猜押 01 语法填空
3年真
猜押考点 考情分析 押题依据
题
1. 环保与科技：结合“碳
中和”“可持续发展”等热点，如
新能源开发、生态保护类语篇。
2023年6
月上海高 上海卷语法填空近年聚焦语境化语法
考英语 运用，强调逻辑关系与篇章理解。2023年
2. 社会现象：探讨教育公
考查非谓语动词（如进行时态被动语
2024年1 平、职业规划（如青少年实习）、
语法填空 态）、连词选择；2024年涉及量化碳足迹
月上海春 健康生活方式（如睡眠与效率）。
的环保主题，结合动词时态与名词性从
季高考英
句。2025年春考以“竞技赛场呐喊助威的
语
影响”为语篇，要求辩证分析语法结构。
3. 文化传承：涉及传统文化
创新（如非遗保护、汉字演变），
需关注定语从句、分词作状语等考
点。
一，环保与科技
1.(2025届上海市青浦区高三上学期一模考试英语试题)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and
grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of
the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Washing Fruit Before Eating doesn’t Remove Pesticides (杀虫剂)
Do you wash fruit before putting it into your mouth? If your answer is yes, the following news
may well be 1 (disappoint) to you. Using specific imaging technology to see 2
pesticides affected apples, scientists found distribution of pesticides in the apple skin and flesh
layers, confirming that the pesticides pass through the skin layer into the flesh layer, according to a
report published recently in America.
“Thus, the risk of pesticide intake from fruits cannot be avoided by simple washing other than
peeling, which means taking the skin off fruits.” The study’s authors said they were not looking toscare 3 about the presence of pesticides in their food, but they want to provide guidance on
how to avoid them. This study, 4 (situate) within the expansive research area of food safety,
attempts to provide consumers with health guidance,” said Dongdong Ye, professor at Anhui
Agricultural University and study author.
5 bringing up unnecessary anxiety, the research assumes that peeling can effectively
wipe out nearly all pesticide left. This contrasts with the practice of washing, which 6
(recommend) frequently. As the report says, “traditional fruit-cleaning operations cannot wholly
remove pesticides,” but “considering that the flesh layer lost during peeling was a great deal 7
(large) than 0.03mm, we believe that the peeling operation can effectively avoid the dangers of
pesticides in the fruit’s skin 8 the probability of taking in pesticides can be reduced.”
According to the most recent report from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, “before allowing
a pesticide 9 (use) on a food product, the Environmental Protection Agency sets limits on
how much of the pesticide may be used on food during growing, processing, and storage, and how
much can remain on the food 1 0 reaches the consumer.”
【答案】
1．disappointing 2．how 3．anyone/anybody/one 4．situated 5．Rather
than/Instead of 6．is recommended 7．larger 8．so that 9．to be used 10．
that/which
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了根据美国最近发表的一份报告，科学家们利用特
定的成像技术来观察农药是如何影响苹果的，他们发现了农药在苹果皮和果肉层中的分布，
证实了农药通过皮层进入了果肉层，并建议吃水果前最好削皮。
1．考查形容词。句意：如果你的答案是肯定的，下面的消息可能会让你失望。作表语，主语
为news，故用形容词disappointing“令人失望的”。故填disappointing。
2．考查宾语从句。句意：根据美国最近发表的一份报告，科学家们利用特定的成像技术来观
察农药是如何影响苹果的，他们发现了农药在苹果皮和果肉层中的分布，证实了农药是通过
皮层进入果肉层的。引导宾语从句，从句缺少方式状语，故用how。故填how。
3．考查代词。句意：该研究的作者表示，他们并不是想吓唬别人，因为他们的食物中存在农
药，但他们想提供如何避免使用农药的指导。此处作宾语，且表示“任何人，别人，某人”
可用不定代词anyone、anybody或表示“一个人”用代词one。故填anyone/anybody/one。
4．考查非谓语动词。句意：“这项研究位于食品安全的广阔研究领域，试图为消费者提供健
康指导，”研究作者、安徽农业大学教授叶冬冬（音译）说。此处situate与study构成被动关
系，故用过去分词形式。故填situated。
5．考查固定短语。句意：这项研究认为，去皮可以有效地清除几乎所有残留的农药，而不是
带来不必要的焦虑。后跟动名词作宾语，表示“而不是”可用 rather than或instead of，首字
