our lunch bag in one
hand, passed me a sandwich. It was terrible
terribly
hot and clouds of
mosquito
mosquitoes
were feasting on my blood. With my legs
covering
covered
with bite marks，I complained，“ When will the fish come？”
Suddenly I felt a fish bite. My father became so
as
excited as I was, and together we pulled the fish out that would be
part of us
our
dinner that night.
1．解析：was 改为were
考查主谓一致。此处为“there be”句型，谓语动词遵循就近一致原则，靠近be 动词的名
词词组“human voices”为复数形式，故谓语动词用复数。
2．解析：silent 改为silence
考查名词。根据其前的“the”并根据语境可知，该处应用名词形式。
3．解析：删除at
考查介词。there 为副词，直接用在不及物动词sit 的后面，介词at 多余，故删除。
4．解析：thinking 后加the
考查冠词。根据第一段第一句中的“on the lake”和第一段尾句中的“for fishing”可知，
该处特指该湖里的鱼，故用定冠词the。
5．解析：hold 改为holding
考查非谓语动词。分析该句结构可知，主语My father 和动词hold 之间为逻辑上的
主谓关系，此处作伴随状语，故用现在分词形式。
6．解析：terrible 改为terribly
考查副词。副词修饰形容词，该处修饰形容词hot，表示“非常炎热”，故用terrible
的副词形式。
7．解析：mosquito 改为mosquito(e)s
考查名词的单复数。mosquito 为可数名词，根据该句中的“clouds of”可知，
该处指一群蚊子，故用复数形式。
8．解析：covering 改为covered
考查with 的复合结构。分析该句结构可知，my legs 为该句中With 的宾语，后
接宾语补足语；my legs 和动词cover 之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故用with sth. done 结构，故可知答案。
9．解析：so 改为as
考查固定用法。as＋形容词/副词原级＋as...为固定用法，表示“和……一样……”。根据
该句中的“excited as I was”和语境可知，该处应用as。否定比较时用not so/as＋形容词/副词原级＋as...。
10．解析：us 改为our
考查人称代词。根据该句中的“we”并结合“dinner”可知，该处表示“我们的晚餐”，故
用形容词性物主代词our。
4
(2019·安徽省百所重点高中第三次模拟)
When I was in the 6th grade, my parents bought me a cellphone. I was really exciting to receive the phone. The next
weekend, my family went on camping in the East Lake Park. We enjoy boating on the lake. I used our new phone to
play some of my favorite song. I thought it would be brilliant idea to put my phone in a plastic bag to protecting it from
water. After getting back, I took the phone in, only to find the bag full of water. I didn't know what to save my phone
and I tried laying it out to dry.Unfortunately, it started to rain. What an awfully experience!
答案：
When I was in the 6th grade, my parents bought me a cellphone. I was really exciting
excited
to receive the phone. The
next weekend, my family went on camping in the East Lake Park. We
enjoy
enjoyed
boating on the lake. I used our
my
new
phone to play some of my favorite song
songs
. I thought it would be ∧
a
brilliant idea to put my phone in a plastic bag to
protecting
protect
it from water. After getting back, I took the phone
in
out
，only to find the bag full of water. I didn't know
what
how
to save my phone and I tried laying it out to dry.Unfortunately, it started to rain. What an awfully
awful
experience!
1．解析：exciting 改为excited
考查形容词。此处修饰人，应用excited“兴奋的”。而exciting 往往修饰物，表
示“令人兴奋的”。
2．解析：删除went 后的on
考查固定用法。go camping 意为“去野营”，为固定用法，故删除介词on。
3．解析：enjoy 改为enjoyed
考查动词的时态。根据上文的“When I was in the 6th grade”可知，本文叙述的事
情发生在过去，故此处用一般过去时。
4．解析：our 改为my
考查代词。我用我的新手机播放了一些我最喜欢的歌曲，文中表示“我的新手机”，故
用my。
5．解析：song 改为songs
考查名词的单复数。根据前面的“some of”可知，此处应用可数名词的复数形式，即
songs。
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232
6．解析：brilliant 前加a
考查冠词。此处idea 意为“主意”，是可数名词，第一次在文中出现，应用不定冠词，
且brilliant 的发音以辅音音素开头，故用a。
7．解析：protecting 改为protect
考查非谓语动词。根据语境可知，在本句中，to 是不定式符号，表示目的，而
非介词，故用动词原形形式而非动名词形式。
8．解析：in 改为out
考查固定搭配。根据语境可知，此处表示把手机从塑料袋中拿出，故用out。
9．解析：what 改为how
考查副词。根据语境可知，此处表示方法或途径，而非具体事情，故用how 引导宾语
从句。
10．解析：awfully 改为awful
考查形容词。根据该句中的“an”和名词“experience”可知，此处应用形容词，修
饰名词“experience”。
5
(2019·福建省毕业班质检)
As everybody know, parents are worried too much about their child, especially when the young meet with
challenges. So do my parents. They are even more nervous than I when a important test is coming. I have been thinking
about talked to them. I'll let them know I have a goal and will work hard to achieve them. When they are convincing
that I'll be responsible for that what I should do, they surely won't feel worried. Please keep in mind that our parents
love us unconditional. I hope my thought can be helpful to you in dealing the relationship with your parents.
答案：
As everybody know
knows
，parents are worried too much about their
child
children
，especially when the young meet with
challenges. So do
are
my parents. They are even more nervous than I when
a
an
important test is coming. I have been
thinking about talked
talking
to them. I'll let them know I have a goal and will work hard to achieve them
it
. When they are
convincing
convinced
that I'll be responsible for that what I should do, they surely won't feel worried. Please keep in mind that
our parents love us unconditional
unconditionally
. I hope my thought can be helpful to you in dealing
∧
with
the relationship with your
parents.
1．解析：know 改为knows
考查时态和主谓一致。句意：众所周知，父母太担心他们的孩子了，尤其是当孩子
遇到挑战的时候！该句陈述的是客观情况，故用一般现在时；主语为everybody，为第三人称单数，故谓语动词用单
数。
2．解析：child 改为children
考查名词的单复数。该处表示“他们的孩子”，child 为可数名词，由该句中的
“parents”和“their”可知，该处应用复数形式children。
3．解析：do 改为are
考查倒装句。句意：我的父母也是如此。此处表示前一句话中的谓语所说明的情况也适用
于本句主语；根据前一句中的“are worried”可知，该处应用are。
4．解析：a 改为an
考查冠词。该处泛指“一场重要的考试”，故用不定冠词；important 的发音以元音音素开
头，故用不定冠词an。
5．解析：talked 改为talking
考查动名词。about 为介词，后接动名词talking 作宾语。
6．解析：them 改为it
考查代词。句意：我会让他们知道我有一个目标并且会努力地去实现它。此处代指前面
的“a goal”，为单数，故用it。
7．解析：convincing 改为convinced
考查固定用法。句意：当他们确信我会对我应该做的事情负责时，他们想
必不会感到担心。be convinced that...为固定用法，意为“确信……”。
8．解析：删除that
考查连接词。分析句子结构可知，该处为宾语从句，作介词for 的宾语，连接词what 在从
句中作do 的宾语，句子成分完整，that 多余，故删除。
9．解析：unconditional 改为unconditionally
考查副词。一般用副词修饰动词，此处修饰动词love，故用副词形
式unconditionally。
10．解析：dealing 后加with
考查介词。句意：我希望我的想法能对你处理与父母之间的关系有所帮助。deal with
为固定搭配，意为“处理，应付”。
6
(2019·河北省九校一模)
Hi, Linda, it's Li Hua. Congratulations on your pass all the exams successfully. Our whole class are delighted you
made great progress in your several year of study in China. We are proud of you and we both appreciate your help for
our English. It's a pity that you have to go back soon, but a farewell party for you will be holding in the Sun Club at 6：
00 pm this Saturday. We sincere hope you will come and I'm sure we will have a better time together. By the way, you
may take Bus No. 332 in the front of your house, which will take you directly to the club.
答案：
Hi, Linda, it's Li Hua. Congratulations on your
pass
passing
all the exams successfully. Our whole class are delighted
you ∧
have
made great progress in your several year
years
of study in China. We are proud of you and we both
all
appreciate
【公众号：实用视界 +VX：18071191557】
233
your help
for
with
our English. It's a pity that you have to go back soon, but
so
a farewell party for you will be holding
held
in
the Sun Club at 6：00 pm this Saturday. We
sincere
sincerely
hope you will come and I'm sure we will have a better
good
time
together. By the way, you may take Bus No. 332 in the front of your house, which will take you directly to the club.
1．解析：pass 改为passing
非谓语动词错误。分析句子结构可知，your passing all the exams successfully 是动
名词的复合结构作介词on 的宾语，因此将pass 改为passing。
2．解析：在you 后加have
时态错误。依据句中的时间状语和句意可知，此处用现在完成时强调过去动作对现
在的影响。
3．解析：year 改为years
名词单复数错误。根据前面的several 可知，此处表示几年，是复数意义，故用year
的复数形式。
4．解析：both 改为all。代词错误。根据上文的Our whole class 和语境可知，句中的we 指的是作者和他的全班
同学，并非两个人，因此用all。
5．解析：for 改为with
介词错误。此处介词是跟名词help 搭配的，因此要用with。
6．解析：but 改为so
并列连词错误。由上文的“you have to go back soon”可知，“你不久就要离开”是原因，
“举行告别晚会”是结果，故用so 表示结果。
7．解析：holding 改为held
语态错误。此处主语是a farewell party，与hold 是被动关系，故用被动语态。
8．解析：sincere 改为sincerely
副词错误。分析句子结构可知，此处修饰动词hope，因此用副词。
9．解析：better 改为good
形容词错误。根据语境可知，此处并没有比较意义，因此用形容词原级即可。
10．解析：删除the
固定搭配错误。此处表示“在你的住所前乘公交车”。in front of 就是指在某物的前方，in the
front of 是指在某物内部靠前的地方。
专题五书面表达
试
卷
年份
体裁
话题
题材内容
写作
类型
信息
提示
词数
要求
高考命题者说
全
国
卷
Ⅰ
2019
年
申请
信
文学
艺术
申请当志愿
者
提纲
类(半
开放)
汉语
提示
100
词左
右
1.选题特点：体裁和
题材相对稳定。以应
用文为主，选材内容
均与学生学习、生活
及社会热点相关。
2.素养考查：中国的
礼仪、传统美德、茶
文化、中国绘画、书
法、京剧、唐诗宋词
等仍是考查的重点，
这些话题的考查不仅
弘扬了中国的传统文
化，而且彰显了英语
学科的核心素养。
3.命题形式：较为稳
定。提纲类写作成为
主流，提示内容较为
简洁。
2018
年
建议
信
社会
文化
餐桌礼仪
2017
年
告知
信
语言
学习
学习计划安
排
全
国
卷
Ⅱ
2019
年
告知
信
学校
生活
告知参加比
赛
2018
年
通知
学校
生活
观看英文短
片
2017
年
邀请
信
艺术
参观剪纸艺
术展
全
国
卷
Ⅲ
2019
年
邀请
信
学校
生活
邀请参加音
乐节
2018
年
告知
信
学校
生活
体育活动项
目开展情况
2017
年
邀请
信
学校
生活
邀请留学生
朋友加入校
乒乓球队
明晰书面表达做题步骤
有的放矢拿高分
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书面表达高分步骤
写前
审体裁
审人称
审时态
列要点
谋篇章
↓
写中
堆积词汇和句型
排列顺序连词成句
段落清晰完美收尾
↓
写后
检查拼写核实要点
检查句子结构是否正确
要点是否遗漏
检查词数是否符合要求
第1 讲
满分作文的3 大技巧
技巧1
词汇高级，“语”众不同
高级词汇就像一颗颗耀眼的明珠，为作文添彩，从而使考生稳拿高分。选词时应注意两点：
1．不“人云亦云”原则
写作时恰当使用其他考生可能想象不到的词汇会给阅卷老师耳目一新的感觉。如
①attract→appeal to 吸引
(2017·北京卷满分作文)It's certain that the amazing scenery along the river will appeal to you.
河沿岸美丽的风景肯定会吸引你。
②be active in→get actively involved in 积极参与
(2017·天津卷满分作文)I will get actively involved in the volunteer work for the 13th National Games to be held in
Tianjin.
我将积极参与即将在天津举行的第13 届全运会。
③be busy with→be absorbed/engaged in 忙于
(2017·天津卷满分作文)With the college entrance examination drawing near，I'm engaged in/absorbed in preparing
for it.
随着高考的临近，我正忙于准备考试。
④chance→opportunity 机会
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)I wish you could take advantage of this opportunity to learn Chinese traditional culture
further.
我希望你能利用这次机会进一步学习中国传统文化。
⑤do well in→have a good command of 做得好
(陕西卷满分作文)I have such a good command of English that I'm elected as assistant to my English teacher.
我精通英语被选为英语老师的课代表。
⑥help→lend a helping hand 帮助
(全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)I wonder if you could lend me a hand to polish my application.
我想知道你是否能帮我润色我的申请信。
2．短语优先原则
短语的意思往往比单个单词的意思更为饱满，因此考生宜利用短语巧妙表达文章的意思。如：
①besides→in addition/what's more 另外
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)In addition，there are famous artists who will perform how to cut paper on the spot.
另外，著名艺术家会现场表演如何剪纸。
②consider→take...into consideration/account 考虑
(全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)I would really appreciate it if you could take my request into consideration.
如果您考虑我的请求我将不胜感激。
③many→a large number of 许多
(全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)I remembered you showed me a large number of photos on the theme the last time you visited
our school.
