选修六Unit1 A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
西方绘画艺术简史
Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. 艺术是受着人
民生活习俗和信仰的影响的。 Styles in Western art have changed many
times. 西方的艺术风格经历了多次变革。 As there are so many different
styles of Western art, it would be impossible to describe all of them in
such a short text. 由于西方的艺术风格多种多样，在短短的一篇课文里不可能
进行全面的描述。Consequently, this text will describe only the most
important ones, starting from the sixth century AD.
因此,本文只谈及从公元6 世纪以来最主要的几种艺术风格。
The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD) 中世纪(公元5 世纪到15 世
纪)
During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent
religious themes. 在中世纪,画家的主要任务是把宗教的主题表现出来。 A
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conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature
and people as they really were. 一个传统的艺术家无意于如实地展现自然和
人物。A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols, which
created a feeling of respect and love for God. 那个时期的典型的绘画充满
了宗教的(象)特征,体现出了对上帝的爱戴与敬重。 But it was evident that
ideas were changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di
Bondone began to paint religious scenes in a more realistic way.但是,很
显然到了13 世纪时,观念发生变化,像乔托这样的画家开始以一种比较现实的风
格来画宗教场景。
The Renaissance (15th to 16th century) 文艺复兴时期( 15 世纪到16 世纪)
During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those
held in the Middle Ages. 在文艺复兴时期,新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世
纪的思想和价值观。 People began to concentrate less on religious themes
and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. 人们开始较少关注宗教主题
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而采取一种更人性化的生活态度。 At the same time painters returned to
classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. 同时画家们回到了罗马、希腊的
古典艺术理念上。 They tried to paint people and nature as they really
were. 他们力争如实地画出人物和自然。Rich people wanted to possess
their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and
great houses. 富人们想拥有自己的艺术品并用来装饰自己的高级宫殿和豪宅
They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their houses
and possessions as well as their activities and achievements.,他们出价聘
请著名艺术家来为自己画像,画自己的房屋和其他财物,以及他们的活动和成就。
One of the most important discoveries during this period was how
to draw things in perspective. 在此期间,最重要的发现之一就是如何用透视
法来画出事物。 This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. 这一手
法是1428 年由马赛其奥第一次使用的。When people first saw his paintings,
they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a wall at a
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real scene. 当人们第一次看到他的画时,还以为是透过墙上的小洞来观看真实的
场景,并对此深信不疑。If the rules of perspective had not been discovered,
no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. 如没有发现
透视法,人们就不可能画出如此逼真的画。 By coincidence, oil paints were
also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings
look richer and deeper. 巧合的是这一时期油画颜料也得到了发展,它使得绘画
的色彩看上去更丰富、更深沉。 Without the new paints and the new
technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for
which this period is famous. 没有新的颜料和新的(绘画)手法,我们就不能看到
很多使这一时代著名的杰作。
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
印象派时期( 19 世纪后期到20 世纪初期)
In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal from a mostly
agricultural society to a mostly industrial one. 19 世纪后期,欧洲发生了巨
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大的变化,从以农业为主的社会变成了以工业为主的社会。Many people
moved from the countryside to the new cities. 许多人从农村迁入到新城市。
There were many new inventions and social changes. 有着许多新发明,还
有许多社会变革。Naturally, these changes also led to new painting styles.
这些变革也自然而然地促成了新的绘画风格。Among the painters who broke
away from the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who
lived and worked in Paris.在那些突破传统画法的画家中有生活和工作在法国
巴黎的印象派画家。
The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. 印象派画家
是第一批室外写景的画家。They were eager to show how light and shadow
fell on objects at different times of day. 他们急切地想把一天中不同时间投
射到物体上的光线和阴影呈现出来。However, because natural light changes
so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly. 然而由于自然光的变化
很快,印象派画家们必须很快地作画,Their paintings were not as detailed as
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those of earlier painters. 因此,他们的画就不像以前那些画家们的画那样细致
了。 At first, many people disliked this style of painting and became very
angry about it. 起初,许多人都不喜欢这种画法,甚至还怒不可遏。They said
that the painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.他们说
这些画家作画时漫不经心、粗枝大叶,而他们的作品更是荒谬可笑。
Modern Art (20th century to today) 现代艺术(20 世纪至今)
At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were
controversial, but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we
call "modern art".在印象派作品的创建初期,它们是存在着争议的,但是如今己
被人们接受而成为现在我们所说的“现代艺术”的始祖了。This is because the
Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new
ways. 这是因为印象派鼓励画家用一种崭新的视角看待他们的环境。There are
scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of
these painting styles might not exist. 如今,现代艺术风格有好几十种,然而如
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果没有印象派,那么这许多不同的风格就不可能存在。 On the one hand, some
modern art is abstract; that is, the painter does not attempt to paint
objects as we see them with our eyes, but instead concentrates on
certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and shape to represent
them. 一方面,有些现代艺术是抽象的,也就是说,画家并不打算把我们眼睛看到
的东西如实地画出来,而是集中展现物体的某些品质特性,用色彩、线条和形状把
它们呈现出来。On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so
realistic that they look like photographs. 而另一方面,有些现代派的艺术作
品却是那么写实,看上去就像是照片。These styles are so different.这些风格如
此不同。Who can predict what painting styles there will be in the future?
谁能预言将来会有什么样的绘画艺术风格?
2.选修六Unit 1 THE BEST OF MANHATTAN’S ART GALLERIES 曼
哈顿艺术画廊荟萃
The Frick Collection (5th Avenue and E.70th Street)
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弗里克收藏馆(第5 大道和第70 街大道之间)
Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any
other in New York. 在纽约,比起其他艺术馆许多艺术爱好者都更乐意参观这家
小型艺术陈列馆。Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919,
leaving his house, furniture and art collection to the American people.
