选修9 Unit 1 Breaking records-Reading
"THE ROAD IS ALWAYS AHEAD OF YOU"
路永在前方
Ashrita Furman is a sportsman who likes the challenge of breaking Guinness records.
Over the last 25 years, he hasbroken approximately 93 Guinness records. More than
twenty of these he still holds, including the record for having the most records. But
these records are not made in any conventional sport like swimming or soccer.
Rather Ashrita attempts to break records in very imaginative events and in very
interesting places.
Recently, Ashrita achieved his dream of breaking a record in all seven continents,
including hula hooping in Australia, pogo stick jumping under water in South
America, and performing deep knee bends in a hot air balloon in North America.
While these activities might seem childish and cause laughter rather than respect, in
reality they require an enormous amount of strength and fitness as well as
determination.
Think about the fine neck adjustments needed to keep a full bottle of milk on your
head while you are walking. You can stop to rest or eat but the bottle has to stay on
your head.
While Ashrita makes standing on top of a 75 cm Swiss ball look easy, it is not. It takes
a lot of concentration and a great sense of balance to stay on it. You have to struggle
to stay on top especially when your legs start shaking.
And what about somersaulting along a road for 12 miles? Somersaulting is a tough
event as you have to overcome dizziness, extreme tiredness and pain. You are
permitted to rest for only five minutes in every hour of rolling but you are allowed to
stop briefly to vomit.
Covering a mile in the fastest time while doing gymnastically correct lunges is yet
another event in which Ashrita is outstanding. Lunges are extremely hard on your
legs. You start by standing and then you step forward with the fight foot while
touching the left knee to the ground. Then you stand up again and step forward with
the left foot while touching the fight knee to the ground. Imagine doing this for a
mile!
Yet this talented sportsman is not a natural athlete. As a child he was very unfit and
was not at all interested in sports. However, he was fascinated by the Guinness Book
of World Records.
How Ashrita came to be a sportsman is an interesting story. As a teenager, he began
searching for a deeper meaning in life. He studied Eastern religions and, aged 16,
discovered an Indian meditation teacher called Sri Chinmoy who lived in his
neighbourhood in New York City. Since that time in the early 1970s, Ashrita has been
one of Sri Chinmoy's students. Sri Chinmoy says that it is just as important for people
to develop their bodies as it is to develop their minds, hearts and spiritual selves. He
believes that there is no limit to people's physical abilities.
When Ashrita came third in a 24-hour bicycle marathon in New York's Central Park in
1978, he knew that he would one day get into the Guinness Book of World Records.
He had been urged by his spiritual leader to enter the marathon even though he had
done no training. So, when he won third place, he came to the understanding that
his body was just an instrument of the spirit and that he seemed to be able to use his
spirit to accomplish anything. From then on, Ashrita refused to accept any physical
limitation.
With this new confidence, Asharita broke his first Guinness record with 27,000
jumping jacks in 1979. The motivation to keep trying to break records comes through
his devotion to Sri Chinmoy. Every time Ashrita tries to break a record, he reaches a
point where he feels he cannot physically do any more. At that moment, he goes
deep within himself and connects with his soul and his teacher.
Ashrita always acknowledges his teacher in his record-breaking attempts.In fact, he
often wears a T-shirt with Sri Chinmoy's words on the back. The words are:
"There is only one perfect road. It is ahead of you, always ahead of you."
阿什利塔·福曼是一位热衷挑战并总想争创吉尼斯纪录的运动员。在过去25 年
中，他大约(approximately)已经打破了93 项吉尼斯世界纪录，至今，他仍然是
其中20 多项纪录的保持者，还包括拥有最多的吉尼斯纪录这一项。但是这些记录
并不是像游泳或足球等一般运动项目那样创建的，而是阿什利塔试图在非常有趣
的地点，在富有想像力的运动项目中打破的。
最近，阿什利塔完成了他的梦想:在所有七大洲破一项纪录，其中包括在澳
洲玩呼啦圈，在南美洲的水下做弹簧单高跷游戏，在北美洲的热气球中做膝部深
弯曲运动。
虽然这些活动看起来孩子气且令人发笑而不是让人肃然起敬，但实际上(in
reality),完成这些活动需要强大的力量,健康的体格和坚定的决心。
想想吧,你一边走路,一边还要把一瓶牛奶顶在头上，你的脖子需要的多好的
适应力。你可以停下来休息或吃东西，但瓶子必须呆在头上。
当阿什利塔站在75 厘米高的瑞士球上时，看起来虽然很轻松容易，其实不然
呆在球上得一直全神贯注，还需要有极强的注意力和极好的平衡感。特别是在双
腿开始抖动的时候，你还得使劲呆在球上。
然而沿着12 英里的马路翻筋斗,情况又是怎样的呢？翻筋斗是一项艰苦的
运动,因为你必须克服头晕、极度疲劳和痛苦。每翻滚一个小时,只允许休息5 分
钟,不过也可以短暂地停下来呕吐(vomit)。
做标准的体操(gymnastically)弓箭步动作向前，以最快的节奏走完1 英里
的路程是阿什利塔又一个出色的项目。弓箭步冲刺对你的双腿是一个极端艰苦的
考验。开始时呈站立姿势，然后右脚向前迈一步，同时左膝触地，然后再站起来，
左脚向前迈出一步，同时右膝触地。 想想吧，这个动作要反复做1 英里远！
然而，这位有才能的运动员并不是天生的。小时候，他很不健康(unfit)，而
且对运动毫无兴趣。但他却对《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》非常着迷(fascinated)。
阿什利塔究竟是怎样成为一位运动员的呢？这是一个有趣的故事。少年时,
他就开始探究人生的深层的意义。他研究过东方宗教，16 岁时，他发现了一位名
叫斯里琴摩的印度静坐功(mediation)导师，住在纽约市他家附近。自从20 世纪
70 年代初，阿什利塔就一直是斯里琴摩的学生。斯里琴摩指出，人们发展他们的
体魂与发展他们的头脑、心灵和精神上的(spiritual)自我具有同等的重要性，
并且他相信人的体能是没有局限的。
当阿什利塔1978 年在纽约市中央公园进行的24 小时自行车马拉松
(marathon)比赛中获得第三名时，他就知道总有一天他将进入《吉尼斯世界纪录
大全》。尽管从没有训练过，他还是受到他的精神领袖的敦促参加了马拉松比赛。
因此,当他取得第三名的时候，他开始有了这样的认识：他的身躯只不过是他的
精神的工具，而且他似乎能够利用他的精神力量去完成任何事。从那时起，阿什
利塔就拒绝接受任何身体极限的说法。
由于有了这种新的信心, 阿什利塔于1979 年第一次打破吉尼斯纪录——跳
爆竹27000 次。不断努力打破纪录的动机源来自他对斯里琴摩思想的虔诚。每次
试图破纪录的时候，阿什里塔都会达到一个体力不可逾越的极限点。这个时候，
他就会进入自己的内心深处，与他的灵魂(soul)和他的老师相沟通。
在创纪录的努力中，阿什利塔总是要感谢他的老师。事实上，他常穿着一件T
恤衫，后背上有斯里琴摩的名言：
“完美的道路只有一条,它就在你前方,永远在你前方。”
FOCUS ON ...
