文档内容
理 论 精 讲 - 词 法 1
▹ 讲师：慕伊
更多干货关注 粉笔教师教育 粉笔教师温故知新第 二 章
词法知识PART 01
名词
Noun一、名词的分类
二、名词的所有格
三、名词作定语一、名词的分类【巩固提升】3.In fact, ________ one cause that leads to the problem.
A. cattle is
B. cattle are
C. cattles are
D. the cattles are二、名词所有格（一）'s 类所有格
1. ’s 所有格的构成（一）'s 类所有格
加 ’s 的其他特殊形式
（1）表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加's。
Jane's and Mary's bikes
（2）表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加's。
Jane and Mary's bike
（3）表示“店铺”,“某人家”，名词末尾加’s，所有格后名词省略。
the doctor's , the barber's，the tailor’s， my uncle’s（一）'s 类所有格
2. ’s 所有格的用法
“人与自然”（二）of类所有格
1.主要用于无生命的东西，表示所属关系
the legs of the chair
the cover of the book
用于表示有生命的东西，尤其是定语较长时
2.
the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名词化的词
3.
the struggle of the oppressed1. 形式 ① of+名词所有格
a friend of my brother’s
（我哥哥众多朋友中的其中一个朋友）
② of+名词物主代词
a necklace of yours（你众多项链中的其中一条项链）
2. 特征
① of 前 n. 泛指，无the.（a，any, some, no, few, several）
This is a book of my father’s.
不能说：the play of Shakespeare’s
② of 后 n. 特指，仅表人 “前泛后特人”
some books of my brother’s
不能说：a cover of the book’s【巩固提升】1. The ________ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off
before they got into ________ car.
A. girl’s; Tom’s
B. girls’; Toms’
C. girls’; Tom’s
D. girl’s; Toms’三、名词作定语1. 当名词作定语时，几乎总是用单数形式（即使在意义上是复数）
shoe repairer; tooth brush
2.以s结尾的复数名词：sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales 和 accounts等作定语时，
仍用复数形式
a sports car一辆赛车 a customs officer一名海关官员
3.man/woman + n.”变为复数时，作定语的名词和中心词都要变复数
a man teacher --ten men teachers
【注意】a boy student & two boy friends a girl student& two girl students补充：
如果有连字符“-”,直接用单数即可。
A two-year contract
a ten-mile walk
无连字符“-”, 名词需要变成其相对应的单复数形式。
a one year’s contract=a one year contract
a two years' contract=a two years contract【巩固提升】2. Excuse me, can you change this ________ for me?
A. five-pound note
B. five pound note
C. five-pound notes
D. five pounds notesPART 02
冠词
Article冠词概述
含义：是位于名词前，说明名词特性的一种词类，是名词的一种标识，不
单独存在，包括不定冠词，定冠词和零冠词三类。
泛指：不定冠词a, an/ 零冠词
We own a dog and a cat.
功
The dog is brown, and the cat is white.
能
Cats and dogs are very cute.
特指: 定冠词 the一、不定冠词
a还是an？
university
honest boy
European
hour
US ship
one-way street一、不定冠词
1.指一类人或事物，相当于 a kind of：A plane is a machine that can fly.
2.第一次提及某人或某物，非特指： A boy is waiting for you.
3.表示“每一”这一数量相当于every，each
e.g. We study eight hours a day.
试比较：We earn eighty yuan a day.
We are paid by the day.
4.表示“相同”，相当于the same
We are nearly of an age.=We are nearly of the same age.
5. 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或此人与某名人类似。
A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out.
That boy is rather a Lei Feng.一、不定冠词
6. 用在most前，表示程度“很”“十分”
【例】 It is a most useful dictionary.
试比较：It is the most useful dictionary.
7.用在序数词前，表示“又一、再一”
e.g. Can you give me a second chance？
试比较：Can you give me the second chance？
8.用于抽象名词前，使其具体化，表示“一（个，次等）”
I have a surprise for you.抽象名词具体化
difficulty 困难 a difficulty 一件难事
success 成功 a success 一件成功的事
failure 失败 a failure 一件失败的事
surprise 惊喜 a surprise 一件令人惊奇的事
relief 宽慰，解脱 a relief 一种宽慰一、不定冠词
9. 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后
【例1】It was rather a difficult question.
10.用于so (as, too, how)+形容词+a(n)+名词
【例2】She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.二、定冠词
(the)
特指双熟悉，
上文已提及；
世上独无二；
序数最高级；
习语及乐器。二、定冠词
(the)
1.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人
特指双熟悉，
the rich, the wounded
上文已提及；
2.表示“一家人”&“夫妇”
世上独无二；
the Greens, the Smiths
序数最高级；
3. 用在形容词副词比较级前（表示“两者之间”比较）
习语及乐器。
He is the taller of the two children.