母大写。故填Rather than/ Instead of。
6．考查时态语态。句意：这与经常建议的洗的做法形成对比。which指代先行词practice，在
从句作主语，与谓语构成被动关系，且陈述事实用一般现在时的被动语态，谓语用单数。故填is recommended。
7．考查比较级。句意：正如报告中所说，“传统的水果清洗操作并不能完全去除农药”，但
“考虑到去皮过程中损失的果肉层大大大于 0.03mm，我们认为去皮操作可以有效地避免农药
在果皮中的危害，从而降低农药的摄入概率。”根据后文than可知应用比较级。故填larger。
8．考查状语从句。句意：正如报告中所说，“传统的水果清洗操作并不能完全去除农药”，
但“考虑到去皮过程中损失的果肉层大大大于 0.03mm，我们认为去皮操作可以有效地避免农
药在果皮中的危害，从而降低农药的摄入概率。”引导目的状语从句，表示“以便”应用 so
that。故填so that。
9．考查非谓语动词。句意：根据美国农业部最近的一份报告，“在允许在食品上使用农药之
前，环境保护署会对食品在种植、加工和储存过程中可以使用的农药数量以及到达消费者手
中的食品中可以残留的农药数量设定限制。”上文为短语allow…to do sth.，且use与pesticide
构成被动关系，故用to be done形式。故填to be used。
10．考查定语从句。句意：根据美国农业部最近的一份报告，“在允许在食品上使用农药之
前，环境保护署会对食品在种植、加工和储存过程中可以使用的农药数量以及到达消费者手
中的食品中可以残留的农药数量设定限制。”定语从句修饰先行词 food，在从句作主语，指
物，故填that/which。
二，社会现象
2. (2025届上海市高考3月教学质量监测英语试题)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and
grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of
the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Chinese Women Reject “Beauty Duty”
Legend Zhu was the conventional ideal of Chinese beauty. Tall with shoulder-length hair she
led her university’s modeling team, 1 1 members were often called upon to wear body-
hugging dresses and dramatic eye makeup in college fashion shows.
This recent college graduate, Ms. Zhu, has attracted attention for her appearance once again,
but in a far different way. Over the summer, she took to Xiaohongshu, a Chinese social media
platform known for its lifestyle influencers, 1 2 (post) a selfie with shortened hair and a
cosmetic-free face. “From a model to a natural woman,” Ms. Zhu wrote in the post, which also
included “before” images from her modeling days. “It feels so comfortable!”
1 3 did Ms. Zhu’s image receive more than l,000 likes and many compliments but she
was applauded for her rejection to the pressure on women to conform to traditional beauty standards.
“This is 1 4 great value,” one comment said.
Awareness of such problems 1 5 (grow) among young women in China, especially
college-educated ones, said Leta Hong Fincher, the author of “Leftover Women: The Resurgence ofGender Inequality in China.” Sex discrimination in university admissions and in the job market has
prompted some young women to resist gender roles, including 1 6 connected to
appearance, Ms. Fincher said.
Ms. Zhu, now 23, is among young women inspired by a growing trend of rejecting what is
known in Chinese internet word as “beauty duty”: the costly and sometimes painful devotion to
mainstream notions of attractiveness. The idea is to spend time and resources not on beauty
standards, but on personal development, including education and career growth.
Women subscribing to this idea are also refusing to starve themselves. Only 1 7
(slim) can be completely hidden by an 8.3-inch-wide sheet of paper. Ms. Zhu said that 1 8
she was in college in Beijing and considering a career in the fashion industry, a modeling agency
advised her to lose at least 22 pounds, down to 110. At 5 feet 10 inches tall, she could not imagine
1 9 harm this action would do to her body.
Women who reject such norms often regard other women who disagree with them as not being
progressive enough, said Fiona Chen, a feminist influencer in China. But their criticism, she argued,
2 0 focus on the real reason that expectations are unfair.
