选修6 Unit 1 Art-Reading
A SHORT HISTORY OF WESTERN PAINTING
西方绘画艺术简史
Art is influenced by the customs and faith of a people. Styles in Western art have
changed many times. As there are so many different styles of Western art, it would
be impossible to describe all of them in such a short text. Consequently, this text will
describe only the most important ones, starting from the sixth century AD.
The Middle Ages (5th to the 15th century AD)
During the Middle Ages, the main aim of painters was to represent religious
themes. A conventional artist of this period was not interested in showing nature and
people as they really were. A typical picture at this time was full of religious symbols,
which created feeling of respect and love for God. But it was evident that ideas were
changing in the 13th century when painters like Giotto di Bondone began to paint
religious scenes in a more realistic way.
The Renaissance (15th to 16th century)
During the Renaissance, new ideas and values graduallv replaced those held in
the Middle Ages.People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a
more humanistic attitude to life. At the same time painters returned to classical
Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they
really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could
decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint
pictures of themselves, their houses and possessions as well as their activities and
achievements.
One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things
in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first
saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through a hole in a
wall at a real scene. If the roles of perspective had not been discovered, no one
would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence, oil paints were
also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and
deeper. Without the new paints and the new technique, we would not be able to see
the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous.
Impressionism (late 19th to early 20th century)
In the late 19th century, Europe changed a great deal. from a mostly agricultural
society to a mostly industrial one. Many people moved from the countryside to the
new cities. There were many new inventions and social changes. Naturally, these
changes also led to new painting styles. Among the painters who broke away from
the traditional style of painting were the Impressionists, who lived and worked in
Paris.
The Impressionists were the first painters to work outdoors. They were eager to
show how light and shadow fell on objects at different times of day. However,
because natural light changes so quickly, the Impressionists had to paint quickly.
Their paintings were not as detailed as those of earlier painters. At first, many people
disliked this style of painting and became very angr about it. They said that the
painters were careless and their paintings were ridiculous.
Modern Art (20th century to today)
At the time they were created, the Impressionist paintings were controversial,
but today they are accepted as the beginning of what we call "modem art". This is
because the Impressionists encouraged artists to look at their environment in new
ways. There are scores of modern art styles, but without the Impressionists, many of
these painting styles might not exist. On the one hand, some modem art is abstract;
that is, the painter does not attempt to paint objects as we see them with our eyes,
but instead concentrates on certain qualities of the object, using colour, line and
shape to represent them. On the other hand, some paintings of modern art are so
realistic that they look like photographs. These styles are so different. Who can
predict what painting styles there will be in the future?
艺术是受着人民生活习俗和信仰的影响的。西方的艺术风格经历了多次变革。由
于西方的艺术风格多 种多样,在短短的一篇课文里不可能进行全面的描述。因此
本文只谈及从公元6 世纪以来最主要的几种艺术风格www.2abc8.com。
中世纪(公元5 世纪到15 世纪)
在中世纪,画家的主要任务是把宗教的主题表现出来。一个传统的艺术家无
意于如实地展现自然和人物。那个时期的典型的绘画充满了宗教的(象)特征,体
现出了对土帝的爱戴与敬重。但是,很显然到了13 世纪时,观念发生变化,像乔托
这样的画家开始以一种比较现实的风格来画宗教场景www.2abc8.com。
文艺复兴时期( 15 世纪到16 世纪)
在文艺复兴时期,新的思想和价值观逐渐取代了中世纪的思想和价值观。人
们开始较少关注宗教主题 而采取一种更人性化的生活态度。同时画家们回到了
罗马、希腊的古典艺术理念上。他们力争如实地画出 人物和自然。富人们想拥有
自己的艺术品并用来装饰自己的高级宫殿和豪宅,他们出价聘请著名艺术家来
为自己画像,画自己的房屋和其他财物,以及他们的活动和成就。
在此期间,最重要的发现之一就是如何用透视法来画出事物。这一手法是
1428 年由马萨乔第一次使 用的。当人们第一次看到他的画时,还以为是透过墙
上的小洞来观看真实的场景,并对此深信不疑。如果 没有发现透视法,人们就不
可能画出如此逼真的画。巧合的是这一时期油画颜料也得到了发展,它使得绘 画
的色彩看上去更丰富、更深沉。没有新的颜料和新的(绘画)手法,我们就不能看
到很多使这一时代著名的杰作。
印象派时期( 19 世纪后期到20 世纪初期)www.2abc8.com
19 世纪后期,欧洲发生了巨大的变化,从以农业为主的社会变成了以工业为
主的社会。许多人从农村 迁入到新城市。有着许多新发明,还有许多社会变革。
这些变革也自然而然地促成了新的绘画风格。在那 些突破传统画法的画家中有
生活和工作在法国巴黎的印象派画家www.2abc8.com。
印象派画家是第一批室外写景的画家。他们急切地想把一天中不同时间投射
到物体上的光线和阴影呈 现出来。然而由于自然光的变化很快,印象派画家们必
须很快地作画,因此,他们的画就不像以前那些画 家们的画那样细致了。起初,许
多人都不喜欢这种画法,甚至还怒不可遏。他们说这些画家作画时漫不经 心、粗
枝大叶,而他们的作品更是荒谬可笑。
现代艺术(20 世纪至今)
在印象派作品的创建初期,它们是存在着争议的,但是如今己被人们接受而
成为现在我们所说的"现 代艺术"的始祖了。这是因为印象派鼓励画家用一种崭
新的视角看待他们的环境。如今,现代艺术风格有 好几十种,然而如果没有印象
派,那么这许多不同的风格就不可能存在。一方面,有些现代艺术是抽象的, 也就
是说,画家并不打算把我们眼睛看到的东西如实地画出来,而是集中展现物体的
某些品质特性,用色 彩、线条和形状把它们呈现出来。而另一方面,有些现代派
的艺术作品却是那么写实,看上去就像是照片。 这些风格如此不同。谁能预言将
来会有什么样的绘画艺术风格?