我记得你上次来我们学校时给我看了许多关于这个主题的照片。
④remember→keep/bear in mind 记住
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)What you should keep in mind is that you have to apply for membership before the deadline.
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记住在截止日期前申请会员资格。
⑤understand→have a better understanding of 理解
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)Only through the activity can you have a better understanding of the Chinese traditional
culture.
只有通过这个活动你才能理解这个节日。
⑥very→more than 非常
(2017·北京卷)I’m more than delighted to receive your letter and know you’re coming to China.
收到你的信，知道你要来中国我很开心。
技巧2
句式生动，文采卓然
书面表达中的句子如果都是简单句一定得不了高分，精彩句式的合理使用会使文章读起来抑扬顿挫。因此应多使
用一些高级句式和复合句，让句子“靓”起来。
1．陈述不如倒装妙
倒装句是一种简单易行的使句子呈现亮点的方法。开头用否定词、地点状语、only＋状语，so＋形容词/副词＋that，
形容词＋as＋主语……
(2017·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)So diligent are you that I'm more than delighted to teach you.
你这么勤奋我很乐意教你。
2．强调省略很精彩
强调句可以突出强调某一部分内容，吸引读者的注意，而省略句可以使句子更简洁、明快。
(福建卷满分作文)It is the spirit that the story conveys that really matters.
这个故事所传递的精神最为重要。
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)As scheduled，an art exhibition will be held next Sunday in the local museum.
按照计划，下周日将在当地博物馆举行艺术展。
3．主动不如被动巧
被动语态符合英语表达习惯，如在文章中利用两个被动语态的句子，会使整篇文章句式丰富。
(全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)Your timely help will be very much appreciated by me.
我会非常感激你及时的帮助。
4．分词结构不可少
(2017·天津卷满分作文)To get admitted，I have made good preparations，trying to know as much as I could about
my city.
为了被录取，我做了充分准备，努力深入了解天津。
5．虚拟语气最委婉
虚拟语气在写作中的使用可以使表达更委婉，更吸引阅卷老师的注意力。
Without your kindness and generosity，I would not have enjoyed myself so much when visiting England.
没有你的善良和慷慨，在英国旅行时我就不会玩得这么开心。
6．各类从句添亮点
(陕西卷满分作文)You mentioned you'd like to teach English in return，which is exactly what I'm dying for.(定语从
句和名词性从句)
你提到作为回报你可以教英语，这是我一直期望的。
(2017·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)My advice is that you should take this opportunity to participate in our school team.(名词
性从句)
我建议你利用这次机会加入我们校队。
技巧3
过渡巧妙，完美文章
过渡词语就像纽带一样把文章紧紧连接起来，更像润滑剂，使文章衔接流畅。
1．文章或段落起始常用的过渡词语
to begin with(首先)，first of all(第一，首先)，in the first place(首先)，as you know(如你所知)，as is known to all (众
所周知)，as is shown in(正如……展示的那样)
2．文章或段落结尾常用的过渡词语
therefore/thus(因此)，in conclusion(总之，最后)，in brief(简言之)，to sum up(总而言之)，in a word(总之)，generally
speaking(总体上讲)，on the whole(总的说来)
3．常用的表示先后次序的过渡词语
first(第一)，second(第二)，next(其次，然后)，last but not least(最后但同样重要)，after that(之后)，eventually(最
后，最终)，since then(从那以后)，afterwards(以后，后来)，meanwhile(同时)，immediately(立刻)，finally(最后，最
终)
强烈推荐以下组合
适用于两点的情况：on the one hand，on the other hand；for one thing，for another。
适用于三点或以上的情况：to begin with，then，furthermore，finally；to start with，next，in addition，last but
not least；most important of all，moreover，finally。
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4．常用的表示因果关系的过渡词语
accordingly/consequently(因此，所以)，for this reason(由于这个原因)，as a result of(作为……结果)，
in this way(这样)，due to/thanks to(由于……)，therefore/thus(因此)，because of(由于)
5．常用的表示比较和对比的过渡词语
in contrast with(与……相比)，similarly(同样)，on the contrary(相反)，different from(与……不同)，on the other
hand(另一方面)
6．常用的表示举例的过渡词语
a case in point(恰当的例子)，that is to say(也就是说)，for instance/example(例如)
7．常用的表示强调的过渡词语
furthermore/moreover(而且)，besides(此外)，in fact(实际上)，also(而且，也)，indeed(的确)，in particular(尤其，
特别)，naturally(当然)
按要求升级下面的考生作文
(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)假定你是李华。你所在的校乒乓球队正在招收新队员。请给你的留学生朋友Eric 写封邮件邀请他
加入，内容包括：
1．球队活动；
2．报名方式及截止日期。
注意：
1．词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
考生习作
Dear Eric，
I'm writing to invite you to join our school team.①Students have told me that our school team is recruiting new
members.②I know that you like playing table tennis，so I want to know whether you would like to join it.
③Team members not only get trained after school every day，but are often offered chances to watch table tennis
competitions.④That has done good to me.If you are interested in it，you can visit the school website to sign up before the
closing date，June 15.
I'm sure it will be a great choice if you join the school team.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
我来提升
作文升级第一步
让词汇高级亮丽
利用高级词汇升级文中黑体词汇
1．told→_informe___
2．like→_be_keen_on__
3．want to know→_wonder__
4．chances→_opportunity__
5．do good to→_benefit/be_of_benefit_to/be_beneficial_to__
6．sure→_convince___
作文升级第二步
让句式丰富多变
按要求升级句式并将黑体词语替换为升级后的词汇
1．利用被动句改写句①
_I_have_been_informe__that_our_school_team_is_recruiting_new_members.__
2．利用分词作状语升级句②
_Knowing_that_you_are_keen_on_playing_table_tennis,_I_wonder_whether_you_woul__like_to_join_it.__
3．利用倒装句升级句③
_Not_only_do_team_members_get_traine__after_school_every_day,_but_they_are_often_offere__opportunities_to
_watch_table_tennis_competitions.__
4．利用非限制性定句从句合并句升级为倒装句后的句③和句④
_Not_only_do_team_members_get_traine__after_school_every_day,_but_they_are_often_offere__opportunities_to
_watch_table_tennis_competitions，which_has_benefite__me_most.__
誊写升级后的作文
_Dear_Eric，
I'm_writing_to_invite_you_to_join_our_school_team._I_have_been_tol__that_our_school_team_is_recruiting_new
_members._Knowing_that_you_are_keen_on_playing_table_tennis,_I_wonder_whether_you_woul__like_to_join_it.
Not_only_do_team_members_get_traine__after_school_every_day_but_they_are_also_often_offere__opportunities
_to_watch_table_tennis_competitions,_which_has_benefite__me_most.If_you_are_intereste__in_it,_you_can_visit_the_s
chool_website_to_sign_up_before_the_deadline，June_15.
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I'm_convince__it_will_be___great_choice_if_you_join_the_school_team.__
_Yours_sincerely，__
_Li_Hu___
写作增分练1
词汇升级练
Exercise 1
利用高级词汇和过渡词提升下面的作文
(2018·皖南八校二模)假定你是李华。你的笔友Tom 给你写信咨询“如何在班级创设浓厚的汉语学习氛围”。请你
根据提示给他写一封英文回信。内容包括：
1．宣传标语用英汉双语；
2．开设汉语角；
3．邀请汉语外教来学校上课。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
考生作文
Dear Tom，
How are you doing? I'm very glad to hear from you.From your letter, I know that your class will develop the
students' interest in Chinese learning. I want to share some advice with you.
Firstly, all the signs and slogans in your class should be written both in Chinese and English, which can create an
atmosphere to learn Chinese.Secondly, you should set up a Chinese Corner in your class, where you can practice your
spoken Chinese.Finally，your class should invite some Chinese teachers to come to school to communicate with students.
I really hope my suggestions can be helpful for you.Looking forward to getting your good news soon.
Best wishes!
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
我来提升
1．利用高级词汇升级文中加黑体词汇
(1)very glad→_more_than_delighte___
(2)want to→_woul__like_to__
(3)should→_are_suppose__to__
(4)be helpful for→_be_beneficial_to/be_of_great_benefit_to__
2．利用高级过渡词汇升级文中斜体的过渡词
(1)Firstly→_To_begin_with__
(2)Secondly→_In_addition/Additionally/Besides/What's_more__
(3)Finally→_Last_but_not_least__
Exercise 2
根据写作内容，利用高级词汇和过渡词补全下面的习作
(2018·江西临川二模)假如你叫李华。最近，你收到英国交换生Tom 发来的电子邮件，询问中国的餐桌礼仪。请根
据下面的写作提纲，给他回一封电子邮件。内容包括：
1．写信的目的；
2．介绍餐桌礼仪；
3．表示祝愿。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：餐桌礼仪table manners
Dear Tom，
I'm
①_more_than_delighte___to
know
you
show
a
great
interest
in
Chinese
table
manners.
Now
I
②_woul__like_to__share with you how to behave properly when you are invited to dinner.
③_To_begin_with__，the host will reserve a special seat for the guest, who is highly honored on such an occasion
and is expected to be the first to taste the food served.④_Besides/What's_more__，chopsticks and spoons are
usually
used
when
you
are
eating
in
China.
⑤
_In_addition/Additionally__
，
you
⑥_are_not_suppose__to__make a noise while having the soup.⑦_Last_but_not_least__，remember to thank the host for
the delicious food he has offered, which will surely make him happy.
I hope my advice ⑧_will_be_of_benefit_to/be_beneficial_to you.
Yours，
Li Hua
写作增分练2
句式升级练
Exercise 1
按要求将文中加黑句子升级
(2018·贵州模拟)假定你是李华，你的美国笔友Mike 来信说，他和几个同学正在学中国古诗，请你推荐一本有助
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于学习古诗的书籍。请给他写封邮件，内容包括：
1．书名及作者：Read Poetry Learn History by Wang Chunyong；
2．推荐理由：适宜外国读者；学古诗，了解中国历史、文化及古代生活；
3．表达祝愿。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
考生作文
Dear Mike，
I'm more than delighted to know you are learning classical Chinese poetry，and I'd like to recommend a book to
you.The book was entitled Read Poetry Learn History by Wang Chunyong.It is suitable for the foreigners to learn
classical Chinese poetry.
As is known，China is a great country with a long history and a nation with classical Chinese poetry.The poems of
the book can reflect the Chinese history and culture.They can give readers vivid pictures of the life of ancient
Chinese.And they can also improve your appreciation of Chinese poetry.Therefore，it would be a choice for you.I believe
you will understand the poems easily and efficiently.
Wish you to enjoy the book and know more about China.
Yours，
Li Hua
我来提升
1．利用非限制性定语从句合并加黑句子
_The_book_was_entitle__Re___Poetry_Learn_History_by_Wang_Chunyong,_which_is_suitable_for_the_foreigners
_to_learn_classical_Chinese_poetry.__
2．利用非谓语动词作定语合并加黑句子
_The_book_entitle__Re___Poetry_Learn_History_by_Wang_Chunyong_is_suitable_for_the_foreigners_to_learn_cl
assical_Chinese_poetry.__
3．利用not only...but also 合并加斜体句子并按要求升级
①合并斜体句子
_They_can_not_only_give_readers_vivi__pictures_of_the_life_of_ancient_Chinese,_but_also_improve_your_appre
ciation_of_Chinese_poetry.__
②利用倒装句升级合并后的句子
_Not_only_can_they_give_readers_vivi__pictures_of_the_life_of_ancient_Chinese,_but_also_improve_your_apprec
iation_of_Chinese_poetry.__
Exercise 2
按要求利用高级句式补全习作
(2018·北京朝阳区二模)假设你是红星中学高三(1)班学生李华。上周六你和同学们骑共享单车去购书时看到某些不
文明现象。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，以“Our Meaningful Work”为题，给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件，介绍
事情的整个过程。
注意：词数不少于100。
提示词：共享单车shared bicycle
补全作文
根据提示利用高级句式补全习作
Our Meaningful Work
Last Saturday my classmates and I did some meaningful work as we went to buy books.
That afternoon we rode shared bicycles to Beijing Book Building as planned.Everyone was excited ，
①_enjoying_the_convenience_brought_about_by_the_share__bicycles__(享受共享单车带来的便利，分词作状语和定
语)．However，something unexpected happened on arrival.We noticed the shared bicycles parked here and there，
②_blocking_the_way_of_the_passers－by__(挡住行人的路，分词作状语)．One of my classmates proposed placing them
in
order ，so
we
got
down
to
working
immediately.It
took
us
about
twenty
minutes
to
finish
the
work.③_Seeing_the_tidily_arrange__bicycles__( 看见自行车摆放整齐，分词作状语) ，we all felt
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delighted.④_We_also_receive__high_praise_for_what_we_h___done__(我们所做的事情得到了表扬，what 引导宾语从
句)．
The experience caused my concern about shared bicycles.I think we should put them in place after using them，
⑤_which_not_only_brings_us_neat_an__tidy_environment,_but_also_reflects_qualities_of___goo__citizen__(不仅带给
我们整洁而干净的环境而且反映了好公民的素质，利用非限制性定语从句和not only...but aslo 句式)．
第2 讲
书信邮件最常考，目的明确会套语
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)
假定你是李华，暑期在伦敦学习，得知当地美术馆要举办中国画展览。请写一封信申请做志愿者，内容包括：
1．写信目的；
2．个人优势；
3．能做的事情。
注意：
1．词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．结束语已为你写好。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
满分作文第一步
认真审题
谋篇布局
体裁
话题
人称
时态
要点
申请
信
申请去伦敦
的中国画展
做志愿者
第一人称、
第二人称
一般现在
时
①写信背景目的。
②陈述自己优势和自己能做的事情。
③希望申请被批准。
满分作文第二步
斟酌词句
设计亮点
1．知道下个月将在美术馆举办中国画展览，我写信申请充当志愿者。
高级句式(非谓语动词作状语、被动语态)
_Knowing_an_exhibition_of_Chinese_painting_will_be_hel___ at the gallery next month，I'm writing to apply for
the chance to be a volunteer.
