ARTICLE · 1302886

高中英语|期中备考|2026北京丰台高三上期中|阅读理解D篇&七选五

发布时间：2026-11-03 18:11:27 最近访问：2026-11-03 18:11:28

💡真题演练

You're in the crowd at the cup final supporting your football team, when your side suddenly scores. Instantly, you join thousands cheering with joy. But when your team's victory is taken away by a controversial decision, anger spreads as people shout abuse at the judge— and you do too. The curious thing is, you don't behave in these ways when you're watching a match at home. Why does this happen?

In popular culture, crowds are often associated with strong emotions and uncontrolled behaviour. This “mob(乌合之众) mentality” explanation says crowds reduce self-awareness and thinking. But modern psychology shows emotion is interconnected with beliefs and reasoning. Appraisal (评估) theory suggests that our emotional experience is shaped by our perception of the relevance of social situations to our identity. That said, there is evidence that being in a crowd does change something in terms of emotion. But that change involves adding social factors, not removing thought processes.

Let's look at positive emotion first— the joy, elation or excitement that people sometimes feel strongly in crowds at music festivals, sports matches or other events.

Social psychology research suggests that shared social identity— that is, when people see each other as part of an ‘us’ or ‘we’— is a major basis for these positive emotional experiences, because it has a number of effects on social relations within the crowd. One effect is an expectation of support for activities that are in line with the group's identity. For example, participants report feeling supported by others (including strangers) at mass gatherings, such as music festivals. Importantly, research shows that such support feels good.

Something else that happens in a crowd whose members share a social identity is the validation of emotions— and this helps explain how being part of a crowd intensifies negative emotions as well as positive ones. In interview studies of the crowd experiences of football fans, my colleagues suggested that the validation of emotional experiences by other group members serves to amplify what one is feeling. While this research involved feelings of joy, our research shows that seeing anger in fellow group members in a crowd likewise recognizes anger as an appropriate response.

One can imagine the same pattern operating for hatred, fear, disgust, sadness or grief. Alone, one may feel these emotions, but to also see these same feelings on the faces of hundreds of others whose views you trust proves that your feeling is the correct one for the situation— that many other people agree with the reasons you have for feeling that way— and so makes you feel it even more strongly.

How we understand emotions in crowds is not just an academic matter. Our research indicates that the heightened joy or anger that many of us express as part of a crowd is just as meaningful— and just as much an expression of who we are— as what we feel privately.

31.According to the author, how does being in crowds change our emotions?

A. By weakening self-awareness and rational thought.

B. By adding social factors that strengthen emotion.

C. By removing personal identity and moral control.

D. By increasing excitement through crowded settings.

32.What does the word “validation” underlined in Paragraph 4 most probably mean?

A. Expression.

B. Regulation.

C. Association.

D. Confirmation.

33.What does the author intend to tell us?

A. Crowd emotions reflect shared social identity.

B. Negative emotions in crowds are less meaningful.

C. Appraisal theory is the key to understanding crowd.

D. A positive atmosphere is essential to shared identity.

34.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A. How Crowds Make Us Lose Control

B. Why Crowds Remove Our Thoughts

C. How to Control Our Emotions in Crowds

D. Why Crowds Make Our Emotions Intense

你身处杯赛决赛的人群中，为支持的球队加油，这时己方球队突然进球。一瞬间，你和成千上万的人一起欢呼雀跃。但当一个有争议的判罚夺走了你支持球队的胜利，愤怒开始蔓延，大家对着裁判恶语叫嚷，你也跟着这样做。奇怪的是，在家看比赛时，你不会有这样的举动。为什么会这样？

在大众认知里，人群常常和强烈情绪、失控行为联系在一起。这种“乌合之众心态”的解释认为，身处人群会降低人的自我意识、削弱思考能力。但现代心理学表明，情绪和信念、推理是相互关联的。评估理论认为，我们的情绪体验，是由我们对社会场景和自身身份关联性的认知塑造的。尽管如此，有证据表明，身处人群确实会让情绪发生变化。但这种变化是增加了社会因素，而不是剥夺思考过程。

我们先来看积极情绪——人们在音乐节、体育赛事或者其他活动的人群当中，有时会强烈感受到的喜悦、狂喜或是激动。

社会心理学研究表明，共享的社会身份，也就是人们把彼此看作同一个“我们”的一份子，是这类积极情绪体验的主要基础，因为它会对群体内部的社会关系产生诸多影响。其中一个影响就是：大家预期符合群体身份的行为会得到支持。比如参与者反馈，在音乐节这类大型集会里，能感受到其他人（包括陌生人）的支持。重要的是，研究显示，这种支持会让人感觉很好。

在成员拥有共同社会身份的群体里，还会出现情绪被认同确认的现象。这也有助于解释，为什么身处群体，积极情绪会被放大，负面情绪同样也会加剧。在针对球迷群体体验的访谈研究中，我的同事提出：群体里其他人对你情绪体验的认同，会放大你的感受。虽然这项研究围绕喜悦情绪展开，但我们的研究发现，在人群里看到同群体的其他人发怒，同样会让你认为愤怒是合理的反应。

我们可以想象，憎恨、恐惧、厌恶、悲伤、悲痛这些情绪也遵循同样的规律。独自一人时，你或许会产生这些情绪；但当你看到数百个你信任其观点的人脸上有着同样的情绪时，这就证明你的情绪在当下场景里是合理的——很多人认同你产生这种情绪的缘由，于是你的情绪会变得更强烈。