集中精力于
……
Lance Armstrong
Date of Birth: 8th September, 1971
Country: USA
Lance Armstrong's Guinness record for the fastest average speed at the Tour de
France was set in 1999 with an average speed of 40.27 km/hr. In his teens he was a
triathlete but at 16 he began to concentrate on cycling. He was an amateur cyclist
before the 1992 Olympic Games but turned professional after he had competed in
the Games. In the following few years, he won numerous titles, and by 1996 he had
become the world's number one. However, in October 1996, he discovered he had
cancer and
had to leave cycling. Successfully fighting his illness, Armstrong officially returned to
racing in 1998. In 1999 he won the Tour de France and in 2003 he achieved his goal
of winning five Tours de France.
Michellie Jones
Date of Birth: 9th June, 1969
Country: Australia
In 1988 Michellie Jones helped establish the multi-sport event, the triathlon, in
Australia. After completing her teaching qualifications in 1990, she concentrated on
the triathlon. In 1991, she finished third at the world championships. In 1992 and
1993, she was the International Triathlon Union World Champion. Since then, she has
never finished lower than fourth in any of the world championships she has
competed in. At the Sydney Olympics in 2000 she won the silver medal in the
Women's Triathlon, the first time the event had been included in the Olympic Games.
Recently, for the first time in 15 years, Jones was not selected as part of the national
team and therefore did not compete in the 2004 Olympics in Athens.
Fu Mingxia
Date of Birth: 16th August, 1978
Country: China
Fu Mingxia first stood on top of the 10-metre diving platform at the age of nine. At 12
years old she won a Guinness Record when she became the youngest female to win
the women's world title for platform diving at the World Championships in Australia
in 1991. At the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, she took the gold medal in the
women's 10-metre platform, becoming the youngest Olympic diving champion of all
time. This was followed by great success at the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games where
she won gold for both the 10-metre platform and the three-metre springboard. This
made her the first woman in Olympic diving history to win three gold medals. She
retired from diving after Atlanta and went to study economics at university. While
there she decided to make a comeback and went on to compete at the Sydney
Olympic Games, where she won her fourth Olympic gold, again making Olympic
history.
Martin Strel
Date of Birth: 1st October, 1954
Country: Slovenia
Strel was trained as a guitarist before he became a professional marathon swimmer
in 1978. He has a passion for swimming the world's great rivers. In 2000, he was the
first person ever to swim the entire length of the Danube River in Europe - a distance
of 3,004 kilometres in 58 days. For this, he attained his first entry in the Guinness
Book of World Records. Then in 2001 he broke the Guinness record for non-stop
swimming - 504.5 kilometres in the Danube River in 84 hours and 10 minutes. Martin
won his third entry in the Guinness Book of World Records in 2002 when he beat his
own record for long distance swimming by swimming the length of the Mississippi
River in North America in 68 days, a total of 3,797 kilometres. Then in 2003 he
became the first man to have swum the whole 1,929 kilometres of the difficult
Parana River in South America.In 2004, Strel again broke his own Guinness record by
swimming the length of the dangerous Changjiang River (4,600 km), the third longest
fiver in the world.
兰斯·阿姆斯特郎
出生日期：1971 年9 月8 日
国籍：美国
兰斯·阿姆斯特郎的环法自行车赛最快平均速度的吉尼斯记录是他 1999
年以 40.27 公里 小时的平均速度创造的。在少年时期，他是一名三项全能比赛
的运动员，但到 16 岁时，他开始集中精力于自行车运动。在 1992 年奥运会之
前他还只是一名业余车手，但是在参加奥运会比赛之后，他就成为一名专业车手
了。在随后的几年里，他获得了许多称号。到了 1996 年，他已经成为世界第一了。
然而，在1996 年10 月，他发现自己患了癌症，不得不放弃骑车运动。在成功地战
胜病魔之后，他于1998 年正式重返赛场。1999 年他赢得了环法自行车赛的冠军。
到2003 年，他完成了自己在环法自行车赛上五次夺冠的目标。
米歇尔· 琼斯
出生日期：1969 年6 月9 日
国籍：澳大利亚
1988 年，米歇尔· 琼斯在澳大利亚帮助创建了“多项运动”比赛——三项
全能运动。1990 年她取得教师资格证以后，就把精力集中在三项全能运动上。在
1991 年的世界锦标赛上她得了第三名。在1992 年和1993 年，她取得了国际铁人
三项联盟的冠军。从那以后，在她所参加的任何一次世界锦标赛中，她从来没有
低于第四名的成绩。在 2000 年的悉尼奥运会上，她又取得了女子三项全能运动
的银牌。该项运动还是首次被纳入奥运会。最近，琼斯没有入选国家队，这是她15
年来首次未被入选，因而她没能参加2004 年的雅典奥运会。
伏明霞
出生日期：1978 年8 月16 日
国籍：中国
伏明霞首次站在10 米跳台上是在她9 岁的时候。1991 年，12 岁的伏明霞就
获得了一项吉尼斯记录，当时她参加了在澳大利亚举行的跳台跳水世界锦标赛，
成为最年轻的女子世界冠军。在 1992 年的巴塞罗那奥运会上，她夺得女子 10
米跳台的金牌，成为有史以来最年轻的奥运会跳水冠军。随后的巨大成功是在
1996 年的亚特兰大奥运会上， 她又夺得 10 米跳台和 3 米跳板的金牌。 这使
伏明霞成为奥运会跳水史上第一位连续夺得三枚金牌的女子。在亚特兰大之后，
伏明霞退股，到大学里学习经济。读书期间，她决定复出参加悉尼奥运会，结果她
又获得第四枚奥运会金牌，再次改写了奥运会历史。
马丁·斯特雷
出生日期：1954 年10 月1 日
国籍：斯洛文尼亚
在1978 年成为职业马拉松游泳运动员之前，斯特雷曾被作为吉他手培养。但
是他有一股热情， 想要到世界上的大江大河中去游泳。2000 年， 他成为游完欧
洲多瑙河全程的第一人—58 天游完了 3004 公里。 为此，他第一次进入了《吉
尼斯世界纪录大全》。随后在2001 年，他打破了全程无间断游泳的吉尼斯世界纪
录——在多瑙河中以84 小时10 分的时间游了504.5 公里。马丁于2002 年第三
次进入《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》，这次他打破了自己创下的远距离游泳的世界纪
录——在68 天内总共游完北美洲密西西比河的3797 公里。然后在2003 年他成
为游完难度巨大，全程1929 公里的南美洲巴拉那河的第一人。到 2004 年，斯特
雷再次破了他自己的吉尼斯记录,游了世界上第三大河长江的危险河段 4600 公
里。
选修9 Unit 2 Sailing the oceans-Reading
SRILING THE OCERNS
海洋航行
We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude
made it possible to plot a ship's position on a map. The voyages of travellers before
the 17th century show that they were not at the mercy of the sea even though they
did not have modern navigational aids. So how did they navigate so well? Read these
pages from an encyclopedia.
Page 1:
Using nature to help Keeping alongside the coastline
This seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration which carried
the minimum amount of risk.
Using celestial bodies
North Star
At the North Pole the North Star is at its highest position in the sky, but at the
equator it is along the horizon. So accomplished navigators were able to use it to plot
their positions.
Sun
On a clear day especially during the summer the sailors could use the sun overhead
at midday to navigate by. They can use the height of the sun to work out their
latitude.
Clouds
Sea captains observed the clouds over islands. There is a special cloud formation
which indicates there is land close by.
Using wildlife
Seaweed
Sailors often saw seaweed in the sea and could tell by the colour and smell how long
it had been them. If it was fresh and smelled strongly,then the ship was close to land.