亨利·克莱·弗里克是纽约的一位富豪,于1919 年去世,把他的房子、家具和艺术收
藏品全部留给了美国人民。 Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth
century Western paintings, and these are well-represented in this
excellent collection. 弗里克对20 世纪以前的西方绘画有偏爱,而在这个陈列馆
的珍藏品里这些绘画得以很好展出。 You can also explore Frick's beautiful
home and garden which are well worth a Visit.你还可以好好考察一下弗里
克美丽的故居和花园,它们是很值得一看的。
Guggenheim Museum(5th Avenue and 88th Street)
古根海姆博物馆(第5 大道和第88 街交汇处)
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This museum owns 5,000 superb modern paintings, sculptures and
drawings. 这家博物馆拥有5000 幅非常好的现代油画、雕塑和素描。 These art
works are not all displayed at the same time. The exhibition is always
changing. 这些艺术品并不是同时展出的,展品总是在不断地更换。 It will
appeal to those who love Impressionist and Post-Impressionist
paintings. 展览将吸引印象派和后印象派作品的爱好者。 The Guggenheim
Museum building is also world-famous. 古根海姆博物馆的大楼也是世界闻
名的。 When you walk into gallery, you feel as if you were inside a
fragile, white seashell. 当你走进画廊的时候,你会觉得你进入了一个易碎的白
色贝壳之中。The best way to see the paintings is to start from the top
floor and walk down to the bottom. 看画展最好是从顶层看起,一直往下看到
底层。 There are no stairs just a circular path. The museum also has an
excellent restaurant.展厅里没有楼梯,只有一条环形的小道。博物馆里还有一家
极好的餐馆。
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Metropolitan Museum of Art (5th Avenue and 82nd Street)
大都会艺术博物馆(第5 大道与第82 街交汇处)
The reputation of this museum lies in the variety of its art collection.
这家博物馆以收藏艺术品种类繁多而享有盛名。 This covers more than 5,000
years of civilization from many parts of the world, including America,
Europe, China, Egypt, other African countries and South America. 它的艺
术品收藏涵盖了5000 多年来世界上众多国家的文明史,其中包括美洲、欧洲、中
国、埃及、其他非洲国家和南美洲。The museum displays more than just the
visual delights of art. It introduces you to ancient ways of living. 这家博
物馆展出的不只是可以看得见的艺术之美,它还向你介绍了古代的生活方式。
You can visit an Egyptian temple, a fragrant Ming garden, a typical room
in an 18th century French house and many other special exhibitions. 你
可以看到埃及的寺庙,馥郁的明朝花园,18 世纪法国住宅中的典型房间,以及许多
其他特殊展品。
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Museum of Modern Art (53rd Street, between 5th and 6th Avenues)
现代艺术博物馆(第53 街,位于第5 和第6 大道之间)
It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th
century to the 21st century are housed in the same museum. 令人惊奇的
是,在同一家博物馆里竟能容纳下19 世纪后期到21 世纪的如此众多的名家巨作。
The collection of Western art includes paintings by such famous artists
as Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse. 西方艺术的收藏包括有莫奈、凡
高、毕加索和马蒂斯等著名艺术家的作品。 A few words of warning: the
admission price is not cheap and the museum is often very crowded.有
几句话需要提醒你注意:博物馆票价不菲,而且常常十分拥挤。
Whitney Museum of American Art (945 Madison Avenue, near 75th
Street)
惠特尼美国艺术博物馆(麦迪逊大道945 号,靠近第75 街)
The Whitney holds an excellent collection of contemporary American
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painting and sculpture. 惠特尼博物馆藏有极好的当代美国绘画和雕塑品。
There are no permanent displays in this museum and exhibitions
change all the time. 馆内没有永久性的展出,展品都是随时更换的。Every two
years, the Whitney holds a special exhibition of new art by living artists.
惠特尼博物馆每两年有一次特殊的展览,展品是仍然在世的艺术家们的新作。The
museum also shows videos and films by contemporary video artists. 这
家博物馆还展出当代影视艺术家的录像和电影作品。
3.选修六Unit 2 A FEW SIMPLE FORMS OF ENGLISH POEMS
简体英文诗
There are various reasons why people write poetry. 人们写诗有着各种
各样的理由。 Some poems tell a story or describe something in a way
that will give the reader a strong impression. 有些诗是为了叙事，或者说是
描述某件事并给读者以强烈的印象。 Others try to convey certain emotions.