THE BEST OF MANHATTAN’S ART GALLERIES
曼哈顿艺术画廊荟萃
The Frick Collection (5th Avenue and E.70th Street)
Many art lovers would rather visit this small art gallery than any other in New
York. Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919, leaving his house, furniture
and art collection to the American people. Frick had a preference for pre-twentieth
century Western paintings, and these are well-represented in this excellent
collection. You can also explore Frick's beautiful home and garden which are well
worth a Visit.
Guggenheim Museum(5th Avenue and 88th Street)
This museum owns 5,000 superb modern paintings, sculptures and drawings.
These art works are not all displayed at the same time. The exhibition is always
changing. It will appeal to those who love Impressionist and Post-Impressionist
paintings. The Guggenheim Museum building is also world-famous. When you walk
into gallery, you feel as if you
were inside a fragile, white seashell. The best way to see the paintings is to start from
the top floor and walk down to the bottom. There are no stairs just a circular path.
The museum also has an excellent restaurant.
Metropolitan Museum of Art (5th Avenue and 82nd Street)
The reputation of this museum lies in the variety of its art collection. This covers
more than 5,000 years of civilization from many parts of the world, including
America, Europe, China, Egypt, other African countries and South America. The
museum displays more than just the visual delights of art. It introduces you to
ancient ways of living. You can visit an Egyptian temple, a fragrant Ming garden, a
typical room in an 18th century French house and many other special exhibitions.
Museum of Modern Art (53rd Street, between 5th and 6th Avenues)
It is amazing that so many great works of art from the late 19th century to the
21st century are housed in the same museum. The collection of Western art includes
paintings by such famous artists as Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso and Matisse. A few
words of warning: the admission price is not cheap and the museum is often very
crowded.
Whitney Museum of American Art (945 Madison Avenue, near 75th Street)
The Whitney holds an excellent collection of contemporary American painting
and sculpture. There are no permanent displays in this museum and exhibitions
change all the time. Every two years, the Whitney holds a special exhibition of new
art by living artists. The museum also shows videos and films by contemporary video
artists.
弗里克收藏馆(第5 大道和第70 街大道之间)
在纽约,比起其他艺术馆许多艺术爱好者都更乐意参观这家小型艺术陈列馆。亨
利·克莱·弗里克是纽约的一位富豪,于1919 年去世,把他的房子、家具和艺术
收藏品全部留给了美国入民。弗里克对20 世纪以前的西方绘画有偏爱,而在这个
陈列馆的珍藏品里这些绘画得以很好展出。你还可以好好考察一下弗里克美丽的
故居和花园,它们是很值得一看的。
古根海姆博物馆(第5 大道和第88 街交汇处)www.2abc8.com
这家博物馆拥有5000 幅非常好的现代油画、雕塑和素描。这些艺术品并不是同时
展出的,展品总是在不断地更换。展览将吸引印象派和后印象派作品的爱好者。
古根海姆博物馆的大楼也是世界闻名的。当你走进画廊的时候,你会觉得你进入
了一个易碎的白色贝壳之中。看画展最好是从顶层看起, 一直往下看到底层。展
厅里没有楼梯,只有一条环形的小道。博物馆里还有一家极好的餐馆。
大都会艺术博物馆(第5 大道与第82 街交汇处) www.2abc8.com
这家博物馆以收藏艺术品种类繁多而享有盛名。它的艺术品收藏涵盖了5000 多
年来世界上众多国家的文明史,其中包括美洲、欧洲、中国、埃及、其他非洲国家
和南美洲。这家博物馆展出的不只是可以看得见的艺术之美,它还向你介绍了古
代的生活方式。你可以看到埃及的寺庙,馥郁的明朝花园, 18 世纪法国住宅中的
典型房间,以及许多其他特殊展品。 www.2abc8.com
现代艺术博物馆(第53 街,位于第5 和第6 大道之间)
令人惊奇的是,在同一家博物馆里竟能容纳下19 世纪后期到21 世纪的如此众多
的名家巨作。西方艺术的收藏包括有莫奈、凡高、毕加索和马蒂斯等著名艺术家
的作品。有几句话需要提醒你注意:博物馆票价不菲,而且常常十分拥挤。
www.2abc8.com
惠特尼美国艺术博物馆(麦迪逊大道945 号,靠近第75 街) www.2abc8.com
惠特尼博物馆藏有极好的当代美国绘画和雕塑品。馆内没有永久性的展出,展品
都是随时更换的。惠特尼博物馆每两年有一次特殊的展览,展品是仍然在世的艺
术家们的新作。这家博物馆还展出当代影视艺术家的录像和电影作品。
选修6 Unit 2 Poems-Reading
A FEW SIMPLE FORMS OF ENGLISH POEMS
英语诗歌的几种简单形式
There are various reasons why people write poetry. Some poems tell a story or
describe something in a way that will give the reader a strong impression. Others try
to convey certain emotions. Poets use many different forms of poetry to express
themselves. In this text, however, we will look at a few of the simpler forms.
Some of the first poetry a young child learns in English is nursery rhymes. These
rhymes like the one on the right (A) are still a common type of children's poetry. The
language is concrete but imaginative, and they delight small children because they
rhyme, have strong rhythm and a lot of repetition. The poems may not make sense
and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. By playing with
the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.
