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选修8 Unit 1 A land of diversity-Reading 一个多元文化的国家
CALIFORNIA
加州
California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. It also
has the distinction of being the most multicultural state in the USA, having attracted
people from all over the world. The customs and languages of the immigrants live on
in their new home. This diversity of culture is not surprising when you know the
history of California.
NATIVE AMERCANS
Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one
really knows. However, it is likely that Native Americans were living in California at
least fifteen thousand years ago. Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the
Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which existed in
prehistoric times. In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native
people suffered greatly. Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. In addition,
many died from the diseases brought by the Europeans. However, some survived
these terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California
than in any other state.
THE SPANISH
In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. Spanish soldiers first arrived in
South America in the early 16th century, when they fought against the native people
and took their land. Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in most parts of
South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States.
Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose
ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. In 1821, the people of
Mexico gained their independence from Spain. California then became part of
Mexico. In 1846 the United States declared war on Mexico, and after the war won by
the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. However, there is still a strong
Spanish influence in the state. That is why today over 40 of Californians speak
Spanish as a first or second language.
RUSSIANS
In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally gone to Alaska, began settling
in California. Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around
San Francisco.
GOLD MINERS
In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California.
The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. The
nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the
United States. Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. In fact, few
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achieved their dream of becoming rich. Some died or returned home, but most
remained in California to make a life for themselves despite great hardship. They
settled in the new towns or on farms. By the time California elected to become the
thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.
LATER A RRIVALS
Although Chinese immigrants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the
building of
the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to
California in the 1860s. Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of California,
although a large percentage have chosen to stay in the "Chinatowns" of Los Angeles
and San Francisco.
Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but also wine makers, arrived in
California in the late 19th century. In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a
town of their own, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. By the 1920s the
film industry was well established in Hollywood, California. The industry boom
attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. Today California has the second
largest Jewish population in the United States.
Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century,
and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. People from Africa have been
living in California since the 1800s, when they moved north from Mexico. However,
even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft
industries.
MOST RECENT ARRIVALS
In more recent decades, California has become home to more people from Asia,
including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. Since its beginning in the
1970s, the computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California.
THE FUTURE
People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle,
still immigrate to California. It is believed that before long the mix of nationalities will
be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a
mixture of many races and cultures.
加州是美国的第三大州，而且是人口最多的州。加州与众不同之处在于它也是美
国最具多元文化的一个州，它吸引了来自世界各地的人们。这些移民的风俗习惯
以及语言在他们的新家都得以延续。当你了解了加州的历史后，你就不会对此感
到惊讶了。
美洲土著人
最早的一批人具体是在什么时候来到我们现在所知道的加州地区的，谁也说
不清楚。然而，很可能至少在15 ,000 年以前美洲土著人就住在加州了。科学家们
认为，这些迁居者通过一条史前时代曾经存在的大陆桥穿越北极地区的白令海峡
到达美洲。欧洲人在16 世纪来到这儿后，土著人遭受了极大的苦难，成千上万的
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人被杀害或被迫成为奴隶。此外，欧洲人带来了疾病，使许多人染病而死，不过，
还是有一些人在经历了这些恐怖时期后活下来了。今天住在加州的美洲土著人比
任何其他州的都要多。
西班牙人
在18 世纪的时候，加州是由西班牙统治的西班牙士兵最早是在1 6 世纪初期
来到南美洲的，他们同土著人打仗，并夺去了他们的土地。两个世纪以后，西班牙
人在南美洲的大部分地区定居下来，而且还在我们现在称之为美国的西北沿海地
区住下来。在首批移
居加州的西班牙人中，大部分是宗教人士，他们的职责是向原住民传授天主教。
1821 年，墨西哥人从西班牙获得了独立-加州于是成了墨西哥的一部分。1846 年
美国向墨西哥宣战，美国赢得战争胜利后，墨西哥被迫把加州割让给美国。但是，
这个州至今仍然保留着很强的西班牙的影响。这就是为什么今天还有40%的加州
人仍然把西班牙语作为第一或第二语言的缘故。
俄罗斯人
19 世纪初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄罗斯猎人开始在加州定居下来。今天，住
在圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山）及其周边地区的美籍俄罗斯人约有25,000 人。
淘金矿工
1848 年，在美国同墨西哥开战之后不久，在加州发现了金矿。发财梦很快就吸引
了世界各地的人。距离最近因而来得最早的是南美洲人和美国人。随后跟着来的
有欧洲和亚洲的探险家。事实上很少有人圆了发财梦。一些人死了或回家了，但
是尽管条件十分艰苦，多数人还是留在了加州劳作谋生，并在新的城镇或农场里
定居下来。到1850 年加州成为美国第31 个州的时候，它已经是一个有着多种文
化的社会了。
后来的移民
虽然中国移民在淘金热时期就开始到来了，但是更大批量的移民却是在1 9
世纪60 年代为了修建贯穿美国东西海岸的铁路而来的。今天，加州州各地都有美
籍华人，尽管有很大比例的华人还是选择住在洛杉矶和圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山）
的“中国城”里。
19 世纪后期，其他国家的移民，比如意大利人来到了加州，他们主要是渔民，也
有制酒工人。1911 年，丹麦的移民建立了自己的城镇，至今仍然保留着丹麦文化。
20 世纪20 年代，电影业在加州的好莱坞建立了起来。这个行业吸引了大量的欧
洲人，包括许多犹太人。今天，加州的犹太人口在美国占第二位。
日本农民是在20 世纪初期开始到加州来的，而从20 世纪80 年代以来就有
更多的日本人在加州定居了。非洲人从1 9 世纪就在加州住下来，他们是从墨西
哥向北迁来的。然而，更多的非洲人是在1942 年至1945 年期间来到加州的，当时
他们是到船厂和飞机厂工作。
最近期的移民
在最近的几十年里，加州成了更多的亚洲人的家，包括朝鲜人、柬埔寨人、越
南人和老挝人。从20 世纪70 年代以来，计算机工业吸引了印度人和巴基斯坦人
来到加州。
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未来展望
世界各地的人，由于受到气候条件和生活方式的吸引，仍然在继续迁入加州
人们认为，要不了多久，多种国籍的混合将会非常之大，以致不可能存在一种主
要的种
族或文化群体，而是多种族、多文化的混合体。
GEORGE’S DIARY 12TH—14TH JUNE
乔治的日记
Monday 12th, June
Arrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage,
shower and shave. Then went exploring. First thing was a ride on a cable car. From
top of the hill got a spectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. Built in 1873,
the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a better
form of transport than horse-drawn trams. Apparently he'd been shocked when he
saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed, the conductor could not
control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it.
Had a late lunch at Fisherman's What. This is the district where Italian fishermen
first came to San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry.
Now it's a tourist area with lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries. It's also
the place to catch the ferry to Angel Island and other places in the Bay.
Did so much exploring at Fisherman's What. Am exhausted and don't feel like
doing anything else. Early bed tonight!
Tuesday 13th, June
Teamed up with a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired a car. Spent
all day driving around the city. There's a fascinating drive marked out for tourists. It
has blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go. It's a 79km
round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots. Stopped many times to admire
the view of the city from different angles and take photographs. Now have a really
good idea of what the city's like.