而有些诗则是为了传达某种感情。Poets use many different forms of poetry
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to express themselves. 诗人用许多不同风格的诗来表达自己的情感。In this
text, however, we will look at a few of the simpler forms. 本文只谈了几种
格式比较简单的诗。
Some of the first poetry a young child learns in English is nursery
rhymes. 孩子们最早学习的英文诗是童谣。 These rhymes like the one on
the right (A) are still a common type of children's poetry. 像右边的这首童
谣（A）至今仍然是常见的。 The language is concrete but imaginative, and
they delight small children because they rhyme, have strong rhythm and
a lot of repetition. 童谣的语言具体但富有想象力，这使得小孩子们快乐，因为
它们押韵，节奏感强，并较多重复。The poems may not make sense and
even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. 童谣不一
定有什么意义，甚至有的看来自相矛盾，但是它们容易学，也容易背诵。By
playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about
language. 通过童谣中的文字游戏，孩子们学习了语言。
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（A）
Hush, little baby, don't say a word,小宝宝，别说话，
Papa's going to buy you a mockingbird.爸爸给你买个小嘲鸟。
If that mockingbird won't sing,小嘲鸟，不会唱，
Papa's going to buy you a diamond ring.爸爸给你买个钻石戒。
If that diamond ring turns to brass,钻石戒，变成铜，
Papa's going to buy you a looking-glass.爸爸给你买个小镜子。
If that looking-glass gets broke,小镜子，打破了，
Papa's going to buy you a billy-goat.爸爸给你买个小山羊。
If that billy-goat runs away,小山羊，跑掉了。
Papa's going to buy you another today.爸爸今天再去给你买一只。
One of the simplest kinds of poems are those like B and C that list
things.像（B）和（C）这样的列举事物的清单诗是诗歌中最简单的一种。List
poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both
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a pattern and a rhythm to the poem.清单诗可长可短，可以重复一些短语，
较为灵活。形成固定句型和诗的节奏。Some rhyme (like B) while others do
not (like C).有些清单诗有韵脚（如B）,但有一些没有（如C）。
（B）
I saw a fish- pond all on fire 我看到鱼塘在燃烧
I saw a fish-pond all on fire,我看到鱼塘在燃烧，
I saw a house bow to a squire,我看到房子向地主哈腰，
I saw a person twelve-feet high,我看到人高一丈八，
I saw a cottage in the sky,我看到茅屋在天郊。
I saw a balloon made of lead,我看到气球用铅做，
I saw a coffin drop down dead,我看到棺材把死人抛。
I saw two sparrows run a race,我看到两只麻雀在赛跑，
I saw two horses making lace,我看到两匹马儿绣花包。
I saw a girl just like a cat,我看到姑娘像只猫，
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I saw a kitten wear a hat,我看到小猫带花帽。
I saw a man who saw these too,我看到有人在一旁瞄，
And said though strange they all were true.虽奇怪，但也把实情报。
（C）
Our first football match 我们的第一场球赛
We would have won ...我们本来会得冠军……
if Jack had scored that goal,如果杰克踢进了那个球，
if we'd had just a few more minutes,如果我们还有几分钟，
if we had trained harder,如果我们训练的更严格，
if Ben had passed the ball to Joe,如果本把球传给了乔，
if we'd had thousands of fans screaming,如果有大批球迷助威，
if I hadn't taken my eye off the ball,如果我死死盯住球，
if we hadn't stayed up so late the night before,如果我们头晚不熬夜，
if we hadn't taken it easy,如果我们没有放松警惕，
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if we hadn't run out of energy.如果我们没有精疲力竭，
We would have won ...我们本来是会的冠军的……
if we'd been better!如果我们能干的更好！
Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the
cinquain, a poem made up of five lines.另外一种学生容易写的简体诗是由
五行组成的，叫做五行诗。 With these, students can convey a strong
picture in just a few words. 用五行诗，学生可以用少量的词语传递一幅动人
的画面。Look at the examples (D and E) on the top of the next page.请看
下一页上端的D 和E 两个例子。
（D）
Brother 兄弟
Beautiful, athletic 爱美，又爱运动
Teasing, shouting, laughing 爱闹，爱叫，又爱笑
Friend and enemy too 是我的朋友
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Mine 也是我的敌人
（E）
Summer 夏天
Sleepy, salty 困乏，咸涩
Drying, drooping, dreading 干涸，枯萎，恐怖
Week in, week out 周而复始
Endless 永无止境
Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that is made up of 17 syllables.俳句诗
（Haiku）是一种日本诗，由17 个音节组成。It is not a traditional form of
English poetry, but is very popular with English writers.它不属于英诗的传
统形式，但是在用英语写作的人们中间，这种诗也是很流行的。It is easy to
write and, like the cinquain , can give a clear picture and create a special
feeling using the minimum of words.它容易写，而且像五行诗一样，它可以
用最少的词语呈现出一幅清晰的画面，表达出一种特殊的感情。The two haiku
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poems (F and G) above are translations from the Japanese.下面两首俳句
诗（右边的F 和G）就是从日文翻译过来的。
（F）
A fallen blossom 落下的花朵
Is coming back to the branch.回到了树枝上。
Look, a butterfly!瞧啊，是只蝴蝶！
( by Moritake)（作者：Moritake）
（G）
Snow having melted,雪儿融化了，
The whole village is brimful 整个村庄充满着
Of happy children.欢乐的儿童。
(by Issa)（作者：Issa）
Did you know that English speakers also enjoy other forms of Asian
poetry - Tang poems from China in particular?你知道吗？说英语的人也喜
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欢其他类型的亚洲诗，尤其是中国的唐诗，A lot of Tang poetry has been
translated into English.许多唐诗已经被翻译成英文了。This Tang poem (H)
is a translation from the Chinese.下面这首唐诗（H）就是从中文翻译过来的。
（H）
Where she awaits her husband 望夫石
(by Wang Jian)王健
On and on the river flows.望夫处，江悠悠。
Never looking back,Transformed into stone.化为石，不回头。
Day by day upon the mountain top,wind and rain revolve.山头日日风复雨，
Should the traveller return,this stone would utter speech.行人归来石应语。
With so many different forms of poetry to choose from, students may
eventually want to write poems of their own.有了这么多可供选择的诗歌类
型，学生们最终也许想自己作诗了。It is easier than you might think and
certainly worth a try!写诗比你想象的要容易，绝对值得一试。