A Hush, little baby, don't say a word, Papa's going to buy you a mockingbird. If that
mockingbird won't sing, Papa's going to buy you a diamond ring. If that diamond ring
turns to brass, Papa's going to buy you a looking-glass. If that looking-glass gets
broke, Papa's going to buy you a billy-goat. If that billy-goat runs away, Papa's going
to buy you another today.
One of the simplest kinds of poems are those like B and C that list things. List
poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and
a rhythm to the poem. Some rhyme (like B) while others do not (like C).
B I saw a fish-portal all on fire
I saw a fish-pond all on fire,
I saw a house bow to a squire,
I saw a person twelve-feet high,
I saw a cottage in the sky,
I saw a balloon made of lead,
I saw a coffin drop down dead,
I saw two sparrows run a race,
I saw two horses making lace,
I saw g girl just like a cat,
I saw a kitten wear a hat,
I saw a man who saw these too,
And said though strange they all were true.
C Our first football match
We would have won ...
if Jack had scored that goal,
if we'd had just a few more minutes,
if we had trained harder,
if Ben had passed the ball to Joe,
if we'd had thousands of fans screaming,
if I hadn't taken my eye off the ball,
if we hadn't stayed up so late the night before,
if we hadn't taken it easy,
if we hadn't run out of energy.
We would have won ...
if we'd been better!
Another simple form of poem that students can easily write is the cinquain, a
poem made up of five lines. With these, students can convey a strong picture in just
a few words. Look at the examples (D and E) on the top of the next page.
D Brother Beautiful, athletic Teasing, shouting, laughing Friend and enemy too
Mine
E Summer Sleepy, salty Drying, drooping, dreading Week in, week out Endless
F A fallen blossom Is coming back to the branch. Look, a butterfly!
( by Moritake)
G Snow having melted, The whole village is brimful Of happy children.
(by Issa)
Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that is made up of 17 syllables. It is not a
traditional form of English poetry, but is very popular with English writers. It is easy
to write and, like the cinquain , can give a clear picture and create a special feeling
using the minimum of words. The two haiku poems (F and G) above are translations
from the Japanese.
H Where she awaits her husband On and on the river flows. Never looking
back,Transformed into stone.Day by day upon the mountain top,wind and rain
revolve.Should the traveller return,this stone would utter speech.,
(by Wang Jian)
Did you know that English speakers also enjoy other forms of Asian poetry - Tang
poems from China in particular? A lot of Tang poetry has been translated into
English. This Tang poem (H) is a translation from the Chinese.
With so many different forms of poetry to choose from, students may eventually
want to write poems of their own. It is easier than you might think and certainly
worth a try!
人们写诗有着各种各样的理由。有些诗是为了叙事，或者说是描述某件事，并给
读者以强烈的印象。而有些诗则是为了传达某种感情。诗人用许多不同格式的诗
来表达自己的情感。本文只谈了几种格式比较简单的诗。
最早用英文写的诗是童谣。孩子们很小就学习童谣。像下边的这首童谣（A）至今
仍然是常见的。这些童谣能使俏皮孩子们快乐，因为它们节奏感强并且押韵，而
且重复多遍。这样就容易学，也容易背。通过童谣中的文字游戏，教孩子们学习语
言。
（A）小宝宝，别吵吵，爸爸给你买个小哩鸟。小哩鸟，不会唱，爸爸给你买个钻石
戒。钻石戒，变成铜,爸爸给你买个小镜子。小镜子，打破了，爸爸给你买个小山羊。
小山羊，跑掉了。爸爸今天再去买一只。
像（B）和（C）这样列举事物的清单诗是诗歌中最简单的一种，学生可以自己动手
写。清单诗可以重复一些短语和韵脚（如B），但有一些也不是这样（如C）。
（B）我看到鱼塘在燃烧 我看到鱼塘在燃烧， 我看到房子向地主哈腰， 我看到
人高一丈八， 我看到茅屋在天郊， 我看到气球用铝做。 我看到棺材把死人抛。
我看到两只麻雀在赛跑，我看到两匹马儿绣花包。我看到姑娘像只猫，我看到小
猫戴花帽。 我看到有人在一旁瞄，虽奇怪，但也把实情报。
（C）我们的第一场球赛 我们本来会得冠军……如果杰克踢进了那个球，如果我
们还有几分钟，如果我们训练得更严格，如果本把球传给了乔，如果有大批球迷
助威，如果我死死盯住球，如果我们头晚不熬夜，如果我们没有太大意，如果我们
没有精疲力竭，我们本来会得冠军……如果我们再干得好一些！
另外，一种学生容易写的简体诗是由五行组成的，叫做五行诗。用五行诗，学生可
以用少量的词语传递一幅动人的画面。请看下面的（D）和（E）两个例子。
（D）兄弟 爱美，又爱运动爱闹，爱叫，又爱笑 是我的朋友 也是我的敌人
（E）夏天 困乏，刺激 干涸，枯萎，恐怖 周而复始 永无止境
俳句诗（Haiku）是一种日本诗，由17 个音节组成。它不属英诗的传统形式，但是
在说英语的人们中间，这种诗也是很流行的。它容易写，而且像五行诗一样，它可
用很少的词语呈现出一幅清晰的画面，表达出一种特殊的感情。下面两首俳句诗
下面的（F）和（G）就是由日文翻译而来的。
（F）落下的花朵 回顾到树枝上。瞧啊，是个蝴蝶！（作者：moritake）
（G）雪儿溶化了，整个村庄充满着,欢乐的儿童。（作者：Issa）
你知道吗？说英语的人也借另外一种亚洲诗，那就是中国的唐诗，许多唐诗已经
翻译成英文了。这些诗都译成了自由体，说英语的人都喜欢模仿它。下面这首唐
诗就是从中文译成英文的。
（H）望夫石 王 健 望夫处，江悠悠。化为石，不回头。山头日日风复雨，行人归
来石应语。
I'VE SAVED THE SUMMER
我保留了夏天
I've saved the summer
And I give it all to you
To hold on winter mornings
When the snow is new.
