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考点分类练(十二) 主旨大意题(3)
(限时:25 分钟)
Passage 1
(2023 江西吉安一模)
Parents and teachers worry about the loss of learning caused by the pandemic and want
to catch up immediately.But it’s unrealistic to think that a few months will fully close the
gaps.
Educators tend to underestimate the importance of knowledge,as though rote(死记硬背)
teaching harms teaching higher-order thinking.But science shows otherwise.The processes
that teachers care about most,like critical thinking,are closely interconnected with factual
knowledge stored in long-term memory.Yet we continue to romanticize an impossible
shortcut:teaching critical thinking as if it were a universally applicable skill.
Take the subject of reading,which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught
directly:I will teach students what an inference is.Actually,students make inferences when
they can read fluently and have the vocabulary and background knowledge to name what is
unsaid.
Educators also often underestimate memory.Cognitive scientist Paul Kirschner argues
that building memory is “the aim of all teaching” and that “if nothing has changed in long-
term memory,nothing has been learned”.At the end of a lesson,if students appear to
understand an idea,their teacher may think,“Great,they really understand the point.” But if
weeks later,the students forget it,learning has not really occurred.
Finally,we must consider students’ emotional needs.Belonging is one of the most
profound human emotions.Consider a classroom in which students are socialized to
comment:“I agree with Cassidy and want to provide another example.” That conveys to
Cassidy that her comments were meaningful.This would also be achieved if,when Cassidy is
speaking,her classmates are looking at her,nodding and sending positive nonverbal social
signals that they value her words.Only peers can provide this sense of belonging,but teachers
can cultivate the environment.
All in all,if we want to benefit students,we must ground our teaching in the science that
value knowledge and memory,and the role that belonging plays in students’ study.
1.What can we know about critical thinking according to the passage?
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A.It can be taught directly.
B.It is gradually formed.
C.It is deeply rooted in reading.
D.It is universally applicable.
2.According to Paul Kirschner,when does real learning happen?
A.When students perform well in class activities.
B.When students understand what has been taught.
C.When students achieve changes in long-term memory.
D.When students start to forget unnecessary information.
3.What is the main idea of paragraph 5?
A.Nonverbal social signals matter in class.
B.Being sociable in the classroom is important.
C.Students should support each other in class discussions.
D.Classrooms are where the feeling of belonging is developed.
4.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?
A.To urge schools to teach more knowledge.
B.To show concern about the influence of the pandemic.
C.To promote higher-order thinking like critical thinking.
D.To suggest a scientific way to catch up the loss of learning.
Passage 2
(2023 辽宁鞍山二模)
Some people worry about robots taking work away from human beings,but there are a
few jobs that even these people admit most of us would not want.One is cleaning up
radioactive waste,particularly when it is inside a nuclear power station.
So,send in the robots?In 2011 the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station in Japan
suffered a series of meltdowns after its safety systems failed following a tsunami.Robots were
then sent into it to monitor radiation levels and start cleaning things up.Many got stuck,broke
down or had their circuits fried by the intense radiation.
Stopping such things happening again is part of the work of the National Centre for
Nuclear Robotics (NCNR).It is led by Rustam Stolkin of the University of Birmingham,and
its purpose is to improve the routine use of robotics in nuclear power stations.One problem
with the robots sent into the ruins of Fukushima Daiichi was that they were not particularly
clever.Most were operated by someone at a safe distance.Such machines’ arms are tricky to
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move accurately when viewed via a video screen.Dr.Stolkin believes the answer is to equip
them with artificial intelligence (AI),so that they can operate by themselves.
The nuclear industry,however,is extremely prudent.So,for the moment,AI is needed to
assist human operators.For example,instead of relying on a remote human operator to operate
all its controls,an AI-equipped robot faced with a pile of different objects to move would use
a camera to understand those objects’ shapes and positions relative to one another.It could
then plan how best to grasp each object and move it to a properly designed disposal skip.
Other members of NCNR are examining different aspects of the problem.At the
University of Bristol,Tom Scott leads a group working on means for robots to identify
materials,including various sorts of plastic.Gerhard Neumann of the University of Lincoln is
developing advanced navigation systems.And to ensure robots’ circuits don’t get fried,Klaus
McDonald Maier at the University of Essex is developing electronics to fight against the
effects of radiation.