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4.选修六Unit 2 I'VE SAVED THE SUMMER 我把夏天省下来
(by Rod McKuen)罗德·麦丘恩（Rod McKuen）
I've saved the summer 我把夏天省下，
And I give it all to you 全都交给你。
To hold on winter mornings 当雪花儿初降时，
When the snow is new.让冬天的早晨停住。
I've saved some sunlight 我把阳光省下，
If you should ever need 以供你不时之需。
A place away from darkness 在那远离黑暗的地方，
Where your mind can feed.你的心灵会得到滋养。
And for myself I've kept your smile
When you were but nineteen,
那年你才十九岁，我就珍藏了你的微笑。
Till you're older you'll not know 等你长大成人以后，
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What brave young smiles can mean.才知道年轻勇敢的微笑的奥秘。
I know no answers 我不知道有什么办法，
To help you on your way 帮你踏上你人生的旅程。
The answers lie somewhere 答案也许就在某处：
At the bottom of the day.在白天结束的那个时辰。
But if you've a need for love 但是如果你需要爱，
I'll give you all l own 我会献上我所有的爱。
It might help you down the road 它也许能帮你踏上旅程，
Till you've found your own.直到你也找到属于你的爱。
5.选修六Unit3 ADVICE FROM GRANDAD 爷爷的忠告
Dear James, 亲爱的詹姆士：
It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end
of the garden. 今天这儿的天气很好。现在我正坐在花园尽头的那棵大树底下
呢。 I have just returned from a long bike ride to an old castle. 我刚刚才
回来，骑自行车跑了很长一段路，一直到了古城堡。It seems amazing that at
my age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon. 感到
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惊奇吧，像我这样的年纪，身体健康而且能在一个下午骑车跑20 公里。It's my
birthday in two weeks time and I'll be 82 years old! 再过两个礼拜就是我
82 岁的生日了！ I think my long and active life must be due to the
healthy life I live. 我想我之所以长寿而且精力充沛，要归功于我的健康生活。
This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson. 这就
是我写信给你的真正原因，我亲爱的孙子。Your mother tells me that you
started smoking some time ago and now you are finding it difficult to
give it up. 你妈妈告诉我，你不久前开始吸烟了，而且现在很难把它戒掉。
Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it is
to stop. 相信我吧，我知道，吸烟容易戒烟难。 You see, during adolescence I
also smoked and became addicted to cigarettes. 你知道，当我还是一个十
几岁的孩子的时候，我也吸过烟，而且还上了瘾。
By the way, did you know that this is because you become addicted in
three different ways? 这儿我想顺便问你一个问题，你知道上瘾有三个方面的
原因吗？ First, you can become physically addicted to nicotine, which is
one of the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes. 首先，你会在身体上对尼古
丁有瘾，它是香烟里几百种化学物质之一。 This means that after a while
your body becomes accustomed to having nicotine in it. 这句是说，过一
段时间以后，你的身体习惯了香烟里的尼古丁， So when the drug leaves
your body, you get withdrawal symptoms. 一旦你的体内没有这种麻醉剂了，
你就会有断瘾症状， I remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes
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even in pain. 我记得曾感到烦躁、甚至痛苦。Secondly, you become
addicted through habit. 其次你也可能因为习惯的原因而上瘾。As you know,
if you do the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it
automatically. 你知道，如果你反反复复地做同一件事情，你就会自动地做它。
Lastly, you can become mentally addicted. 最后，你可以心理上瘾。 I
believed I was happier and more relaxed after having a cigarette, so I
began to think that I could only feel good when I smoked. 我那时认为，
抽了一支烟后就会感到更轻松愉快，于是我就以为抽烟才能使自己感觉良好。 I
was addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult to quit. 我之所以上
瘾就有着这三个方面的原因，因此，要戒烟就很难。But I did finally manage.但
是我终于还是戒掉了。
When I was young, I didn't know much about the harmful effects of
smoking. 在我年轻的时候，关于吸烟的危害性我知道的并不多。 I didn't know,
for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or
that it was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. 例如，
我不知道抽烟能严重侵害人的心脏和肺部，也不知道吸烟的夫妇生育能力会下降
I certainly didn't know their babies may have a smaller birth weight or
even be abnormal in some way. 我当然不知道他们的婴儿在出生时可能体重
较轻或某些方面不正常。Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could
affect the health of non-smokers. 我更不知道，我自己吸烟还会损害那些不
吸烟人的健康。However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I
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smelt terrible. 然而我的的确确知道，我的女朋友觉得我的烟味很难闻。 She
said my breath and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers were
turning yellow. 她说我的呼吸、我的衣服都有味道，而且我的手指头都变黄了。
She told me that she wouldn't go out with me again unless I stopped!
她说在我把烟戒掉之前不会跟我一起出去。I also noticed that I became
breathless quickly, and that I wasn't enjoying sport as much. 我还注意到
我的呼吸变得急促，并且使我不那么喜爱运动了。 When I was taken off the
school football team because I was unfit, I knew it was time to quit
smoking. 而由于我身体不健康被校足球队除名之后，我才知道该是我戒烟的时
候了。I am sending you some advice I found on the Internet. 我把我从网
上找到的一些忠告寄给你，也许对你戒烟和坚定决心会有所帮助。It might help
you to stop and strengthen your resolve. I do hope so because I want
you to live as long and healthy a life as I have.我的确希望你把烟戒掉，因为
我希望你能像我这样活得健康长寿。
Love from
Grandad 爱你的爷爷
How can you stop smoking?你怎样才能戒烟呢？
It is not easy to stop smoking, but millions have managed to quit and
so can you.戒烟不容易，但许许多多的人都成功地戒掉了烟，所以你也能。Here
are a few suggestions.这儿有几点建议：
·Prepare yourself.做好准备。Decide on a day to quit.确定一个开始戒烟的日
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子。Don’t choose a day that you know is going to be stressful, such as
the day of an exam.不要选择你明知有压力的日子，例如要考试的那一天。
Make a list of all the benefits you will get from stopping smoking.把戒烟
的好处开列一个清单。Then throw away your last packet of cigarettes.