【答案】
11．whose 12．to post 13．Not only 14．of 15．is growing 16．those
17．the slimmest 18．when 19．what 20．should
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述中国年轻女性拒绝“美丽义务”，朱女士引领潮流，相
关意识增长，她们更注重个人发展而非传统审美 。
11．考查定语从句。句意：她身材高挑，留着齐肩长发，曾带领着大学的模特队，其成员在
大学时装秀上常常被要求穿着紧身连衣裙，化着夸张的眼妆。分析句子可知，设空处引导定
语从句，先行词是 her university’s modeling team，关系词在从句中作 members的定语，所以
用关系代词whose。故填whose。
12．考查非谓语动词。句意：今年夏天，她在以生活方式影响者而闻名的中国社交媒体平台
小红书上发布了一张自己留着短发、素颜的自拍照。分析句子可知，句中已有谓语动词
took，设空处应用非谓语动词，此处表示目的，应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to post。
13．考查固定搭配。句意：朱女士的形象不仅获得了1000多个赞和许多赞扬，而且她因拒绝
女性迎合传统审美标准的压力而受到称赞。根据“ but she was applauded for her rejection to
the pressure on women to conform to traditional beauty standards”可知，此处考查固定搭配“not
only...but (also)...”，表示“不仅…… 而且……”，且位于句首时首字母需大写。故填 Not
only
14．考查固定短语。句意：“这很有价值。”一条评论这样说道。分析句子可知，此处考查
“be of + 名词”结构，“be of great value”相当于“be very valuable”，表示“很有价值”。故
填of。
15．考查动词时态。句意：《Leftover Women: The Resurgence of Gender Inequality in China.》一书的作者洪理达（Leta Hong Fincher）表示，中国年轻女性，尤其是受过大学教育的女性，
对这类问题的认识正在不断提高。这里考查谓语动词，Awareness of such problems与grow为
主动关系，再根据语境和“among young women in China, especially college-educated ones”可知，
此处强调现在这种意识正在增长，应用现在进行时，其结构为“be + doing”，主语Awareness
是不可数名词，be动词用is。故填is growing。
16．考查代词。句意：芬彻女士说，大学招生和就业市场上的性别歧视促使一些年轻女性抵
制性别角色，包括与外貌相关的那些角色。分析句子可知，此处指代前面的“gender roles”，
为复数概念，应用those指代。故填those。
17．考查形容词最高级。句意：只有最苗条的人才能被一张 8.3 英寸宽的纸完全遮住。分析
句子可知，“Only”后接形容词最高级表示“最……的人”，相当于名词短语，故填 the
slimmest。
18．考查时间状语从句。句意：朱女士说，当她在北京上大学并考虑从事时尚行业时，一家
模特经纪公司建议她至少减掉22磅，减到110磅。分析句子可知，设空处引导时间状语从句，
根据句意可知，此处表 “当……时候”，应用when引导。故填when。
19．考查宾语从句。句意：她身高5英尺10英寸，无法想象这样做会对她的身体造成多大伤
害。分析句子可知，设空处引导宾语从句，从句中缺少修饰名词harm的词，结合句意可知，
此处表示 “什么样的”，应用what引导。故填what。
20．考查情态动词。句意：但她认为，她们的批评应该关注这种期望不公平的真正原因。根
据语境和“focus on the real reason that expectations are unfair” 可知，此处表示“应该”，应用
情态动词should。故填should。
3. (2025届上海市浦东新区高三上学期一模考试英语试卷)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and
grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of
the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Reluctant influencers
When I started posting videos regularly to grow my on-camera video-coaching business, a
friend asked me, “Are you trying to be an influencer?” I hesitated at the question.
The word “influencer” 2 1 (coin) in the 1600s now has become associated with faint
negative implications. We’ve all heard of celebrities being accused of “trying too hard”. And perhaps
that’s what’s happening to business people as well. My concern as a marketer is that real business
people 2 2 could gain a lot from social media are avoiding the label “influencer” so much
that they are hiding entirely. Hiding from the camera is hiding from clients.