Birds
Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen. In
the evening nesting birds return to land and their nests. So seamen could follow the
birds to land even if they were offshore and in the open sea.
Using the weather
Fog
Fog gathers at sea as well as over streams or rivers. Seamen used it to help identify
the position of a stream or river when they were close to land.
Winds
Wise seamen used the winds to direct their sailing. They could accelerate the speed,
but they could also be dangerous. So the Vikings would observe the winds before
and during their outward or return journeys.
Using the sea
Certain tides and currents could be used by skillful sailors to carry ships to their
destination.These skills helped sailors explore the seas and discover new lands. They
increased their ability to navigate new seas when they used instruments.
我们很可能感到奇怪,在经纬度被用来在地图上标出船只位置之前,海员是
如何对海洋进行探索的。17 世纪以前的航海记录显示,即使没有现代航海技术的
帮助,他们也没有任凭海洋摆布(at the mercy of)。那么他们是怎样航行得如此
之好的呢？读读百科全书(encyclopedia)这几页上的记载吧。
第一页：
借助大自然使船只沿海岸线行驶
这似乎是最早的、最有用的探险(exploration)方式,所冒的风险也最小。
利用天体(celestial bodies)
●北极星
在北极, 北极星是在天上的最高位置；而在赤道(equator)上，北极星却在
地平线(horizon)上。因此，熟练的航海探险家就能够利用北极星来确定他们自
己的位置。
●太阳
在晴朗的日子里，特别是夏天，船员可以利用正午在头顶上(overhead)的太
阳来导航。他们可以利用太阳的高度来计算出他们自己的位置。
●云层
海上的船长观测岛上的云层。有一种特殊的云彩的形状表明附近有陆地。
利用野生动植物
●海藻
海员常常看到海里的海藻，并能根据它的颜色和气味判断这种海藻在那儿有
多久了。如果它颜色新鲜而且气味浓烈,那说明船只就离陆地很近了。
●鸟
在看不见陆地的时候, 可以用海鸟来指明通往陆地的去路。在夜晚的时候,
筑巢而居的鸟就要返回陆地鸟窝。因此, 即使在远离海岸的大洋上, 海员们也可
以跟随这些鸟儿到达陆地。
利用天气
●雾
正如雾气汇聚在溪流或江河上一样, 雾气也能汇聚在海洋上。当靠近陆地时
海员们可以用雾气来帮助确定溪流或江河的位置。
●风
聪明的海员常常利用风向来导航。风向可以使船只加快速度，也可以造成危
险。于是，北欧的海盗们在出海或返航时都要观察风向。
利用大海
技术娴熟的海员可以利用大海的某些潮汐(tides)或浪潮把船送往他们的目
的地。
第二页：
利用航海工具
找出经度
直到 17 世纪英国人解决了这个理论问题后,人们才有了测量经度的可靠方
法 。以前没有人知道地球每小时向东转动约15 度，然而海员们确实知道用速度
和时间来计算经度的近似标准的方法。早期测量速度的方法是沿着船边拉一根打
结的(knotted)绳子，把这根绳子系在一根圆木(log)上，然后把它抛入海里。当
船只在水中前进时，这些绳结从海员的手中通过, 这时海员就记下绳结的数目。
在一定时间内计算出有多少个结, 就可以算出船只每小时航行多少海里
(nautical miles)的速度。
后来, 当12 世纪海员们开始使用指南针的时候, 他们就可以用复杂的数学
表来计算出经度了。指南针有一个特殊的磁针(magnetic), 始终指着北极。因此
人们用它来帮助找出船只所要去的方向。这样, 即使在大海中船只也可以直线航
行。
找出纬度(latitude)
●方位圆
这是最早用来测量太阳位置的工具。海员可以测量太阳的影子，并把它同太
阳在正午时的高度作比较，这样就可以知道自己是在正确的航道上或是在随意行
驶。
●星盘
星盘、象限仪和六分仪相互都有联系。它们是在彼此的基础上发展而成的。
最早的是星盘，它是一种特殊的集多功能于一体的工具，它可以用来表明船只同
太阳和布满天空的各种星星之间的相关位置。这样船员们就可得知当地的时间，
以及他们在海上的纬度。但是，它不容易使用，因为其参照(reference)点之一就
是行驶中的船只本身。
●象限仪
这是一种比较精确而且比较简单的星盘。它利用星盘的 1 /4 圆周而不是整
个圆来测量星星在水平线上的高度。它比较容易操作，因为它比较轻便
(portable)。缺点仍旧是使用移动的船只作为一个固定的参照点。因为船只在海
浪中起伏不定，所以很难测出精确的读数。
●六分仪
六分仪是方位圆和象限仪的改进版，它减少了出差错的可能性。在这些早期
的航海仪器中，它被证明是最精确和最为可靠的一种，它的工作方式是用两块镜
子来测量船外两个固状物体之间的角度，这就使得计数更加精确，而且更加容易
操作。
Page 2:
Using navigational instruments to help
最伟大的航海里程
——
幸存的经验教训
Finding longitude
There was no secure method of measuring longitude until the 17th century when the
British solved this theoretical problem. Nobody knew that the earth moved
westwards 15 degrees every hour, but sailors did know an approximate method of
calculating longitude using speed and time. An early method of measuring speed
involved throwing a knotted rope tied to a log over the side of the ship. The rope was
tied to a log which was then thrown into the sea. As the ship advanced through the
water the knots were counted as they passed through a seaman's hands. The
number of knots that were counted during a fixed period of time gave the speed of
the ship in nautical miles per hour.
Later, when seamen began to use the compass in the 12th century they could
calculate longitude using complicated mathematical tables. The compass has a
special magnetic pointer which always indicates the North Pole, so it is used to help
find the direction that the ship needs to go. In this way the ship could set a straight
course even in the middle of the ocean.
Finding latitude
The Bearing Circle
It was the first instrument to measure the sun's position. A seaman would measure
the sun's shadow and compare it with the height of the sun at midday. Then he could
tell if he was sailing on his correct rather than a random course.
A Bearing Circle
The Astrolabe
The astrolabe, quadrant and sextant are all connected. They are developments of
one another. The earliest, the astrolabe, was a special all-in-one tool for telling the
position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole
sky. This gave the seamen the local time and allowed them to find their latitude at
sea. However, it was awkward to use as one of the points of reference was the
moving ship itself.
The Quadrant
This was a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe. It measured how
high stars were above the horizon using a quarter circle rather than the full circle of
the astrolabe.It was easier to handle because it was more portable. Its shortcoming
was that it still used the moving ship as one of the fixed points of reference. As the
ship rose and plunged in the waves, it was extremely difficult to be accurate with any
reading.
The sextant
The sextant was the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant which reduced
the tendency to make mistakes. It proved to be the most accurate and reliable of
these early navigational instruments. It works by measuring the angle between two
fixed objects outside the ship using two mirrors. This made the calculations more
precise and easier to do.