在你计划戒烟的前一天，把你最后一包香烟扔掉。
·Be determined. 下定决心。Every time you feel like smoking a cigarette,
remind yourself that you are a non-smoker. 每当你想要吸烟的时候，你就提
醒你自己，你（已经）是不吸烟的人了。Reread the list of benefits you wrote
earlier.把你早先写的那个戒烟的好处的清单反复地看一看。
·Break the habit.破除旧习。Instead of smoking a cigarette, do something
else. 不要抽烟，而去干点别的事情，Go for a walk, clean your teeth, drink
some water, clean the house, 去散散步、刷刷牙、喝点水、打扫房间。In fact,
do anything to keep your mind and especially your hands busy.其实，只
要是能使你的脑，特别是手不得闲的事情，你都可以去做。
·Relax.放松休息。If you start to feel nervous or stressed, do not reach for
a cigarette. 如果你开始感到紧张有压力了，这时你也不要伸手去拿香烟。Try
some deep breathing instead. 试着做做深呼吸。Do some relaxation
exercises every time you feel stressed. 每当你感到紧张了，就去做做放松运
动。
·Get help if you need it. 必要时找人帮忙。Arrange to stop smoking with a
friend so you can talk about your problems, or join a stop-smoking
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group. 同朋友一起安排戒烟，这样你们可以谈谈你的问题。你也可以参加一个戒
烟小组。 If you feel desperate, you might like to talk to a doctor or
chemist about something to help you, like nicotine chewing gun.如果你
的确感到没法办，你还可以找一个医生或药剂师来谈谈，帮你想点办法，如含尼
古丁的口香糖等。
·Keep trying.继续努力。Do not be disappointed if you have to try several
times before you finally stop smoking. 即使非得经过多次戒烟才能最后把它
戒掉，你也不要失去希望。If you weaken and have a cigarette, do not feel
ashamed. 如果你因意志衰弱而又抽烟了，也不要觉得难为情。 Just try again.
You will succeed eventually.那就再努力戒就是了。最终你是会成功的。
6.选修六Unit3 HIV/AIDS:ARE YOU AT RISK?
HIV 病毒 / 艾滋病：你是否面临危险？
HIV is a virus. HIV 是一种病毒（人体免疫缺损病毒）。A virus is a very
small living thing that causes disease. 病毒是引发疾病的微生物。There are
many different viruses, for example, the flu virus or the SARS virus. 它有
许多种类，如流感病毒和SARS 病毒。 HIV weakens a person's immune
system; that is, the part of the body that fights disease. HIV 病毒破坏人体
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的免疫系统，也就是说使人体抗衡疾病的免疫功能减弱。 You can have HIV in
your blood for a long time, but eventually HIV will damage your
immune system so much that you body can no longer fight disease. 在
你的血液中，HIV 病毒可以长期存在，但是它最终会使你的免疫系统严重受损，
以致使你的身体不再能抗衡疾病。 This stage of the illness is called AIDS. 这
种疾病到了这个阶段就叫艾滋病， If you develop AIDS, your chances of
survival are very small.如果你得上了艾滋病，生存的几率就很小。
HIV is spread through blood or the fluid that the body makes during
sex. HIV 是通过血液或性交时产生的体液而传播的。 For a person to become
infected, blood or sexual fluid that carries the virus, has to get inside the
body through broken skin or by injection. 携带病毒的血液或体液必须通过
皮肤上的创口或通过注射才能进入人体，使人受感染。 One day scientists will
find a cure for HIV/AIDS. 将来总有一天，科学家会找到医治HIV 病毒和艾滋
病的疗法的。
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Until that happens, you need to protect yourself. 在找到之前，你必须保护
你自己。Here are some things you can do to make sure you stay safe. 你
可以按这里列举的一些注意事项去做，以确保自己的安全：
If you inject drugs: 假如你要注射药物：
· Do not share your needle with anyone else.不要同别人共用注射针，
Blood from another person can stay on or in the needle. 别人的血液可能
会留在针头内外。 If a person has HIV and you use the same needle, you
could inject the virus into your own blood. 如果某人有HIV 病毒，而你又用
了同一个注射针，你就有可能把别人的病毒注入到你的血液中来。
· Do not share anything else that a person has used while injecting
drugs. 在注射药物时，不得公用患者所用的其他东西，Blood could have spilt
on it. 因为血液可能会溅到这些物品上来。
If you have sex with a male or a female: 假如你同（男或女）人性交：
·Use a condom. This will prevent sexual fluid passing from one person to
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another. 要使用避孕套。它可以防止性交时产生的体液的传入。
The following statements are NOT true. 下列这些说法都是错误的：
·A person cannot get HIV the first time they have sex. WRONG. If one
sexual partner has HIV, the other partner could become infected.
初次性交的人不可能染上HIV 病毒。错了。如果性交的某一方有了HIV 病毒，另
一方就有可能传染上。
·You can tell by looking at someone whether or not they have
HIV.WRONG. Many people carrying HIV look perfectly healthy. It is only
when the disease has progressed to AIDS that a person begins to look
sick.
通过观察你可以看出某人是否带有HIV 病毒。错了。许多HIV 病毒携带者看上去
十分健康。只有当这种病毒发展成艾滋病时，人才会显出病态。
·Only homosexuals get AIDS.WRONG. Anyone who has sex with a
person infected with H1V/AIDS risks getting the virus. Women are
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slightly more likely to become infected than men.
只有同性恋者才得艾滋病。错了。任何人如果同感染了HIV 病毒的人性交，他们
就染上这种病毒的危险。女性感染病毒的可能性比男性稍微大一些。
·If you hug, touch or kiss someone with AIDS or visit them in their
home, you will get HIV/AIDS.WRONG. You can only get the disease
from blood or sexual fluid. Unfortunately, people with HIV sometimes
lose their friends because of prejudice. Many people are afraid that they
will get HIV/AIDS from those infected with HIV!AIDS. For the same
reason, some AIDS patients cannot find anyone to look after them when
they are sick.