As I continued to create and post videos, I noticed that the number of my audience was twice
2 3 of the previous month, and likes were rising. It was then that I realized I was using my
platform to make a difference in people’s lives. No longer was I worried about what it meant or
2 4 others perceived it. I had found my own way to connect with people on a more personal leveland make a positive impact. That was what 2 5 (count).
Pat Flynn, founder of Smart Passive Income, has no issue with 2 6 (call) an
influencer. He feels, 2 7 people are watching, it’s important to set a good example in your
behavior. He adds that he doesn’t take that responsibility lightly because he is able to help people
2 8 the things he does in the example.
2 9 (break) free from this prejudice, remember why you are on social media. It is not
called private media. Never 3 0 (keep) yourselves blocked by a label. Showing up on
camera can be the most efficient and effective way to build credibility and leads online.
【答案】
21．coined 22．who/that 23．that 24．how 25．counted 26．being called
27．because/as/since 28．through 29．To break 30．keep
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了人们对“网红”标签的误解及社交媒体对个人
和事业发展的重要性。
21．考查动词时态。句意：“网红”一词于17世纪被创造出来，现在却带有了些许负面的含
义。根据空后 has become可知，空处为非谓语动词，“The word”和“coin”之间为被动关系，
用过去分词coined作后置定语。故填coined。
22．考查定语从句。句意：作为一名市场营销人员，我担心的是，那些本可以从社交媒体中
获益良多的真正商人，因为过于回避“网红”这个标签，而完全隐藏了起来。空处引导定语
从句，先行词为 real business people，指人，在定语从句中作主语，空处需用关系代
词who/that引导。故填who/that。
23．考查代词。句意：随着我继续创作和发布视频，我发现我的观众数量是上个月的两倍，
并且点赞数也在不断增加。空处需要代词 that来指代上文的the number，以避免重复。故填
that。
24．考查宾语从句。句意：我不再担心它的意义或他人如何看待。空处引导宾语从句，从句
缺少连接副词，需用连接副词how引导。故填how。
25．考查动词时态。句意：这才是最重要的。根据空前was what可知，what引导表语从句，
空处为从句谓语动词，需用一般过去时。故填counted。
26．考查动名词。句意：《Smart Passive Income》的创始人帕特·弗林（Pat Flynn）并不介意
被称为网红。他认为，既然有人在看，那么在自己的行为中树立一个好榜样就很重要。根据
空前with可知，空处需用动名词作宾语，call与逻辑主语Pat Flynn为被动关系，需填动名词
的被动式being called。故填being called。
27．考查原因状语从句。句意：他认为，既然有人在看，那么在自己的行为中树立一个好榜
样就很重要。空处需用表示“因为”的从属连词引导原因状语从句，可用because/as/since。
故填because/as/since。
28．考查介词。句意：他补充说，他并没有轻视这份责任，因为他能够通过自己在示例中所
做的事情来帮助人们。空处表示“通过”， 需用介词through。故填through。
29．考查非谓语动词。句意：为了摆脱这种偏见，请记住你为什么使用社交媒体。根据空后
remember可知，空处应用非谓语动词，不定式作目的状语，表示“为了摆脱偏见”，句首字
母大写。故填To break。
30．考查祈使句。句意：永远不要让自己被标签所束缚。根据空前 Never和空后blocked可知，该句为否定祈使句，空处需用动词原形keep。故填keep。
4. (2025届上海市高三下学期2月联考调研英语试题)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and
grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of
the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Getting Over The “Ick”
Getting the “ick” can ruin a budding romance or an ongoing date. It’s that sudden feeling of
disgust 3 1 makes you want to back away. Maybe you heard them make an awkward noise,
mock someone unfairly, or eat messily. Once the “ick” sets in, it’s hard to shake off, leaving you
questioning 3 2 to move forward.
Disgust, though often overlooked in research, is a strong, primal (原始的) emotion. Like fear
or anger, it’s triggered in specific situations and 3 3 (vary) between individuals. While some
reactions are universal — like disgust at rotting food or unhygienic acts — people with high
sensitivity to disgust might feel it even in slight situations, such as a partner’s 3 4 (crack) lips
or messy eating.