1789 年我有幸与布莱船长乘坐一条敞篷船航行了40 余天，横穿太平洋，行
程约4000 英里。我们乘坐“邦蒂号”出发到塔希提岛这希航程中充满了各种事
件。我以为回国后可以讲这些故事,但是我完全错了！在我们离开(departure)塔
希提以后,有部分船员(crew)接管了这艘船。他们把船长放(deposit)进一条小船
里，让他自己想办法回家。可是还有别的什么人同他一起走吗？在“邦蒂号”上
的我们这些人有点儿进退两难：是冒着生命危险,挤坐在又小又拥挤的船上,只有
少量的食物和水更好呢？还是与船上的人一起呆在“邦蒂号”上,面对被英国海
军抓获的危险？想到这样对待布莱船长是多么错误的时候,留在船上的不利因素
似乎增多了,因此我随船长上了小船。随着黄昏降临,我们似乎面对着一个不可预
测的未来。没有航海图,允许船长带走的仪器只有一个指南针和一个四分仪。
一旦我们在海上,每天的事务总是一成不变。每当日出和日落的时候,船长就
用四分仪测量我们的位置,并用指南针确定航线。因为船只总是在晃动,所以我们
很难从四分仪上得到正确的读数。船长使用一个叫做 “航位推算(reckoning)”
的系统。他知道在我们原先位置的正西北方有陆地。因此,他的任务就是确保我
们要在那个航线上。正如你在地图上所能见到的那样,我们很好地保持着这条笔
直的航线。此外,船长还让我们大家都忙于解读表格,以计算出我们的位置。虽然
这项工作占去了大量的时间，但那并没有关系。毕竟我们有的就是时间。
我们的日常食物全都是平均分配的：一片面包和一杯水。这点儿份量的食物
只能让人处于饥饿之中,可是我们心理上最难承受的却是极度缺水。想想看,你的
四周全都是水,但是一滴都不能喝,因为水中的盐分会弄得你精神失常！船长一
直试图让我们保持良好的精神状态,他给我们讲故事,并且满怀希望地同我们谈
论回到英国后所要做的事。我们对他只是将信将疑罢了。
随着食物和水的供应渐渐(gradually)短缺, 船上的气氛也越来越紧张
(tension).可以预见到, 如果不能很快地靠岸登陆, 我们必死无疑。逐渐地我们
陷入一种昏昏欲睡奄奄一息的状态。船长同我们这些人一样地虚弱,但是他决意
不放弃。他每天继续不停地进行航海测量。他总是使我们忙个不停,并且竭力使
我们忘记饥渴(thirst)。他使我们活了下来。
你简直无法想象我们被放在(set loose)小船上漂泊了 40 天后在帝汶岛登
陆时的凄惨样子。我们衣衫褴褛(torn), 发着高烧, 从脸上就能看出我们所遭受
的痛苦。但是经过一段时间的休息,吃了几顿好饭,穿了几件新衣服之后一切情况
就都变了.我们不停地讲述着我们航行的经历,并且大家都想听我们讲。我们完成
了历史上最伟大的航海壮举,我们成了从鬼门关(jaws of death)逃出来的英雄！
THE GREATEST NAVIGATIONAL JOURNEY:A LESSON IN SURVIVAL
I am proud to have sailed with Captain Bligh on his journey of over 40 days
through about 4,000miles in an open boat across the Pacific Ocean in 1789. Our
outward voyage in the "Bounty" to Tahiti had been filled with the kind of incidents
that I thought would be my stories when I returned home. But how wrong I was! On
our departure from Tahiti, some of the crew took over the ship.They deposited the
captain into a small boat to let him find his own way home. But who else was to go
with him? Those of us on board the "Bounty" were caught in a dilemma. Was it
better to risk certain death by sitting close together on a small, crowded open boat
with very little food and water? Or should one stay on the "Bounty" with the crew
and face certain death from the British Navy if caught? The drawback of staying on
the ship seemed to grow as I thought about how wrong it was to treat Captain Bligh
in this way. So I joined him in the small boat. As dusk fell, we seemed to face an
uncertain future. We had no charts and the only instruments the captain was
allowed to take with him were a compass and a quadrant.
Once we were at sea, our routine every day was the same. At sunrise and sunset the
captain measured our position using the quadrant and set the course using the
compass. It was extremely difficult for us to get a correct reading from the quadrant
as the boat moved constantly. The captain used a system called "dead reckoning". He
knew there was land directly northwest of our original position. So his task was to
make sure we stayed on that course. As you can see from the map we kept to a
straight course pretty well. In addition, the captain kept us all busy reading the tables
to work out our position. Although this took a great deal of time, it didn't matter.
Time was, after all, what we had a lot of!
Our daily food was shared equally among us all: one piece of bread and one cup
of water. It was starvation quantities but the extreme lack of water was the hardest
to cope with psychologically. Imagine all that water around you, but none of it was
safe to drink because the salt in it would drive you mad! All the time the captain tried
to preserve our good spirits by telling stories and talking hopefully about what we
would do when we got back to England. We only half believed him.
The tension in the boat got worse as the supply of food and water gradually
disappeared. We could foresee that we would die if we could not reach land very
soon and we sank gradually into a sleepy, half-alive state. The captain was as weak as
the rest of us, but he was determined not to give up. He continued his navigational
measurements every day. He kept us busy and tried to take our minds off our
stomachs and our thirst. He kept us alive.
You could not imagine a more disturbing sight than what we looked like when
arriving in Timor over forty days after being set loose in our small boat. Our clothes
were torn, we had fever and our faces showed the hardships we had suffered. But
after a rest, some good meals and some new clothes, everything changed. We
couldn't stop talking about our voyage and everybody wanted to hear about it. We
were the heroes who had escaped the jaws of death by completing the greatest
navigational feat of all time!
选修9 Unit 3 Australia-Reading
GLIMPSES OF AUSTRALIA
澳大利亚小览
AUSTRALIA
Capital: Canberra Offcial name: Commonwealth of Australia
Area: 7,686,850 km2 Population: 20 million
Highest point: Mount Kosciuszko, 2,228 metres above sea level
Lowest point: Lake Eyre, 15 metres below sea level
Australia is the only country that is also a continent. It is the sixth largest country in
the world and is in the smallest continent - Oceania. It is a mainly dry country with
only a few coastal areas that have adequate rainfall to support a large population.
Approximately 80 of Australians live in the south-eastern coastal area, which includes
Australia's two largest cities – Melbourne and Sydney. The centre of the continent,
which is mainly desert and dry grassland, has few settlements.
Australia is famous for its huge, open spaces, bright sunshine, enormous number
of sheep and cattle and its unusual wildlife, which include kangaroos and koalas.
Australia is a popular destination with tourists from all over the world who come to
experience its unique ecology.
Australia is made up of six states. Like the states in America, Australian states are
autonomous in some areas of government. However, Australia has a federal
government responsible for matters that affect people all over the country, such as
defence, foreign policy and taxation. The federal parliament is located in Canberra.
CITIZENSHIP CEREMONIES PLANNED AROUND AUSTRALIA
On 26 January, Australia Day, in over 200 locations across the nation , more than
9,000 people will become Australian citizens.
"By these citizenship ceremonies we welcome those who have come from
overseas from many different cultural and social backgrounds into our communities
and our nation," said the Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs. "Australia
Day celebrations that include people from so many birthplaces are an excellent way
to encourage tolerance, respect and friendship among all the people of Australia."
Most citizenship ceremonies will be followed by displays of singing and dancing
from many of the migrants' homelands and the tasting of food from all over the
world.
Go by plane and see clouds
Go by TRAIN and see Australia
Enjoy 3 nights on board the Indian-Pacific
On this 4,352-km journey from Sydney to Perth via Adelaide you'll view some ot
Australias unique scenery from the superb Blue Mountains to the treeless plains of
the Nuliarbor. Along the way you will spot a fascinating variety of wildlife.
Enjoy 2 nights on board the Ghan
As you travel from Adelaide to Darwin via Alice Springs, you'll observe some of
Australia's
most spectacular landscapes - from the rolling hills surrounding Adelaide to the rusty
reds of
Australia's centre and the tropical splendour of Darwin.