In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri. Chinese immigrants settled
in this area in the 1850s. The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like old
buildings in southern China. Saw some interesting temples here, a number of
markets and a great many restaurants. Also art galleries and a museum containing
documents, photographs and all sorts of objects about the history of Chinese
immigration, but it is closed in the evening. Will go back during the day. Had a
delicious meal and then walked down the hill to our hotel.
Wednesday 14th, June
In morning, took ferry to Angel Island from the port in San Francisco Bay. On the
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way had a good view of the Golden Gate Bridge. From 1882 to 1940 Angel Island was
a famous immigration station where many Chinese people applied for right to live in
USA. The cells in the station were very small, cold and damp; some did not even have
light but the immigrants had nowhere else to go. Their miserable stay seemed to be
punishment rather than justice and freedom to them. They wrote poems on the
walls about their loneliness and mourned their former life in China. In 1940 the civil
authorities reformed the system so that many more Chinese people were able to
grasp the opportunity of settling in the USA. Made me very thoughtful and thankful
for my life today.
6 月12 日,星期一
今天早晨到达乘公共汽车去。径直走到酒店掉我的行李,淋浴和刮胡子。然后去探
索。首先是一个骑一匹电缆车。从山顶上,得到了一个引人入胜的景观的旧金山海
湾和这个城市。建立1873 年,缆车系统由安德鲁赶紧发明,他想找一份更好的形式
的交通比坐在弯折。显然,他很震惊,这时他看见了一起可怕的事故中,电车的刹车
导体不能控制的情况和电车滑下山坡马拖着。
有一晚中午在渔夫是什么。这是该地区在意大利渔民第一次来到旧金山在19 世
纪末,开始渔业的发展。现在是一个旅游地区很多商店,海鲜餐馆和面包店。这也
是地方赶上渡轮天使岛和其他地方湾的。 在探索做了那么多的渔人什么。太累
了,也别想做的任何东西。早期今晚床! 6 月13 日,星期二
和一对从我的酒店(彼得和特里)和租了一辆汽车。一整天都在推动全国各地的城
市。有一个吸引人的驱动显示出在游客。它有蓝色和白色海鸥的标志,但在他们出
示路要走。这是一个79km 往返,将所有著名的旅游景点。停止许多次,欣赏眼前的
景色的城市从不同的角度和拍照。现在有一个很好的主意的那个城市是什么样子
傍晚,去唐人街彼得和特里。中国移民定居在这个地区18 世纪50 年代。穿越战线
装饰的建筑物都看起来像旧建筑在中国南部。看到一些有趣的庙宇在这里,大量
的市场和许多餐馆。也美术馆和博物馆包含文本、图片和各种各样的物体的中国
移民的历史,但它是关闭的晚上。要回去在白天。了美味的一餐然后步行下山来我
们酒店。 6 月14 日,星期三
在上午,作为渡轮天使岛的港口在旧金山海湾。在有一个好的视野的金门桥。从
1882 年到1940 年天使岛是一位著名的移民站在哪里许多中国个人申请生存权
利在美国。这些细胞在车站很小,寒冷和潮湿,有些甚至没有光,但移民没有别的地
方可去。他们的悲惨的保持似乎而不是正义和自由的惩罚。他们在墙上写诗对他
们的孤独和悼念他们的前任在中国的生活。1940 年中国政府改革的各项制度,使
更多的中国人,人们能把握机遇解决在美国。让我非常体贴和感谢我的人生。
选修8 Unit 2 Cloning-Reading
CLONING: WHERE IS IT LEADING US?
克隆：它将把我们引向何方？
Cloning has always been with us and is here to stay. It is a way of making an
exact copy of another animal or plant. It happens in plants when gardeners take
cuttings from growing plants to make new ones. It also happens in animals when
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twins identical in sex and appearance are produced from the same original egg. The
fact is that these are both examples of natural clones.
Cloning has two major uses. Firstly, gardeners use it all the time to produce
commercial quantities of plants. Secondly, it is valuable for research on new plant
species and for medical research on animals. Cloning plants is straightforward while
cloning animals is very complicated. It is a difficult task to undertake. Many attempts
to clone mammals failed. But at last the determination and patience of the scientists
paid off in 1996 with a breakthrough - the cloning of Dolly the sheep. The procedure
works like this:
On the one hand, the whole scientific world followed the progress of the first
successful clone, Dolly the sheep. The fact that she seemed to develop normally was
very encouraging. Then came the disturbing news that Dolly had become seriously ill.
Cloning scientists were cast down to find that Dolly's illnesses were more appropriate
to a much older animal. Altogether Dolly lived six and a half years, half the length of
the life of the original sheep. Sadly the same arbitrary fate affected other species,
such as cloned mice. The questions that concerned all scientists were: "Would this be
a major difficulty for all cloned animals? Would it happen forever? Could it be solved
if corrections were made in their research procedure?"
On the other hand, Dolly's appearance raised a storm of objections and had a
great impact on the media and public imagination. It became controversial. It
suddenly opened everybody's eyes to the possibility of using cloning to cure serious
illnesses and even to produce human beings.
Although at present human egg cells and embryos needed for cloning research
are difficult to obtain, newspapers wrote of evil leaders hoping to clone themselves
to attain their ambitions. Religious leaders also raised moral questions. Governments
became nervous and more conservative. Some began to reform their legal systems
and forbade research into human cloning, but other countries like China and the UK,
continued to accumulate evidence of the abundant medical aid that cloning could
provide. However, scientists still wonder whether cloning will help or harm us and
where it is leading us.
克隆一直与我们同在，而如今它还要持续下去。这是一种用来生产与原型完全相
同的动植物的方法。当园艺师从生长着的植物上剪下枝条来培植新植物时，就会
产生这种现象。这种现象也发生在动物身上，从同一个原生卵子产生性别和相貌
相同的双胞胎也是克隆。实际上，这些都是自然克隆现象。
克隆技术有两大用途。第一，园艺师一直用它生产大量的供商用的植物；第
二，它在对新植物物种的研究以及对动物的医学研究方面都是很有价值的。克隆
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植物简单，但克隆动物就比较复杂了，是一项很难完成的任务。克隆哺乳动物的
多次尝试都失败了。但是，科学家的决心和耐心最终得到了回报，这就是1996 年
具有突破性的克隆羊“多莉”的诞生。它的程序如下图所示：
1．母羊(A)提供一个卵细胞。
2．在卵细胞中取出细胞核。
3．卵细胞准备接受新的细胞核。
4．母羊(B)提供一个供克隆的躯干细胞。该细胞核应包含生产一头新羊所需要的
全部基因。
5．取出该细胞的细胞核。
6．用电把母羊(B)的躯干细胞核和母羊(A)的卵细胞结合起来。
7．细胞分裂并生长成胚胎。
8．把胚胎植入另外一头母羊(C)体内，母羊(C)就是克隆羊的代孕者。
9．这头小羔羊就是母羊(B)所提，供的细胞核克隆而成的。
一方面，整个科学界都在关注着首例成功的克隆动物多莉羊的成长¨多莉看
来是在正常地成长着，这很令人鼓舞。接着传来了多莉病重的坏消息。研究克隆
的科学家发现多莉得的病更容易发生在年老的羊身上．这让他们很沮丧。多莉总
共只存活了六年半，这是它的原型羊寿命的一半。可悲的是，同样无法控制的命
运也在影响着其他物种，如克隆鼠。科学家的脑海里产生的问题是：“这是不是
所有克隆动物的一个主要困难呢？这种现象会不会永远发生？如果改进程序，问
题会不会解决？
另一方面，多莉的出生引起了一阵强烈的反对，对，对媒体和公众的想象力
也产生了巨大的影响。它引起了争议，因为它突然打开了人们的眼界，看到了有
可能：用克隆技术来治疗重病，甚至克隆出人类。
尽管目前供克隆研究的人体卵细胞和胚胎还很难得到，但报纸报道说，有些
邪恶头目希望把自己克隆出来以实现他的野心。宗教领袖也提出了道德方面的问
题。各国政府惶恐不安而且更加谨慎，有些政府开始改革司法制度，明令禁止进
行克隆人类的研究。但是其他国家如中国和英国，则还在继续收集克隆技术有可
能提供丰富有的医疗救助的证据。然而，科学察们仍对克隆技术有助于人类还是
有害于人类，以及克隆技术将把我们引向何处困惑。
THE RETURN OF THE DINOSAURS?