Disgust evolved to protect us from harm, 3 5 spoiled food or moral wrongdoing.
However, when it rushed into our romantic lives, it raises questions: Is it a signal to stop, or 3 6
we can work through? Studies show that heightened disgust sensitivity is linked to emotional
challenges, such as low desire or aversion. In relationships, mismatched thresholds for disgust can
cause conflicts — one partner’s limits might feel restrictive to the other.
Overcoming the “ick” involves 3 7 (reduce) disgust sensitivity. Disgust can be reduced
in much the same way as we work to reduce a person’s fear: Gradual exposure to increasingly greater
levels of the stimulus. In other words, start small and increase your exposure to the thing that makes
you disgusted and your response will become 3 8 (dramatic).
If the “ick” is tied to a person rather than an act, reflection is key. Strong initial feelings of
connection may be worth working 3 9 the discomfort. Relationships often allow us to
overlook flaws, 4 0 if the trigger is a true dealbreaker — something morally
unacceptable — it’s time to trust your instincts and move on.
【答案】31．that 32．whether 33．varies 34．cracked 35．like/including 36．
something 37．reducing 38．less dramatic 39．through/against 40．but
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了厌恶这种情绪对人的影响。
31．考查强调句。句意：这种突然的厌恶感让你想要退后。此处为强调句：it is+被强调部分
+that/who+其他，被强调部分为that sudden feeling of disgust，故填that。
32．考查疑问词。句意：一旦“恶心”来了，就很难摆脱，让你怀疑是否要继续前进。此处
为“疑问词+不定式”结构，且表示“是否”应用whether。故填whether。
33．考查时态。句意：就像恐惧或愤怒一样，它是在特定的情况下触发的，因人而异。作并
列谓语，且陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为it，谓语用三单形式。故填varies。
34．考查形容词。句意：虽然有些反应是普遍的，比如对腐烂的食物或不卫生的行为感到厌
恶，但对厌恶高度敏感的人即使在轻微的情况下也会感到厌恶，比如伴侣的嘴唇开裂或吃得
一团糟。修饰名词lips用形容词cracked“破裂的，有裂纹的”。故填cracked。
35．考查介词。句意：厌恶进化是为了保护我们免受伤害，比如/包括变质的食物或不道德的
行为。后跟名词作宾语，表示“比如”或“包含”应用介词 like 或 including。故填 like/
including。
36．考查代词。句意：然而，当它闯入我们的浪漫生活时，问题就来了：这是一个停止的信
号，还是我们可以解决的问题？此处表示“某事”应用不定代词 something，作表语。故填
something。
37．考查非谓语动词。句意：克服“恶心”需要降低厌恶敏感性。短语 involve doing sth.表示
“涉及做某事”。故填reducing。
38．考查比较级。句意：换句话说，从小事做起，增加你对让你厌恶的事情的接触，你的反
应就会变得不那么剧烈。作表语，且表示“不那么剧烈的”应用形容词 dramatic的比较级，
在前面加less。故填less dramatic。
39．考查介词。句意：最初强烈的联系感可能值得解决不适。短语 work through/against表示
“克服，解决”。故填through/against。
40．考查连词。句意：感情常常让我们忽略缺点，但如果导火索是真正的分手者——道德上
不可接受的事情——是时候相信你的直觉，继续前进了。结合前后文语境可知为转折关系，
应用连词but。故填but。
三，文化传承
5. (2025届上海市普陀区高三上学期一模考试英语试题)
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and
grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of
the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Why Has the Great Wall Preserved So Well?
The Great Wall, a symbol of ancient civilization, stretches across northern China. Despite its
grandeur, 4 1 remains today is only a part of its former self, due to the wear and damage
caused by time and nature.
However, a recent discovery reveals that nature 4 2 might be playing a crucial role inpreserving this historical wonder. Thin layers of bacteria and other organisms, known as biocrusts,
have been considered 4 3 (protect) sections of the Great Wall, sheltering it from wind and
rain, and other destructive elements.
A study published in Science Advances highlights the significant role these “living skins” play
in conserving this ancient architectural marvel. 4 4 advances in technology and research,
scientists are now exploring the potential of cultivating new biocrusts to prevent further degradation
of the Wall.