如果你同艾滋病患者拥抱、接触或者亲吻，或者去他们家做客，你就会从他们那
里感染上HIV 病毒或得艾滋病。错了。你只可能通过血液或性交时的体液传染上
这种病。不幸的是，由于偏见，HIV 病毒携带者有时会失去他们的朋友。许多人担
心他们会从病毒携带者那儿染上HIV 病毒，感染上艾滋病。由于相同的理由，有
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些艾滋病患者在生病时找不到任何人来照顾他们。
· You can get HIV/AIDS from mosquitoes. WRONG. There is no evidence
of this.蚊子可以传染HIV 病毒和艾滋病。错了。目前还没有证据说明这一点。
7.选修六Unit4 THE EARTH IS BECOMING WARMER-BUT DOES IT
MATTER?全球在变暖——这会带来什么影响吗？
During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about one
degree Fahrenheit.在20 世纪期间，地球温度大约升了华氏1 度。That
probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid increase
when compared to other natural changes.这个数值对你我来说很可能是无
所谓的，但是跟其他自然变化相比较而言，这却是一种快速的增长。So how has
this come about and does it matter?那么，这种温度的增长是怎么产生的呢？
会产生什么影响呢？Earth Care’ s Sophie Armstrong explores these
questions. “关爱地球”组织的索菲·阿姆斯特朗就在探究这些问题。
There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer (see Graph 1)
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and that it is human activity that has caused this global warming rather
than a random but natural phenomenon.毫无疑问，地球是在变暖（见表一，
略），而地球变暖正是人类活动导致而成的，并非是一种无规律的自然现象。
All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth's
temperature is due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas
and oil to produce energy.所有的科学家赞同这种观点：人们为了生产能量而
燃烧化石燃料（如煤、天然气和石油等），从而引起了地球温度的升高。Some
byproducts of this process are called "greenhouse" gases, the most
important one of which is carbon dioxide.这个升温的过程的一些副产品就
叫做“温室”气体，其中作用重要的就是二氧化碳。Dr Janice Foster explains:
"There is a natural phenomenon that scientists call the 'greenhouse
effect'.贾尼丝·福斯特博士解释说： “有一种科学家称之为‘温室效应’的自然
现象。This is when small amounts of gases in the atmosphere, like
carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour, trap heat from the sun and
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therefore warm the earth.这种现象发生在大气层中少量的气体（如二氧化碳、
甲烷、水蒸气等）吸收太阳的热量，因而使地球变暖的时候。Without the
'greenhouse effect', the earth would be about thirty-three degrees
Celsius cooler than it is.如果没有这种‘温室效应’，地球的温度将比现在的
温度还要低33 摄氏度左右。So, we need those gases. The problem begins
when we add huge quantities of extra carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere.因此，我们需要这些气体。当我们在大气层中增加了大量额外的二
氧化碳时，问题就来了。It means that more heat energy tends to be
trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up."这
意味着更多的热量被困在大气层中，从而引起全球温度上升。”
We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly
over the last 100 to 150 years. 我们知道，在过去100~150 年期间，二氧化碳
的含量急剧增加了。 It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made
accurate measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the
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atmosphere from 1957 to 1997. 有一位名叫查尔斯·基林的科学家曾经把
1957~1997 年期间大气层中二氧化碳的含量作了精确的统计。 He found that
between these years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up
from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million(see Graph 2).他
发现，在这些年里，大气层中的二氧化碳含量从315/1000 000 上升到
370/1000 000。（见表二，略）
All scientists accept this data. 所有科学家都接受这个数据。They also
agree that it is the burning of more and more fossil fuels that has
resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. 他们还赞同下述观点，正是由于
越来越多燃烧化石燃料导致了二氧化碳的增加。 So how high will the
temperature increase go? 那么气温会升到多高？ Dr Janice Foster says
that over the next 100 years the amount of warming could be as low as
1 to 1.5 degrees Celsius, but it could be as high as 5 degrees.福斯特博士
说，在今后的100 年里，全球变暖的量可能低到1~1.5 摄氏度，但是也有可能高
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达5 摄氏度。
However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise is completely
different. 然而，科学家们在对待升温的态度上却是大不相同的。 On the one
hand, Dr Foster thinks that the trend which increases the temperature
by 5 degrees would be a catastrophe. 一方面，福斯特博士认为气温升高5
度的趋势可能是一场大灾难，She says, "We can't predict the climate well
enough to know what to expect, but it could be very serious." 她说：“对
于未来的气候，我们不可能做出精确的预测，但是那时的天气可能是很糟糕
的。” Others who agree with her think there may be a rise of several
metres in the sea level, 同意她的观点的其他科学家认为，全球变暖会导致海
平面上升好几米；or predict severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the
spread of diseases and the disappearance of species. 也有人预言会出现严
重的风暴、洪涝、干旱、饥荒、疫病和物种的灭绝。 On the other hand, there
are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this view, believe
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that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air.
在另一方面，还有一些人，像科学家乔治·汉布利，反对上面的观点，他们认为我们
不必担心空气中会有高含量的二氧化碳。 They predict that any warming will
be mild with few bad environmental consequences. 他们预言说，变暖的情
况不会很严重，对环境的影响也不会太坏。 In fact, Hambley states, "More
carbon dioxide is actually a positive thing. It will make plants grow
quicker; crops will produce more; it will encourage a greater range of
animals - all of which will make life for human beings better." 汉布利实际
上是这样说的： “二氧化碳含量的增加实际上是件好事，它使植物成长更快，庄
稼产量更高，还会促进动物的生长——所有这些都能改善人类的生活。”
Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. 温室气体继
续在大气层中聚集。Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on
warming for decades or centuries. 即使我们开始减少二氧化碳和其他温室气
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体的含量，在（未来）几十年或几个世纪内，气候仍会持续转暖。 No one knows
the effects of global warming. 没有人知道全球变暖带来什么样的影响。Does
that mean we should do nothing? 这是不是意味着我们就不必采取任何措施
呢？Or, are the risks too great? 还是说，这样不采取任何措施危险性会很大呢？
8.选修六Unit4 WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING?