恐龙
的回归？
The possibility of cloning fierce and extinct wild animals has always excited film
makers. 克隆凶猛和灭绝的野生动物的可能性一直使电影制片商感到兴奋。And
they are not the only ones! 然而他们并不是唯一对此感到兴奋的人。 The
popularity of films such as Jurassic Park, in which a scientist clones several kinds of
extinct dinosaurs, proves how the idea struck a mixture of fear and excitement into
people's hearts. 在《侏罗纪公园》这部影片中，有一位科学家克隆了好几种不同的
绝种恐龙。类似这样的电影很受欢迎，证明了这一想法使人们感到既兴奋又恐惧
But in fact we are a long way from being able to clone extinct animals. 但事实上，想
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要克隆绝种动物，我们还要很长的路程要走。 Scientists are still experimenting
with cloning mammals. 科学家们现在还在进行克隆哺乳动物实验，This is because
the cloning of mammals is still a new science and its story only began seriously in the
1950s as this list shows: 这是因为克隆哺乳动物仍然还是一门新的科学，它是从
20 世纪50 年代才开始进行认真研究的，如下表所示：
1950s cloning of frogs 1996 first clone of a mammal: Dolly the sheep
20 世纪50 年代克隆青蛙 1996 年首次克隆动物：多利羊
1970s research using the embryos of mice 2000 cow gave birth to a bison
20 世纪50 年代用老鼠胚胎进行研究 2000 年母牛生野牛
1979 work on embryos of sheep and mice 2001 China's first cloned twin calves
1979 年对羊和老鼠胚胎进行研究 2001 年中国首次克隆出双胞胎小牛
1981 first experimental clones of mice 2002 first cloned cats
1981 年首次对老鼠试验性克隆 2002 年首次克隆猫
1983 first experimental clones of cows 2005 first cloned dog
1983 年首次对母牛试验性克隆 2005 年首次克隆狗
…
From time to time people suggest that extinct animals like dinosaurs, can possibly be
brought back to life through cloning. 不时地会有人提议，克隆技术将有可能使地球
上已经消失的动物（如恐龙）复活。Unfortunately, with what we know now, this is
either impossible or unsuitable. There are many reasons. 不幸的是，据我们现在所
知这是不可能的，也是不合适的。其原因有很多：
◎ The initial requirement is that you need perfect DNA (which gives
information for how cells are to grow). 首先要求你有完好的DNA，以提供有关
细胞将如何生长的信息。
◎ All efforts of cloning an animal will be in vain if there is not enough
diversity in the group to overcome illnesses. 如果某个动物群体没有足够的多
样性以战胜疾病，那么克隆这种动物的所有努力都将是无用的。Diversity in a
group means having animals with their genes arranged in different ways. 群体的多
样性是指这群动物的基因要以不同的方式排列。The advantage is that if there is a
new illness some of these animals may die,but others will survive and pass on the
ability to resist that disease to the next generation. 其优点是，如果发生了某种新的
疾病，这类动物中的一些可能会死去，而另外一些却能存活下来，并且把这种免
疫力传给下一代。The great drawback to cloning a group of animals is that they
would all have the same arrangement of genes and so might die of the same illness.
Then none of them would be left to continue the species. 经过克隆的动物群体的
最大缺点是：它们的基因排列有可能完全相同，因而它们有可能会死于同一种疾
病，这样它们也可能一个也留不下来传种接代了。
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◎ It would be unfair to clone any extinct animals if they were to live in a
zoo. 你如果克隆出任何绝种动物，而它们必须生活在动物园里那是不公平的。A
suitable habitat would be needed for them to lead a natural life. 它们需要适
当的栖息地过正常的野生生活。
Based on what we know now, you cannot clone animals that have been extinct
longer than 10,000 years. 就我们现在所知，你不可能克隆那些已经绝种了一万年
以上的动物。Actually, dinosaurs disappeared 65,000,000 years ago. 事实上恐龙在
6，500 万年以前就已经消失了，So the chance of dinosaurs ever returning to the
earth is merely a dream. 所以说恐龙回归地球的可能性仅仅是个梦想罢了！
选修8 Unit 3 Inventors and inventions-Reading
THE PROBLEM OF THE SHRIKES
蛇的困扰
When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very
upset. "There are some snakes in our courtyard," she told me. "Snakes come near the
house now and then, and they seem to have made their home here, not far from the
walnut tree. Can you get rid of them please?" I felt very proud. Here was a chance for
.me to distinguish myself by inventing something merciful that would catch snakes
but not harm them. I knew my parents would not like me to hurt these living
creatures!
The first thing I did was to see if there were any products that might help me,
but there only seemed to be powders designed to kill snakes. A new approach was
clearly needed. I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to
trap them. Luckily these reptiles are small and that made the solution easier.
Prepared with some research findings, I decided on three possible approaches:
firstly, removing their habitat; secondly, attracting them into a trap using male or
female perfume or food; and thirdly cooling them so that they would become sleepy
and could be easily caught. I decided to use the last one. I bought an ice-cream
maker which was made of stainless steel. Between the outside and the inside walls of
the bowl there is some jelly, which freezes when cooled. I put the bowl into the
fridge and waited for 24 hours. At the same time I prepared some ice-cubes.
The next morning I got up early before the sun was hot. I placed the frozen bowl
over the snakes' habitat and the ice-cubes on top of the bowl to keep it cool. Finally I
covered the whole thing with a large bucket. Then I waited. After two hours I
removed the bucket and the bowl. The snakes were less active but they were still too
fast for me. They abruptly disappeared into a convenient hole in the wall. So I had to
adjust my plan.
For the second attempt I froze the bowl and the ice-cubes again but placed them
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over the snakes' habitat in the evening, as the temperature was starting to cool. Then
as before, I covered the bowl with the bucket and left everything overnight. Early the
next morning I returned to see the result. This time with great caution I bent down to
examine the snakes and I found them very sleepy. But once picked up, they tried to
bite me. As they were poisonous snakes, I clearly needed to improve my design
again.
My third attempt repeated the second procedure. The next morning I carried in my
hand a small net used for catching fish. This was in the expectation that the snakes
would bite again. But monitored carefully, the snakes proved to be no trouble and all
went according to plan. I collected the passive snakes and the next day we merrily
released them all back into the wild.