5.How did the robots perform at Fukushima Daiichi in 2011?
A.They were not capable of the task.
B.They cleaned up the waste in time.
C.They were not affected by radiation.
D.They found it hard to identify materials.
6.What does the underlined word “prudent” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Admiring.
B.Cautious.
C.Successful.
D.Independent.
7.Which university is trying to help robots find out what objects are made of?
A.The University of Birmingham.
B.The University of Lincoln.
C.The University of Bristol.
D.The University of Essex.
8.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Will AI robots threaten more jobs?
B.Could robots replace human beings?
C.Extreme robotics:cleaning up nuclear waste
D.Nuclear robotics:speeding up the exploration
Passage 3
(2023 福建福州二模)
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In August,Jason M.Allen’s piece “Theatre D’opéra Spatial”—which he created with AI
image generator Midjourney—won first place in the emerging artist division’s “digital arts
photography” category at the Colorado State Fair Fine Arts Competition.The definition for
the category states that digital art refers to works that use “digital technology as part of the
creative process”.
Allen’s award-winning image has led to debates about what,exactly,it means to be an
artist and whether AI can truly make art.“It felt bad for the exact same reason we don’t let
robots participate in the Olympics,” one Twitter user wrote.“This is the literal definition of
‘pressed a few buttons to make a digital art piece’,” another tweeted.
Yet while Allen didn’t use a paintbrush,there was plenty of work involved,he
said.First,he played around with phrasing that led Midjourney to generate images of women
in elegant dresses and space helmets,in an attempt to mix Victorian-style costuming with
space themes.Over time,with many slight changes to his written prompt(提示符),he created
900 different versions of what led to his final image.Then he improved its resolution through
Gigapixel AI and finally had the images printed.
Allen is glad the debate over whether AI can be used to make art is attracting so much
attention.“Rather than hating on the technology,we need to recognize that it’s a powerful tool
and use it for good so we can all move forward,” Allen said.
Cal Duran,one of the judges for the competition,said that while Allen’s piece included a
mention of AI,he didn’t realize that when judging it.Still,he sticks by his decision to award it
first place.“I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not
find themselves artists in the conventional way,” he said.
9.Why has Jason’s work led to debates?
A.It was a copy of a photograph.
B.He challenged the older artists.
C.It was created with the help of AI.
D.He broke the rule of the competition.
10.What can best describe Allen’s creating process?
A.Cooperative.
B.Energy-consuming.
C.Straightforward.
D.Imagination-lacking.
11.What can we learn about AI from the last paragraph?
A.It is a double-edged sword.
B.It attracts conventional artists.
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C.It strikes art judges as no surprise.
D.It may open a new world to artists.
12.What is the text mainly about?
A.A trend to be AI artists.
B.An AI-generated art contest.
C.Responses to a winning AI artwork.
D.Curiosity about an image generator.