如何理解群体中的情绪，不只是一个学术问题。我们的研究表明，我们作为群体一员所流露的、被放大的喜悦或愤怒，和我们独处时的感受一样有意义，同样是自我的一种表达。

高频单词和短语

crowd 人群

controversial 有争议的

abuse 辱骂，恶语

mob mentality 乌合之众心态

self-awareness 自我意识

interconnected 相互关联的

reasoning 推理

appraisal theory 评估理论

perception 认知，看法

relevance 关联性

identity 身份

elation 狂喜，兴高采烈

shared social identity 共享社会身份

in line with 和……一致

mass gathering 大型集会

validation 确认，认同

intensify 加剧，增强

amplify 放大

appropriate 恰当的，合理的

disgust 厌恶

grief 悲痛

academic 学术的

heightened 加剧的，升高的

答案

31.B

32.D

33.A

34.D

逐题解析

答案：B

解析：定位原文第二段末尾“But that change involves adding social factors, not removing thought processes.”，意思是人群带来的情绪变化是增加社会因素，而不是消除思考。A是旧观点（乌合之众理论），不是作者观点；C文中没有提到；D片面，不只是兴奋。

答案：D

解析：后文解释，看到同伴和自己情绪一样，就会觉得自己的情绪是合理、得到确认的。validation在这里指“确认、认同”。expression表达，regulation调控，association联系，都不符合。confirmation 确认，匹配词义。

答案：A

解析：全文核心：群体里大家共享同一个社会身份，这种共享身份让情绪被放大（不管正面、负面）。B错，文末说群体情绪同样有意义；C评估理论只是一个引子，不是文章主旨；D文中没有说积极氛围是共享身份的必要条件。

答案：D

解析：文章从头到尾探讨：为什么在人群里，我们的情绪会变得更强烈（开心更开心，生气更生气）。A、B是旧的乌合之众看法，是作者反驳的观点；C文中没有讲如何控制情绪。

As I've been writing my next nonfiction book, I've also been training for my first marathon. Both are effortful, but in very different ways. Marathon training hurts, yet I know why it hurts and feel I am making progress. 35 Some parts work; others don't. Doubt then creeps in (渐渐产生), and I question whether I am capable of writing it. Why does difficulty sometimes feel like failure?

The answer lies in the kind of work you are doing. Psychologists distinguish between two kinds of tasks: algorithmic(算法型) and heuristic(启发型). Algorithmic tasks follow a known sequence: if you do A, B and C, D will follow. 36 The process is predictable and repeatable, and you know where you are at any point. Following a training plan for a marathon works in much the same way.

Heuristic tasks aren't like that. They have no clear path. Imagine creating a new kind of cake. There is no recipe to follow, and even “new” is hard to define. 37 You move forward in fits and starts. Some attempts will work, others will end up in the bin. At any point, you don't necessarily know whether you're close to a solution or moving further away from it. You might not even be sure a solution exists at all. This uncertainty is inherent to heuristic work and it lies at the heart of creativity and innovation.

38 But heuristic tasks, which lack clear feedback about progress, tend to create disfluency: a discouraging feeling of cognitive effort. Because effort is not accompanied by feedback, people often misread difficulty as evidence that they are not good enough or are getting nowhere. 39 When we try to create something new, we have to experiment — to get things wrong and get things right. Only by sticking with this slow, painful process of iteration(迭代) can we reach our goal.

A. Both types of tasks can be hard.

B. Yet such doubt is part of the process.

C. The only way forward is trial and error.

D. Writing a book is more like following a recipe.

E. Baking a cake from a recipe is a good example.

F. This feeling is common among many creative people.

G. Writing the book, however, feels unclear, like being lost in fog.

在我撰写下一本非虚构类书籍的同时，我也在为我的第一场马拉松备赛。两件事都需要付出巨大努力，但方式截然不同。马拉松训练很辛苦，但我清楚辛苦的缘由，也能感受到自己在不断进步。35____ 有些思路可行，有些却行不通。怀疑感慢慢涌上心头，我会怀疑自己到底能不能写完这本书。为什么困难有时会让人觉得自己失败了？

答案取决于你所做工作的类型。心理学家把任务分成两类：算法型任务和启发型任务。算法型任务遵循一套已知步骤：如果你依次完成A、B、C，就会得到D。36____ 这个过程可预测、可重复，你随时都清楚自己处在哪个阶段。按照计划进行马拉松训练，原理大致就是这样。

启发型任务则并非如此，它们没有清晰的路径。想象研发一款新式蛋糕：没有现成食谱可以参照，甚至连“新式”本身都很难界定。37____ 你只能断断续续地推进，有些尝试会成功，有些尝试只能扔进垃圾桶。在任何阶段，你都不一定知道自己离答案更近了，还是更远了，你甚至不能确定到底有没有解决方案。这种不确定性是启发型工作与生俱来的特质，也是创造力与创新的核心。

38____ 但启发型任务缺少清晰的进度反馈，往往会带来认知阻滞：一种令人沮丧的脑力消耗感。因为付出努力却没有反馈，人们常常把困难误读为自己能力不足、毫无进展的证据。39____ 当我们尝试创造新事物时，必须不断试验——不断试错，不断找到正确方向。只有坚持这种缓慢、痛苦的迭代过程，我们才能达成目标。