Pressed by my friends and relations, I decided to seize the opportunity to get
recognition for
my successful idea by sending my invention to the patent office. Only after you have
had that
recognition can you say that you are truly an inventor. The criteria are so strict that it
is difficult to get new ideas accepted unless they are truly novel. In addition, no
invention will get a patent if it is:
◎a discovery
◎a scientific idea or mathematical model
◎literature or art
◎a game or a business
◎a computer programme
◎a new animal or plant variety
Nor will you receive a patent until a search has been made to find out that your
product really
is different from everyone else's. There are a large number of patent examiners, too,
whose only job is to examine whether your claim is valid or not. If it passes all the
tests, your application for a patent will be published 18 months from the date you
apply. So I have filled in the form and filed my patent application with the Patent
Office. Now it's a matter of waiting and hoping. You'll know if I succeed by the size of
my bank balance! Wish me luck!
我给住在乡下的母亲打电话的时候，她感到很心烦。“我们院子里有几条蛇，”
她告诉我说，“蛇时不时地爬到屋子旁边来，似乎是在屋子附近离胡桃树不远的
地方安家了。你能不能把它们赶走？”我感到很自豪。这回我有机会来表现一下
自己了。我要发明某种仁慈的东西，既可以把蛇捉住，而又不会伤害它们。我知道
我的父母是不会让我伤害这些生物的。
我所做的第一件事就是看看有没有现成的任何产品能帮助我。但是，看来只
有一种毒蛇的药粉。很明显，我得找一种新的方法了。于是我就着手研究蛇的习
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性，以便能用最容易的方法来捉住他们。好在这些爬行动物都很小，问题比较容
易解决。
经过一番研究准备之后，我决定采用三种可能的方法：第一，铲除蛇的栖息
地；第二，用男人或女人的香水或食物把它们引进陷阱；第三，降低它们的体温，
使它们困乏，这样就很容易把它们捉住。我决定采用最后一种方法。我买了一个
制冰淇淋的不锈钢碗。在碗的内壁和外壁都抹上果冻，这些果冻冷却后会冻结。
我把这个碗放进冰箱，冷冻了24 个小时。与此同时，我还准备了一些冰块儿。
第二次试验我用的还是冻结的碗和冰块儿，但是这次我是在夜晚气温开始变
凉的时候把它们放在蛇窝的上方，然后像以前那样用桶把碗罩住，通宵放在那儿
第二天一早我就去看结果。这一次我小心翼翼地蹲下去检查的时候，发现蛇都是
睡意浓浓的。但是一把它们提起来，它们就要咬我。因为它们都是毒蛇，所以很显
然我还得改进我的捕蛇方案。
第三次试验重复了上一次的程序，不过第二天早晨我的手里拿了一个捕鱼用
的小网。这是因为我预料蛇还全再咬人。但是经过仔细监视，证明这些蛇是制造
不了麻烦的，一切都按计划进行着。我把这些温顺的蛇收集起来，第二天就愉快
地把他们全都释放到野外去了。
由于朋友和亲戚的敦促，我决定把我这次的发明运到专利局去，请他们对我
这次成功的思路给予认可。只有你得到这种承认，你才可以说你是一个真正的发
明者二（评定）专利标准非常严格，除非新的想法真是新颖的，否则很难被接受。
此外，你的想法如果属于下列情况，那么你也不可能得到专利：
·一种发现·一种科学理论或数学模式·文学或艺术·一场游戏或一笔交易·一个电脑
程序
·一种新的动植物物种
你的产品要经过仔细调查，证明它确实是与众不同的，你才能获得专利。专利
局还有一大批审查人员，他们的唯一职责就是审查你的专利申请是否有效。如果
通过了所有这些审查，你申请的专利就会在你提出申请的18 个月之后公布出来。
于是，我填了表，向专利局提交了申请书。现在就是等，待和期盼了。将来你看看
我的银行结余金额就会知道我是否成功了祝我好运吧。
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
亚历山大
· 格雷厄姆
· 贝尔
Alexander Graham Bell was born in 1847 in Scotland, but when he was young
his family moved to Boston, USA. 亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔1847 年出生于苏格兰。
但在他还小的时候，他家就搬到了美国的波士顿。His mother was almost entirely
deaf, so Alexander became interested in helping deaf people communicate and in
deaf education. 他的母亲几乎全聋了，因此他有志于帮助聋人交流，并从事聋人
教育事业。This interest led him to invent the microphone. 这一爱好促使他发明了
麦克风。He found that by pressing his lips against his mother's forehead, he could
make his mother understand what he was saying. 他发现他把嘴唇放在母亲的额头
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上，并以一定的方式来移动额骨，就可以使她听懂他所说的话。
He believed that one should always be curious and his most famous saying was:
他认为一个人应该总是有好奇心理。他最有名的一句话是：
"Leave the beaten track occasionally and dive into the woods. ―偶尔离开平路
去寻求困境。Every time you do you will be certain to find something that you have
never seen before. 每次当你这样做的时候，你一定会发现你从未见过的东西。
Follow it up, explore all around it, and before you know it, you will have something
worth thinking about to occupy your mind. 跟踪下去，不断探索，不知不觉中，你就
会发现某种值得思考的东西盘踞着你的头脑。All really big discoveries are the
result of thought."所有真正伟大的发现都是思考的结果。"
It was this exploring around problems and his dynamic spirit that led to his most
famous invention - the telephone in 1876. 正是这种对问题的探索和富有活力的精
神造就了他那最著名的发明——1876 年的电话。Bell never set out to invent the
telephone and what he was trying to design was a multiple telegraph. 贝尔并非一开
始就想要发明电话的，他本来想设计的东西是多路电报。This original telegraph
sent a message over distances using Morse code (a series of dots tapped out along a
wire in a particular order). 这种原始的电报是在一段距离中用莫尔斯电码传递信
息（莫尔斯电码是通过电线发出的以特定的次序敲击出的一连串点划），But only
one message could go at a time. 但是这样只能一次发一个信息。 Bell wanted to
improve it so that it could send several messages at the same time. 贝尔想改进电报
通讯方式，以便同时能发出好几个信息。He designed a machine that would
separate different sound waves and allow different conversations to be held at the
same time. 他设计了一种机器，以使声波分成不同的音调，从而有可能在同一时
间里进行不同的通话。 But he found the problem difficult to solve. 但是他发现这
个问题很难解决。One day as he was experimenting with one end of a straw joined
to a deaf man's ear drum and the other to a piece of smoked glass, 有一天做实验，
他把一根干草的一端和一个聋子的耳鼓膜连接起来，另一端连接一块被烟熏过的
玻璃。 Bell noticed that when he spoke into the ear, the straw drew sound waves on
the glass. 贝尔发现，当他对着耳朵说话的时候，这根干草就把声波画在被烟熏过
的玻璃上。Suddenly he had a flash of inspiration. 突然间他灵机一动，灵感来了。
If sound waves could be reproduced in a moving electrical current, they could be
sent along a wire. 如果声波能够以连续运动的电波形式复制的话，那么声波就可
以沿着导线传送出去了。 In searching to improve the telegraph,Bell had invented
the first telephone! 在探求改进电报的过程中，贝尔发明了第一台电话机！
Bell was fully aware of the importance of his invention and wrote to his father: 贝尔
完全懂得这项发明的重要性，他写信告诉他的父亲说：
"The day is coming when telegraph wires will be laid on to houses just like water or
gas – and friends will talk to each other without leaving home." ―这样的一天即将
到来。到那时，电报线将会铺到各家各户，就像水和煤气通到各家各户一样。朋友
之间不必离开家就可以彼此通话了。
