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选必一 Unit 1 People of Achievement | 基础精讲

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💡 🎯 **3分钟速览**：本单元围绕"杰出人物"展开，通过学习**屠呦呦**与**爱因斯坦**的故事，掌握描述人物成就的表达、**非限制性定语从句**的用法，以及如何用英语介绍你敬佩的人。

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⭐一、开场引入⭐

爱因斯坦曾说：

💡 "Try to become not a man of success, but try rather to become a man of value."

💡 （不要试图成为一个成功的人，而要努力成为一个有价值的人。）

什么样的人才能被称为"杰出人物"？是天赋异禀，还是坚持不懈？是改变世界的科学家，还是默默奉献的普通人？

本单元选取了两位改变人类命运的科学家——中国药学家屠呦呦和现代物理学之父爱因斯坦。一个从古籍中拯救数百万生命，一个用公式重新定义宇宙。让我们一起走进他们的故事，学习如何用英语讲好"人物成就"。

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⭐二、(Reading and thinking)原文呈现⭐

✏️ 2.1 Tu Youyou Awarded Nobel Prize

6 October 2015

This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co-winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria. Artemisinin has saved hundreds of thousands of lives, and has led to improved health for millions of people. Over 200 million people around the world get malaria each year, and about 600,000 die from it. Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone.

Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China, on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955. After she graduated, she worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing. In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen. In the beginning, Tu Youyou went to Hainan, where malaria was more common, to study malaria patients. In 1969, she became the head of the project in Beijing, and decided to review ancient Chinese medical texts to find traditional botanical treatments for the disease. Her team examined over 2,000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280,000 plants for their medical properties. From their research, they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria.

One medical text from the fourth century suggested using the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever. Tu's team tested a collection of dried wormwood leaves but found no effect. They then tried boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work either. Their project got stuck. However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat. She analysed the medical texts again, and by chance, she found one sentence suggesting a different way to treat the wormwood. She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties.

Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract, she found a substance that worked. After failing more than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971. Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe. Later, the medicine was tested on malaria patients, most of whom recovered. This medicine, which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria.

According to Tu Youyou, the discovery of artemisinin was a team effort. Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize, she said, "The honour is not just mine. There is a team behind me, and all the people of my country. This success proves the great value of traditional Chinese medicine. It is indeed an honour for China's scientific research and Chinese medicine to be spread around the world."

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✏️ 2.2 The Man Who Changed Our Understanding of the Universe

Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived. He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc². Einstein was not only a genius; he was a courageous and kind figure loved by many people.

This gentle genius was born in Germany on 14 March 1879. When he was 16, he tried to enter university in Switzerland, but failed due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam, despite obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics. After studying for another year, he managed to pass the exam, entering university in 1896 and graduating in 1900.

After two years of looking for work as a teacher, Einstein took a job as a clerk in the Swiss patent office. While working there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, earning a doctorate in physics in 1905. That same year, which was later recorded as a miracle year in science, he published four extraordinary physics papers. Following this, he gradually became famous throughout the world as the new Isaac Newton. After four years, he was able to quit his job at the patent office and enter research full-time at a university. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.

Circumstances changed in 1933, when Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein, who was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. As a consequence, he had to flee Germany. After spending time in Europe, he finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA. Following that, he continued to make great achievements in physics and mathematics.

To the public, he was seen as a slightly odd-looking but kind and funny man. He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock. Although he was a genius, he sometimes forgot things, like his friends' birthdays. But despite his peculiarities, he was loved by his friends and neighbours. There is even a story about how he helped a little girl who knocked on his door and asked for help with her homework. In fact, Einstein often encountered people on the street who would stop him and ask him to help explain things. After many such occasions, he finally started saying, "Pardon me! Sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein!"

On 18 April 1955, it was reported that Einstein had passed away, and the whole world mourned the great loss of a brilliant scientist.

参考译文（ Reading and Thinking）

2.1 屠呦呦荣获诺贝尔奖

2015 年 10 月 6 日

本年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予屠呦呦（共同获奖者）。她的研究促成了青蒿素的发现，青蒿素是治疗疟疾的重要新药。青蒿素挽救了数十万人的生命，改善了数百万人的健康状况。全球每年有超过 2 亿人感染疟疾，约 60 万人因此丧生。青蒿素已经成为疟疾治疗中至关重要的一部分，仅在非洲，据认为每年就能挽救 10 万条生命。