I've saved some sunlight
If you should ever need
A place away from darkness
Where your mind can feed.
And for myself I've kept your smile
When you were but nineteen,
Till you're older you'll not know
What brave young smiles can mean.
I know no answers
To help you on your way
The answers lie somewhere
At the bottom of the day.
But if you've a need for love
I'll give you all l own
It might help you down the road
Till you've found your own.
(by Rod McKuen)
我把夏天留下， 全都交给了你。
当雪花儿初降时， 让冬天的早晨停住。
我把阳光留下， 万一你需要它。
在那远离黑暗的地方， 你的心灵会得到补养。
那年你芳龄十九， 我就珍藏了你的微笑。
等你长大成人以后， 才知道年轻勇敢的微笑的奥秘。
我不知道有什么办法， 帮你踏上你人生的旅程。
办法也许就在某处： 在白天结束的那个时辰。
如果你需要爱， 我会献上我所有的爱。
它也许能帮你踏上旅程， 直到你也找到属于你的爱。
选修6 Unit 3 A healthy life-Reading 一种健康的生活方式
ADVICE FROM GRANDAD
爷爷的忠告
Dear James,
It is a beautiful day here and I am sitting under the big tree at the end of the garden. I
have just returned from a long bike ride to an old castle. It seems amazing that at my
age I am still fit enough to cycle 20 kilometres in an afternoon. It's my birthday in
two weeks time and I'll be 82 years old! I think my long and active life must be due
to the healthy life I live.
This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson. Your mother tells
me that you started smoking some time ago and now you are finding it difficult to
give it up. Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it is to
stop. You see, during adolescence I also smoked and became addicted to cigarettes.
By the way, did you know that this is because you become addicted in three different
ways? First, you can become physically addicted to nicotine, which is one of the
hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes. This means that after a while your body
becomes accustomed to having nicotine in it. So when the drug leaves your body,
you get withdrawal symptoms. I remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes
even in pain. Secondly, you become addicted through habit. As you know, if you do
the same thing over and over again, you begin to do it automatically. Lastly, you can
become mentally addicted. I believed I was happier and more relaxed after having a
cigarette, so I began to think that I could only feel good when I smoked. I was
addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult to quit. But I did finally manage.
When I was young, I didn't know much about the harmful effects of smoking. I didn't
know, for example, that it could do terrible damage to your heart and lungs or that it
was more difficult for smoking couples to become pregnant. I certainly didn't know
their babies may have a smaller birth weight or even be abnormal in some way.
Neither did I know that my cigarette smoke could affect the health of non-smokers.
However, what I did know was that my girlfriend thought I smelt terrible. She said my
breath and clothes smelt, and that the ends of my fingers were turning yellow. She
told me that she wouldn't go out with me again unless I stopped! I also noticed that I
became breathless quickly, and that I wasn't enjoying sport as much. When I was
taken off the school football team because I was unfit, I knew it was time to quit
smoking.
I am sending you some advice I found on the Internet. It might help you to stop and
strengthen your resolve. I do hope so because I want you to live as long and healthy a
life as I have.
Love from
Grandad
亲爱的詹姆士：
今天，这儿天气晴朗。现在，我正坐在花园尽头的那棵大树底下。我骑自行车跑了
很长一段路，一直到了古城堡，刚刚回来。感到不可思议吧，像我这样的年纪，身
体健康而且能在一个下午骑车跑20 公里。再过两个礼拜就是我82 岁的生日了！
我想我之所以长寿而且精力充沛，要归功于我的健康生活。
这就是我写信给你的真正原因，我亲爱的孙子。你妈妈告诉我，你已经开始吸烟
了，而且还很难把它戒掉。相信我吧，我知道，吸烟容易戒烟难。你知道，当我还是
一个十几岁的孩子的时候，我也吸过烟，而且还上了瘾。这儿我想顺便问你一个
问题，你知道上瘾有三个方面的原因吗？
身体对尼古丁有瘾，尼古丁是香烟里几百种化学物质之一。这就是说，过了一段
时间以后，你的身体习惯了香烟里的尼古丁，一旦你的体内没有这种麻醉剂了，
你就会感到不舒服、烦躁，甚至痛苦。你也可能因为习惯的原因而上瘾，你知道，
如果你反反复复地做同一件事情，你就会自觉地做它。最后，上瘾还有心理上的
原因。有的人认为，抽了一支烟后，他就会感到轻松愉快，于是就以为抽烟才能使
感觉良好。我想我之所以上瘾是有着这三个方面的原因的，因此，要戒烟就很难。
但是我最后还是戒掉了。
在我年轻的时候，关于吸烟的危害性我知道得并不多。当时，我不知道抽烟能严
重侵害人的心脏和肺部，也不知道吸烟的夫妇生育能力会下降。我更不知道，我
自己吸烟还会损害那些不吸烟人的健康。然而，我的的确确知道， 我的女朋友
觉得我的烟味很难闻。她说我的呼吸、我的衣服都有烟的味道，我的手指头都变
黄了。她说在我把烟戒掉之前她是不会同我一起外出的。我也发现我跑得不如以
前那么快，也不像以前那样爱好运动了。而当因为动作慢而被校足球队除名之后
我才知道该是我戒烟的时候了。
我把我从网上找到的一些忠告寄给你，也许对你戒烟有所帮助。我的确希望你把
它戒掉，因为我希望你能像我这样活得健康长寿。
爱你的爷爷
Reading and discussing
Before you read the poster below, discuss what you know about HIV/AIDS with your
classmates. Make a list of words that you might come across in this poster.