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The patent was given in 1876, but it was not until five days later that Bell sent his first
telephone message to his assistant Watson. 这项专利是1876 年发布的，但是贝尔
是在五天以后才跟他的助手华生通了第一次电话。The words have now become
famous: 他说的话现在已成为名言了。
"Mr Watson - come here - I want to see you." ―华生先生——到这儿来——
我想见你。
Alexander Graham Bell was not a man to rest and he interested himself in many
other areas of invention. 亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔是个闲不住的人，他对许多其他
领域的发明都感兴趣。He experimented with helicopter designs and flying
machines. 他试验直升飞机和飞行器。While searching for a kite strong enough to
carry a man into the air, Bell experimented putting triangles together and discovered
the tetrahedron shape. 他寻找一种强度足以把人带上天空的风筝，与此同时，他
又试着把三角形拼装在一起，因而发现了四面体。Being very stable, it has proved
invaluable in the design of bridges. 这种四面体非常稳定，被证明是在桥梁设计中
的无价之宝。
Bell was an inventor all his life. 贝尔的一生都在发明创造。He made his first
invention at eleven and his last at seventy- five. 他11 岁时就有了第一项发明，而他
的最后一项发明则是在他75 岁高龄的时候。Although he is most often associated
with the invention of the telephone, he was indeed a continuing searcher after
practical solutions to improve the quality of everybody's life. 虽然人们常把他与电
话的发明联系在一起，但是他的确是一位永不停息的探索家，不断寻求着改善人
们生活质量的途径。
选修8 Unit 4 Pygmalion-Reading
PYGMALION
皮格马利翁
MAIN CHARACTERS:
Eliza Doolittle (E): a poor flower girl who is ambitious to improve herself
Professor Higgins (H): an expert in phonetics, convinced that the quality of a
person's English decides his/her position in society
Colonel Pickering (CP): an officer in the army and later a friend of Higgins' who sets
him a task
Act One FATEFUL MEETINGS
11 :15 pm in London, England in 1914 outside a theatre. It is pouring with rain
and cab whistles are blowing in all directions. A man is hiding from the rain listening
to people's language and watching their reactions. While watching, he makes notes.
Nearby a flower girl wearing dark garments and a woollen scarf is also sheltering
from the rain. A gentleman (G) passes and hesitates for a moment.
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E: Come over’ere, cap’in, and buy me flowers off a poor girl.
G: I'm sorry but I haven't any change.
E: I can giv’ou change, cap’in.
G: (surprised) For a pound? I'm afraid I've got nothing less.
E: (hopefully) Oah! Oh, do buy a flower off me, Captain. Take this for three pence.
(holds up some dead flowers)
G: (uncomfortably) Now don't be troublesome, there's a good girl. (looks in his wallet
and sounds more friendly) But, wait, here's some small change. Will that be of any
use to you? It's raining heavily now, isn't it? (leaves)
E: (disappointed at the outcome, but thinking it is better than nothing) Thank you, sir.
(sees a man taking notes and feels worried) Hey! I ain’t done nothing wrong by
speaking to that gentleman. I've a right to sell flowers, I have. I ain’t no thief. I'm an
honest girl I am! (begins to cry)
H: (kindly) There! There! Who's hurting you, you silly girl? What do you take me for?
(gives her a handkerchief)
E: I thought maybe you was a policeman in disguise.
H: Do I look like a policeman?
E: (still worried) Then why did 'ou take down my words for? How do I know whether
'ou took me down right? 'ou just show me what 'ou've wrote about me!
H: Here you are. (hands over the paper covered in writing)
E: What's that? That ain't proper writing. I can't read that. (pushes it back at him)
H: I can. (reads imitating Eliza) "Come over' ere, cap'in, and buy me flowers off a poor
girl." (in his own voice) There you are and you were born
in Lisson Grove if I'm not mistaken.
E: (looking confused) What if I was? What's it to you?
CP: (has been watching the girl and now speaks to Higgins) That's quite brilliant! How
did you do that, may I ask?
H: Simply phonetics studied and classified from people's own speech. That's my
profession and also my hobby. You can place a man by just a few remarks. I can place
any spoken conversation within six miles, and even within two streets in London
sometimes.
CP: Let me congratulate you! But is there an income to be made in that?
H: Yes, indeed. Quite a good one. This is the age of the newly rich. People begin their
working life in a poor neighbourhood of London with 80 pounds a year and end in a
rich one with 100 thousand. But they betray themselves every time they open their
mouths. Now once taught by me, she'd become an upper class lady ...
CP: Is that so? Extraordinary!
H: (rudely) Look at this girl with her terrible English: the English that will condemn
her to the gutter to the end of her days. But, sir, (proudly) once educated to speak
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properly, that girl could pass herself off in three months as a duchess at an
ambassador's garden party. Perhaps I could even find her a place as a lady's maid or
a shop assistant, which requires better English.
E: What's that you say? A shop assistant? Now that's sommat I want, that is!
H: (ignores her) Can you believe that?
CP: Of course! I study many Indian dialects myself and ...
H: Do you indeed? Do you know Colonel Pickering?
CP: Indeed I do, for that is me. Who are you?
H: I'm Henry Higgins and I was going to India to meet you.
CP: And I came to England to make your acquaintance!
E: What about me? How'll you help me?