屠呦呦是一位信念坚定、富有耐心的科学家，1930 年 12 月 30 日出生于中国宁波，1955 年毕业于北京医学院。毕业后，她在北京的中国中医研究院工作。1967 年，中国政府组建一支科学家团队，目标是研发治疗疟疾的新疗法，屠呦呦是首批入选的研究人员之一。项目初期，屠呦呦前往疟疾高发的海南，研究疟疾患者。1969 年，她担任北京该项目的负责人，决定查阅中国古代医籍，从中寻找治疗这种疾病的传统草药疗法。她的团队查阅了 2000 多本古代医书，评估了 28 万种植物的药用价值。通过研究，他们筛选并试验了 380 种不同的古代中药方剂，这些方剂在对抗疟疾方面展现出潜力。

一本四世纪的医书记载，可以用青蒿提取物治疗发热。屠呦呦的团队试验了一批干青蒿叶，却没有发现疗效。随后他们尝试煎煮新鲜青蒿，并用煎煮得到的药液治疗疟疾，但依然没有效果。项目陷入了瓶颈。然而，屠呦呦不肯认输。她再次研读医籍，偶然看到一句话，记载了青蒿的另一种使用方法。她由此推断：高温煎煮青蒿，显然会破坏它的有效药用成分。

她采用低温方式提取青蒿，终于找到了有效的物质。经历 190 多次失败后，团队在 1971 年终于取得成功。屠呦呦和团队成员甚至坚持在自己身上试药，确保药物安全。之后，药物在疟疾患者身上开展试验，大部分患者得以痊愈。这种被命名为青蒿素的药物，很快成为疟疾的标准治疗方案。

屠呦呦认为，青蒿素的发现是团队共同努力的成果。得知自己获得诺贝尔奖时，她说：“这份荣誉不只属于我个人。我的身后有团队，还有全国人民。这次成功证明了中医药的巨大价值。中国科研与中医药走向世界，确实是一份荣耀。”

参考译文（Using Language）

2.2 改变了我们对宇宙认知的人

（人教版 2019 选择性必修第一册 Unit1 Using Language）

阿尔伯特・爱因斯坦，或许是现代物理学最伟大的科学家，常被认为是有史以来最聪慧的人之一。他为世界作出了无数贡献，其中最广为人知的是广义相对论以及著名公式 E=mc²。爱因斯坦不只是一位天才，他还是勇敢善良、深受众人爱戴的人。

这位性情温和的天才于 1879 年 3 月 14 日出生在德国。16 岁时，他报考瑞士的大学。尽管数学和物理成绩十分优异，但入学考试通识部分分数偏低，未能被录取。又学习一年之后，他终于通过考试，1896 年进入大学，1900 年毕业。

在寻找教师岗位的两年里屡屡碰壁，爱因斯坦后来在瑞士专利局找到了一份文员的工作。任职期间，出于强烈的求知热情，他坚持学习，并于 1905 年取得物理学博士学位。同年，也就是后来被载入史册的 “科学奇迹年”，他发表了四篇极具开创性的物理论文。在这之后，他渐渐名扬全球，被誉为新一代艾萨克・牛顿。四年后，他辞去专利局的工作，进入大学专职从事科研。1922 年，因为对光电效应的阐释，他被授予 1921 年诺贝尔物理学奖。

1933 年，希特勒在德国掌权，局势发生巨变。身为犹太人的爱因斯坦，发现学术机构纷纷对他关上大门。无奈之下，他只得逃离德国。在欧洲辗转一段时间后，他最终前往美国，在普林斯顿高等研究院担任研究员。此后，他继续在物理与数学领域取得重大成就。

在大众眼中，他模样略显古怪，却为人和善、风趣幽默。浓密的胡须，长长的白发，有时根根竖起，仿佛刚被电击过。虽然是天才，他有时也记性不好，比如会忘记朋友的生日。尽管有这些小特点，他依然深受亲友与邻居喜爱。甚至有这样一则故事：一个小女孩敲开他家门，请他帮忙辅导作业，爱因斯坦热心相助。事实上，爱因斯坦走在街上，常常有人拦住他，请他帮忙解答问题。经历多次之后，他便会打趣说：“抱歉！实在不好意思！大家总把我当成爱因斯坦教授！”

1955 年 4 月 18 日，消息传来，爱因斯坦与世长辞。全世界都为失去这位杰出的科学家而沉痛哀悼。

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⭐三、段落解析⭐

✏️ 3.1 屠呦呦：从古籍到诺贝尔奖

☀️ 第1段：奖项与意义

💡 *This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou...*

- award sb. sth. / sth. be awarded to sb.：授予某人某物

- crucial：至关重要的

- a vital part of：……的重要组成部分

- 本段用大量数字说明青蒿素的全球意义：saved hundreds of thousands of lives, 200 million people get malaria each year, save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone。