HIV/AIDS:ARE YOU AT RISK?
HIV
病毒
/ 艾滋病：你是否面临危险？
HIV is a virus. A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease. There are
many different viruses, for example, the flu virus or the SARS virus. HIV weakens a
person's immune system; that is, the part of the body that fights disease. You can
have HIV in your blood for a long time, but eventually HIV will damage your immune
system so much that you body can no longer fight disease. This stage of the illness is
called AIDS. If you develop AIDS, your chances of survival are very small.
HIV is spread through blood or the fluid that the body makes during sex. For a
person to become infected, blood or sexual fluid that carries the virus, has to get
inside the body through broken skin or by injection. One day scientists will find a cure
for HIV/AIDS.
Until that happens, you need to protect yourself. Here are some things you can do to
make sure you stay safe.
If you inject drugs:
do not share your needle with anyone else. Blood from another person can stay on
or in the needle. If a person has HIV and you use the same needle, you could inject
the virus into your own blood.
do not share anything else that a person has used while injecting drugs.Blood could
have spilt on it.
If you have sex with a male or a female:
use a condom. This will prevent sexual fluid passing from one person to another.
The following statements are NOT true.
A person cannot get HIV the first time they have sex.WRONG. If one sexual partner
has HIV, the other partner could become infected.
You can tell by looking at someone whether or not they have HIV.WRONG. Many
people carrying HIV look perfectly healthy. It is only when the disease has progressed
to AIDS that a person begins to look sick.
Only homosexuals get AIDS.WRONG. Anyone who has sex with a person infected with
H1V/AIDS risks getting the virus. Women are slightly more likely to become infected
than men.
If you hug, touch or kiss someone with AIDS or visit them in their home, you will get
HIV/AIDS.WRONG.You can only get the disease from blood or sexual
fluid.Unfortunately, people with HIV sometimes lose their friends because of
prejudice.Many people are afraid that they will get HIV/AIDS from those infected
with HIV!AIDS. For the same reason, some AIDS patients cannot find anyone to look
after them when they are sick.
You can get HIV/AIDS from mosquitoes.WRONG. There is no evidence of this.
HIV 是一种病毒（人体免疫缺损病毒）。病毒是引发疾病的微生物。它有许多种类。
如流感病毒和SARS 病毒。HIV 病毒破坏人体的免疫系统，也就是说使人体抗衡疾
病的免疫功能减弱。在你的血液中，HIV 病毒可以长期存在，但是它最终会使你的
免疫系统严重受损，以致使你的身体不再能抗衡疾病。这种疾病到了这个阶段就
叫艾滋病。到目前为止，几乎所有得上了艾滋病的人都已经去世。HIV 是通过血液
或性交时产生的体液而传播的。携带病毒的血液或体液必须通过皮肤上的创口或
通过注射才能进入体内，使人受感染。
将来总有一天会找到医治HIV 病毒和艾滋病的疗法的。在找到之前，你必须保护
你自己。你可以按这里列举的一些注意事项去做，以确保自己的安全：
假如你要注射药物：
不要同别人共用注射针，别人的血液可能会留在针头内外。如果某人有HIV 病毒，
而你又用了同一个注射针，你就有可能把别人的病毒注入到你的血液中来。
在注射药物时，不得共用携带病毒的患者所用的其他东西，因为血液可能会溅到
这些物品上。 假如你同（男或女）人性交：
要使用避孕套。它可以防止性交时产生的体液的传入。 下列这些说法都是错误
的：
初次性交的人不可能染上HIV 病毒。错。如果性交的某一方有了HIV 病毒，另一方
就有可能传染上。 通过观察，你可以看出某人是否带有HIV 病毒。错。许多携带
HIV 病毒的患者看上去十分健康。只有当这种病毒发展成艾滋病时，人才会显出
病态。
只有同性恋者才得艾滋病。错。任何人如果同感染了HIV 病毒的人性交，他们就有
染上这种病毒的危险。女性感染病毒的可能性比男性稍微大一些。
如果你同艾滋病患者拥抱、接触或亲吻，或者去他们家做客，你就会从他们
那里感染上HIV 病毒或得艾滋病。错。你只可能通过血液或性交时的体液才能传
染上这种病。不幸的是，携带HIV 病毒的患者有时会失去他们的朋友。因为人们担
心他们会从患者那儿染上HIV 病毒，感染上艾滋病。由于相同的理由，有些艾滋病
患者在生病时找不到任何人来照顾他们。
蚊子可以传染HIV 病毒和艾滋病。错。目前还没有证据说明这一点。
选修6 Unit 4 Global warming-Reading
THE EARTH IS BECOMING WARMER-BUT DOES IT MATTER?
全球在变暖——这会
带来什么影响吗？
During the 20th century the temperature of the earth rose about one degree
Fahrenheit. That probably does not seem much to you or me, but it is a rapid
increase when compared to other natural changes. So how has this come about and
does it matter? Earth Care’s Sophie Armstrong explores these questions.
There is no doubt that the earth is becoming warmer (see Graph 1) and that it is
human activity
that has caused this global warming rather than a random but natural phenomenon.