H: Oh, take that. (carelessly throws a handful of money into her basket) We must
have a celebration, my dear man. (leave together)
E: (looking at the collected money in amazement) Well, I never. A whole pound! A
fortune! That'll help me, indeed it will. Tomorrow I'll find you, Henry Higgins. Just you
wait and see! All that talk of (imitates him) "authentic English" ... (in her own voice)
I'll see whether you can get that for me ... (goes out)
主要人物：
伊菜扎·杜利特尔（伊）：穷苦的卖花姑娘，立志要改善自己的生活
希金斯教授（希）：语音学专家，坚信一个人的英语水平决定这个人的社会地位
皮克林上校（皮）：陆军军官，后来成了希金斯教授的朋友，并给他安排了一项任
务
第一幕 决定性的会面
1914 年的某日晚上11 点15 分，在英国伦敦某剧场夕。正下着倾盆大雨，四处
响着出租车的鸣笛声。有一位男士在躲雨，边听人们谈话边观察着人们的反应。
他一边观察，一边作记录。附近一个穿着黑色衣裙围着羊毛围巾的卖花姑娘也在
躲雨。这时有位先生（先）从这儿路过，他迟疑了片刻。
伊：长官，过这边来呀，买我这个苦命的孩子一束花吧！
先：对不起，我没有零钱，
伊：长官，我可以给你找零钱呀。
先：（惊奇地）一个英镑你找得开吗？没有再小的钱了。
伊：（带有希望的神色）啊！好啦，从我这买一束吧。拿这一束，只要三个便士o
（举起一些已经枯萎的花）
先：（不舒服地）现在别烦我，好姑娘。（在他的口袋里找什么，这时语气好些了）
等一等，这儿有几个零钱。这点钱对你有用吗？雨下大了，不是吗？（说完就走
了）
伊：（对先生付的钱表现出失望的样子，但是有总比没有好）先生，谢谢了。（看到
有人在记什么，感到担心）嗨，我跟那位先生讲话，又没做错什么事。我有权卖花
吧，我有权嘛！我不是小偷，我是个老实姑娘，老老实实的！（开始哭起来）
希：（友善地）好啦，好啦！谁伤害你了，傻姑娘？你把我当成什么人了？（递给她
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一条手帕）
伊：我还以为你是一个便衣警察呢。
希：我像警察吗？
伊：（仍在担心）那你为啥要把我说的话记下来呢？我怎么知道你是不是写对了
呢？那你把你写的关于我的东西给我看看。
希：你看吧！（把写满字的纸递给她）
伊：这是什么呀？不像规规矩矩的字，我看不懂。（把纸退回给他）
希：我懂。（模仿伊的声音读）长官，过这边来呀，买我这个苦命孩子一束花吧！
（改用自己的声音）好了吧，你呀，如果我没有弄错的话，你出生在里森格罗佛：
伊：（困惑不解的）如果我是又怎样呢？跟你有什么关系呢？
皮：（本来是一直望着这个姑娘的，这时跟希金斯说话了）太棒了！请问你是怎么
知道的呢？
希：对人的发音进行研究、分类，如此而已。这是我的专业，也是我的业余爱好。你
可以根据几句话判定是哪个地方的人。我可以根据任何谈话来判定他们是哪个地
方的人，差距不过六英里，有时候在伦敦甚至不超过两个街区呢。
皮：恭喜你了！不过，你这样做有收入吗？
希：当然有哆，还挺高呢。这是个致富的年代 人们从伦敦的穷人区开始工作，年
收入才80 英镑，最后到了富人区工作，年收入就是10 万英镑了，但是他们一张嘴
就会露出马脚（暴露自己的身份）。如今如果让我一教，她就会变成一个上层阶级
的淑女……
皮：是吗？那太妙了！
希：（粗鲁地）你瞧这个姑娘，英语说得那样糟糕，使她注定要在贫民窟里待上一
辈子。不过，先生，（高傲地）要是一旦有人教她把英语说好了，她就可以在三个月
以内冒充公爵夫人出席大使主办的花园晚会了。说不定我还可 以给她找份工作，
当一名贵夫人的侍女或商店的店员。这些工作都要求英语说得好呢。
伊：你说啥来着？店员？这正是我想要做的，真的！
希：（不理睬她）你相信我说的话吗？
皮：当然相信。我自己就学了好多种印度方言，而且……
希：真的吗？那你认不认得皮克林上校呢？
皮：当然认得，皮克林就是我。那么请问您是谁？
希：我是亨利·希金斯。我还打算要去印度见你呢：
皮：我也正是到英国来找你的！
伊：我呢？你们怎么帮助我呢？
希：啊，拿去吧！（漫不经心地朝她的篮子里扔去一把钱）好老兄，我们该美美地
庆祝一番了。（一道离去）
伊：（惊奇地看着收集起来的钱）啊，我还从来没有见过！整整一个英镑呢！一笔
财富呀！这的确给我帮大忙了，真的。明天我一定去找你，亨利·希金斯。等着瞧吧！
你那口（模仿他的声音）“真正的英语”……（用自己的声音）我倒要看看你能不
能帮我找到……（离去）
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Act Two, Scene 1 MAKING THE BET
第二幕
第一场
打赌
It is 11am in Henry Higgins' house the next day. Henry Higgins and Colonel
Pickering are sitting deep in conversation. 第二天上午11 点，在亨利·希金斯家。亨
利同皮克林上校正坐着深切地交谈。
H: Do you want to hear any more sounds?
希：你还想不想听听更多的发音呢？
CP: No, thank you. I rather fancied myself because I can pronounce twenty-four
distinct vowel sounds; but your one hundred and thirty beat me. I can't distinguish
most of them.
皮：不听了，谢谢。我本来还很自负的，因为我能清晰地发出24 个元音来。而你发
出了130 个元音，其中多数我都分辨不清。你赢我了。
H: (laughing) Well, that comes with practice.
希：（笑起来）这都是练习的结果。
There is a knock and Mrs Pearce (MP), the housekeeper, comes in with cookies, a
teapot, some cream and two cups.
敲门声起，皮尔斯夫人（管）带着甜点、茶壶、奶酒和两个杯子进来。
MP: (hesitating) A young girl is asking to see you.
管：（犹豫地）一个年轻姑娘求见你。
H: A young girl! What does she want?
希：年轻姑娘！她想要什么？
MP: Well, she's quite a common kind of girl with dirty nails.I thought perhaps you
wanted her to talk into your machines.
管：哦，很普通的一个年轻姑娘，手指甲脏兮兮的。我本来还以为你是要她来对着
机器讲话的呢。
H: Why? Has she got an interesting accent? We'll see.Show her in, Mrs Pearce.
希：怎么啦？她的口音很有趣吗？咱们来看看吧。皮尔斯夫人，带她进来。
MP: (only half resigned to it) Very well, sir. (goes downstairs)
管：（半听不听地）好吧，先生。（随即向楼下走去）
H: This is a bit of luck. I'll show you how I make records on wax disks ...
希：还真是运气，我让你看看我是怎样在唱片上录音的。
MP: (returning) This is the young girl, sir. (Eliza comes into the room shyly following
Mrs Pearce. She is dirty and wearing a shabby dress. She curtsies to the two men.)
管：（返回来）先生，这就是那个年轻姑娘。（伊莱扎跟在皮尔斯夫人后边羞怯地走
进房来。她穿着破旧的衣服，还脏兮兮的。进来就朝两位先生行屈膝礼。
H: (disappointed) Why! I've got this girl in my records. She's the one we saw the
other day. She's no use at all. Take her away.
希：（失望地）好啦，我已经给这个年轻姑娘做过记录了。她就是那天我们见到过
的那个，现在根本没有用了，带她走吧！
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CP: (gently to Eliza) What do you-want, young lady?
皮：（温和地）年轻姑娘，你想要干什么？
E: (upset) I wanna be a lady in a flower shop 'stead o' selling flowers in the street.
But they won't take me 'less I speak better. So here I am, ready to pay him. I'm not
asking for any favours - and he treats me like dirt.
伊：（不安地）我想在花店里当卖花姑娘，不想到街上去卖花了。但是他们不会要
我，除非我讲话讲得好些，所以我来了，准备付给他钱。我并不是求他帮忙——可
他把我当下贱人看待。
H: How much?
希：你给多少钱？
E: (happier) Now yer talking. A lady friend of mine gets French lessons for two
shillings an hour from a real Frenchman. You wouldn't have the face to ask me for the
same for teaching me as yer would for French. So I won't give yer more than a
shilling.
伊：（比较高兴地）啊，你发话了。我的一位女朋友跟一个真正的法国人学法文，每
小时两先令。你总不会好意思要我付跟法语同样多的钱吧。所以我最多给你一个
先令。
H: (ignoring Eliza and speaking to Pickering) If you think of how much money this girl
has - why, it's the best offer I've had! (to Eliza) But if I teach you, I'll be worse than a
father.
希：（不理睬伊莱扎，而跟皮克林说）要是你想到这个年轻姑娘身上能有多少钱，
那么，这就是我能得到的最高薪俸了！（对伊莱扎说）不过，要是我来教你，我会
比当爸爸的还要严格。
CP: I say, Higgins. Do you remember what you said last night? I'll say you're the
greatest teacher alive if you can pass her off as a lady. I'll be the referee for this little
bet and pay for the lessons too ...