For more information, timetables and fares go to www.gsr.com.au/trains.htm
Dear Shen Ping,
I wish you could see this amazing rock. It is part of one of Australia's 14 Worm
Heritage Sites and
rises about 335 metres out of a vast, flat sandy plain. A t different times of the day it
appears to
change co/our, from grey-red at sunrise, to golden and finally to burning red at dusk.
Aboriginal people have lived near Uluru for thousands of years and yout can walk
around it with an Aboriainal guide to learn about their customs, art, religion and day-
to-day life. It is also possible to climb the rock, but most people don't do this out of
respect for the Aboriginal people who consider the rock to be sacred. I’ll be back in
Sydney in a fortnight because I've made a reservation on the Indian Pacific train to
Perth.
love Jack
Tours outside Hobart
Drive 250 km northwestwards from Hobart along the A10 highway and you'll arrive
at the southern end of the magnificent Cradle Mountain National Park and World
Heritage area. This park is famous for its mountain peaks, lakes and ancient forests. A
popular attraction for active tourists is the 80-km walking track that joins the
southern and northern ends of the park. There are also a range of short walks.
澳大利亚
首都:堪培拉
正式国名:澳大利亚联邦(commonwealth)
面积: 7 686 850 平方公里 人口:2 千万
最高点:科西阿斯科山,高出海平面2228m
最低点:艾尔湖, 低于海平面15m
澳大利亚是唯一一个既是国家又是大陆的国家。它是世界上第六大的国家,
并且位于最小的大陆——大洋洲(Oceania). 这是一个干旱气候为主的国家, 只
有少部分沿海地区有充足雨量, 可以维持着大量人口的生存。大约有 80%的澳大
利亚人居住在东南沿海地区，这里包括澳大利亚两个最大的城市——墨尔本和悉
尼。
大陆中央主要是沙漠和干草地很少有人居住。
澳大利亚以其开阔的疆域、明媚的阳光、数不尽的牛羊和奇特的野生动植物
而闻名，其中包括袋鼠和树袋熊。澳大利亚是一个受人欢迎的旅游胜地，世界各
地的游客来到这里体验它独特的生态环境。
澳大利亚是由六个州组成的。像美国的州一样，澳大利亚的州政府的某些部
门自治。然而， 澳大利亚有一个联邦政府负责管理涉及全国人民的事务，诸如国
防、外交政策和税收(taxation)等。联邦议会设在堪培拉。
澳大利亚的公民庆典活动
1 月26 是澳大利亚日，全国200 多个地方的9 000 多人将成为澳大利亚的公
民。
“我们以这些公民(citizenship)庆典的形式欢迎来自不同文化和社会背景
的人加入到我们这个群体和国家中来。”公民与多元化事务部部长说。“来自许
多不同的出生地的人参加澳大利亚日庆典活动.这种庆典活动是在澳洲全体人民
中鼓励宽容(tolerance)、尊重和友爱的一种极佳方式。”
通常在公民庆典活动之后有一些来自移民(migrant)国家的歌舞表演，还有
品尝世界各地美味佳肴的活动。
乘飞机观云彩
坐火车看澳洲
乘印度洋——太平洋号列车三日游
从悉尼经(via)阿德莱德到佩思长达 4332 公里的旅途中, 你将看到澳大利
亚所特有的美景,既有巍峨秀美的蓝山,也有望不见树木的纳拉伯平原。沿途中,
你还将看到各种各样引人入胜的野生动植物.
乘格安列车二日游
从阿德莱德经爱丽丝温泉到达尔文的旅程中，你可以看到澳大利亚最壮丽的
风景——从环绕阿德莱德的延绵起伏的群山，到澳大利亚中部的红色(rusty)土
地，到达尔文美丽的热带景观(tropical splendour)。
查询详情、时间表与费用等请登陆：www.gsr.com.au/trains.htm
亲爱的沈平：
真希望你能够亲眼看到这块令人惊叹的岩石。它是澳大利亚 14 项世界遗产
(heritage)之一，矗立在一片广阔的沙地平原上，高达 335 米。在不同时间里，
这块岩石会呈现出不同的颜色，从日出时的灰红,到金黄,最后到黄昏时的火红。
澳洲土著人(aboriginal)居住在乌卢鲁附近已经有几千年了。你可以找一位土著
人向导带你去走一走，了解那里人们的习俗、艺术、宗教和日常生活。要爬上这个
巨石也是可能的，但大多数人们出于对土著人的尊敬(out of respect)而不这么
做因为他们认为这块岩石是神圣的。我会在两个星期后返回悉尼，因为我已经预
定(reservation)好了印度洋——太平洋号火车票前往佩思。
杰克
霍巴特市
外之旅
从霍巴特沿 A10 号公路朝西北方向行驶 250 公里，你就来到景色壮观的摇
篮(Cradle)山国家公园暨世界遗产保护区的南端。这座公园以山峰、湖泊和远古
森林而闻名。喜爱运动的旅游者还有个好去处， 那就是贯穿公园南北的一条 80
公里长的徒步旅行路线，此外还有一些短途旅行路线。
Reading and discussing
Before you read the following text, read the title and look at the pictures. Discuss
with a partner what you expect to read about in the text.
AUSTRALIA’S DANGEROUS CREATURES
澳大利亚的危险动物
Australia is home to more than 170 different kinds of snake and 115 of these are
poisonous. In fact, Australia has more kinds of venomous snake than any other
country in the world. Luckily, the poison of most snakes can kill or paralyze only small
creatures.A few varieties, however, can kill humans, so it is just as well that snakes
are very shy and usually attack only if they are disturbed and feel threatened.
There are also approximately 2,000 different kinds of spider in Australia and, like
snakes, most have a poisonous bite. However, the majority have no effect on humans
or cause only mild sickness.Only a few have venom that is powerful enough to kill a
human being. While a small number of Australians are bitten by spiders each year,
most recover without any medical treatment.
The seas around Australia contain over 160 different kinds of shark, which vary in
size from just 20 centimetres to over 14 metres. However, although they look
dangerous because of their wide mouths and sharp teeth, all but two or three kinds
are harmless to humans.
Another potentially dangerous sea animal is the jellyfish. Most kinds of
poisonous jellyfish can cause severe pain to anyone who touches them but the
poison of the box jellyfish can actually kill a human, especially if that person has a
weak heart. The tiniest amount of poison from a box jellyfish can kill in less than five
minutes and it is probably the most poisonous animal in the world.
There is one other dangerous animal in Australia worth mentioning, and that is
the crocodile. Although two types of crocodile live in Australia, only the saltwater
crocodile has been known to kill humans. This crocodile moves very quickly when it
sees something it considers to be food, and from time to time a crocodile has
snatched someone before he or she is even aware that the crocodile is there.
You might think that with all these dangerous animals Australia is an unsafe
place to live in or visit. However, this is far from the truth. There are no more than a
handful of shark attacks each year and only three deaths have been reported in the
last five years.Similarly, in the last three years there have been only two reported
deaths from crocodile attacks. Since 1956, when an anti-venom treatment for
redback spider bites was developed, there have been no deaths from redbacks, and
since 1981 when a treatment was developed for funnelweb spider poison, there
have been no deaths from this spider either. Treatments for jellyfish stings and
s~aakebites have also been developed and in the last five years there have been only
three deaths from jellyfish stings and about the same number from snakebites.