All scientists subscribe to the view that the increase in the earth's temperature is
due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and oil to produce energy.
Some byproducts of this process are called "greenhouse" gases, the most important
one of which is carbon dioxide. Dr Janice Foster explains: "There is a natural
phenomenon that scientists call the 'greenhouse effect'. This is when small amounts
of gases in the atmosphere, like carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour, trap
heat from the sun and therefore warm the earth. Without the 'greenhouse effect',
the earth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is. So, we need
those gases. The problem begins when we add huge quantities of extra carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere. It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in
the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up."
We know that the levels of carbon dioxide have increased greatly over the last
100 to 150 years. It was a scientist called Charles Keeling, who made accurate
measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from 1957 to
1997. He found that between these years the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went
up from around 315 parts to around 370 parts per million
(see Graph 2).
All scientists accept this data. They also agree that it is the burning of more and
more fossil
fuels that has resulted in this increase in carbon dioxide. So how high will the
temperature increase go? Dr Janice Foster says that over the next 100 years the
amount of warming could be as low as 1 to 1.5 degrees Celsius, but it could be as
high as 5 degrees.
However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise is completely different. On
the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that the trend which increases the temperature by 5
degrees would be a catastrophe. She says, "We can't predict the climate well enough
to know what to expect, but it could be very serious." Others who agree with her
think there may be a rise of several metres in the sea level, or predict severe storms,
floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species.
On the other hand, there are those, like George Hambley, who are opposed to this
view, believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air.
They predict that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental
consequences. In fact, Hambley states, "More carbon dioxide is actually a positive
thing. It will make plants grow quicker; crops will produce more; it will encourage a
greater range of animals - all of which will make life for human beings better."
Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. Even if we start
reducing the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, the climate is
going to keep on warming for decades or centuries. No one knows the effects of
global warming. Does that mean we should do nothing? Or, are the risks too great?
在20 世纪期间，地球温度大约升了华氏1 度。这个数值对你我来说很可能是无所
谓的，但是，跟多数自然变化相比较而言，这却是种快速的增长。这种温度的增长
是怎么产生的呢？“关爱地球”组织的索菲·阿姆斯特朗就在探究这些问题。
毫无疑问，地球是在变暖。但是全球变暖的原因是人为的呢，或者仅仅是一种自
然现象呢？对于这个问题存在着激烈的争辩。
许多科学家认为，人们为了生产能量而燃烧化石燃料（如煤、天然气和石油等），
从而引起了地球温度的升高。这个升温过程的副产品就叫做“温室”气体，其中
最重要的就是二氧化碳。贾尼丝·福斯特博士解释说：“你知道，有一种科学称之
为„温室效应‟的自然现象。这种现象发生在大气层中少量的气体（如二氧化碳、
甲烷、水蒸气等）吸收太阳的热量，因而，使地球变暖。如果没有这种„温室效应‟，
地球的温度将比现在的温度还要低33 摄氏度左右。因此，我们需要这些气体。而
当我们因为燃烧化石燃料而使大气层中增加了大量额外的二氧化碳时，问题就来
了。二氧化碳含量的增加意味着更多的热量被困在大气层中，从而引起了全球温
度上升。
我们知道，在过去100~150 年期间，二氧化碳的含量急剧增加了。有一位名叫查
尔斯·奎林的科学家曾经把1957~1997 年期间大气层中二氧化碳的含量做了精确
的统计。他发现，在这些年里，大气层中的二氧化碳含量从百万分之三百一十五
上升到百万分之三百七十。
所有科学家都接受这个数据。他们还认为，正是由于燃烧的化石燃料越来越多而
导致了二氧化碳的增加。然而，科学家们在对待这个问题的态度上却是大不相同
的。
贾尼丝·福斯特博士说，在今后的100 年里，全球变暖的量可能低到1~1.5 摄氏度，
但是也有可能高达5 摄氏度。有多么糟糕呢？有人认为，全球变暖会导致海平面
上升好几米；也有人预言会出现严重的风暴、干旱、饥荒、疫病和物种的绝灭。
在另一方面，还有一些人，像科学家乔治·汉布利，他认为我们不必担心空气中会
有高含量的二氧化碳。他还认为，科学家对全球变暖的关注只不过是一种推测罢
了。他预言说，变暖的情况不会很严重，对环境的影响也不会太坏。他实际上是这
样说的：“二氧化碳的增加实际上是件好事，它使植物成长更快，庄稼产量更高，
还会促进动物的生长——所有这些都能改善人类的生活。”
温室气体继续在大气层中聚集。即使我们开始减少二氧化碳及其他温室气体的含
量，在未来几十年几个世纪内，气候仍会持续升温。没有人知道全球变暖会带来
什么样的影响。这是不是意味着我们就不必采取什么措施呢？还是说，这样不采
取任何措施危险性会很大呢？
WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING?
关于全球变暖，我们能干些什么
呢？
Dear Earth Care,
I am doing a project on behalf of my school about global warming. Sometimes I feel
that individuals can have little effect on such huge environmental problems.
However, 1 still think people should advocate improvements in the way we use
energy today. As I'm not sure where to start with my project, I would appreciate any
suggestions you may have.
Thank you!
Ouyang Guang
Dear Ouyang Guang,
There are many people who have a commitment like yours, but they do not believe
they have the power to do anything to improve our environment. That is not true.
Together, individuals can make a difference. We do not have to put up with pollution.
The growth of the greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide in the air actually comes as a
result of many things we do every day. Here are a few suggestions on how to reduce
it. They should get you started with your project.