皮：喂，希金斯。你还记得昨天晚上你说过的话吗？如果你能使她冒充一位贵夫
人，那么我说你就是一位最了不起的教师了。我会为这个小赌当裁判，而且课时
费由我来付。
E: (gratefully) Oh, yer real good, yer are. Thank you, Colonel.
伊：（感激地）啊！你真好，真好。谢谢你，上校。
H: Oh, she is so deliciously low. (compromises) OK, I'll teach you. (to Mrs Pearce) But
she'll need to be cleaned first. Take her away, Mrs Pearce. Wash her and burn her
horrible clothes. We'll buy her new ones. What's your name, girl?
希：哦，她真是粗俗得可爱！（提出折衷办法）好吧，我教你。（对皮尔斯夫人说）
不过，她得先把自己洗干净了。把她带下去，皮尔斯夫人。给她洗一洗，把那身可
怕的脏衣服全部烧掉。我们给她买新的。姑娘，你叫什么名字？
E: I'm Eliza Doolittle and I'm clean. My clothes went to the laundry when I washed
last week.
伊：我叫伊莱扎·杜立特尔。我是干净的，上个礼拜才洗过澡。
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MP: Well, Mr Higgins has a bathtub of his own and he has a bath every morning. If
these two gentlemen teach you, you'll have to do the same. They won't like the smell
of you otherwise.
管：希金斯先生有自己的浴缸。他每天早晨都要洗澡。如果你要这两位先生教你，
你就得照着办。另外，他们不想闻到你身上的那股气味。
E: (sobbing) I can't. I dursn't. It ain't natural and it'd kill me. I've never had a bath in
my life; not over my whole body, neither below my waist nor taking my vest off. I'd
never have come if I'd known about this disgusting thing you want me to do ...
伊：（哭泣）我不能，我不敢。这太别扭了，会要我的命的。我这一生从来没有在浴
缸里洗澡过，特别是全身浸泡，冲洗腰部以下或者把我的背心拿走我也算是不会
洗的。要是我知道你要我做这样的丑事，我是绝不会来的。
H: Once more, take her away, Mrs Pearce, immediately. (Outside Eliza is still weeping
with Mrs Pearce) You see the problem, Pickering. It'll be how to teach her grammar,
not just pronunciation. She's in need of both.
希：我再说一遍，把她带走，皮尔斯夫人，立刻带走。（伊莱扎跟皮尔斯夫人出去了
还在哭泣）皮克林，你看到麻烦了吧。不仅仅是语音问题，还得教语法呢。这两个
方面她都需要。
CP: And there's another problem, Higgins. What are we going to do once the
experiment is over?
皮：希金斯，还有一个问题。一旦试验完成了，我们准备做什么呢？
H: (heartily) Throw her back.
希：（兴奋地）把她扔回去。
CP: But you cannot overlook that! She'll be changed and she has feelings too. We
must be practical, mustn't we?
皮：你可不能小看这个问题了！她是会变的，她也是有感情的。我们必须实际一
些，难道不是吗？
H: Well, we'll deal with that later. First, we must plan the best way to teach her.
CP: How about beginning with the alphabet. That's usually considered very
effective ... (fades out as they go offstage together)
皮：先从字母教起，怎么样？通常认为那是最有效的……（两人一道朝台下走去，
声音逐渐减弱）
选修8 Unit 5 Meeting your ancestors-Reading
A VISIT TO THE ZHOUKOUDIAIN CAVES
周口店洞穴参观记
A group of students (S) from England has come to the Zhoukoudian caves for a visit.
An archaeologist (A) is showing them round.
A: Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here in China. It is a great pleasure to meet
you students from England, who are interested in archaeology. You must be aware
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that it's here that we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this
part of the world. We've been excavating here for many years and ...
S1: I'm sorry to interrupt you but how could they live here? There are only rocks and
trees.
A: Good question. You are an acute observer. We have found human and animal
bones in those caves higher up the hill as well as tools and other objects. So we think
it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves, regardless of the cold.
S2: How did they keep warm? They couldn't have mats, blankets or quilts like we do.
It must have been very uncomfortable.
A: We've discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves where they made fires. That
would have kept them warm, cooked the food and scared wild beasts away as well.
We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick, which suggests that
they might have kept the fire burning all winter. We haven't found any doors but we
think they might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keep out the cold
during the freezing winter.
S3: What wild animals were there all that time ago?
A: Well, we've been finding the bones of tigers and bears in the caves, and we think
these were their most dangerous enemies. Now what do you think this tells us about
the life of these early people? (shows picture of a sewing needle)
S2.: Gosh! That's a needle. Goodness, does that mean they repaired things?
A: What else do you think it might have been used for?
S4: Let me look at it. It's at most three centimetres long. Ah yes, it seems to be made
of bone. I wonder how they made the hole for the ...
S2: (interrupting) Do you mean that they made their own clothes? Where did they
get the material?
A: They didn't have material like we have today. Can you guess what they used?
Sl: Wow! Did they wear clothes made entirely of animal skins? How did they prepare
them? I'm sure they were quite heavy to cut and sew together.
A: Our evidence suggests that they did wear clothes made from animal skins. We
continue discovering tools that were sharpeners for other tools. It seems that they
used the sharpened stone tools to cut up animals and remove their skin. Then
smaller scrapers were probably used to remove the fat and meat from the skin. After
that they would rub an ample amount of salt onto the skin to make it soft. Finally,
they would cut it and sew the pieces together. Quite a difficult and messy task! Now
look at this. (shows a necklace)
S2:Why, it's a primitive necklace. Did early people really care about their appearance
like we do? It's lovely!
A:Yes, and so well preserved. What do you think it's made of?.
S4:Let me see. Oh, I think some of the beads are made of animal bones but others
are made of shells.
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A:How clever you are! One bone is actually an animal tooth and the shells are from
the seaside. Can you identify any other bones?
S1:This one looks very much like a fish bone. Is that reasonable?
A:Yes, indeed, as the botanical analyses have shown us, all the fields around here
used to be part of a large shallow lake. Probably there were fish in it.
S3:But a lake is not the sea. We are miles from the sea, so how did the seashells get
here?
A:Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the seaside on
their journeys. We know that they moved around, following the herds of animals.
They didn't grow their own crops, but picked fruit when it ripened and hunted
animals. That's why they are called hunters and gatherers. Now, why don't we go and
visit the caves?