澳大利亚是170 多种蛇的家乡，其中有115 种是毒蛇。事实上，澳大利亚比世
界上任何其它国家的毒(venomous)蛇品种都多。幸运的是, 多数毒蛇的毒素只能
杀死小动物, 或使它们瘫痪(paralyze)。不过, 还是有少数几种蛇能致人于死地
好在蛇都胆小怕事, 通常只在被打扰和感到有威胁时才会出击。
在澳大利亚，还有着将近2 000 种不同种类的蜘蛛。它们同蛇一样，多数蜘
蛛咬起来也有毒。然而, 绝大多数蜘蛛的毒素对人体并没有影响, 或者只能引起
轻微病痛。只有少数蜘蛛有剧毒(venom), 足以致人于死地。虽然每年有少数人
被蜘蛛咬伤，但多数人不经治疗就能痊愈。
在环绕着澳大利亚的海域里有 160 多种鲨鱼，它们的体长从20 厘米到14 米
不等。尽管它们有宽大的嘴巴和锋利的牙齿，看上去很危险，然而除了两三种之
外，其余的对人类并没有危害。
另外一种具有潜在危险的海洋动物就是水母。多数有毒水母都会使任何触碰
到它们的人痛苦万分，而箱水母的毒素则足以致人死亡，特别是如果这个人的心
脏虚弱的话。箱水母极少量的毒素就可以在五分钟内致人死命，它也许是世界上
最毒的动物。
澳大利亚还有一种值得一提的危险动物就是鳄鱼。虽然澳大利亚有两种类型
的鳄鱼，但是我们只知道咸水鳄才会致人于死地。当这种鳄鱼看到某个东西并认
为是食物的时候，它就会迅速行动，就这样时常捕获(snatch)住那些还未来得及
察觉到鳄鱼的人。
澳大利亚有这么多危险的动物，你也许会认为在这里居住或到这里旅游很不
安全。但事实并非如此。每年只有少量的鲨鱼袭人事件，而且在过去五年里，只有
三例死亡报道。与此相似的是在过去的三年间也只有两起鳄鱼袭击致死的报道。
1956 年研制出一种治疗红背毒蜘蛛咬伤(anti-venom)的疗法，以后就再没有发
生过红背蜘蛛咬死人的事件了。1981 年研制出一种对付漏斗蜘蛛的疗法,那以后
就也没有人因此而死亡。治疗水母刺伤和毒蛇咬伤的方法也已经研制成功。在过
去的五年里只有三人死于水母刺伤，这与被蛇咬伤致死的人数大体相同。
选修9 Unit 4 Exploring plants-Reading
PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES
18
世纪和
19
世纪的植
物探索
The plants in our gardens look so familiar that often we do not realize that many
of them actually come from countries far away. Collecting "exotic" plants, as they are
called, dates back to the earliest times. Many ancient civilisations saw the value of
bringing back plants from distant lands. The first plant collecting expedition recorded
in history was around 1500 BC when the Queen of Egypt sent ships away to gather
plants, animals and other goods.
However, it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the
exploration of the botanical world began on a large scale. Europe had become
interested in scientific discovery and the European middle classes took great interest
in collecting new plants. This
attraction to exotic plants grew as European nations, like the Netherlands, Britain and
Spain, moved into other parts of the world like Asia and Australia. Brave young men
took the opportunity of going on botanical expeditions, often facing many dangers
including disease,near-starvation, severe environments and conflicts with the local
people.
An important group of collectors were Frencn Catholic missionaries who, by the
middle of the 18th century, were beginning to set themselves up in China. One such
missionary, Father d'Incarville, was sent to Beijing in the 1740s. He collected seeds of
trees and bushes including those of the Tree of Heaven. Just before he died, he sent
some Tree of Heaven seeds to England. They arrived in 1751 and plants from these
seeds were grown throughout Europe and later, in 1784, the species was introduced
in North America.
Sir Joseph Banks was a very famous British plant collector, who accompanied
James Cook on his first voyage from England to Oceania. The purpose of the trip for
Banks was to record the plant and animal life they came across. He and his team
collected examples whenever they went onto dry land. In 1769, Banks collected vast
quantities of plants in the land now known as Australia. None of these plants had
been recorded by Europeans before. Cook called the bay where the Endeavour had
anchored Botany Bay.
Keeping plants alive during long land or sea voyages was an enormous challenge.
Large numbers of seeds failed to grow after long sea voyages or trips across land
between Asia and Europe. One plant explorer lost several years' work when his
plants were mined with seawater.
The world of plant exploration was completely changed with Dr Nathaniel Ward's
invention of a tightly sealed portable glass container. This invention, called the
Wardian case, allowed plants to be transported on long journeys. In 1833, Ward
shipped two cases of British plants to Sydney, Australia. All the plants survived the
six-month journey. In 1835, the cases made a return trip with some Australian
species that had never been successfully transported before. After eight months at
sea, they arrived safely in London.
A British man called Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant collectors to
use Wardian cases. He made several trips to China between 1843 and 1859. At that
time, there were restrictions on the movement of Europeans and so, in order to
travel unnoticed, he developed his fluency in Chinese and dressed as a Chinese man,
even shaving his head in the Chinese style. He experienced many adventures
including huge thunderstorms in the Yellow Sea and pirates on the Yangtze River. Not
only did Fortune introduce over 120 species of plants to Western gardens but he also
shipped 20,000 tea plants from Shanghai to India, where a successful tea industry
was established.
The second half of the nineteenth century was a very important period of plant
exploration. During this time many Catholic missionaries were sent to China from
France. They valued the study of the natural sciences and many of the missionaries
knew a lot about plants and animals. Their expeditions resulted in huge plant
collections, which were sent back to France. One of the collectors was Father Farges,
who collected 37 seeds from a tree that had appealed to him. This tree was later
called the Dove Tree. He sent the seeds back to France in
1897 but only one seed grew.
Although the missionaries collected large numbers of soecimens. there was not
enough material for growing particular species in Western gardens. However,
European botanists were very excited with the knowledge that China had a vast
variety of plants, so many plant collectors were sent on collecting trips to China. One
of these collectors was E H Wilson who, in 1899, was able to collect a large quantity
of seeds of the Dove Tree that Father Farges had discovered. Wilson and other plant
collectors introduced many new plants to Western gardens.
我们花园里的植物看上去是那么熟悉,以致我们常常意识不到在这些植物中有许
多实际上来自遥远的国度。收集所谓的“异国”(exotic)植物要追溯(date back
to)到很久以前。许多古老文化都懂得从遥远的地方把植物带回来的价值。历史
上有记载的第一个收集植物的探险是在公元前 1500 年，埃及女王派出船只去收
集植物、动物以及其他货物。
然而，直到 18 世纪和 19 世纪人们对植物世界大规模(scale)的探索才开
始。那时欧洲对抖学发现已经倍感兴趣，而欧洲的中产阶级则特别热衷于收集新
的植物。随着欧洲人，如荷兰、英国和西班牙向世界其他地区，如亚洲和澳洲的迁
徙，这种对异域植物的吸吸引也在增长。勇敢的年轻人借机进行植物探索活动，
他们常常面临许多危险，如疾病、饥饿、严酷的环境以及同当地居民的冲突。
有一群重要的收集者是法国天主教教士(missionaries) 18 世纪中叶，他们
开始进入中国。其中有一位叫汤执中的传教士于 18 世纪 40 年代被派赴北京。
他收集了树种、灌木种，其中包括天堂树的种子。就在他去世之前，他还把一些天
堂树的种子送到了英国。1751 年它们抵达英国，由这些树种长成的树遍布了全
欧洲。后来在 1784 年，这个物种又被引进到了北美。
约瑟夫·班克斯爵士是一位著名的英国植物收集家、他曾经陪同詹姆斯·库
克进行了从英国到大洋洲的首航。班克斯这次出行的目的就是把他们所见到的植
物和动物的情况记录下来。他和他的队员们每次进入干燥的土地时都要收集样品
1769 年，班克斯在我们如今所知道的名叫澳大利亚的这块土地上收集到大量的
植物，而在欧洲还没有有关这些植物的记载。库克还把“奋进号”(Endeavour)
抛锚(anchored)停靠的地方称为植物湾.