2．我英语说得很流利，和游客交流毫无困难。
高级句式(非限制性定语从句)
I speak English very fluently，_which_allows_me_to_communicate_with_visitors_without_difficulty__.
3．如果被录取，我能介绍中国绘画技巧给游客，从而帮助他们更多地了解中国文化。
高级句式(状语从句的省略，非限制性定语从句)
_If_accepte___
，
I
can
introduce
Chinese
painting
skills
to
visitors
，
_which_can_help_them_know_more_about_Chinese_culture__.
满分作文第三步
巧用过渡
美化成文
【范文赏读】
Dear Sir/Madam，
My name is Li Hua.I'm a Chinese student who is taking a summer course in London now.I'm glad to learn that
your gallery will hold a Chinese painting exhibition.I would like to do some voluntary work for the exhibition.So I am
writing this letter asking to be a volunteer.
I am good at English and familiar with Chinese paintings.I would like to volunteer to help visitors ，introduce
Chinese paintings，spread Chinese culture，and strengthen world cultural exchanges.My aim is to let China go to the
world and let the world understand China.I would appreciate it if you could agree to my request.
_Yours，__
_Li_Hu___
名师点津
9 组不可不记的书信类万用句式
1．道歉信
(1)吸引阅卷人开头句
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①I'm writing to apologize for.../I am writing to say sorry for...
我写这封信是因……道歉。
②I am writing to express/convey my heartfelt apology to you.
我写信向你表达真切的歉意。
(2)吸引阅卷人篇中句
③I am sorry for my not being able to attend your party due to the fact that...
我非常抱歉不能参加晚会是因为……
④The reason why I fail to show up is that I have something urgent to attend to.
我未能出现的原因是我有急事要处理。
(2)吸引阅卷人结尾句
⑤I sincerely hope you can understand my situation/think in my position and accept my apologies.
我真心希望你能理解我的处境/设身处地地为我考虑，并接受我的道歉。
⑥Once again，I'm sorry for any inconvenience caused.
对于造成的不便我再次表示歉意。
2．求助信
(1)吸引阅卷人开头句
①I'm writing to you to ask whether you could do me a favor.
我写信是想问您能否帮助我。
②I'm sorry to bother you，but I have some difficulties here and I need your help.
很抱歉打扰您，但我有些困难需要得到您的帮助。
③I have some difficulty in doing...which bothers me a lot.
So I have no choice but to turn to you for help.
我在做……方面有困难，这很困扰我。所以我别无选择只能向您求助。
(2)吸引阅卷人篇中句
④I can't concentrate on my lessons these days，and I failed in the last exam，which worries me a lot.
这些日子我不能专心学习，上次考试我没有及格，这使我很着急。
⑤Facing/Faced with so many difficulties，I have to turn to you for help.
面对如此多的问题，我不得不向您求助。
(3)吸引阅卷人结尾句
⑥I will be very grateful if you could help me.../I would appreciate it if you could do me a favor and...
如果您能帮助我……我会非常感激。
⑦I'd appreciate it if you could take my request into consideration/account.
如果您能考虑我的请求，我将不胜感激。
3．感谢信
(1)吸引阅卷人开头句
①I'm extremely grateful/thankful to you for your unselfish assistance during...
感谢你在……期间给予我无私的帮助。
②I'm writing to convey/express my gratitude for your kind/generous help during...
我写信感谢您在……期间对我友好/慷慨的帮助。
③I would like to take this opportunity to express my great appreciation for your timely help and assistance.
我想，借此机会特别感谢您给予我们及时的帮助和支持感谢。
(2)吸引阅卷人篇中句
④Many thanks for all the things you have done in helping us to...
非常感谢您为帮助我们……所做的一切。
⑤Thanks to your generous/selfless/kind help，without which I wouldn't have made such great progress.
多亏你慷慨的/无私的/友好的帮助，没有你的帮助，我就不会取得这么大的进步。
(3)吸引阅卷人结尾句
⑥It was kind and generous of you to do this for me，and I appreciate it more than I can say.
你对我如此慷慨，我真是感激不尽。
⑦I wish there were a better word than“thanks”to express my appreciation for your generous help.
任何语言都不能表达我的真挚谢意。
⑧I will be more than pleased if I have the opportunity to repay your kindness by...
如果我有机会通过……报答你的好意，我会非常高兴。
4．建议信
(1)吸引阅卷人开头句
①I have learned that you have some trouble in...and I would like to give/offer you the following suggestions.
我知道你在……方面有困难，因此我想给你提如下一些建议。
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②You've
asked
me
for
advice
with
regard
to/regarding...and
I'll
try
to
make
some
useful/helpful/practical suggestions here.
关于……你向我征求建议，在此，我尽量提出一些有用的/有帮助的/实用的建议。
③When it comes to/As for...，the following are my suggestions./My suggestions are as follows.
当涉及/关于……，我的建议如下。
④I'm writing to give you some suggestions/give you a hand.
我写这封信的目的是给你一些建议/帮助。
(2)吸引阅卷人篇中句
⑤In my opinion/As far as I'm concerned/Personally，it would be wise to take the following action.
在我看来，采取如下行动是明智的。
⑥When it comes to/As for...，I would like to suggest/advise/recommend you should...
当涉及/关于……，我建议你应该……
⑦I think it would be of great benefit/very beneficial if you...
我认为如果……，将会受益。
⑧Doing...is a good/great/better choice.
做……是一个好的/棒的/更好的选择。
(3)吸引阅卷人结尾句
⑨I will be glad if you will take my advice/suggestions into consideration.
如果你能考虑我的建议我将非常高兴。
⑩I hope you will find my suggestions/advice helpful/useful/practical/beneficial.
我希望你认为我的建议有帮助/有用/实用/有益。
5．邀请信
(1)吸引阅卷人开头句
①It's my pleasure/a great honour for me to invite you to join us.
非常荣幸地邀请你加入我们。
②I wonder if I/we have the honor to invite you to the party.
我想知道我/我们是否能有幸邀请你参加派对。
③I'd like to invite you to join us for a visit to ...
我想邀请您一起去参观……
(2)吸引阅卷人篇中句
④We are having/planning...On...(date)and we feel it would be a great idea if you can join us.
我们定于……(日期)……(活动)，如果你能来参加就太好了。
⑤The following are some details about.../Here are some details about.../Some details about...are as follows.
……的细节如下。
⑥To begin with，we will...Besides，there will be a number of/various activities such as...which will...
首先，我们将……，此外，将会有许多活动，例如……这将……
(3)吸引阅卷人结尾句
⑦I do hope you will accept our/my invitation if it is convenient to you.
我真心希望你方便的话能接受我们/我的邀请。
⑧We/I would appreciate it if you could confirm your participation at your early/earliest
convenience.
如果你能尽早在你方便时确认参加，我们/我将不胜感激。
6．咨询信
(1)吸引阅卷人开头句
①I have seen your advertisement and I'd like to know something more about your six－week English course.
我看了你们的广告，我想更多地了解……
②I’m writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding/concerning...
我写信想看看你是否能提供一些关于……的具体信息。
③I am...I wonder if you could provide some specific information about...
我是……我想知道你是否能提供一些关于……的具体信息。
④I wonder/am wondering if you could/would let me know something about...
不知道你是否能够告知有关……的情况。
(2)吸引阅卷人篇中句
⑤I would like to know how much I have to pay for the course and whether accommodation is included.
我想知道需要为这门课程支付多少钱并且是否包含食宿的费用。是否……
⑥Another point I am not certain about is...
我还不确定的另外一点是……
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(3)吸引阅卷人结尾句
⑦Could you be so kind as to send me some...on the above mentioned aspects?
能否针对上述问题寄些相关的……给我？
⑧Thank you for your kindness，and your timely attention to this letter will be highly appreciated.
谢谢你的善意，对于你对这封信的及时关注我将不胜感激。
7．活动介绍信
(1)吸引阅卷人开头句
①I feel delighted that you are so interested in...(活动)，so I'm writing to give you a brief introduction of it.
我很高兴你对……很感兴趣，所以我写信向你简要介绍一下它的情况。
②I feel greatly honored to be asked to contact you，informing you of our arrangements.
我感到很荣幸受委托与您联系，告知您我们的安排。
③In reply to your letter about the activity，I would like to inform you of some details about it.
你来信中提到了活动，我想告知你该活动的一些细节。
(2)吸引阅卷人篇中句
④Aimed at promoting/improving/providing...，the activity is to be held/was held...(时间)．
致力于促进/改善/提供……，活动将于/于……(时间)举行。
⑤The...(活动)will be scheduled to start on...(具体日期)．
活动安排在……(具体日期)开始。
(3)吸引阅卷人结尾句
⑥Not only does the activity broaden my horizons but also inspires me to work harder.
活动不仅让我大开眼界而且激励我更加努力。
⑦Through the activity，we've realized the importance of...
通过活动，我们意识到……的重要性。
⑧The activity offered us a chance to...and helped us learn...
活动给我们提供了一个……的机会，并帮助我们学会……
8．投诉信
(1)吸引阅卷人开头句
①I'm writing to make a complaint about your standard service.
我写信是为了投诉……。
②I'm...a customer who bought...from your website several days ago.I am writing to you to complain about...
我是……你们的一位顾客，几天前我从你们的网站上购买了……我写信向你投诉……
③I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with/at your unfriendly attitude to customers.
我写信表达我对你们对顾客不友好的态度的不满。
(2)吸引阅卷人篇中句
④To improve the situation，it is advisable for you to take the following measures.
为了改进这种情况，建议你采取以下措施。
⑤I do hope that someone will take effective measures to deal with this matter.
我真的希望有人能采取有效措施解决这个问题。
⑥I sincerely hope you can better your service and that mistake won't arise again in the future.
我真诚希望你能改进你们的服务并且此类错误将来不会再出现。
(3)吸引阅卷人结尾句
⑦I would appreciate it if you could give due attention to this matter.
如果你能对此事给予足够的重视，我将非常感谢。
⑧I am really annoyed about it.I trust/have great faith that you will take my complaints seriously.
我对这件事真的很恼火。我相信你会认真对待我的投诉。
9．求职/申请信
(1)吸引阅卷人开头句
①Learning from...that you are looking for a(n)．..，I would like to apply for the position.
从……那儿得知您需要一名……，我想申请这个职位。
②I saw your advertisement on the Internet/in the newspaper and I show great interest in...
我看见你们在网上/报纸上登的广告而且我对……极感兴趣。
③I'm writing to request a valuable chance to be...The following are my advantages.
我写信申请……的宝贵机会。以下是我的优势。
(2)吸引阅卷人篇中句
④I have teamwork spirit and can get on well with other people.
我有团队精神，善于和别人相处。
⑤Not only am I good at...but also I am experienced in...
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我不仅擅长……而且在……方面有经验。
⑥I have been working in...since...，and have therefore gained rich knowledge and experience in this field.
自从……后，我一直从事……，因此获得了与这个领域相关的知识和经验。
(3)吸引阅卷人结尾句
⑦I am sure I will do it well if you give me the chance to be a member of your company.
如果您给我一个机会成为公司的一员的话，我相信自己会做得很好。
⑧I would greatly appreciate it if you could take my application into consideration.
如果你能考虑我的申请，我将不胜感激。
(2019·广州市二模)
假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Alethea 将到中国学习汉语，她来信请你帮忙给她起一个合适的中文名字。请你给
她写一封回信，提出建议并说明理由。
Alethea[əˈliːθiə]的含义是：真实，诚实。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Alethea
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
【范文赏读】
Dear_Alethea，
Great to hear you are coming to China to continue your studies.I agree that it's a good idea to get a name in the
language you learn，and I have consulted quite a few friends to get some inspiration.
The name I came up with is 艾乐真．Its Pinyin pronunciation is Ai Le Zhen，which is very close to your original
name so that it's easy for you and your friends to remember.I think this choice also well represents your name and
character.Zhen means truth or honesty，the same meaning as your name and a virtue in Chinese culture.Le means being
happy，which matches your personality.
I hope you like the name and I look forward to seeing you in China!
Yours，
Li_Hua
【一句多译】
①表达方式一：It's my pleasure to hear you coming to China to continue your studies.
②表达方式二：I'm very happy to know that you will come to China to continue your studies.
第一组
邀请信＋推荐信
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)
假定你是李华，你校将举办音乐节。请写封邮件邀请你的英国朋友Allen 参加，内容包括：
1．时间；
2．活动安排；
3．欢迎他表演节目。
注意：
1．词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Dear Allen，
I'm Li Hua，your Chinese friend.I'm glad to tell you that a Chinese classical music concert will be held in the music
hall of our school on November 8th.According to the concert poster ，many music masterpieces will be played by a
famous band.Knowing that you are fond of classical music，I'd like to invite you to join me and welcome you to show
your performance.I'm sure it is a good chance to perform your favorite music.
If it is convenient for you，I'll meet you at the entrance of the music hall at 7：00 that evening.
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours，
Li Hua
B
(陕西卷)
假定你是李华，在校报英语专栏看到了学校“英语文化节”的一则招募启事。请阅读启事，并根据写作要点和写
作要求写一封应征邮件。
Volunteers Wanted
Our annual English Festival，which will be held on June 15－17,2015，is now looking for 20 student volunteers to
provide service for Talent Show，Speech Contest，and English Debate.If you are interested，please send an application
email at your earliest convenience to Ms Chen at chenlaoshi@aef.com.