1 We use a lot of energy in our houses. It is OK to leave an electrical appliance on so
long as you are using it - if not, turn it off! Do not be casual about this. So if you are
not using the lights, the TV, the computer, and so on, turn them off. If you are cold,
put on more clothes instead of turning up the heat.
2 Motor vehicles use a lot of energy- so walk or ride a bike if you can.
3 Recycle cans, bottles, plastic bags and newspapers if circumstances allow you to. It
takes a lot of energy to make things from new materials, so, if you can, buy things
made from recycled materials.
4 Get your parents to buy things that are economical with energy - this includes cars
as well as smaller things like fridges and microwaves.
5 Plant trees in your garden or your school yard, as they absorb carbon dioxide from
the air and refresh your spirit when you look at them.
6 Finally and most importantly, be an educator. Talk with your family and friends
about global warming and tell them what you have learned.
Remember - your contribution counts!
Earth Care
亲爱的“关爱地球”组织：
我正在学校里做一项课题研究——关于全球变暖的问题，我们能做些什么。有时
候我觉得，像如此巨大的一个环境问题，个人是起不了什么作用的。我还不清楚
我应该从哪里着手我的研究。我希望能得到你们的建议。
谢谢。
欧阳光
亲爱的欧阳光：
有许多人跟你有同感，他们不相信自己有能力来影响环境。但是，这种想法是不
正确的。众人拾柴火焰高。我们不必去忍受污染。
温室气体，如二氧化碳，的确是来自我们许多的日常活动。这儿有几条关于减少
空气中二氧化碳含量的建议。这些建议应当能够促进你的研究。
在室内我们会用大量的能源。在用电器设备时你可以让它开着，如果不用就把它
关掉！因此，你如果不用电灯、电视、电脑等时，要把他们关掉。如果你觉得冷了，
就多穿点衣服，而不要把电暖器开大。
机动车要用大量的能源。因此，只要有可能，你就步行或骑自行车吧。
把罐头、瓶子、塑料和报纸回收利用起来。用新材料来做这些东西要花费大量的
能源，因此，只要有可能，就买那些用回收材料制成的物品吧。
劝你的父母去买那些节约能源的产品，包括汽车和像冰箱、微波炉之类的小件东
西。 在你的花园或校园里栽种树木，它们能吸收空气中的二氧化碳。
重要的是，同你的家人和朋友谈一谈全球变暖的问题，并把你学到的东西告诉他
们。
记住，你的贡献很有价值。
“关爱地球”组织
选修6 Unit 5 The power of nature-Reading
AN EXCITING JOB
一份具有刺激性的工作
I have the greatest job in the world. I travel to unusual places and work
alongside people from all over the world. Sometimes working outdoors, sometimes
in an office, sometimes using scientific equipment and sometimes meeting local
people and tourists, I am never bored.
Although my job is occasionally dangerous, I don't mind because danger excites me
and makes me feel alive. However, the most important thing about my job is that I
help protect ordinary people from one of the most powerful forces on earth - the
volcano.
I was appointed as a volcanologist working for the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
(HVO) twenty years ago. My job is collecting information for a database about Mount
Kilauea, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Hawaii. Having collected and
evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the
volcano will flow next and how fast. Our work has saved many lives because people
in the path of the lava can be warned to leave their houses. Unfortunately, we cannot
move their homes out of the way, and many houses have been covered with lava or
burned to the ground.
When boiling rock erupts from a volcano and crashes back to earth, it causes less
damage than you might imagine. This is because no one lives near the top of Mount
Kilauea, where the rocks fall. The lava that flows slowly like a wave down the
mountain causes far more damage because it buries everything in its path under the
molten rock. However, the eruption itself is really exciting to watch and I shall never
forget my first sight of one. It was in the second week after I arrived in Hawaii. Having
worked hard all day, I went to bed early. I was fast asleep when suddenly my bed
began shaking and I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my window.
Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn't take much
notice. I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright
as day. I ran out of the house into the back garden where I could see Mount Kilauea
in the distance. There had been an eruption from the side of the mountain and red
hot lava was fountaining hundreds of metres into the air. It was an absolutely
fantastic sight.
The day after this eruption I was lucky enough to have a much closer look at it.
Two other scientists and I were driven up the mountain and dropped as close as
possible to the crater that had been formed during the eruption. Having earlier
collected special clothes from the observatory, we put them on before we went any
closer. All three of us looked like spacemen.We had white protective suits that
covered our whole body, helmets, big boots and special gloves. It was not easy to
walk in these suits, but we slowly made our way to the edge of the crater and looked
down into the red, boiling centre. The other two climbed down into the crater to
collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience, I stayed at the top
and watched them.
Today, I am just as enthusiastic about my job as the day I first started. Having
studied volcanoes now for many years, I am still amazed at their beauty as well as
their potential to cause great damage.