要使植物在陆地上或海上远距离航行时存活下来，是一个巨大的挑战。在亚
欧之间经过海上或陆上远程旅行之后，大量的种子都不能生长。曾有一位植物探
险家由于他的植物被海水侵蚀腐烂而使他好几年的成果毁于一旦。
纳撒尼尔·沃德医生所发明的便携式密封玻璃容器彻底改变了植物探索的
世界.这项发明被称为沃德箱，可以用来进行远距离的植物运输。l833 年，沃德
把两箱英国植物运到了澳大利亚的悉尼。所有这些植物经过六个月的航行都存活
了下来。l835 年这些箱子又带着一些过去从来没有被成功运输过的澳洲物种作
了回程之旅。在海上历经八个月的航行之后，它们安全抵达了伦敦。
有一位名叫罗伯特·福琼的英国人,是使用沃德箱的最早期的植物收集家之
一。在 1843～1859 年之间,他曾多次到中国。那时候，欧洲人在中国的活动受到
种种限制(restrictions)，因此，为了在旅行中不引起别人注意，他努力使自己
的汉语讲得很流利(fluency),并且穿着中国人的服装，甚至像中国人一样削发
(留辫)。他经历过多次险情, 包括在黄海碰到过巨大的风暴, 以及在长江遭遇海
盗(pirates)的袭击。福琼不仅把 120 余种植物引入西方园林，而且还把两万株
茶树用船从上海运到了印度，印度的制茶工业就成功地发展起来了。
19 世纪下半期是植物探索的一个非常重要的时期。在这期间, 许多法国天
主教的传教士被派到中国。他们很着重自然科学的研究, 而且许多传教士对动植
物都很了解。他们远征的结果是收集了大量的植物, 并把它们运回法国。其中一
位叫作法尔热的神父, 从他所喜爱的一棵树上收集了 37 粒种子。这种树后来被
称作鸽子(Dove)树。他于 l897 年把这些种子送回法国，但是只有一粒种子得以
生长。
虽然传教士收集了大量的物种，但是在西方人的花园里种植特殊物种的材料
仍很缺乏。然而欧洲植物学家(botanists)知道中国有着品种繁多的植物，并为
此感到兴奋不已。因此，许多植物收集人员被派去中国进行采集工作，其中有一
位叫做 E·H·威尔逊的，他在 1899 年收集到大量的法尔热神父所发现的鸽子
树种子。威尔逊及其他植物收集者为西方人的花园引进了许多新的植物。
Reading and discussing
Before you read the text on page 38, have a quick glance at it. What is the text
about? What do the pictures show you? What is the chart about?
选修九Unit4 THEIR ANIMAIL POLLINATORS 花朵及其动物传媒
Over time, many flowering plants and their animal
pollinators have evolved together. 许多开花的植物长期以来是和它们的动
物传媒一起发展的。The plant needs the animal to pollinate it and t
he animal is rewarded with food called nectar when it visits the
flowers. 植物需要动物帮它授粉，动物从中得到回报——当其接触花时，能够得
到被称作花粉的食物。 Pollen becomes attached to the animal during
its visit to a flower and is then passed on to another plant's
blossom on its next visit. 动物接触一朵花时，花粉就附着在它的身上，动
物接触下一朵时，就把这些花粉传到另外的那朵花上。So pollination takes pl
ace, therefore increasing the chances of the survival of the plant
species. 这样通过授粉就增加了植物物种生存的机会。 Thr
ough evolution, most flowers have adapted to attract specific types
of pollinators. 通过进化，大部分花朵变得适于吸引某种花粉传播者。Bees, m
oths and butterflies are the most important pollinators. Flies, wasps,
beetles and other animals such as birds and bats are less comm
on. 蜜蜂、飞蛾和蝴蝶是最重要的传媒。而苍蝇、黄蜂、甲虫和其他诸如小鸟、蝙
蝠之类的动物则是较为少见的传媒。
The type of pollinator depends on the characteristics of the flower
such as its colour, shape, size and smell. 花粉传播者的类型取决于花
朵的特性，如花朵的颜色、形状、大小和气味。For example, yellow flowers a
ttract bees, while red flowers attract butterflies. 举例来说，黄色的花吸
引蜜蜂，而红色的花则吸引蝴蝶。The nectar in some flowers can only
be reached by a bird with a long bill or a long-tongued moth
or butterfly. 有些花的花粉只有长嘴鸟、长舌蛾或者蝴蝶才可以够得着。The
chart below describes some features of flowers that attract certain
kinds of pollinators. 下面这张图表记述了吸引某种花粉传播者的花朵特性：
Pollinator 虫媒Typical flower characteristics 花朵的典型特性
Bees 蜜蜂Colour: bright yellow, blue; the flower often has a special
pattern to guide the bees to the nectar inside. 颜色：嫩黄色、蓝色；
这种花常有一种特殊的花纹，吸引蜜蜂找到里面的花蜜。
Shape: the petals are wide enough for bees to land on; usually the nectar is at the en
d of a small, narrow tube whose length is the same as the tongue of a particular speci
es. Smell: delicate, fragrant. 形状：花瓣宽大，足够蜜蜂落在上面，花粉通常在
狭小的花管子的一段，其长度于特定花粉传播者的舌头相当。 气味：微弱，芳香
Butterflies 蝴蝶Colour: red, orange. 颜色：红色、橙色
Shape: the petals form a tube of a suitable length for butterflies.
Tiny flowers are often in tight bunches that provide a place for
butterflies to land on, eg daisies. 形状：花瓣聚为管状，其长度适应蝴蝶
纤小的花朵经常聚在一块儿，自成一束，以便蝴蝶能有地方降落，如雏菊。 Smell
: odourless. 气味：无味。
Moths 飞蛾Colour: white, light-coloured so moths can see them at
night. 颜色：白色、浅色，以便飞蛾在夜晚能看清。
Shape: the petals form a deep tube to match the length of a
specific moth's tongue. The petals lie fiat or bend back so the
moth can get close to the flower. 形状：花瓣开成一个深管子，其长度
与特定蛾子的舌头长度相当。花瓣伸展或向后弯曲，以便飞蛾靠近花朵。
Smell: strong, sweet perfume, typically only given out at night. 气
味：浓烈的香甜味，特别只在夜晚散发出来。
Flies 苍蝇Colour: dull-coloured, brownish red. 颜色：灰暗色、褐红色。 Sm
ell: strong like rotting meat. 气味：浓烈的像腐肉似的气味。
Humming-birds蜂鸟Colour: brightly coloured, especially red and orange.