写作要点：
1．表达写信意图；
2．陈述应征目的；
3．说明应征条件(性格、能力等)。
写作要求：
1．邮件词数不少于100；
2．开头和结尾部分已写好，不计入总词数；
3．可根据情况增加细节，使行文连贯；
4．不能使用真实姓名和学校名称。
Dear Ms Chen，
I'm Li Hua，a student from Class 2，Grade 3.__________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Looking forward to your reply.
Yours truly，
Li Hua
【范文赏读】
Dear_Ms_Chen，
I'm_Li_Hua，__student_from_Class_2，Grade_3. I'm writing to apply for the position as a student volunteer.
I really want to obtain this precious opportunity because, by offering my service, I will be able to improve my
organizational ability, communication skills as well as my confidence in speaking English in public.
As an outgoing girl, I get along well with my classmates. Besides，I have such a good command of English that I
am elected as assistant to my English teacher. Successfully, I have lent a helping hand to her in several English activities
of my class, which have been appreciated by both teachers and my classmates.
I am sure that I can perfectly live up to your expectations. I will be grateful if you could give me a kind
consideration.
Looking_forwar__to_your_reply.
Yours_truly，
Li_Hua
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·洛阳市二模)
假定你是李华，你打算周末邀请你校英国交流生Jim 参观附近一处瓷器小镇。请你给他写一封电子邮件。主要内
容如下：
1．写信目的；2.体验项目；3.相关事宜。
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注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Jim，
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
【范文赏读】
Dear_Jim，
I'm writing to invite you to visit a china town near my home.And I believe the visit will be a pleasant experience.
The town which is famous for making china has a long history.It's a cultural and creative town，where you can see
different designs of china.Besides，you can taste some tea from china cups.More interestingly，you can try making china
in the DIY area.
I wonder whether you will be free this saturday.If my invitation is accepted，I can pick you up at our school gate in
my father's car at 8：00 in the morning.
Looking forward to your early reply.
Yours，
Li_Hua
2
假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Emily 来信说她非常喜欢中国的民族舞，并打算最近来中国学习民族舞，想请你帮
她推荐一位舞蹈老师。请你根据以下要点给她写一封信，推荐一位老师。内容包括：
1．介绍你所推荐的老师；
2．推荐该老师的原因；
3．祝愿她拜师成功。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Dear Emily，
Glad to hear that you are going to learn Chinese folk dance in China，I'm more than happy to recommend an
excellent teacher—Miss Chen to you.
Miss Chen is the best dance teacher in our school.You know ，I love folk dance.①I used to watch Miss Chen's
performance of Chinese folk dance，which really impressed me.And I have seen almost all of her performances in our
school.Her peacock dance is wonderful.②She has helped many students who want to learn folk dance, including
me.Besides this，Miss Chen is patient and enthusiastic about teaching.I believe you will achieve a lot with her help.
I sincerely wish you good luck to be Miss Chen's student.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
【一句多译】
①I used to watch Miss Chen's performance of Chinese folk dance，which really left a deep impression on me.
②She has given assistance to many students who have the desire to learn folk dance，including me.
第二组
申请信＋道歉信
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2018·浙江卷)
假定你是李华，你校英语协会招聘志愿者，接待来访的国外中学生。请你写信应聘，内容包括：
1．口语能力；
2．相关经验；
3．应聘目的。
注意：
1．词数80 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Dear Sir/Madam，
I've learned that the English Association of our school is now in need of some volunteers to receive foreign students
visiting our school.I'm writing to apply to join it，thinking that I'm well qualified for the job.
For one thing，I have developed fluency in spoken English.I have no difficulty communicating with them.What's
more，I have accumulated related experience by working part－time in a travel agency，accompanying some foreign
tourists.And I treasure this as a good chance to broaden my perspective as well as improve my spoken English.
Looking forward to your reply at your convenience.
Yours，
Li Hua
B
(全国卷Ⅲ)
假定你是李华，与留学生朋友Bob 约好一起去书店，因故不能赴约。请给他写封邮件，内容包括：
1．表示歉意；
2．说明原因；
3．另约时间。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Dear Bob，
I'm sorry to say that I cannot go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon. I have just found that I have to
attend an important class meeting that afternoon. I hope the change will not cause you too much trouble.
Shall we go on Saturday morning？We can set out early so that we'll have more time to read and select books. If it's
convenient for you, let's meet at 8：30 outside the school gate. If not, let me know what time suits you best. I should be
available any time after school next week.
Yours，
Li Hua
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·济南市模拟)
假如你是李华，你校英语戏剧社正在招募新成员，请根据以下提示，给负责人Mr.Smith 写一封电子邮件，申请加
入。
1．申请理由；
2．个人优势；
3．表达愿望。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Dear Mr.Smith，
I'm Li Hua，writing to apply to be a member of our school English drama society.I have confidence that I am a
suitable candidate for the society.
①To begin with，I am enthusiastic about dramas，especially about English dramas and started playing in junior
high school.②In addition，I have taken part in several drama plays and performed well.Last but not least，I'm fluent in
English and won the first place in the English speech contest held in our city last year.
I really hope to join you.I would appreciate it if you could reply to me at your earliest convenience.
Yours，
Li Hua
【一句多译】
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①In the fist place，I have special passion for dramas，especially for English dramas and started playing in junior
high school.
②表达方式一：Besides，I have taken part in several drama plays and did well in performance.
表达方式二：Additionally，I have gotten some experience in several drama performances and appealed to audience.
2
(2018·福州市八县市联考)
假如你是李华，你朋友Brian 把他新买的U 盘(flash drive)借给你用，但是你不小心把它遗失了。现在，请用英文
给他写封信，内容包括：
1．告知U 盘遗失的事并致歉；
2．描述遗失经过；
3．说明暂时无法赔偿及原因；
4．承诺一定赔偿并请求原谅。
注意：
1．词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3．信的开头与结尾已写好，不计入总词数。
Dear Brian，
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Best wishes!
Yours，
Li Hua
【范文赏读】
Dear_Brian，
I'm sorry to tell you that I've lost your new flash drive.①Now I'm expressing my deepest apology for my
carelessness.
②Actually, I put the flash drive in my schoolbag after we met in the library yesterday. But to my sorrow, it was lost
on my way home. I tried to get it back but failed. How sorry and guilty I felt!
③This morning, I went to buy the same flash drive in some stores but it is too expensive for me. However, I promise
that I'll tighten my belt these days to get you a completely new one by the end of this month. Please forgive me and
accept my sincere apology.
Best_wishes！
Yours，
Li_Hua
【一句多译】
①I'm writing to express my deepest apology for my carelessness./It is my carelessness that I'm expressing my
deepest apology for.
②As a matter of fact, it was in my schoolbag that I put the flash drive after we met in the library yesterday./In fact,
it was after we met in the library yesterday that I put the flash drive in my schoolbag.
③This morning, I went to buy the same flash drive in some stores, only to find that it is too expensive for me.
第三组
建议信＋求助信
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
假定你是李华，你的新西兰朋友Terry 将去中国朋友家做客，发邮件向你询问有关习俗。请你回复邮件，内容包
括：
1．到达时间；
2．合适的礼物；
3．餐桌礼仪。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Dear Terry，
Nice to hear from you.I learn that you're coming to visit one of your Chinese friends.I'm now writing to tell you
some relevant details.
Generally speaking，your arrival shouldn't be later than the fixed time.A few minutes earlier is the best.Besides，
you'd better bring some little gifts，such as a special food or drink from your country.Speaking of table manners，keep
your voice low and pleasant during the meal.The host will like it if you have learned to use chopsticks.
I hope these suggestions would be helpful to you.I'm sure you will have a great time.
Yours，
Li Hua
B
(全国卷Ⅰ)
假定你是李华，暑假想去一家外贸公司兼职，已写好申请书和个人简历(resume)。给外教Ms.Jenkins 写信，请她
帮你修改所附材料的文字和格式(format)。
注意：
1．词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Dear Ms Jenkins，
I'm writing to ask you for help. I'm applying for a part－time job in a overseas－funded corporation. I think it'll be
a new challenge to me.Moreover, by doing the part－time job I can get some precious experience so that I can better
adapt to the development and changes of society.
I've already written the application and resume. But I'm afraid that there are some mistakes about the words and
format. So I have no choice but to bother you to correct my mistakes in the material I attach to the letter.I'd appreciate
it if you could do me a favor.
Sincerely yours，
Li Hua
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·唐山市部分学校质检)
假定你是李华，你的英国朋友Peter 写邮件告知你他打算购买《朗读者》英文版，但不知道纸质版本和有声版本
哪个更适合。请你给他提出建议，要点如下：
1．你的建议；
2．你的理由(至少两条)；
3．表达祝愿。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：有声读物audiobook
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Dear Peter，
I'm Li Hua.Hearing that you can not make up your mind about what kind of book to choose，I'd like to offer my
suggestions to you.
If I were you，I would choose an audiobook because of its great advantages.For one thing，you can make the most of
your time using an audiobook when waiting around or going for a walk，or when you are less likely to be distracted.For
another ，audiobooks are portable so as to be carried everywhere while paper books are too heavy and
inconvenient.More importantly，I'm convinced that you'll definitely benefit from the book whatever you'll choose.
Hope my suggestions can be of some help to you.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
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249
2
(2019·江西省名校联盟5 月质检)
假定你是李华，乘坐FL753 航班抵达伦敦后发现钱包遗失。请给航空公司写一封邮件说明情况并寻求帮助。内容
包括：
1．行程信息；
2．钱包特征；
3．联系方式。
注意：
1．词数80 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Dear Sir or Madam，
I am writing to report the loss of my wallet on November 1st,2018 when I was on your flight FL753 from China to
London.
①I clearly remember it was still with me the moment I boarded the plane，but it was gone just after the arrival.I
guess it must have slipped out of my pocket during the flight.It is a black leather one with my ID card,2 credit cards and
around 200 dollars in it.As you can imagine，these matter a lot to me.
I
would
really
appreciate
it
if
you
can
provide
some
help
and
contact
me
by
emailing
me
at
lihua@gmail.com.Thank you for your support.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
【一句多译】
①It is clear that the wallet was still with me when I boarded the plane，but it was gone just after the arrival.
第四组
电子邮件＋告知信
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2019·浙江卷)
假定你是李华，经常帮助你学习英语的朋友Alex 即将返回自己的国家。请给他写一封邮件，内容包括：
1．表示感谢；
2．回顾Alex 对你的帮助；
3．临别祝愿。
注意：
1．词数80 左右；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Dear Alex，
I'm sorry to hear that you are going to return to your country very soon and I'm writing this email to express my
gratitude for your help.
First of all，thank you for helping me learn English.Without your help，I would not have made so great progress in
English－learning.Besides，what you told me about your country broadened my horizons and aroused my interest in
foreign culture.
I wish you all the best in the future and have a good journey.
Yours，
Li Hua
B
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
假定你是校排球队队长李华。请写封邮件告知你的队友Chris 球队近期将参加比赛，内容包括：
1．比赛信息；
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2．赛前准备；
3．表达期待。
注意：
1．词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Dear Chris,
I'm Li Hua, the captain of our school volleyball team.I am writing to inform you that our team is going to play in
the National League.Every participating team is great and ready for the game.It can be predicted that this is a close
match.
Our team is now busy preparing for the game, from living to daily training.We are confident that we can win this
competition.But we sincerely hope you will give us your guidance and encouragement.I'm sure that you will certainly
wish us to win.
Thank you for your expectation and I am looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·太原市第一学期段测)
假定你是李华，下周三美国Greendale 高中的访问团将来你校参观交流，作为校学生会主席，请给对方联系人
Elizabeth 写一封邮件，询问对方相关事宜。内容包括：
1．日程安排；
2．饮食习惯；
3．其他要求。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Elizabeth，
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua
【范文赏读】
Dear_Elizabeth，
I'm the president of the student union of our school.We are so glad that your group from Greendale High School
will come for a visit.
I have some questions to ask you before your arrival so that we could make your visit go smoothly.First，could you
please share your schedule of the visit？So we can get prepared for it accordingly.①Next，we will offer both Chinese and
American food during your visit.So please let us know if there is something that any of you are allergic to.②Finally，
please let us know other special requests you might have.
We look forward to meeting you next Wednesday.
Yours_sincerely，
Li_Hua
【一句多译】
①表达方式一：Besides，we will offer different food during your visit，including Chinese and American food.
表达方式二：Second，we will provide you with both Chinese and American food during your visit.
②Finally，it is our duty to know your other special requests you might have.
2
(2019·潍坊市4 月调测)
假定你是李华，正在教你的英国朋友Leslie 学习汉语。请你写封邮件告知下次上课的计划。内容包括：
1．时间和地点；
2．内容：学习唐诗。
3．课前准备：简要了解唐朝的历史。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Dear Leslie，
I am Li Hua.How is everything getting along with you？I'm writing to tell you something in details.
To start with，what I intend to stress is that we are about to start our next lesson in Classroom 8 of the Teaching
Building at 10 am next Friday.What's more，in order to have much knowledge of Chinese culture，it is of importance for
you to be aware of the content，Tang Poetry.
There is no doubt that you are supposed to know about the history of the Tang Dynasty in advance，which will
make the class go smoothly.
I'll appreciate it if you can reply to my e－mail at your earliest convenience.
