ARTICLE · 1088843
【高中英语语法专项】with的复合结构


“with”复合结构是英语中常见的语法结构,用于表示伴随情况、原因、条件、时间和方式等。
“with”复合结构通常由“with + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”构成,宾语可以是名词或代词,补足语可以是形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词(不定式、分词)等。该结构在句中常起到补充说明或修饰作用,能够表达多种语义关系。
1
七种常见结构形式(重点)
1. with + 宾语 + 形容词
表示宾语所处的状态。
He slept with the window open. (他开着窗户睡觉。)宾语the window的状态是open。
2. with + 宾语 + 现在分词 (v-ing)
表示宾语是动作的发出者,且动作是主动的、正在进行的。
With the guide leading the way, we found the cave easily. (向导带路,我们很容易找到了洞穴。)宾语the guide主动发出leading的动作。The room is very bright with the sun shining in. (阳光照进来,房间很明亮。)
3. with + 宾语 + 过去分词 (v-ed)
表示宾语是动作的承受者,且动作是被动的、已完成的。
He stood there with his hands tied. (他站在那里,双手被绑着。)宾语his hands承受tied这个被动动作。With the work finished, they went home happily. (工作完成后,他们开心地回家了。)
4. with + 宾语 + 介词短语
用介词短语描述宾语的位置、状态等。
The teacher came in with a book in his hand. (老师手里拿着一本书走了进来。)She said goodbye with tears in her eyes. (她含着泪说再见。)
5. with + 宾语 + 副词
用副词说明宾语的状态。
He left the room with the lights on. (他离开房间,灯还亮着。)With everybody away, the house was quiet. (大家都走了,房子很安静。)
6. with + 宾语 + 不定式 (to do)
表示将要发生的动作,常带有“有待完成”的意味。
With so much homework to do, I can’t go out with you. (有这么多作业要做,我不能和你出去了。)作业是“有待去做的”。He can’t die with his dream unfulfilled. (带着未实现的梦想,他不能死。)
7.with+宾语+名词
名词表示宾语是什么(说明身份或性质)
Lu Xun fought against the enemy with a pen his only weapon.鲁迅用一支笔作为武器和敌人对抗。
With him a doctor, we knew exactly what to do in the emergency. (因为他是一名医生,我们很清楚在紧急情况下该怎么做。)
2
with复合结构的句法功能
1. 作状语(最常见)
①伴随状语: He walked into the dark street, with a knife in his hand. (他走进黑暗的街道,手里拿着一把刀。)
②原因状语: With the rain falling hard, we had to stay indoors. (雨下得很大,我们不得不待在室内。)
③条件状语: With more time, we could do it better. (如果有更多时间,我们能做得更好。)
④方式状语: He listened attentively, with his chin cupped in his hand. (他用手托着下巴,专心地听着。)
2. 作定语(修饰名词,放在名词后)
The girl with flowers in her hair is my sister. (头上戴着花的那个女孩是我妹妹。)A city with tall trees lining its streets is beautiful. (街道两旁树木高耸的城市很美丽。)
3
重要注意事项与技巧
1.“with”的省略: 在“with + 宾语 + 介词短语/形容词”结构中,当上下文意思清晰时,有时可省略with,成为“独立主格结构”。
He came in, (with) a smile on his face. (他面带微笑走了进来。)
2.与“独立主格结构”的关系: “with复合结构”是“独立主格结构”的一种更常见、更通用的形式。独立主格结构通常没有with,且更正式、更书面化。
Class over, the students rushed out. (下课了,学生们冲了出去。)(独立主格)With class over, the students rushed out. (意思同上,更口语化/常见)
3.否定形式: 在“with + 宾语 + 现在分词/过去分词”中,否定词not放在分词之前。
With him not helping us, we felt hopeless. (没有他的帮助,我们感到绝望。)