关于全球变暖，我们能干些什么呢？
Dear Earth Care, 亲爱的“关爱地球”组织：
I am doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming. 我正
代表学校做一项关于全球变暖的课题研究。 Sometimes I feel that individuals
can have little effect on such huge environmental problems. 有时候我觉
得，像这样一个巨大的环境问题，个人是起不了什么作用的。However, I still
think people should advocate improvements in the way we use energy
today. 然而我仍然认为人们应该支持改善日常能源的消耗方式。As I'm not
sure where to start with my project, 由于我还不清楚我该从哪里着手开始我
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的研究。I would appreciate any suggestions you may have. 我希望能得到
你们的建议。
Thank you! 谢谢！
Ouyang Guang 欧阳光
Dear Ouyang Guang, 亲爱的欧阳光：
There are many people who have a commitment like yours, but they do
not believe they have the power to do anything to improve our
environment. 有许多人承担你这样的义务，而他们不相信自己有能力来影响环
境。That is not true. 这种想法是不正确的。 Together, individuals can make
a difference. 众人拾柴火焰高。 We do not have to put up with pollution.我
们不必去忍受污染。
The growth of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide in the air actually
comes as a result of many things we do every day. 空气中的温室气体，二
氧化碳的增长的确是来自我们许多的日常活动。Here are a few suggestions
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on how to reduce it. 这儿有几条关于减少空气中二氧化碳含量的建议。 They
should get you started with your project. 这些建议应当能够促进你的研究。
1 We use a lot of energy in our houses. It is OK to leave an electrical
appliance on so long as you are using it - if not, turn it off! Do not be
casual about this. So if you are not using the lights, the TV, the
computer, and so on, turn them off. If you are cold, put on more clothes
instead of turning up the heat.
1. 在室内我们会用大量的能源。在用电器设备时你可以让它开着，如果不用就把
它关掉！如果你觉得冷了，就多穿点衣服，而不是把暖气开大。
2 Motor vehicles use a lot of energy- so walk or ride a bike if you can.
2. 机动车要用大量的能源。因此，只要可能，你就步行或骑自行车吧。
3 Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags and newspapers if circumstances
allow you to. It takes a lot of energy to make things from new materials,
so, if you can, buy things made from recycled materials.
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3. 把罐头盒、瓶子、塑料袋和报纸回收利用起来。用新材料来做这些东西要花费
大量的能源，因此，只要有可能，就买那些用回收材料制成的物品吧。
4 Get your parents to buy things that are economical with energy - this
includes cars as well as smaller things like fridges and microwaves.
4. 劝你的父母去买那些节约能源的产品，包括汽车和像冰箱、微波炉之类的小件
物品。
5 Plant trees in your garden or your school yard, as they absorb carbon
dioxide from the air and refresh your spirit when you look at them.
5. 在你的花园或校园里栽种树木，它们能吸收空气中的二氧化碳，还能在你观赏
的时候使你感觉清爽。
6 Finally and most importantly, be an educator. Talk with your family
and friends about global warming and tell them what you have learned.
6. 最后，也是最重要的是，做一个教育者。同你的家人和朋友谈一谈全球变暖的
问题，并把你学到的东西告诉他们。
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Remember - your contribution counts!
Earth Care
记住，你的贡献是很有价值的。
“关爱地球”组织
9.选修六Unit5 AN EXCITING JOB 一份令人兴奋的工作
I have the greatest job in the world. 我的工作是世界上最伟大的工作。 I
travel to unusual places and work alongside people from all over the
world. 我跑的地方是稀罕奇特的地方，和我一道工作的人来自世界各地。
Sometimes working outdoors, sometimes in an office, sometimes using
scientific equipment and sometimes meeting local people and tourists, I
am never bored. （我们）有时在室外工作，有时在办公室里，有时工作要用科学
仪器，有时要会见当地百姓和旅游人士。但是我从来不感到工作烦人。
Although my job is occasionally dangerous, I don't mind because
danger excites me and makes me feel alive. 虽然我的工作偶尔也有危险，但
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是我并不在乎，因为能激励我，使我感到有活力。However, the most
important thing about my job is that I help protect ordinary people
from one of the most powerful forces on earth - the volcano. 然而，最重
要的是，通过我的工作能保护普通百姓免遭火山的威胁——这是世界上最大的
自然威力之一。
I was appointed as a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian Volcano
Observatory (HVO) twenty years ago. 作为一名火山学家，我被派到夏威夷
火山观测站（HVO）工作。 My job is collecting information for a database
about Mount Kilauea, which is one of the most active volcanoes in
Hawaii. 我的任务是收集有关基拉韦厄火山的数据资料，这是夏威夷最活跃的火
山之一。 Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other
scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how
fast. 收集和评估了这些信息之后，我就帮助其他科学家一起预测下次火山熔岩
将往何处流去，流速多少。Our work has saved many lives because people
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in the path of the lava can be warned to leave their houses. 我们的工作拯
救了许多人的生命，因为熔岩要流经之地，老百姓都可以得到离开家园的通知。
Unfortunately, we cannot move their homes out of the way, and many
houses have been covered with lava or burned to the ground. 遗憾的是，
我们不可能把他们的家搬离岩浆流过的地方，因此，许多房屋被熔岩淹没，或者
焚烧殆尽。
When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and crashes back to earth,
it causes less damage than you might imagine. 当滚烫的岩石从火山喷发
出来并撞回地面时，它所造成的损失比想象的要小些， This is because no one
lives near the top of Mount Kilauea, where the rocks fall. 这是因为在岩石
下落的基拉韦厄火山顶附近无人居住。 The lava that flows slowly like a wave
down the mountain causes far more damage because it buries
everything in its path under the molten rock. 而顺着山坡下流的火山熔岩
所造成的损失却大得多，这是因为火山岩浆所流经的地方，一切东西都被掩埋在
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熔岩下面了。However, the eruption itself is really exciting to watch and I
shall never forget my first sight of one. 然而火山喷发本身的确是很壮观的，
我永远也忘不了我第一次看见火山喷发时的情景。
It was in the second week after I arrived in Hawaii. 那是在我抵达夏威夷后
的第二个星期。 Having worked hard all day, I went to bed early. 那天我辛
辛苦苦等干了一整天，很早就上床睡觉了。 I was fast asleep when suddenly
my bed began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train
passing my window. 我在熟睡中突然感到床铺在摇晃，接着我听到一阵奇怪的
声音，就好像有列火车在我的窗外行驶一样。Having experienced quite a few
earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn't take much notice. 因为我在夏威夷
曾经经历过多次地震，所以对这种声音我并不在意。 I was about to go back
to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day. 我刚要再
睡，突然我的卧室亮如白昼。I ran out of the house into the back garden
where I could see Mount Kilauea in the distance. 我赶紧跑出房间，来到后
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花园，在那儿我能远远地看见基拉韦厄火山。There had been an eruption
from the side of the mountain and red hot lava was fountaining
hundreds of metres into the air. 在山的一边有火山喷发，红色发烫的岩浆像
喷泉一样，朝天上喷射达几百米高。It was an absolutely fantastic sight.