Yours，
Li Hua
第3 讲
通知、留言、演讲稿，措辞得体突重点
满分作文第一步
认真审题
谋篇布局
体裁
人称
时态
结构
要点
通知
第二人称
一般现在时
和一般将来
时
活动目的→要
求→具体细节
①通知主题；②欢迎参加；③
放映时间地点；④欢迎提意见。
满分作文第二步
斟酌词句
设计亮点
1．我们学校将要放映一部英文短片Growing Together。
高级句式(利用过去分词作定语)：An English short film _Calle__Growing_Together__will be shown in our school.
2．这部短片与我校发展有关，它将极大地帮助我们学生了解校史并吸引我们为学校发展增砖添瓦。
高级句式(which 引导非限制性定语从句) ：The film tells about the development of our school ，
_which_will_greatly_help_us_students_know_our_school's_history_an__appeal_to_us_to_make_contributions_to_our_
school's_development__.
(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)
你受学生会委托为校宣传栏“英语天地”写一则通知，请大家观看一部英文短片Growing Together，内容包括：
1．短片内容：学校的发展；
2．放映时间、地点；
3．欢迎对短片提出意见。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
满分作文第三步
巧用过渡
美化成文
【范文赏读】
NOTICE
An English short film, called Growing Together, will be shown in the school hall at 7：30 pm. Everyone is welcome
to watch the film. It tells about the development of our school.
The film is believed to be instructive and full of emotion.It tells the story of a school growing up, from small to
large，from weak to strong. After the film, each class is supposed to have a discussion and all the students are welcome to
make comments and express their views about the film.
We will witness the glory of our school, and we are growing together.
The Students' Union
名师点津
一、通知
高考中的通知通常有两种：一种是以布告的形式把事情通知给有关人员；另一种是以书信形式把相关事情传达给
有关人员。写通知类书面表达时一般要注意：
1．通知正文上面正中的地方往往有Notice(或NOTICE)一词。
2．发出通知的人或单位的名称一般写在右下角。
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3．主要时态一般为将来时。
书面通知中的常用表达：
1．All are requested to...
通知要求所有人……
2．Every one of you is expected to be part of the event.
每个人都要参加这个活动。
3．An exciting event...is around the corner.
最近要开展一项精彩的……活动。
4．Have an active part in it，and wish you good luck!
快来积极参加吧，祝你们好运！
5．Come on，everybody！It's your show time!
大家快来吧！展示你们自己的时间到了！
二、演讲稿
演讲稿包括发言稿、致辞等。发言稿总是以第一人称的口吻写，开头往往有称呼语，如“Boys and girls”，“Ladies
and gentlemen”，或问候语，如“Hello！”“Good afternoon/morning！”等。致辞一般开头要有称呼语。最后要以“Thank
you”来致谢。致辞的常见开头：
1．欢迎辞：
(1)It's my special pleasure to welcome...
特别高兴地欢迎……
(2)It's really an honor for me to give a speech here.
在此发表演讲很荣幸。
2．欢送辞：
(1)We enjoyed every minute you spent with us.
我们和你在一起的每一分钟很开心。
(2)Time flies and we have to say goodbye because you...soon.
时间飞逝，我们不得不道别，因为你很快……
考生在写作时要能够使文章内容完整、要点齐全，要用具有感染力和号召力的语言。
三、留言
留言包括留言条，请假条等，可以是书面的，也可以以微信、短信的形式发给接收者。
1．2 个特点
(1)留言条一般是在比较熟悉的人之间使用，因此称呼、署名比较随便。
(2)正文内容应简明扼要，要尽量避免语法结构很复杂的句子。
2．4 个技巧
(1)审题到位：根据题目要求弄清人称、时态，及相关事件。
(2)要点清楚：用相关的词或短语完整地列出要点。
(3)连词成句：注意英语的习惯表达，根据提纲扩展句子。
必要时适当添加细节，以使行文连贯。
(4)组句成篇：注意语气并使用适当的过渡词。
(2018·襄阳质检)假如你是中学生李华，你市正在创建文明城市，请以“Changes I have seen”为题发表演讲，呼吁大
家为“创建文明城市”做贡献。
要点：1.分享你看到的变化(如交通志愿者)；
2．你的呼吁。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可适当增减细节，以使行文连贯；
3．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：文明城市civilized city
Good morning，everyone!
It's a great honor for me_____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Thank you for listening.
【范文赏读】
Goo__morning,_everyone！
It's___great_honor_for_me to talk about some changes I've witnessed in the process of creating a civilized city.
What has impressed me most is the traffic.We often saw pedestrians jump the red light. But now many volunteers stand
at the crossroads，reminding the pedestrians to obey the traffic regulations. Of course, as educated citizens，we can do
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more to help our city to be more civilized, such as arousing the public's traffic awareness and helping more people to
become more self－disciplined.
Just as the saying goes, “Individuals together can make a difference.”I believe our city will become more civilized
and harmonious through our joint efforts. So I'm here to appeal to everyone to do your bit for our city. Only in this way
will our city take on a new look and become a better place to live in.
Thank_you_for_listening！
[层级一
真题题组]
A 通知
假定你是学生会主席李华。学校将举办一次以“校园生活·创意无限”(Innovations on Campus)为主题的创意作品
展评活动。请你根据以下图示，以短文形式用英语写一份书面通知。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当发挥，以使行文连贯；
3．开头及结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：校园campus
创意作品innovation
颁奖prize－giving
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Notice
An exciting event “Innovations on Campus” is around the corner . Everyone of you is expected to be part of the
event which encourages creative minds and gives full play to your DIY skills.
Note that your innovations must be school things. Along with your wonderful innovation, you need to hand in a
report, explaining how the idea occurs to you and what materials you use.
All the collections will be on show from June 16 to 18 in the gym. Looking forward to the prize－giving ceremony？
Sure! It'll be held from 15：00 to 17：00 on June 18. So don't miss the chance of being the winner. Your contribution will
certainly make the event a huge success. For any questions, call Li Hua at 44876655.
Come on, everybody ! It's your show time.
Students' Union
B 发言稿
(天津卷)
假设你是晨光中学的学生会主席李津。一批来自英国的高中生与你校学生开展了为期两周的交流活动。现在，他
们即将回国，你将在欢送会上致辞。请根据以下提示写一篇发言稿。
(1)回顾双方的交流活动(如学习、生活、体育、文艺等方面)；
(2)谈谈收获或感想；
(3)表达祝愿与期望。
注意：
(1)词数不少于100；
(2)可适当加入细节，使内容充实、行文连贯；
(3)开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear friends，
How time flies！__________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Thank you.
【范文赏读】
Dear_friends，
How_time_flies！Two weeks have passed since you came to our school for the exchange program，which we all have
benefited from.
During these two weeks ，we have studied and lived together ，which gives us the opportunity to promote our
friendship. Doing sports as a team has enabled us to know each other better. Your art skills are excellent and admirable,
which leaves me a deep impression. I think all our classmates have learned a lot from our communication and the
various activities.
Now，on behalf of my schoolmates，I wish you a safe return.I also hope that there will be more events of this kind in
the future.
Thank_you.
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·山西省八校联考)
假定你叫李华，是班上的英语课代表。你班外教Peter 因外出开会请你代他在班上发一个关于课后作业的英语通
知，内容如下：
1．写一篇关于中国茶文化的短文；
2．同学间交换并修改错误；
3．作业上交的时间。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
【范文赏读】
Notice
Dear classmates，
Our teacher Peter is at a meeting，so he asked me to tell you about the writing assignment today.Here is something
for your attention.
First of all，the topic of our writing is about our Chinese tea culture based on the text we have just learnt.We are
supposed to write the essay in about 100 words.Secondly，after finishing writing，we need to exchange it with our
partners，and correct each other's mistakes if any.Lastly，the deadline for handing our corrected essays in is this Friday
morning.
Should you have any question about it，please don't hesitate to ask me.
Li Hua
2
(2018·广州市二模)
假定你是李华。英国姊妹学校将来你校进行文化交流，你将作为学生代表在欢迎仪式上发言。请用英语写一篇发
言稿，内容包括：
1．表示欢迎；
2．介绍一项中国传统文化；
3．表达祝愿。
注意：
1．词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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【范文赏读】
Good morning, everyone! My name is Li Hua and it's my great pleasure to welcome our guests from our UK sister
school.①It's exciting to meet so many new friends.
As this is a cultural exchange program, I'd like to talk briefly about Chinese traditional culture, specifically
Chinese painting. Traditional Chinese painting known as “guo hua”，is an enduring art form with a 2,000－year－long
history.②In contrast to western oil painting, it's usually done on Chinese art paper(宣纸) or thin silk, using various
brushes and black or colored ink. With subjects ranging from landscapes to flora and fauna(动植物), these paintings not
only reflect the Chinese conception of artistic beauty but also embody the principles of Chinese philosophical thinking.
③We're planning several visits to our city's art galleries so you can see for yourself.
I hope you'll have a fantastic time during your stay with us and enjoy the activities we have organized.
Thank you.
【一句多译】
①表达方式一：How excited I am to meet so many new friends!
表达方式二：Meeting so many new friends is very exciting.
②表达方式一：Different from western oil painting, it's usually done on Chinese art paper(宣纸) or thin silk, using
various brushes and black or colored ink.
表达方式二：Not similar to western oil painting, it's usually done on Chinese art paper(宣纸) or thin silk, with
various brushes and black or colored ink.
③表达方式一：There will be several visits to our city's art galleries for you to enjoy yourself.
表达方式二：Several visits to our city's art galleries will be planned for you to get their points.
第4 讲
记叙说明和议论，文体有别知方法
(四川卷)
某中学生英文报正举办“The Season I Like Best”的征文活动。请用英文写一篇短文投稿，内容应包括：
1．你最喜欢的季节；
2．你喜欢该季节的两条理由(如：气候、景色、活动、感受……)。
注意：
1．词数100 左右；
2．题目已为你写好；
3．行文连贯，语篇完整；
4．文中不得透露个人真实信息。
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满分作文第一步
认真审题
谋篇布局
体裁
人称
时态
结构
要点
说明文
第一人称
一般现
在时
提出话题→说
明原因→总结
①说明最喜欢的季节；②喜欢该季
节的理由；③再次强调喜欢该季节。
满分作文第二步
斟酌词句
设计亮点
1．总之，我喜欢春天的一切，尤其是沐浴在阳光和春雨中的感觉。
高级词汇＋高级句式(非谓语动词)：In a word，I like everything in spring，especially the feelings bathed in the rain
and sunshine.
2．我最喜欢春天有许多理由。最浪漫的一个原因是对我而言漫步在春雨中很舒服。
高级词汇＋高级句式(定语从句＋表语从句)：There are many reasons why I like spring best，the most romantic of
which is that it is comfortable for me to walk in the rain in spring.
满分作文第三步
巧用过渡
美化成文
【范文赏读】
The season I Like Best
When it comes to the season I like best，spring will always occur to me in no time.
There are many reasons why I like spring best，the most romantic one of which is that it is comfortable for me to
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walk in the rain in spring.What's more，after a long cold winter，everything begins to come to life.So whenever there is a
chance for me to go to the countryside，where there is beautiful scenery，I will never hesitate to pack my bags and leave
for the land.
In a word，I like everything in spring，especially the feelings bathed in the rain and sunshine.
名师点津
3 种文体的写作方法
一、记叙文
1．命题特点
记人叙事是高考书面表达常见的考查方式，侧重考查人物介绍、事物描述或事件的发展。
2．2 个注意点
(1)记人类记叙文：①根据题干所给的提示信息来写，不得随意增添或遗漏要点；②根据写作主题突出人物的性格
或经历等重要信息，切忌要点堆砌，中心不明。
(2)叙事类记叙文：①理清事件发生的时间、地点、人物、起因、经过及结果，确定表达要点：②注意表达的完整
性，同时注意上下文的衔接。
二、说明文
1．命题特点
说明文的主要命题形式为提纲式作文，兼顾考查图画式和提纲式作文。
2．4 个注意点
(1)准确把握说明对象。根据写作目的和要求，抓住人或事物的主要特点，写作时做到有的放矢。
(2)说明过程要层次分明，条理清晰，内容连贯。
(3)语言力求简洁贴切，通俗易懂。
(4)通常用第三人称，时态以一般现在时为主。
三、议论文
1．命题特点
(1)内容贴近中学生的生活实际，话题主要涉及对常见问题的观点态度及解决方法。
(2)强调“以理服人，以理取胜”，逻辑推理性强。
(3)考查中学生的判断是非的能力、逻辑思维能力和解决问题的能力。
2．4 个“要点”
(1)要理清题意。认真阅读题干，分清楚要写作的是说理议论型、说明利弊型还是解决问题型的议论文。
(2)要提炼观点。根据试题要求，先表达自己的观点和态度。
(3)要充分论证。根据自己的观点列出相关理由，要注意思维逻辑和行文逻辑，必要时举例说明。所举的例子要与
观点和态度一致。在文章的最后要再次强调自己的观点。
(4)要注意语言、语言要地道、丰富，根据需要可以运用凸显文章层次结构的表达。
(2018·雅安质检)某英语报社以“如何与人交流”为主题，面向中学生举行一次征文活动。请根据以下提示，用英
语写一篇应征短文：
1．与人交流的好处；
2．你喜欢的交流对象和方式；
3．你对与人交流的建议。(至少两点)
注意：1.词数100 左右，开头语已为你写好；
2．文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称。
It's very important to communicate with people because___________________________
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【范文赏读】
It's_very_important_to_communicate_with_people_because communication with others will help us out of trouble,
make friends and have a better understanding of each other，overcoming negative feelings.
Generally speaking, I'll do small talk face to face with my close friends about my personal matters.Besides，I often
chat about my study and life with my parents.While away from home, I'll telephone them at least once a week.