段落大意：2015年屠呦呦因发现青蒿素获诺贝尔奖，青蒿素成为治疗疟疾的关键药物，拯救了无数生命。

☀️ 第2段：个人背景与项目启动

💡 *Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo...*

- committed：尽心尽力的、坚定的

- with the objective of：以……为目标

- botanical：植物的

- medical properties：药用特性

- distinct：不同的、有区别的

段落大意：介绍屠呦呦的教育背景，以及1967年被选入国家抗疟项目，带领团队查阅古籍、筛选植物的经历。

☀️ 第3段：突破困境

💡 *One medical text from the fourth century suggested using the extract...*

- extract：提取物

- acknowledge defeat：承认失败

- apparently：显然地、似乎

- medical properties：药性

段落大意：团队历经190多次失败，最终通过低温萃取法成功提取青蒿素。关键转折：发现高温煮沸会破坏青蒿素药性。

☀️ 第4段：团队与中国智慧

💡 *Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract...*

- draw out：提取

- insist on doing sth.：坚持做某事

- standard treatment：标准疗法

- team effort：集体努力的成果

段落大意：青蒿素成为疟疾标准疗法；屠呦呦强调荣誉属于团队、国家和传统中医。

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✏️ 3.2 爱因斯坦：改变宇宙观的普通人

☀️ 第1段：总体评价

💡 *Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics...*

- numerous contributions：众多贡献

- the general theory of relativity：广义相对论

- courageous and kind：勇敢且善良的

段落大意：爱因斯坦被公认为现代物理学最伟大科学家之一，提出相对论和E=mc²，既是天才也是善良的人。

☀️ 第2段：早年求学

💡 *This gentle genius was born in Germany on 14 March 1879...*

- due to：由于

- despite：尽管

- exceptional scores：优异的成绩

- manage to do：设法做成

段落大意：爱因斯坦1879年生于德国，16岁考入瑞士大学失败后复读一年，1896年入学，1900年毕业。

☀️ 第3段：奇迹年与成名

💡 *After two years of looking for work as a teacher...*

- patent office：专利局

- out of a strong passion for：出于对……的强烈热爱

- a miracle year：奇迹年

- extraordinary physics papers：非凡的物理论文

- photoelectric effect：光电效应

段落大意：爱因斯坦在专利局工作期间坚持研究，1905年发表四篇重要论文，获称"新牛顿"，1922年获诺贝尔物理学奖。

☀️ 第4段：逃离纳粹

💡 *Circumstances changed in 1933...*

- come to power：上台执政

- as a consequence：因此

- flee：逃离

- take up a position：担任职位

段落大意：1933年希特勒上台后，爱因斯坦被迫离开德国，前往美国普林斯顿高等研究院继续研究。

☀️ 第5-6段：性格与离世

💡 *To the public, he was seen as a slightly odd-looking but kind and funny man...*