真是绝妙的奇景！
The day after this eruption I was lucky enough to have a much
closer look at it. 就在这次火山喷发的第二天，我有幸做了一次近距离的观察。
Two other scientists and I were driven up the mountain and dropped as
close as possible to the crater that had been formed during the
eruption. 我和另外两位科学家驱车上山，到最靠近这次火山喷口的地方才下车
Having earlier collected special clothes from the observatory, we put
them on before we went any closer. 早先从观测站出发时就带了一些特别的
安全服，于是我们穿上安全服再走近火山口。All three of us looked like
spacemen. 我们三个人看上去就像宇航员一样，We had white protective
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suits that covered our whole body, helmets, big boots and special
gloves. 我们都穿着白色的防护服遮住全身，戴上了头盔和特别的手套，还穿了
一双大靴子。 It was not easy to walk in these suits, but we slowly made
our way to the edge of the crater and looked down into the red, boiling
centre. 穿着这些衣服走起路来实在不容易，但是我们还是缓缓往火山口的边缘
走去，并且向下看到了红红的沸腾的中央。The other two climbed down into
the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first
experience, I stayed at the top and watched them. 另外两人攀下火山口
去收集供日后研究用的岩浆，我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在山顶上观察他
们。
Today, I am just as enthusiastic about my job as the day I first started.
如今，我和当初从事这项工作时一样满怀热情。 Having studied volcanoes
now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as their
potential to cause great damage. 虽然我从事火山研究很多年了，但是我对
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火山的壮丽景色以及它那潜在的巨大破坏力至今仍然感到惊愕不已。
10.选修六Unit5 THE LRKE OF HERVEN 天上的湖（天池）
Changbaishan is in Jilin Province, Northeast China. Much of this
beautiful, mountainous area is thick forest . 长白山在东北的吉林省，这个美
丽的山区大部分是茂密的林区。 Changbaishan is China's largest nature
reserve and it is kept in its natural state for the people of China and
visitors from all over the world to enjoy. 长白山是中国最大的自然保护区，
保持着它的原始状态，以供中国人民和世界各地的游客欣赏。 The height of
the land varies from 700 metres above sea level to over 2,000 metres
and is home to a great diversity of rare plants and animals. 这里地面的高
度从海拔700 米到2000 多米不等，是多种多样动物植物的生长地。Among the
rare animals are cranes, black bears, leopards and tigers. 珍稀动物有白鹤、
黑熊、豹子和虎。Many people come to Changbaishan to study its unique
plants and animals. 许多人到长白山来研究珍奇的动植物。Others come to
walk in the mountains, to see the spectacular waterfalls or to bathe in
the hot water pools. 另外一些人则是到山里来走一走，看看那些蔚为壮观的瀑
布，或者在温水池里泡个澡。 However, the attraction that arouses the
greatest appreciation in the reserve is Tianchi or the Lake of Heaven. 然
而保护区里最令人欣赏的地方则是天池，或者说是天上的湖。
Tianchi is a deep lake that has formed in the crater of a dead volcano
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on top of the mountain. 天池是一个深水湖，是由山顶的一个死火山的火山口
形成的。 The lake is 2,194 metres above sea level, and more than 200
metres deep. In winter the surface freezes over. 海拔高度为2194 米，水的
深度超过200 米，到冬天湖面就全部结冰了。 It takes about an hour to climb
from the end of the road to the top of the mountain. 从路的尽头到山顶约
需一个小时。When you arrive you are rewarded not only with the sight of
its clear waters, but also by the view of the other sixteen mountain
peaks that surround Tianchi. 你一到达山顶就会得到回报——你不仅可以看
到天池那清澈如镜的湖水，而且还可以看到四周的16 座山峰。
There are many stories told about Tianchi. The most well-known
concerns three young women from heaven. 天池有着许多传说故事，其中
最著名的是关于从天上下凡的三位少女的故事。They were bathing in Tainchi
when a bird flew above them and dropped a small fruit onto the dress
of the youngest girl. 她们在天池洗澡时，突然有一只鸟飞到她们的上方，把一
个小小的水果扔在最年轻的姑娘的衣服上。When she picked up the fruit to
smell it, it flew into her mouth. 当她拿起来闻的时候，它飞进了她的嘴里。
Having swallowed the fruit, the girl became pregnant and later gave
birth to a handsome boy. 姑娘吞食了这个果子，后来就怀孕了。过了一段时间
她生下了一个漂亮的男孩。 It is said that this boy, who had a great gift for
languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people. 据说这个
男孩就是满族人的祖先，具有语言天赋和很强的说服力。
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If you are lucky enough to visit the Lake of Heaven with your loved
one, don't forget to drop a coin into the clear blue water to guarantee
your love will be as deep and lasting as the lake itself. 如果你有幸同你所
爱的人去游天池，别忘了投一枚硬币到清澈碧蓝的水中，以确保你们的爱情像湖
水一样深厚、持久。
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