Sometimes I'd prefer to email my teachers, asking about academic problems.Regular communication has had good
effect on my social activities.
However，we should attend to key factors in communication. We should adopt different ways depending on the
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cultural background. On the other hand, when we meet people occupied in different jobs, we should choose certain
topics.
[层级一
真题题组]
A
(2019·北京卷)
假设你是红星中学高三学生李华，你们班上周组织了一次以“劳动最光荣”为主题的社会实践活动。请根据以下
四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英文周记，记述整个过程。
注意：词数不少于60。
提示词：西瓜watermelon
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【范文赏读】
Last week I took part in a farmwork programme in the suburbs.
At the class meeting ，our teacher told us about the programme with the theme “Working is the most
beautiful”．And he stressed the importance of working with our own hands.
When I got home，I packed up my luggage for the trip.
On the farm，we helped pick watermelons.While working，I realised how hard it was to work in the fields under a
hot sun.
When I came back home，I shared my experiences with my parents.And they were very proud of me.
B
(2019·江苏卷)
请阅读下面文字，并按照要求用英语写一篇150 词左右的文章。
Li Jiang：Have you heard this？A group of exchange students from the UK are visiting our school next month.
Su Hua：Yes，I have.Some are already recommending the traditional Chinese dress for the welcome ceremony.
Li Jiang：But it seems people have different opinions.
Su Hua：What do you think?
Li Jiang：I think it's a good idea.It's an opportunity to make the Chinese culture better known to international
students.
Su Hua：I agree.But we don't have to dress that way.That's not our daily style.Besides，it's not very convenient.
Li Jiang：You see，it's the Chinese culture that the British friends are coming for.Just the right occasion.
Su Hua：I prefer the school uniform.It's nice.It's also a better display of our school culture.
【写作内容】
1．用约30 个词概括上述信息的主要内容；
2．在上述场合，你是否倾向于穿中国传统服装？请说明理由(不少于两点)。
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【写作要求】
1．写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句；
2．作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称；
3．不必写标题。
【评分标准】
内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。
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【范文赏读】
Possible Version One：
Li Jiang and Su Hua are discussing what to wear when receiving the British students next month.Li recommends
the traditional Chinese dress while Su prefers the school uniform.
I would be happy to wear traditional Chinese clothes at the welcome ceremony.Firstly，this is precisely what the
British visitors are expecting.They come to learn about Chinese culture with their own eyes.Their Chinese peers in the
typical Chinese dress would be highly impressive.The school uniforms are fine，but not special enough to give a unique
Chinese flavour.Secondly，the inconvenience is not a problem if our purpose is to share Chinese culture.It is just the so
－called inconvenience that displays the richness，delicacy and great fascination of Chinese culture with a history of
thousands of years.
The traditional Chinese clothes，it seems to me，will make the occasion very Chinese and inviting to the British
guests.
(150 words)
Possible Version Two：
Li Jiang and Su Hua don't agree on what to wear when greeting the British students.Li suggests traditional Chinese
clothes while Su thinks the school uniforms are more suitable.
I prefer the school uniform to the traditional Chinese dress at the welcome ceremony next month. Although the
traditional Chinese dress may look more beautiful and stylish，it is a little bit strange to walk around in it.We feel at ease
in our school uniforms every day.What's more，the traditional Chinese dress can't reflect the unique culture of our
school.From the design and colour of our uniforms，the British friends will learn more about our school.Besides，the
choice of the traditional Chinese dress means extra money，and extra time，for we have to change it back after the event.
So the school uniforms are a better choice than the traditional Chinese dress for such an occasion.
(150 words)
[层级二
模拟题组]
1
(2019·广州市调测)
你校英语节组织了“你最喜爱的卡通电影人物”英语征文评选。假定你最喜欢的人物是“花木兰”，请你根据以
下提示写一篇短文参加评选：
1．简述木兰代父从军的故事；
2．你喜欢这一人物的理由。
注意：词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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【范文赏读】
I wish to choose Mulan as my favourite cartoon movie character.
①Living in ancient times ，Mulan was a young girl who decided to go to join the army as a way to help her
family.Because her brother was too young to enlist，she made sacrifices in order to stop the forced recruitment of her
father.As only men could join the army at that time，Mulan disguised herself as a man to trick the army officers.
②I really love this character because she is both brave and caring.She fights with courage and determination and
she makes a great contribution to the country.She is also a wonderful role model，showing that women need not feel
limited when it comes to what they can achieve.
【一句多译】
①表达方式一：As a young girl living in ancient times，Mulan decided to go to join the army as a way to help her
family.
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表达方式二：Young as a girl living in ancient times，Mulan decided to go to join the army to help her family.
②表达方式一：I really love this character because of her bravery and thoughtfulness.
表达方式二：I really love this character in that she is both brave and thoughtful.
2
(2019·长沙市四校联考)
假定你叫李华，你校英语报English for Teens 正在举办以“我最喜爱的上学日(school day)”为主题的英语征文活
动。请你写一篇征文向该报投稿，内容包括：
1．你在这天要做什么；
2．你为什么最喜欢这天。
注意：1.词数100 左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
【范文赏读】
Personally，of the five school days each week，I like Thursday most，on which I have interesting subjects to learn
and colorful activities to participate in.
In the morning，I have my favorite subject，Chinese，in which Mrs.Chen always gives us wonderful teaching.Her
reading lessons are so well－organized that I achieve much every time.Most importantly，she well－organized that I
achieve much every time.Most importantly，she never makes us feel embarrassed when we make mistakes.
After class this day，together with my friends，I go to the English Corner of our school where there are foreign
teachers and some college students.We talk about what we are interested in freely.As well as making more friends there，
I've gained a lot about English.
That's my favorite shool day!
考前回顾·完胜高考
第1 天
◆动词过去式、过去分词的变化规则
1．一般情况下，动词词尾加－ed，如：
work→worked
play→played
want→wanted
act→acted
2．以不发音的e 结尾的动词，动词词尾加－d，如：
live→lived
move→moved
taste→tasted
hope→hoped
3．以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的动词，把y 变为i 再加－ed，如：
study→studied
copy→copied
cry→cried
carry→carried
4．以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写词尾辅音字母，再加－ed，如：
stopped
begged
dragged
dropped
planned
dotted
5．以下动词加－ed 或－ing 要双写最后一个字母
regret→regretted→regretting
control→controlled→controlling
admit→admitted→admitting
occur→occurred→occurring
prefer→preferred→preferring
refer→referred→referring
forget→forgetting
permit→permitted→permitting
equip→equipped→equipping
注意：quarrel，signal，travel 中的l 可双写(英国英语)也可不双写(美国英语)
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◆易错词形，精准拼写
1．absent_absence__n.
2．act_action__n._activity__n.(活动)
_actor__n.(男演员)_actress__ n．(女演员)
3．adapt_adaptation__ n.
4．admire_admirable__ adj. _admiration__n.
5．admit_admission__n.
6．agriculture_agricultural__adj.
7．amuse_amusement__n.
8．anxious_anxiety__n.
9．apply_application__n._applicant__n.(申请人)
10．appoint_appointment__n.
11．appreciate_appreciation__n.
12．approve_approval__n.
13．argue_argument__n.
14．arrange_arrangement__n.
15．arrive_arrival__n.
16．assist_assistance__n._assistant__n.(助手)
17．athlete_athleti___adj.
18．attract_attraction__n._attractive__adj.
19．beautiful_beauty__n.
20．behave_behavior__n.
21．believe_belief__n.
22．benefit_beneficial__adj.
23．brave_bravery__n.
24．care_careful__adj._careless__adj.(粗心的)
25．caution_cautious__adj.
◆核心短语，盯住“小词”
1．absent_from__缺席
2．access_to__接近；进入
3．_by__accident 偶然地；无意地
4．account_for__说明；足以说明
_on__account of 因为……的缘故
take..._into__account 考虑到；顾及；体谅
take into_consideration__(consider)考虑
5．accuse sb._of__sth.
＝charge sb._with__sth.控告某人某事
6．be accustomed to_doing__(do)sth.习惯于(做)某事
7．take_an__active part in 积极参加
8．adapt..._to__...适应
adjust oneself_to__使……适应
adapt..._from__...由……改编
9．ad__to__增加
in_addition__(add)to 除……之外还有
10．admire sb._for__doing sth.羡慕某人做某事
11．_admission__(admit)to/into 得到……的许可
12．_in__advance 预先
ahe___of__time 提前
13．have_an__effect on 对……有影响
14．_at__the age of 在……岁时
15．_on__the air 播送
_by__air 乘飞机
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_in__the air 在空中
16．all_at__once 突然
17．be amaze__at__对……感到惊讶
18．answer_for__对……负责
in answer_to__作为对……的答复
19．apart_from__除去
20．apologize to sb._for__doing sth.为做某事向某人道歉
make_an__apology to sb.for sth.为某事向某人道歉
◆熟词生义，发散思维
1．ache(熟义：v.&n.疼痛)
He was aching for home.(v.渴望)
2．address(熟义：v.写地址
n．地址)
The chairman will address the meeting on how to protect the environment.(vt.向……发表演说)
3．advance(熟义：v.&n.前进，推进)
She asked for an advance on her salary.(n.预付款)
4．against(熟义：prep.反对；逆着；依靠；与……竞争)
The picture looks nice against the white wall.(prep.以……为背景；映衬)
5．air(熟义：n.空气；航空)
The program will first go on air at 6 am this Sunday.(n.广播)
6．announce(熟义：vt.宣布)
Warm sunshine announces the coming of the spring.(vt.预示着)
7．about(熟义：prep.关于；周围；附近)
I have no money about/on me.(prep.带在身上)
8．around(熟义：prep.四周，周围)
I'll be back at around 5 o'clock.(adv.大约)
9．balance(熟义：v.&n.平衡)
I must check my bank balance.(n.差额；余款)
The school aims to balance the amount of time spent on arts and science subjects.(v.权衡)
His lack of experience was balanced by a willingness to learn.(v.相抵；抵消)
10．bar(熟义：n.棒，条；酒吧)
Poor health may be a bar to success in life.(n.障碍)
11．back(熟义：adv.&n.后面)
If you back your car out of the driveway，I can get mine in.(vt.使倒退)
Many of his friends backed his plan.(vt.支持)
12．blue(熟义：adj.&n.蓝色)
I felt blue when I failed.(adj.忧伤的)
13．build(熟义：v.建设)
The athlete has a solid build.(n.身材；体形)
14．badly(熟义：adv.坏地，恶劣地)
They wanted to win so badly.(adv.很，非常)
15．cause(熟义：v.致使)
We are struggling for revolutionary cause.(n.事业)
第2 天
◆可数名词复数形式的变化规则
1．规则变化
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加－s
teachers，doctors，students，tables
以s，x，ch，sh 结尾
加－es
dishes ，boxes ，glasses ，watches 但
stomach 复数形式直接加－s ，即
stomachs
以“辅音字母＋y”结尾
变y 为i 再加－es
babies，armies，families，bodies
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以“元音字母＋y”结尾
加－s
toys，boys
以f 或fe 结尾
大都变f 或fe 为v，
再加－es
knives，shelves，thieves，wives，lives
少数加－s
proofs，roofs，beliefs，chiefs
以o 结尾
通常加－s
videos，zoos，radios，tobaccos，pianos，
photos
有的加－es
potatoes，heroes，tomatoes
注意：①以－o 结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是：英雄吃土豆、西红柿，即heroes，potatoes，tomatoes。
②名词前有man 或woman 修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman 和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman
doctor→women doctors
2．不规则变化
①常见单复数同形的名词
Chinese 中国人；means 方式；works 工厂；sheep 绵羊；deer 鹿；series 系列；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，
fruit 表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。
②自身有特殊变化的名词
child 孩子→children
man 男人→men
foot 脚，英尺→feet
tooth 牙→teeth
medium 传播媒介→media
mouse
老鼠→mice
phenomenon 现象→phenomena
3．有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses 眼镜，clothes 衣服，goods 货物，trousers 裤子，belongings 所有物，
wages 工资，surroundings 环境，ashes 灰尘，cattle 牛，congratulations 祝贺等。有些固定搭配中的名词通常用复数。
如：
have words with sb.同某人吵架，in high spirits 情绪高昂，give one's regards to sb.向某人问候，in rags 衣衫褴褛，
have good manners 有礼貌等。
◆易错词形，精准拼写
1．celebrate_celebration__n.
2．centre_central__adj.
3．challenge_challenging__adj.
4．cheer_cheerful__adj.
5．chemistry_chemical__adj._chemist__n.(化学家)
6．choose_choice__n.
7．collect_collection__n._collector__n.(收藏家)
8．compete_competition__n._competitor__n.(竞争者)
9．conclude_conclusion__n.
10．confident_confidence__n.
11．congratulate_congratulation__n.
12．consider_consideration__n._considerate__adj.
13．convenient_convenience__n._inconvenient__adj.(反义词)
14．curious_curiosity__n.
15．danger_dangerous__adj.
16．de___death__n.
17．decide_decision__n.
18．deep_depth__n.
19．describe_description__n.
20．determine_determination__n.