Nichole Barger, an ecologist, praises the study as “innovative and creative”, noting that the
protective effects of biocrusts 4 5 (gain) increasing recognition in recent years. It is
acknowledged that dryland ecosystems 4 6 (stabilize) and soil erosion (侵蚀) is
prevented by these biological layers.
4 7 the more famous sections of the Great Wall are constructed from stones or bricks,
other parts were built using packed soil. Yet, the same packed soils can also host biocrusts, 4 8
cover about 12% of the Earth’s land surface, particularly in dry regions like northern China. These
biocrusts vary in form, 4 9 (range) from thin bacterial networks to thicker layers of lichen
(青苔) .
Soil scientist Bo Xiao from the China Agricultural University, along with his colleagues,
conducted a study to investigate the role of biocrusts in preserving the Great Wall. Their research
revealed that biocrusts, primarily 5 0 (compose) of moss or bacteria, covered more than
two-thirds of the Wall’s surface in the areas they examined. By studying the physical properties, they
made a significant discovery.
【答案】
41．what 42．itself 43．to protect/to be protecting 44．With 45．have gained
46．are stabilized 47．While/Though/Although 48．which 49．ranging 50．
composed
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了长城为什么保存得这么好的原因。
41．考查主语从句。句意：尽管它宏伟壮观，但由于时间和自然造成的磨损和破坏，今天剩
下的只是它以前的一部分。该空引导主语从句（ 1 remains today），从句中缺乏主语，
意为“……的事物”，用连接代词what。故填what。
42．考查反身代词。句意：然而，最近的一项发现表明，自然本身可能在保护这一历史奇迹
方面发挥着至关重要的作用。强调“大自然本身”所扮演的角色，用反身代词 itself。故填
itself。
43．考查非谓语动词。句意：被称为生物结皮的薄层细菌和其他生物被认为可以保护长城的部分区域，使其免受风雨和其他破坏性因素的影响。be considered to do sth. (被认为做某事)，
protect可用不定式的一般式形式（表示与谓语动词同时发生或紧随其后的动作），或用不定
式的进行式形式（表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作）。故填 to protect/to be
protecting。
44．考查介词。句意：随着技术和研究的进步，科学家们现在正在探索培育新的生物结皮以
防止长城进一步退化的潜力。结合句意可知，介词 with (随着)符合，首字母大写。故填
With。
45．考查时态。句意：生态学家Nichole Barger称赞这项研究“具有创新性和创造性”，并指
出近年来生物结皮的保护作用得到了越来越多的认可。由时间状语 in recent years可知，从句
谓语动词 gain 用现在完成时表过去动作对现在产生的影响，注意主谓一致。故填 have
gained。
46．考查时态和系表结构。句意：人们承认，旱地生态系统是稳定的，这些生物层可以防止
水土流失。形容词 stabilized (稳定的)，此处为系表结构 be stabilized，结合下文谓语 is
prevented可知，用一般现在时，注意主谓一致。故填are stabilized。
47．考查让步状语从句。句意：虽然长城的著名部分是用石头或砖块建造的，但其他部分是
用压实的土壤建造的。前后句让步关系，结合句意，用从属连词 while/though/although (尽管)
引导让步状语从句，首字母大写。故填While/Though/Although。
48．考查定语从句关系词。句意：然而，同样的堆积土壤也可能存在生物结皮，生物结皮覆
盖了地球约12%的陆地表面，特别是在中国北方等干旱地区。该空引导非限制性定语从句，
先行词是 biocrusts，指物，关系词替代先行词在从句中作主语，用关系代词 which。故填
which。
49．考查非谓语动词。句意：这些生物结皮的形式各不相同，从薄的细菌网络到较厚的地衣
层。逻辑主语These biocrusts和非谓语动词range是主动关系，range用现在分词形式作状语。
故填ranging。
50．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们的研究表明，在他们检查的区域，主要由苔藓或细菌组成
的生物结皮覆盖了长城表面的三分之二以上。be composed of (由……组成)，用过去分词短语
composed of…作名词biocrusts的后置定语。故填composed。