- odd-looking：样子古怪的

- stand on end：竖起

- as though：好像

- peculiarities：古怪之处

- mourn the great loss：哀悼巨大损失

段落大意：描述爱因斯坦独特的外貌、可爱的性格，以及他乐于助人却被路人误认的趣事，最后提及1955年去世，举世哀悼。

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⭐四、结构概览⭐

✏️ 4.1 两篇文章结构对比

✏️ 4.2 单元语法重点：非限制性定语从句

要点提示：

- 非限制性定语从句用逗号与主句隔开；

- 去掉从句后，主句意思仍然完整；

- that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。

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⭐五、练习题⭐

✏️ 5.1 词汇检测（1-5题）

1. crucial在文中是什么意思？

A. 危险的  

B. 至关重要的  

C. 复杂的  

D. 普通的

2. 文中 committed描述的是屠呦呦的什么品质？

A. 耐心的  

B. 坚定的、尽心尽力的  

C. 聪明的  

D. 谨慎的

3. extract在本文中的含义是：

A. 摘要  

B. 提取物  

C. 摘录  

D. 吸引

4. acknowledge defeat的意思是：

A. 宣布胜利  

B. 承认失败  

C. 继续尝试  

D. 放弃努力

5. numerous与下列哪个词意思最接近？

A. few  

B. many  

C. some  

D. several

✏️ 5.2 阅读理解（6-10题）

6. 根据课文，青蒿素每年在非洲大约拯救多少人的生命？

A. 10,000  

B. 100,000  

C. 600,000  

D. 200,000,000

7. 屠呦呦团队在研究过程中失败了多少次？

A. 超过19次  

B. 超过90次  

C. 超过190次  

D. 超过280次

8. 爱因斯坦16岁时申请大学失败的原因是什么？

A. 数学和物理成绩不好  

B. 总分未达要求  

C. 没有参加面试  

D. 家庭经济困难

9. 爱因斯坦获得诺贝尔物理学奖是因为：

A. 广义相对论  

B. 光电效应  

C. E=mc²  

D. 量子力学

10. 爱因斯坦离开德国的主要原因是：

A. 想在美国工作  

B. 希特勒上台后他受到迫害  

C. 瑞士专利局的工作太累  

D. 与大学同事关系不好

✏️ 5.3 语法填空（11-15题）

用适当的关系词填空：who, which, where, whom, whose。

11. Tu Youyou, __________ research led to the discovery of artemisinin, was awarded the Nobel Prize.

12. The ancient medical texts, __________ her team examined carefully, contained valuable information.

13. Hainan, __________ malaria was more common, was the place Tu Youyou went to study patients.

14. Einstein, __________ was Jewish, had to flee Germany in 1933.

15. The little girl, __________ homework Einstein helped with, became a famous story.

✏️ 5.4 句型转换（16-18题）

将下列句子合并为含有非限制性定语从句的复合句。

16. Einstein published four extraordinary physics papers in 1905. It was recorded as a miracle year.

17. Tu Youyou is a committed scientist. She was born in Ningbo in 1930.

18. The medicine was called artemisinin. It soon became a standard treatment for malaria.

✏️ 5.5 翻译与写作（19-20题）

19. 翻译：屠呦呦和她的团队成员甚至坚持在自己身上测试药物，以确保其安全性。

20. 小写作：请用80词左右介绍一位你敬佩的人，至少使用一个非限制性定语从句。

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⭐六、答案解析⭐

✏️ 词汇检测

1. B. 至关重要的。crucial = extremely important，文中指青蒿素是治疗疟疾的关键药物。

2. B. 坚定的、尽心尽力的。committed 强调对事业的投入与忠诚。

3. B. 提取物。extract 作名词指从植物中提取的物质。

4. B. 承认失败。acknowledge 表示"承认"，defeat 表示"失败"。

5. B. many。numerous = many，文中指爱因斯坦做出了众多贡献。

✏️ 阅读理解

6. B. 100,000。文中明确提到："is thought to save 100,000 lives a year in Africa alone"。

7. C. 超过190次。原文："After failing more than 190 times, the team finally succeeded in 1971."

8. B. 总分未达要求。文中说他"failed due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam"，即除数学物理外的其他科目分数低。

9. B. 光电效应。原文："he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect."

10. B. 希特勒上台后他受到迫害。1933年希特勒上台，作为犹太人的爱因斯坦学术机构大门关闭，被迫逃离。

✏️ 语法填空

11. whose。whose research 表示"她的研究"，与先行词 Tu Youyou 构成所属关系。

12. which。which 指代 the ancient medical texts，作 examined 的宾语。

13. where。where 在从句中作地点状语，指 in Hainan。

14. who。who 指代 Einstein，在从句中作主语。

15. whose。whose homework 表示"她的作业"，先行词为 the little girl。

✏️ 句型转换（参考答案）

16. Einstein published four extraordinary physics papers in 1905, which was recorded as a miracle year.

17. Tu Youyou, who was born in Ningbo in 1930, is a committed scientist.

18. The medicine, which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria.

✏️ 翻译与写作

19. Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe.

20. 写作提示：

- 开篇：点明人物身份；

- 中间：用非限制性定语从句补充信息；

- 结尾：说明敬佩原因。

- 示例：*The person I admire most is my mother, who is a doctor. She works hard every day to help patients, which makes me deeply respect her.*

参考范文

The person I admire most is Tu Youyou, who is a committed and patient scientist. Born in Ningbo in 1930, she graduated from Peking University Medical School. In 1969, she led a project to fight malaria, which threatened millions of lives. After over 190 failures, she succeeded in extracting artemisinin, which has saved hundreds of thousands of people. Her perseverance, which deeply impresses me, makes her a true role model. I believe greatness comes from never giving up.

范文亮点：

①4 处非限制性定语从句（who / which / which / which），用逗号隔开，紧扣本单元语法重点；

②复用单元核心词汇：committed, patient, extracting, artemisinin, perseverance；

③结构：身份→ 经历 → 成就 → 品质升华，呼应"伟大来自坚持"的单元主题。

────────────────────────────── 🌸  ──────────────────────────────

⭐七、结尾互动⭐

🌟 今日思考：

读完屠呦呦和爱因斯坦的故事，你认为"伟大"最重要的品质是什么？

A. 天赋与才华 

B. 坚持不懈的努力 

C. 对他人和社会的贡献 

D. 面对困难的勇气

欢迎在评论区留下你的选择和理由，也可以写下你心中最敬佩的那个人～

##高中英语##选必一