◆核心短语，盯住“小词”
1．appeal_to__吸引；呼吁
2．apply_for__申请
apply_to__适用于；运用于
3．approach_to__……的途径
4．approve_of__sth.赞成某事
5．argue with sb._about/over__sth.与某人关于某事争执
6．take sth._in__one's arms 抱着某物
7．show sb._aroun___带领某人参观
8．make_arrangements__(arrange)for 为……作安排
9．_on/upon__one's arrival 在某人到达时
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10．burn sth._to__ashes 把……烧为灰烬
11．be ashame__of__oneself 为自己感到羞愧
12．attach_to__附属于；贴上；系上
attach_importance__(important)to...认为……重要
13．_in__one's attempt to do sth.试图做某事
14．_in__autumn 在秋天
_in__the autumn of 2014 在2014 年的秋天
_in__the early autumn 在早秋
15．on_不填__average 平均起来
above/beyon__the__average 超出平均水平
16．be aware_of__意识到
17．be ____at__doing 不擅长
be ____for__对……有害处
18．be_badly__(bad)off 贫困
be_well__(good)off 富裕
19．base..._on/upon__以……为基础
be_base___(base)on 以……为基础
on the_basis__(base)of 以……为基础
20．make_the__bed 铺床
21．_on__behalf of 代表
22．_for__the time being 暂时
23．benefit_from__从……中获益
_for__the benefit of sb.为了某人的利益
24．make the best_of__尽量利用
25．be_better__(good)off 好转
26．_by__birth 生来
_at__birth 出生时
give birth_to__生产
◆熟词生义，发散思维
1．chance(熟义：n.机会)
I'm not sure of winning the speech contest，but let me take a chance.(n.冒险)
I chanced to be passing when she fell and hurt herself.(v.碰巧)
2．count(熟义n.&v.计算，数)
There are 10 people in the classroom counting two teachers. (vt.包括)
It is not how much you read but what you read that counts.(vi.有价值；重要)
3．cost(熟义：v.花费
n．费用，成本；代价)
Joe's brave action cost him his life.(v.以牺牲……为代价)
4．cover(熟义：v.覆盖)
They had covered 20 miles before dark.(v.走完一段路)
How many pages have you covered？(v.看完多少页书)
The discussion covered a wide range of subjects.(v.涉及)
His story was covered in China Daily.(v.报道)
Here is 5 pounds，which should cover all your expenses.(v.够付)
5．cross(熟义：v.跨越，横穿
n．十字)
Don't be cross with him.After all，he meant to help.(adj.生气的)
6．cut(熟义：vt.割)
Buyers will bargain hard to cut the cost of the house they want.(v.削减)
7．develop(熟义：v.发展；开发；研制)
Did you have the films developed？(v.冲洗)
After developing a strange disease，he developed an interest in medicine.(vt.患病；逐渐形成)
8．digest(熟义：v.消化
n．文摘)
I struggle to digest the news.(v.理解，领悟)
9．do(熟义：v.做，制作)
The shoes won't do for mountain climbing.(v.行，适合)
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Everything is doing well.(v.进展)
10．down(熟义：adv.向下，在下面)
I have been down ever since I heard the news.(adj.情绪低落的)
11．duck(熟义：n.鸭子)
(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，语法填空)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he
doesn't feel challenged.(v. 低下头，弯下身)
12．employ(熟义：v.逃跑；逃脱)
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，D)The likables' plays－well－with－others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump－
start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work.(v. 应用，利用)
13．escape(熟义：v.逃跑；逃脱)
His name escapes me for the moment.(v.被忘掉；被忽视)
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，C)A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.(n. 解脱；消遣)
14．even(熟义：adv.甚至)
The room should be kept at an even temperature.(adj.均匀的，稳定的)
She smiled，showing her small even teeth.(adj.差不多的；整齐的)
“I think you are mistaken，”she said in an even tone.(adj.平静的；平和的)
15．fail(熟义：v.失败)
Trapped in a traffic jam，he failed to catch the train.(v.未能)
He is failing in health./His health is failing.(v.衰退，衰弱)
Words failed me to describe my feeling.(vt.使失望；有负于；无能为力)
第3 天
◆常考不规则动词表(1)
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
动词－ing 形式
become
became
become
becoming
catch
caught
caught
catching
teach
taught
taught
teaching
come
came
come
coming
run
ran
run
running
overcome
overcame
overcome
overcoming
bring
brought
brought
bringing
buy
bought
bought
buying
fight
fought
fought
fighting
think
thought
thought
thinking
seek
sought
sought
seeking
feel
felt
felt
feeling
◆易错词形，精准拼写
1．develop_development__n.
2．devote_devotion__n.
3．differ_difference__n._different__adj.
4．difficult_difficulty__n.
5．direct_direction__n._director__n.(主管；导演)
6．discover_discovery__n.
7．discuss_discussion__n.
8．distant_distance__n.
9．educate_education__n._educator__n.(教育家)
10．effect_effective__adj.
11．encourage_encouragement__n.
12．energy_energeti___adj.
13．enjoy_enjoyable__adj.
14．equal_equality__n.
15．evident_evidence__n.
16．expect_expectation__n.
17．explain_explanation__n.
18．express_expression__n.
19．face_facial__adj.
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20．fail_failure__n.
◆核心短语，盯住“小词”
1．be blin__in___one's eyes 眼睛瞎
be blin__to__sth.对……视而不见
2．_at__the bottom of 在底部
_from__the bottom of one's heart 从心底里
3．_out__of breath 喘不过气来
4．_in__brief 简而言之
5．burn_to__the ground 把……烧光
6．be_burie___(bury)in thought 出神沉思
be lost_in__thought 陷入沉思
7．get down_to__business 着手办正事
_on__business 出公差
8．_by__mistake 由于疏忽所致
9．_in__case of 假使；如果发生
10．pay_in__cash 付现钱
pay_by__check 用支票支付
11．catch sb._doing__(do)sth.看见某人干某事
be_caught__(catch)in...被……困住
12．take____chance 冒险
13．be clever_with/at__善于
14．seize/take sb._by__the collar 抓住某人的领口
15．under_construction__(construct)在建设中
16．be content_with__对……满意
17．on_the__contrary 与此相反
18．contribute_to__有助于；促使
make_contributions__(contribute)to 对……做贡献
19．_in__control 控制
_out__of control 失去控制
_under__the control of 在……的控制下
_in__danger 在危险中
_out__of danger 脱离危险
20．convince sb._of__sth.使某人相信
21．_at__the cost of 以……代价
22．count_on__指望
23．be crowde__with__充满；满是
24．be curious_about__对……好奇
◆熟词生义，发散思维
1．fine(熟义：adj.美好的，很棒的，晴朗的)
The man will be fined if he parks the car there.(v.罚款)
2．force(熟义：vt.强迫)
She forced her way through the crowd of reporters.(v.用力；强行移动)
He forced a smile when he saw me.(v.挤出)
3．fresh(熟义：adj.新鲜的)
There is a shortage of fresh water on the island.(adj.淡的，无盐的)
She is quite fresh to office work.(adj.无经验的)
4．fair(熟义：adj.公平的，合理的)
She has long fair hair.(adj.浅色的，白皙的)
An antique fair will be held in our city.(n.商品交易会，展销会)
5．figure(熟义：n.数字，图形)
I figured that if I took the night train，I could be in Scotland by the morning.(vt.认为；认定)
He is a leading figure in the music.(n.人物)
6．fuel(熟义：n.燃料)
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，B)．..how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. (v. 刺激，加强)
7．gain(熟义：v.获得，赢得)
Don't worry.My watch gains.We still have time.[v.(钟表)快]
I have gained weight recently.[vt.增加(速度，重量)]
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8．given(熟义：p.p.被给予)
Given his poor health，he had better have a good rest. (prep.考虑到)
9．go(熟义：vi.去；变得)
This information goes to prove my point.(vi.对……有帮助，有助于……)
It goes by electricity.(vi.机器运行，运转，工作)
Did everything go smoothly？(v.进展)
The story goes that she has been married 5 times.[v.(故事)发生情况如何]
The curtain doesn't go with the carpet.(vi.搭配)
10．hit(熟义：v.击中，打击)
The film is quite a hit of this year.(n.成功；红极一时的人或事)
I couldn't remember where I'd seen him before，and then it hit me.(v.突然想起)
11．hot(熟义：adj.炎热的)
We're waiting for the hot news on the election results.(adj.最新的)
She is one of Hollywood's hottest young directors.(adj.轰动的；走红的)
12．inch(熟义：n.英寸)
He inched the table to the wall.[v.(使)缓慢移动]
13．industry(熟义：n.工业，产业)
His success was due to his industry.(n.勤奋)
14．just(熟义：adv.正好，恰好)
Many Americans no longer viewed it as a just war.(adj.公正的)
I can just imagine his reaction.(adv.完全地；真正地)
15．key(熟义：n.钥匙；答案)
The key factor in their success is hard work.(n.&adj.关键性的人或物，关键的)
第4 天
◆常考不规则动词表(2)
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
动词－ing 形式
keep
kept
kept
keeping
leave
left
left
leaving
sleep
slept
slept
sleeping
sweep
swept
swept
sweeping
weep
wept
wept
weeping
begin
began
begun
beginning
drink
drank
drunk
drinking
sing
sang
sung
singing
sink
sank
sunk
sinking
swim
swam
swum
swimming
ring
rang
rung
ringing
◆易错词形，精准拼写
1．fool_foolish__adj.
2．foreign_foreigner__n.
3．forget_forgettable__adj.
4．fortune_fortunate__adj.
5．free_freedom__n.
6．frien__friendly__adj._friendship__n.(友谊)
7．gentle_gently__adv.
8．gift_gifte___adj.
9．globe_global__adj.
10．gol__golden__adj.
11．graduate_graduation__n.
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12．greet_greeting__n.
13．grow__growth__n.
14．harm_harmful__adj.
15．health_healthy__adj._healthily__adv.
16．high_height__n.
17．hope_hopeful__adj.
18．hunger_hungry__adj.
19．ill_illness__n.
20．impress_impression__n._impressive__adj.
◆核心短语，盯住“小词”
1．_in__debt 欠债
_out__of debt 不欠债
2．make____decision 作出决定
3．deep_into__the night 深夜
4．_to__some degree 在某种程度上
5．demand sb._of__sth.要求某人某事
6．depen__on__it that...相信……
7．_by__design 故意
8．with the_development__(develop)of 随着……的发展
9．devote...to_doing__(do)
＝be_devote___(devote)to doing 致力于；献身于
10．_in__the direction of 朝……方向
11．divide..._into__把……分为……
separate..._from__将……与……分开
12．drop in_on__sb.顺便走访某人
drop in_at__a place 顺便拜访某地
13．_on/at__the edge of the woods 在树林边
14．be at_an__end 结束；终结
15．_at__the entrance to the valley 在峡谷入口处
16．be equal to_doing__(do)sth.胜任
17．equip sb._with__sth.用……武装；给……配备
18．set an example_to__sb.给某人树立榜样
19．exchange..._for__以……交换
20．_on__exhibition 在展出中
21．be expert_at__擅长
22．be_expose___(expose)to 暴露于
23．in_the__eye of 在……看来
24．be familiar_with__sth.熟悉某物
be familiar_to__sb.为某人所知
25．be fille__with__＝be full_of__充满
◆熟词生义，发散思维
1．kid(熟义：n.小孩)
Take it easy.I'm just kidding.(v.开玩笑；欺骗)
2．kill(熟义：v.杀掉，害死)
We often kill time by playing cards.[v.消磨(时间)]
His joke killed the audience.(vt.使笑得要死)
3．last[熟义：adj.最后的
v．延续，够用(多久)]
He is the last person to tell a lie.(adj.最不可能的)
4．let(熟义：v.让)
The couple decided to let the smaller flat at a lower price. (v.出租)
5．long(熟义：adj.&adv.长的/地，久的/地)
I'm longing to see you again.(vi.渴望)
6．leave(熟义：v.离开；剩下；留下)
Having worked hard for a long period，he decided to take a month's paid leave.(n.休假)
7．mean(熟义：v.意思是，意味着)
It's mean of you to speak ill of others.(adj.自私的；卑鄙的；吝啬的)
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，D)Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids.(adj.不善良，刻薄)
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8．nobody(熟义：pron.没有人)
He wants to be famous.He is tired of being nobody.(n.小人物)
9．narrow(熟义：adj.狭窄的)
He had a narrow escape when his car ran on the ice.(adj.勉强的，刚刚好的)
10．occur(熟义：v.发生)
It never occurred to him that he didn't pass the exam.(v.想到)
11．observe(熟义：vt.注意到，察觉到)
Do they observe Christmas Day in this country？(vt.庆祝节日，举行仪式等)
The workers belonging to the factory must observe the rules.[vt.遵守(规则、法律等)]
12．practice(熟义：n.实践；练习)
He makes the practice of reading newspapers during breakfast.(n.惯例，习俗)
a successful medical/dental/law practice[n.(医师、律师的)工作、工作地点]
13．present(熟义：n.礼物
adj.现在的；到场的)
On Teachers’ Day，students usually present flowers to teachers.(vt.赠送)
14．price(熟义：n.价格)
We all know that his success comes at a heavy price.(n.代价)
15．promise(熟义：v.&n.许诺)
The dark clouds promise rain.(v.有……的希望；使……有可能)
第5 天
◆常考不规则动词表(3)
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
动词－ing 形式
broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
broadcasting
cost
cost
cost
costing
cut
cut
cut
cutting
hurt
hurt
hurt
hurting
hit
hit
hit
hitting
let
let
let
letting
put
put
put
putting
rid
rid
rid
ridding
set
set
set
setting
spread
spread
spread
spreading
◆易错词形，精准拼写
1．inform_information__n.
2．injure_injury__n.
3．instruct_instruction__n.
4．inten__intention__n.
5．introduce_introduction__n.
6．invent_invention__n._inventor__n.(发明家)
7．invite_invitation__n.
8．judge_judg(e)ment__n.
9．kin__kindness__n.
10．laugh_laughter__n.
11．le___leader__n.