答案：
考点分类练(十二) 主旨大意题(3)
Passage 1
[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了疫情后如何科学弥补学生学习缺漏。作者
认为只教授思辨性思维等高阶思维技巧是不可行的,强调了基础知识、长期记忆和情感
归属感对学生学习的重要性。
1.B 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The processes that teachers care about most,like
critical thinking,are closely interconnected with factual knowledge stored in long-term
memory.”及第三段中的举例“Take the subject of reading,which schools see as thinking
skills that can be taught directly:I will teach students what an inference is.Actually,students
make inferences when they can read fluently and have the vocabulary and background
knowledge to name what is unsaid.”可知,思辨性思维是在长期习得的知识的基础上形成
的。
2.C 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Cognitive scientist Paul Kirschner argues that building
memory is ‘the aim of all teaching’ and that ‘if nothing has changed in long-term
memory,nothing has been learned’.”可知,Paul Kirschner 认为真正的学习发生在学生的长
期记忆有所变化时。
3.D 主旨大意题。根据第五段内容可知,第五段阐述了疫情后,课堂中应关注学生的归
属感,以及在课堂中哪些情境可以帮助学生培养归属感。老师们可以努力去创设这种教
学情境。因此,本段主要讲述课堂是培养学生归属感的地方。
4.D 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句中的“close the gaps”及最后一段可知,学校应
重视学生的基础知识、长期记忆和归属感。因此本文的目的是推荐一种科学的弥补学
习缺漏的方法。
Passage 2
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[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了机器人可以应用于清理核废料的工作,
介绍了其工作过程以及这一项目其他不同的研究领域。
5.A 细节理解题。根据第三段中“One problem with the robots sent into the ruins of
Fukushima Daiichi was that they were not particularly clever.Most were operated by
someone at a safe distance.Such machines’ arms are tricky to move accurately when viewed
via a video screen.”可知,2011 年,机器人在福岛第一核电站没有能力完成任务。
6.B 词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“So,for the moment,AI is needed to assist human
operators...would use a camera to understand those objects’ shapes and positions relative to
one another.”可知,核工业不是完全由机器人来操作的,需要人工智能来协助人类操作员,
可见非常谨慎。故画线词意思是“谨慎的”。
7.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“At the University of Bristol,Tom Scott leads a group
working on means for robots to identify materials,including various sorts of plastic.”可知,布
里斯托尔大学正试图帮助机器人辨识物体的构成。
8.C 主旨大意题。文章主要说明了机器人可以应用于清理核废料的工作,介绍了其工
作过程以及这一项目其他不同的研究领域,可知C 选项“从事极端工作机器人:清理核废
料”最符合文章标题。
Passage 3
[语篇解读]本文是一篇议论文。文章呈现了在人工智能帮助下获奖艺术作品的出现引
发的辩论。
9.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Allen’s award-winning image has led to debates about
what,exactly,it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.”可推测,人们争论的
点是艺术家意味着什么,以及人工智能能否创造艺术,即他的艺术获奖作品是在人工智能
的帮助下完成的这件事情导致了争论。
10.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中“First,he played around with phrasing that led
Midjourney to generate images of women in elegant dresses and space helmets,in an attempt
to mix Victorian-style costuming with space themes.”以及最后一句“Then he improved its
resolution through Gigapixel AI and finally had the images printed.”可以看出,他的作品是
通过他和两种人工智能一起合作而成,即cooperative“合作的,协作的”。
11.D 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Still,he sticks by his decision to award it first
place.‘I think the AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find
themselves artists in the conventional way,’ he said.”可推测,在这位评委看来,人工智能给
艺术和艺术家提供了更多机会,换言之,可能打开艺术新世界的大门。
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12.C 主旨大意题。根据第二段第一句“Allen’s award-winning image has led to debates
about what,exactly,it means to be an artist and whether AI can truly make art.”,第四段第一
句“Allen is glad the debate over whether AI can be used to make art is attracting so much
attention.”以及最后一段中“Still,he sticks by his decision to award it first place.‘I think the
AI technology may give more opportunities to people who may not find themselves artists in
the conventional way,’ he said.”可知,本文主要呈现的是这幅在人工智能帮助下完成的艺
术作品获奖后引起的辩论,即不同人对此不同的回应。
词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)catch up 赶上
2.(Passage 1)underestimate vt.低估
3.(Passage 1)show otherwise 显示并非如此
4.(Passage 1)care about 关心
5.(Passage 1)critical thinking 批判性思维
6.(Passage 1)all in all 总而言之
7.(Passage 2)equip...with...用……装备……
8.(Passage 2)for the moment 暂时
9.(Passage 3)in an attempt to do sth.试图做某事
10.(Passage 3)conventional adj.常规的
熟词生义:
(Passage 2)monitor vt.监视
长难句分析:
(Passage 1)Take the subject of reading,which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught
directly:I will teach students what an inference is.
分析:本句为复合句。which schools see as thinking skills that can be taught directly 为
which 引导的非限制性定语从句,该从句中又含有that 引导的定语从句that can be taught
directly;what an inference is 为what 引导的宾语从句。
句意:以阅读为例,学校认为阅读是一种可以直接教授的思维技能:我会教学生什么是推
理。