我的工作是世界上最伟大的工作。我跑的地方是稀罕奇特的地方，我见到的是世
界各地有趣味的人们，有时在室外工作，有时在办公室里，有时工作中要用科学
仪器，有时要会见当地百姓和旅游人士。但是我从不感到厌烦。虽然我的工作偶
尔也有危险，但是我并不在乎，因为危险能激励我，使我感到有活力。然而，最重
要的是，通过我的工作能保护人们免遭世界最大的自然威力之一，也就是火山的
威胁。
我是一名火山学家，在夏威夷火山观测站（HVO）工作。我的主要任务是收集有关
基拉韦厄火山的信息，这是夏威夷最活跃的火山之一。收集和评估了这些信息之
后，我就帮助其他科学家一起预测下次火山熔岩将往何处流，流速是多少。我们
的工作拯救了许多人的生命，因为熔岩要流经之地，老百姓都可以得到离开家园
的通知。遗憾的是，我们不可能把他们的家搬离岩浆流过的地方，因此，许多房屋
被熔岩淹没，或者焚烧殆尽。
当滚烫沸腾的岩石从火山喷发出来并撞回地面时，它所造成的损失比想象的要小
些，这是因为在岩石下落的基拉韦厄火山顶附近无人居住。而顺着山坡下流的火
山熔岩造成的损失却大得多，这是因为火山岩浆所流经的地方，一切东西都被掩
埋在熔岩下面了。然而火山喷发本身的确是很壮观的，我永远也忘不了我第一次
看见火山喷发时的情景。那是在我到达夏威夷后的第二个星期。那天辛辛苦苦地
干了一整天，我很早就上床睡觉。我在熟睡中突然感到床铺在摇晃，接着我听到
一阵奇怪的声音，就好像一列火车从我的窗外行驶一样。因为我在夏威夷曾经经
历过多次地震，所以对这种声音我并不在意。我刚要再睡，突然我的卧室亮如白
昼。我赶紧跑出房间，来到后花园，在那儿我能远远地看见基拉韦厄火山。在山坡
上，火山爆发了，红色发烫的岩浆像喷泉一样，朝天上喷射达几百米高。真是绝妙
的奇景！
就在这次火山喷发的第二天，我有幸做了一次近距离的观察。我和另外两位科学
被送到山顶，在离火山爆发期间形成的火山口最靠近的地方才下车。早先从观测
站出发时，就带了一些特制的安全服，于是我们穿上安全服再走近火山口。我们
三个人看上去就像宇航员一样，我们都穿着白色的防护服遮住全身，戴上了头盔
和特别的手套，还穿了一双大靴子。穿着这些衣服走起路来实在不容易，但我们
还是缓缓往火山口的边缘走去，并且向下看到了红红的沸腾的中心。另外，两人
攀下火山口，去收集供日后研究用的岩浆，我是第一次经历这样的事，所以留在
山顶上观察他们。
今天，我还是像开始工作时那样，对工作充满热情。虽然我从事火山研究20 多年
了，但是我对火山的壮丽景色以及它那潜在的巨大破坏力至今仍然感到惊愕不已
THE L
A KE OF HERVEN
天上的湖（天池）
Changbaishan is in Jilin Province, Northeast China.Much of this beautiful,
mountainous area is thick forest . Changbaishan is China's largest nature reserve and
it is kept in its natural state for the people of China and visitors from all over the
world to enjoy. The height of the land varies from 700 metres above sea level to over
2,000 metres and is home to a great diversity of rare plants and animals. Among the
rare animals are cranes, black bears, leopards and tigers. Many people come to
Changbaishan to study its unique plants and animals. Others come to walk in the
mountains, to see the spectacular waterfalls or to bathe in the hot water pools.
However, the attraction that arouses the greatest appreciation in the reserve is
Tianchi or the Lake of Heaven.
Tianchi is a deep lake that has formed in the crater of a dead volcano on top of the
mountain. The lake is 2,194 metres above sea level, and more than 200 metres deep.
In winter the surface freezes over. It takes about an hour to climb from the end of the
road to the top of the mountain. When you arrive you are rewarded not only with
the sight of its clear waters, but also by the view of the other sixteen mountain peaks
that surround Tianchi.
There are many stories told about Tianchi. The most well-known concerns three
young women from heaven. They were bathing in Tainchi when a bird flew above
them and dropped a small fruit onto the dress of the youngest girl. When she picked
up the fruit to smell it, it flew into her mouth.Having swallowed the fruit, the girl
became pregnant and later gave birth to a handsome boy. It is said that this boy, who
had a great gift for languages and persuasion, is the father of the Manchu people.
If you are lucky enough to visit the Lake of Heaven with your loved one, don't
forget to drop a coin into the clear blue water to guarantee your love will be as deep
and lasting as the lake itself.
长白山在东北的吉林省，这个美丽的山区大部分是茂密的林区。长白山是中国最
大的自然保护区，保持着它的原始状态，以供中国人民和世界各地的游客们观赏
这里地面的高度从海拔700 米到2，000 米不等，是多种多样动植物的生长地。珍
稀动物有白鹤、黑熊、豹子和西伯利亚虎。许多人到长白山来研究特有的动植物。
另外一些人则是到山里来走一走，看看那些蔚伟壮观的瀑布，或者在温水池里泡
个澡。然而保护区里最有吸引力的地方则是天池，或者说是天上的湖。
天池是一个深水湖，是由山顶一个死火山的火山口形成的。湖的海拔高度为2，
194 米，水深超过200 米，到冬天，湖面就全部结冰了。从路的末端到山顶约需一
个小时。你一到达山顶就会得到回报——你不仅可以看到天池清澈如镜的湖水，
而且还可以看到天池四周的16 座山峰。
天池有着许多传说故事，其中最著名是从天上下凡的三位少女的故事。她们正在
天池里洗澡，突然，有一只鸟飞过她们的头顶，并且，把一枚小小的果实掉在最年
轻的那位少女的衣服上。当那个少女捡起那枚果实，想要去闻一闻的时候，那枚
果实飞进了她的嘴里。姑娘吞食了这个果子，后来就怀了孕。过了一段时间，她生
下了一个漂亮的小男孩。据说这个男孩就是满族人的祖先，具有语言天赋和很强
的说服力。
如果你有幸和你所爱的人去游天池，别忘了投一枚硬币到清澈碧蓝的水中，以确
保你们的爱情像湖水一样深厚、持久。