12．long_length__n.
13．lose_loss__n.
14．luck_lucky__adj.
15．major_majority__n.
16．medicine_medical__adj.
17．mess_messy__adj.
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18．mix_mixture__n.
19．move_movement__n.
20．mu__muddy__adj.
◆核心短语，盯住“小词”
1．free_from/of__免受
2．_freezing__(freeze)cold 冰冷
_freezing__(freeze)point 冰点
3．be_gifte___(gift)in music 有音乐才能
4．_on__guard 站岗；警惕
_on__duty 值班
_on__vacation 在度假中
_on__holiday 在度假
_off__duty 不上班
5．be_in__poor health 身体虚弱
6．learn..._by__heart 背诵
7．in_不填__height 在高度方面
at_the__height of 在……高度
8．_in__history 历史上
9．hit sb._on__the head 打某人的头
10．_in__honor of 为纪念……
in hope_of__怀着……的希望
11．_by__the hour 按钟点
_on__the hour 准点地
12．be_impresse___(impress)by/at/with sth.对……有很深刻的印象
impress sth._on__sb.某事给某人留下深刻的印象
13．in____word 总之
14．inform sb._of__sth.通知某人某事
15．be_absorbe___(absorb)in 全神贯注于
be occupied in_doing__(do)sth.忙于某事；专心于某事
16．play a joke_on__sb.跟某人开玩笑
17．_judging__(judge)by/from 按照……判断
18．be junior_to__比……低级
be senior_to__比……高级
19．knock_into__撞上
knock_over__打翻
20．be lame_in__one leg 一条腿瘸
21．le___to__导致
22．_at__length 最后；详细地
23．give sb.____lift 让某人搭便车
24．limit..._to__...把……限制在……之内
25．live up_to__one's expectation 不辜负某人的期望
◆熟词生义，发散思维
1．particular(熟义：adj.特殊的)
She is very particular about what she eats and wears.(adj.挑剔的，讲究的)
2．press(熟义：n.&v.按，压)
She pressed a coin into his hand and moved on.(vt.将……塞进……)
The press was not allowed to attend the trail.(n.新闻界，出版社)
3．raise(熟义：vt.提高；饲养)
We had to raise money for our project.(vt.筹集)
Cloning has raised some people's objections.(vt.引起)
4．read(熟义：v.阅读)
I didn't read my mother's thoughts at that time.(v.理解，领会)
The thermometer(温度计)has been reading over 90 degrees all day.(v.指示；显示)
The label reads，“Suitable only for children over there.”(v.写着)
(2019·全国卷Ⅱ，A)Here she picks her top reads.[n.( 好的/ 有意思的)书(或文章等)]
reason(熟义：n.原因
vt.推理，推断)
I tried to reason with him，but he wouldn't listen.(v.和某人讲道理，规劝)
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5．receive(熟义：vt.得到，收到)
He was received as an honored guest at the White House.(vt.接待；欢迎)
6．reflect(熟义：v.映出；反射)
I reflect on possible reasons for my failure.(v.仔细考虑)
7．return(熟义：v.回来；归还)
Do you want a single or a return？(n.来回车票)
8．ripe(熟义：adj.成熟的)
The conditions were ripe for social change.(adj.时机成熟的；适宜的)
9．rest(熟义：v.& n．休息)
She rested her head on his shoulder.(v.把……倚靠在)
Usually parents rest their hope on their children.(v.依靠，依赖)
10．rich(熟义：adj.有钱的，富有的)
a rich chocolate dessert(adj.油腻的)
rich agricultural land(adj.肥沃的)
a country with rich natural resources(adj.丰富的)
11．round(熟义：prep.& adv.环绕，围着
adj.圆形的)
We are losing the game in the last round due to our carelessness.(n.回合，局，轮，场)
12．run(熟义：v.跑)
My father runs a fruit shop.(vt.经营，管理)
13．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ，阅读七选五)Bridges runs dance classes for all ages.(v.开设课程等)
14．rush(熟义：v.迅速移动)
Don't rush me.I need time to think about it.(v.使……仓促行事)
15．say(熟义：vt.说)
Say that war breaks out，what will you do？(vt.假定)
第6 天
◆常考不规则动词表(4)
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
动词－ing 形式
spit
spit/spat
spit/spat
spitting
shut
shut
shut
shutting
burn
burnt/burned
burnt/burned
burning
deal
dealt
dealt
dealing
dream
dreamed/dream
t
dreamed/dreamt
dreaming
hang
hanged/hung
hanged/hung
hanging
learn
learned/learnt
learned/learnt
learning
light
lit/lighted
lit/lighted
lighting
mean
meant
meant
meaning
prove
proved
proved/proven
proving
◆易错词形，精准拼写
1．musi__musical__adj.
2．meaning_meaningful__adj.
3．nation_national__adj._nationality__n.(国籍)
4．nature_natural__adj.
5．noise_noisy__adj.
6．officer_official__adj.(官方的)_officially__adv.
7．operate_operation__n._operator__n.(接线员)
8．pain_painful__adj.
9．poison_poisonous__adj.
10．pollute_pollution__n.
11．possess_possession__n.
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12．possible_possibility__n._possibly__adv.
13．power_powerful__adj.
14．prefer_preference__n.
15．prepare_preparation__n.
16．pronounce_pronunciation__n.
17．protect_protection__n.
18．prou__pride__n.
19．punish_punishment__n.
20．polite_politeness__n._politely__adv.
◆核心短语，盯住“小词”
1．make____living 谋生
2．load..._with__...把……装满……
be_loade___(load)with 满载
3．make..._to__one's measure 按照某人的尺寸做
4．_in__memory of 纪念
5．_at__the mercy of...听凭……的摆布
6．in____mess 一团糟
7．bear/keep_in__mind 记住；牢记
_have__sth.in mind 想要做某事
8．_for__the moment 目前，暂时
9．_by__nature 天生；生性
10．take notice_of__注意到
11．occur_to__想起
12．once_in__a while 偶尔
13．in_the__open air 在露天
14．operate_on__sb.给某人动手术
15．_in__order 按次序的
_out__of order 次序错了；坏了
16．_on__one's own 独自
_of__one's own 属于某人自己的
17．take_pains__(pain)to do sth.费力干某事
18．_in__a panic 在恐慌中
get_into__a panic 陷入惊慌之中
19．_for__my part 就我而言
20．be particular_about__对……挑剔
21．_at__peace 和平状态
_in__peace 安宁；平静
22．_in__person 亲自
23．persuade sb._of__sth.使某人相信某事
24．sing_to__the piano 在钢琴伴奏下演唱
25．_in__place 在恰当的位置
_out__of place 不适当
◆熟词生义，发散思维
1．see(熟义：v.看见)
The past few decades have seen great changes in our hometown.(vt.在某段时期发生、经历)
2．shape(熟义：n.形状)
He's in a lot better shape since he's changed his diet.(n.状况)
His generation firmly believed they could shape the future.(v.影响，形成)
3．sharp(熟义：adj.锋利的，锐利的)
Please come here at seven o'clock sharp.[adv.(用于时间词语后，表示准时)……整]
I felt a sharp pain in my stomach.(adj.剧烈的)
4．shock(熟义：n.&v.震惊)
You could get an electric shock if you touch it.(n.电击)
5．shoot(熟义：v.射击；射中)
The trees give out new shoots in spring.(n.嫩芽；新枝)
6．shoulder(熟义：n.肩膀)
Young people should learn to shoulder the duty.(v.承担)
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7．shade(熟义：n.阴凉处，背阴)
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，完形填空)I count twelve shades of green from where I stand.(n. 浓淡深浅；色度)
8．sound(熟义：n.声音)
It is important to have a sound body.(adj.健康的)
My wife is a sound sleeper.(adj.酣睡的)
9．spare(熟义：adj.多余的，备用的，空余的
v．吝惜；拨出，抽出)
Use the telephone and spare you a visit.(vt.免除)
10．stand(熟义：v.站立；忍受)
There is a newspaper stand at the corner.(n.货摊；售货亭)
11．strength(熟义：n.力气)
Each of us has our own strengths and weaknesses.(n.强项)
12．stress(熟义：n.压力)
He stressed the importance of a good education.(v.强调)
13．strike(熟义：n.袭击，罢工)
It struck me that we might have made the wrong decision.(v.认为；想到；发现)
All the people present at the meeting were struck by the story.(v.打动)
Three earthquakes struck Peru on April 5th and 6th.(v.侵袭)
14．succeed(熟义：v.成功)
He will succeed his father as manager of the shop.(v.接替)
Jim has just succeeded a large fortune from his uncle.(v.继承)
15．share(熟义：vt.分享)
Next year we hope to have a bigger share of the market. (n.股份，份额)
第7 天
◆常考不规则动词表(5)
动词原形
过去式
过去分词
动词－ing 形式
shine
shone/shined
shone/shined
shining
show
showed
showed/shown
showing
smell
smelled/smelt
smelled/smelt
smelling
speed
sped/speeded
sped/speeded
speeding
send
sent
sent
sending
spend
spent
spent
spending
spell
spelled/spelt
spelled/spelt
spelling
build
built
built
building
bend
bent
bent
bending
lend
lent
lent
lending
rebuild
rebuilt
rebuilt
rebuilding
wake
waked/woke
waked/woken
waking
◆易错词形，精准拼写
1．real_reality__n._really__adv.
2．refer_reference__n.
3．rely_reliable__adj.
4．religion_religious__adj.
5．safe_safety__n._safely__adv.
6．salt_salty__adj.
7．satisfy_satisfaction__n.
8．science_scientifi___adj.
9．serve _service__n._servant__n.(仆人)
10．sick_sickness__n.
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11．silence_silent__adj.
12．simple_simply__adv._simplify__v.
13．snow_snowy__adj.
14．strange_stranger__n.(陌生人)
15．strong_strength__n._strengthen__v.
16．succee__success__n._successful__adj.
17．suit_suitable__adj.
18．survive_survival__n._survivor__n.(幸存者)
19．taste_tasty__adj._tasteless__adj.(无味的)
20．thank_thankful__adj.
◆核心短语，盯住“小词”
1．be poor_in__在……方面差；贫乏
be rich_in__富于
2．be popular_with/among__受……欢迎
3．bring/put..._in/into__practice 实施
4．sell sth._at__a high price 以高价出售某物
5．provide sth._for__sb.
provide sb._with__sth.为某人提供某物
6．on/over_the__radio＝by_不填__radio 通过收音机
7．_to__one's relief 令人宽慰的是
8．in reply_to__为……答复
9．_by__request 应要求
10．_on__the rise 在上涨
11．rob sb._of__sth.抢劫某人的某物
steal sth._from__sb.从某人处偷某物
12．run_into__撞上
13．_at__sea 在海上
_by__sea 由海路
14．see sb._off__送别
15．seize sb._by__the arm 抓住某人的手臂
16．set about_doing__(do)sth.着手做某事
17．be short_of__缺乏
18．_at__first sight 乍一看
_catch__sight of 看见；瞥见
_in__sight 被看到
_out__of sight 看不见；在视野之外
19．_on__the spot 当场
20．spy_on__sb.暗中监视某人
21．struggle_to__one's feet 挣扎着站起来
22．succeed in_doing__(do)sth.成功地做某事
23．talk sb.into_doing__(do)sth.说服某人干某事
24．for_one__thing...for_another__thing...一方面……；另一方面……
25．in_the__thirties 在三十年代
in one's_thirties__(thirty)在某人三十多岁时
◆熟词生义，发散思维
1．tap(熟义：v.轻敲，轻拍)
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，D)The likables' plays－well－with－others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump－
start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work.(v.发掘，利用)
2．ticket(熟义：n.票)
The new driver got a ticket for speeding.(n.罚票，罚款单)
3．tight(熟义：adj.紧身的；紧紧的)
We have a very tight budget recently.(adj.手头拮据的)
I can't see you next week because the schedule is very tight.[adj.(时间)紧的]
4．touch(熟义：n.&v.接触，触摸)
What he said really touched my heart.(vt.感动；触动)
5．trip(熟义：n.旅行)
She tripped on the stairs and almost fell.(v.绊倒)
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(2019·全国卷Ⅰ，B)Chris trips on the “－ld” a pronunciation difficulty for many non－native English speakers.(v.
磕巴)
6．taste(熟义：n.味道；味觉)
The colour and style is a matter of personal taste.(n.爱好，兴趣)
He has very good taste in music.(n.欣赏力，鉴赏力)
7．voice(熟义：n.声音)
Matthew voiced some doubts about our plan.(v.表达，吐露)
8．value(熟义：n.价值)
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ，D)．..they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.(n.
值，数值)
9．walk(熟义：n. & n．行走；步行)
This society welcomes people from all walks of life.[n.行业(walk of life)]
I'll walk you to the bus stop.(v.陪某人走，护送某人走)
10．wander(熟义：v.漫游，游荡，漫步)
His mind began to wander.(v.走神；神志恍惚；思想开小差)
11．wear(熟义：vt.穿戴)
The girl always wears a happy smile.[vt.流露，面带，呈现(某种神态)]
This material wears well.(vi.耐用)
12．weigh(熟义：v.称……的重量；重达)
Please weigh the advantages and disadvantages of doing this！(v.权衡；斟酌)
13．weight(熟义：n.重量)
How much weight will be attached to his decision？(n.分量；重要性)
14．work(熟义：v.& n．工作)
I believe your plan will work.(v.起作用)
15．grill(熟义：n.烤架；大平底锅
vt.烧烤；炙烤)
(2018·全国卷Ⅰ，B)Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning，but
she is cooking up a storm in her latest role—showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight
budget.(vt.盘问；拷问)
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