4. 用于表示国家、党派、江河湖海、山川群岛等的名词前
the United States; the Communist Party of China; the people’s republic of China
5.用于身体部位名词前
He patted me on the shoulder.三、零冠词三、零冠词
1.表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前
(且不做主语时)
Lincoln was made President of America.
The President of America was Lincoln.
2. 注意节日：
• Easter；Christmas；Halloween；Thanksgiving Day
• the Spring Festival；the Dragon-Boat Festival
• May Day； Mother's Day； Children's Day；National Day
3. 注意国名：
（1） the United States VS. America
(2) the people’s republic of China VS. China【巩固提升】1. —Have you heard of North Korea’s rocket launch?
—Yes, ________ news came as ________ shock to me.
A. the; a
B. the; the
C. a; a
D. a; the【巩固提升】2. ________ operation was very successful indeed, which was _______ comfort
to the concerned mother.
A. The; /
B. An; the
C. An; a
D. The; a【巩固提升】3. Mr. Brown, ________ chairman of the trade union, will visit our factory in
________ month of May.
A. /; the
B. a; the
C. the; /
D. the; the【巩固提升】4.What ________ relief! It almost took us five years to pay back all the money
we borrowed from the bank. Now we are out of ________ debt.
A. a; /
B. a; the
C. the; a
D. /; /1. 冠词概述（不定冠词泛指，定冠词特指）
2. 不定冠词（ a 还是an，单位or每一？次序还是再一？最还是很？ ）
3. 定冠词（一类人，一家人，比较级前，身体部位）
4. 零冠词（职位，国名，节日）PART 03
代词
Pronoun一 、代词的分类（ 类）
8
分类 单词
人称代词 主格：I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格：me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
形容词性：my, your, his, her, its, our, their
物主代词
名词性：mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours
反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, same
疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever
关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
one/some/any, each/every, none/no, many/much, few/little/a few/a little...
不定代词
other/another, all/both, neither/either...
复合不定代词 some, any, every, no 都能和 one, body, thing 一起构成复合不定代词二、（一） 的用法
it
用法 举例
1. 代替上文提到的一件事物 My book is missing. I can’t find it anywhere.
2. 代替指示代词 this, that ---What’s this? ---It’s a car.
3. 指代时间、季节 It often rains in spring here.
4. 指代气候、天气、温度、 自然环境等 In Britain it is neither too cold in winter nor too hot
in summer.
5. 指代距离 It’s four kilometers from my home to the farm.
6. 指代不明性别的婴儿 ---Who’s the baby in the photo? ---It’s me.
7. 指代远处的人或者敲门者 等不能确定对方身份的人 Open the door, please. It may be the police.
8. 作形式主语 It’s not easy to get him to change his mind.
9. 作形式宾语 She found it difficult to get along with him.
10. 用于强调结构 It was he who bought a shirt at this shop yesterday.
11.某些及物动词（like, love, enjoy, prefer, hate, I’d appreciate it if you could drop in tonight.
appreciate 等）之后【2018上初中】1.We don’ t think ________ possible to master a foreign language without
much memory work.
A. this
B. that
C. its
D. it（二）不定代词的用法比较
1. another, other, the other,others, the others
2. both, all, either, any, neither , none1. another, other, the other,others, the others
one another
泛指 特指
单数 another (三者以上) the other（前提是二）
one the other
复数 other+名词复数/UN the other+名词复数
=others =the others（前提是二）
some others
Ø I don't like this shirt, please show me another (one).
Ø He has a book in one hand, and a pen in the other (hand).
Ø Some students like football, while others like basketball.
the
Ø Two boys will go to the zoo and the others will stay at home. some
others【巩固提升】1. To warm himself, the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot
against ________.
A. another
B. the other
C. other
D. either2. both, all, either, any, neither , none
都 任何一个 都不
两者 both either neither
三者（以上） all any none
① Both of my parents are teachers./All of the books are written in English.
②Both of us are not teachers. =Not both of us are teachers.
All of the books are not written in English. =Not all of the books are written in English.
③ Either of us is a teacher.
④ Neither of us is a teacher.1. It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which ______ of the
parents spoke the language.
A. none
B. neither
C. both
D. each【巩固提升】3.There are many choices to make in life but ________ of them is more
important than what goes on in your heart.
A. neither
B. nothing
C. none
D. no one三 、固定结构
nothing less than It was nothing less than a miracle.
不亚于，完全的
nothing more than 仅仅，不过是
He is nothing more than a dreamer.
anything but
根本不是，一点不是
I have anything but money.
nothing but 仅仅，只 I have nothing but money.
all but: 几乎，差不多 He was all but bankrupt and couldn't help us.【2017下高中】 I look back on this pleasant holiday in Beijing with ______ pleasure.
A. anything but
B. all but
C. everything but
D. nothing but【巩固提升】2. The book is ________ but boring; it is, in fact, rather exciting and fascinating.
A. anything
B. nothing
C. something
D. all