一群英国学生（学）来到周口店洞穴参观。有一位考古学家（考）正领着他们参
观。
考：欢迎到中国来参观周口店洞穴。很高兴见到你们这些从英国来的对考古学感
兴趣的学生。你们想必都很清楚，正是在这个地方，我们找到了世界上居住在这
个地方最早人类的证据。我们在这儿进行的挖掘工作已经很多年了，而且……
学1：
对不起，打断一下你的讲话，请问他们是怎么住在这个地方的呢？这儿只有石头
和树木。考：问得好。你是个敏锐的观察者，在高山上的那些洞穴里我们找到了人
骨和兽骨，还有工具和其他物品因此，我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这
些洞穴里。
学2：那他们是怎样取暖的呢？他们不可能像我们现在这样有垫子、毯子和被子。
想必是很不舒服的了。
考：我们发现在洞穴中央有生火用的地炉。他们用地炉里的火来取暖、做饭，还可
以用火来吓跑野兽。我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰，几乎有六米厚，这意味着他
们可能整个冬天都在烧火。我们还没有找到门，但我们认为在天寒地冻的冬季他
们可能是用兽皮挂在洞口来防寒的。
学3：在那以前有些什么野兽吗？考：嗯，我们在洞里发现了老虎和熊的骨头。我
们认为这些野兽对他们来讲是最危险的敌人了。现在，你们看这个东西能告诉我
们有关早期人类生活的什么情况呢？（指着一张有针线的照片让大家看）
学2：哎呀，那是一根针！天哪，难道他们还会修补东西吗？
考：除此之外，你认为还可能派别的什么用场吗？
学4：让我看看。这个东西最多三厘米长，看起来像是用骨头做的。我不知道他们
是怎样做成针眼的……
学2：（插话）你是不是说他们自己做衣服穿？他们又是从哪里得到衣料的呢？
考：他们没有像我们今天穿的这种衣料。你能猜出他们用的是什么吗？
学1：哇，他们穿的衣服全都是用兽皮做的吗？他们那些衣服是怎样做成的？我
确信它们裁剪并缝起来又厚又重。
考：我们有证据表明，他们的确穿的是用兽皮制的衣服。我们不断发现一些磨削
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《谷雨单词王》---成功破解单词密码，轻轻松松比普通人快20 倍记牢英语单词
单词记得快、记得牢、想忘掉都难！
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其他工具用的工具。看样子他们可能是用磨尖的石器来切割野兽并剥皮，再用小
一些的刮子把皮上的脂肪和肉去掉。然后，他们可能在兽皮上擦上大量的盐，使
皮变柔软。最后进行剪裁，缝起来就成了。确实是既难又脏的活！现在来看看这
个吧。（指着一串项链）
考：你真聪明！有块骨头实际上是野兽的牙齿，贝壳是从海边捡来的。你还认得
别的骨头吗？
学1：这根很像鱼骨头，对吗？
考：很对。植物学的分析结果明确地告诉我们，这儿四周曾经是一个很．大的浅水
湖。毫无疑问，当时湖里是有鱼的。
学3：不过，湖并不是海呀，我们离海还远着呢¨眷客，更壳又是怎么来的呢？
考：早期人类之间也许有贸易来往，或者他们也可能旅行到海边去。我们知道，他
们跟着兽群四处走。他们并不种植谷物，而是在野果熟了的时候采摘它们并捕杀
野兽来充饥。这就是他们被称之为猎人和采摘者的缘故。现在，咱们去参观洞穴
好吗？
THE FEAST: 18,000 BC
公元前一万八千年的一次盛宴
Worried about the preparations for her feast, Lala quickly turned for home with
her collection of nuts, melons and other fruit. 拉拉担心她这次盛宴的准备工作，所
以赶紧把坚果、甜瓜和其他水果收集起来就快步回家了。It was the custom of
family groups to separate and then gather again at different sites for reunions as they
followed the animal herds across the grasslands. 由于在草原上放牧，家族成员先分
散开，然后在不同的地方相聚，这是他们的一个习俗。A wrinkle appeared on her
forehead. 她的额头出现了一道皱纹。 If only it could be just like last year! 要是能
像去年那样就好了！ At that time she had been so happy when Dahu chose her as
the future mother of his children. 当大胡选拉拉作未来孩子的母亲时，她觉得很高
兴。He was the best toolmaker in the group and it was a great honour for her to be
chosen. 他是这个家族中最好的工匠，被他选中对拉拉来说是莫大的荣幸。She
remembered the blood pulsing through her veins. 她记得那时热血澎湃。She had
felt so proud as the group shouted loudly to applaud his choice. 当族人为他的选择
欢呼鼓掌的时候，拉拉觉得非常自豪。If only she had looked ahead and planned
better this year! 她今年要是早有预见，计划得更好些就好了！Then she wouldn't
have been feeling so worried now. 那么她就不会这么担心了。
Having heard wolves howling in the forest, Lala accelerated her walk up the
path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her. 听见狼
群在森林里嚎叫，拉拉加快了回洞穴的步伐，担心会有野兽在等着她。She had no
man with his spear to protect her. 她身边没有男人拿着矛来保护她。 She had
almost reached her destination when a delicious smell arrested her progress and she
stopped. 快到目的地的时候，一阵香气扑鼻，她不往前走了，停了下来。So the
men had brought home the meat for the feast! 因此那个男人把肉带回了家用来设
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《谷雨单词王》---成功破解单词密码，轻轻松松比普通人快20 倍记牢英语单词
单词记得快、记得牢、想忘掉都难！
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宴！The smell of cooking meat filled the air surrounding her, and her senses became
dizzy with hunger. 肉的香味笼罩着她，使她因饥饿而头昏眼花。She could see her
mother and the older children preparing the deer and pig meat over the fire. 她看到
母亲和大一些的孩子在烧烤鹿肉和猪肉，Her aunts were making clothes with
animal skins. 她姨妈在用兽皮做衣服。Abruptly she sat down, only to be scooped up
by her laughing, shouting sister, Luna. 突然间她坐了下去，但又被她那又笑又叫的
妹妹卢娜一把搂了起来，Lala smiled with relief. 拉拉宽慰地笑了，It was good to
have her family around her. 跟家人在一起实在是太好啦！
Just then a tall man came up behind her. 就在这时候，她身后出来了一位高个
子男人。He had a large, square face, with strongly pronounced eyebrows and
cheekbones. 他有一张宽大的方脸，眉毛很重，颧骨突出，Over his shoulder he
carried several fish and some pieces of wood under his arm. 肩上扛着几条大鱼，腋
下夹着一些木头。Lala smiled and handed some stone scrapers over to Dahu, who
smiled and went outside the cave to begin his task. 拉拉对大胡微笑着，递给他一
些石头做的刮子。大胡也笑着，走出洞外，开始工作。
First he looked carefully at the scrapers and then went to a corner of the cave
and pulled out some more tools. 他先朝这些石刮子瞧了瞧，然后走到洞穴的一个
角落，拖出来更多的工具。 They were in a pile with other sharp arrowheads and
stone axe-heads. 这些工具同其它一些锐利的箭头和石斧头堆放在一起。 He
chose one large stone and began to use it like a hammer striking the edge of the
scraper that needed sharpening. 他选了一个大块石头，用它做锤子敲打一个需要
磨快的石刮子边沿。 Now and then Dahu would stop, look at it and try it against his
hand before continuing his task. 他时不时地停下来看看，在手上试一试，然后再
继续工作。 He stopped when he felt the scrapers were sharp enough to cut up the
meat and scrape the fish. 当他觉得石刮子够快，可以切肉刮鱼鳞了，他才停下来，
As he passed them to Lala, the first of the guests from the neighbouring caves began
to arrive for dinner. 他把石刮子递给拉拉，这时候，第一批邻近洞穴的客人就开始
到来吃饭了。Lala's spirits rose. 拉拉情绪高涨起来。Yes, it was going to be just as
wonderful as last year! 是的，今年的盛宴一定会跟去年一样热闹！ She smiled to
herself gaily and went out of the cave to welcome her friends and neighbours. 她高
兴地自己笑着，走出洞外，去欢迎她的朋友和邻居。
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