颜色：线颜色，特别是鲜红色和橙色。
Shape: tube-shaped; petals bent back so birds can get close.形状：
管状，花瓣向后卷，以便鸟儿接近。
Smell: no odour. 气味：无臭味。
Bats 蝙蝠Colour: white, light-coloured so bats can see them at nigh
t. 颜色：白色、浅色，这样蝙蝠夜晚能够看到。
Shape: open at night; large, strong with wide mouths for long to
ngues. 形状：夜晚开花；大而坚，嘴宽，可供长舌伸入。
Smell: musty, fruity smell. 气味：发霉的果子味。
选修九Unit 5 Inside advertising 广告内情 HOW ADVERTISINC WORKS 广
告是如何起作用的
Do you know how many advertisements you are exposed to in y
our daily life? 你知道你在日常生活中要面对多少广告吗？Every day, we
pass by advertisements on buses and billboards, on trains and in
train stations, in shop windows, outside restaurants and on public
notice boards. 每天在公共汽车上和广告牌上，在火车和火车站里，在商店的
橱窗里，在餐馆的外边以及公告牌上，我们都会遇到广告。At home, we see
advertisements in magazines and newspapers and in the middle of
our favourite television programmes. 在家里，我们从报刊、杂志上，在我们
喜欢的电视节目间隙中都可以看到广告。We hear advertisements on the
radio and come across them on the Internet. 我们还可以从广播中听
到广告，在网络上看到广告。 Even some of the casual garments we
wear have brand names attached to them which turn us into wa
lking advertisements. 至在我们穿的有些休闲服上也印着品牌的名字，这就把
我们变成了―移动广告‖。With so many messages from advertisers filli
ng our daily lives, it is important to understand how advertisemen
ts work. Then we can avoid being controlled by them. 甚我们的日
常生活中充满了众多的广告信息，可见了解广告如何发挥作用是很重要的事情，
这样我们才有可能避免被广告左右。 What is an advertisement? 什么是
广告？
An advertisement is a message or announcement that informs or i
nfluences people. 广告是告知人们或对人们起影响作用的信息或告示。 It c
an use words, pictures, music or film to communicate its message.
它可能用文字、图片或影片来传达其信息。Adverts are not only made and
paid for by business, but also by individuals, organizations and ass
ociations that wish to inform or educate the public. 广告不仅可由
商家付费制作，也可以由想要向公众传达或教育公众的个人、组织或协会来出资
制作。
How do advertisers make effective advertisements? 广告商是如何制作
有效的广告的？ Identify your target 识别你的目标
Advertisers must pay the media for displaying their ads. 广告上必
须付费给展示广告的媒体。 Their money would be wasted if the mes
sage didn't reach its target audience, in other words the people
the advertisement intends to persuade. 如果信息不能传达给她的信息群
体，也就是广告意图说服的人群的话，那么他们的钱就白花了。 For example,
adolescent boys are more likely to buy computer games than any
other group, so it makes sense to make computer game ads that
appeal to this group. 举例说，进入青春期的男孩子就可能比任何其他人群
更愿意购买电脑游戏，因此，针对这个目标群体制作有吸引力的电脑游戏广告才
是有意义的。Having identified the target group, researchers find out
as much as possible about those in the target group, such as t
heir likes and dislikes, and how the product would fit into their
lives. 明确了广告的目标群体后，研究人员就会尽量收集这个群体的有关信息，
例如他们的好恶，以及如何使产品适应他们的生活。This information then fo
rms the basis for decisions about what type of advertising techniq
ues to use with this group. 于是，这个信息就构成了针对这部分人采用
何种广告技术的决策基础。
Appeal to your target 迎合你的目标
In order to persuade people to do something, advertisements often
appeal to our hopes and dreams or our emotions. 为了说服某人采
取某种行动，广告常常要迎合我们的希望、梦想或情感。For example, the on
e on the right, which advertises sports shoes, shows young people
doing exciting things. 譬如右图的运动鞋广告，它表现的是年轻人正做着一
些刺激的运动，
（广告的）颜色和其中的火焰也使人感到兴奋。The colours and the
flames also suggest excitement. The message it is sending is: "Buy our shoes and you'
ll live an exciting life in the 'fast lane'." 它所传递的信息是：―购买我们的运动鞋，
你就能在‗快车道‘过上令人兴奋的生活‖。The ad above, with the star in i
t, is for a new radio station. 上方的那幅广告（上面有一个五角星）是
为一个新的无线电台制作的。It appeals to people's desire to "fit in"
and be part of the group. 它迎合了人们想要―适应‖并成为其中一员
的愿望。 The message is: "Everyone else is listening and if you w
ant to be part of the group, you'd better listen too." 它传达的
信息是：―其他人都在听。如果你想成为其中的一份子，你最好也听一听。‖
Some advertisements appeal to people's desire to save m
oney. Others are more likely to be noticed if they are funny. 有
的广告迎合人们省钱的愿望，另外一些广告则因为有趣而受人注目。 Ads that
feature rich and famous people will grab the attention of those
who admire people like that. 而以有钱人和名人为特色的广告则会抓住
那些对他们羡慕的人的注意力。Some adverts, like the environmental prot
ection advertisement below, appeal to our conscience or our desire
to be worthy citizens.还有一些广告就像下面那种有关环境保护的广告，就符
合我们的良知，或者就迎合了我们想成为有价值的公民的愿望。
Use a suitable medium 采用合适的媒体
As well as reaching the right audience with the right techni
que, advertisers must also place their ads in the right medium.
正如要用恰当的方式吸引合适的消费者，广告商还得将广告置于恰当的媒体上。
Obviously, cost will play a.big part in this decision. 很明显，做这个
决定的时候，花销起很大的作用。Television adverts are expensive to make
and to show. 电视广告的制作与播放是非常昂贵的。You have to be a
big corporation with a big budget to afford television ads. 你必须
是一家大公司，有大笔经费，才能做得起电视广告。Advertisements in newspap
ers, on the other hand, are much cheaper. 而另外一方面，用报纸做
广告就会便宜得多。 As well as worrying about the expense, advertis
ers must also consider which media are most appropriate for their
product and which their target audience is most likely to see or
hear. 正如担心费用一样，广告客户还必须考虑哪种媒体最适合他们的产品，并
且他们的目标群体最愿意收看或收听哪种媒体。Because most cars have ra
dios, ads broadcast via radio can reach a lot of drivers very eas
ily. 因为大多数汽车都有收音机，司机们很容易地就能收听到通过无线电广播
传送的广告。 For this reason, it would be appropriate to use radi
o to advertise goods and services relating to cars. 因为这个缘故，
用无线电播送与汽车有关的产品与服务就很合适。However, it would be no
use advertising products on radio if the ad relies on visual effect
s.但是如果一项产品的广告要依靠视觉效果，那么它在收音机里播出就毫无意义
了。 Television adverts are great for generating emotional responses
to a product, but magazines and newspapers can give more detail.
电视广告能够激起人们对某种产品产生情感反应，但报刊杂志能够给更详细的介
绍。
How
effective
are
advertisements?
广告的效果如何？
However good an advertisement is, people are un
likely to be persuaded if the product is unsuitable for them. 一
则广告无论如何制作得多么好，如果产品不合适，也不可能使人信服。For exam
ple, no matter how good an ad for a car stereo system is, pe
ople who don't own cars are unlikely to run out and buy one.
举例来说，不管一个汽车的立体声系统多么好，那些没有汽车的人是不可能跑去
买它的。Look at the advertisements in this unit. 看一看本单元中的这
些广告吧。How many of the goods or services suit your interests
or lifestyle? 你对其中多少商品或服务感兴趣，它们是否符合你的生活方式呢？
Would really good advertising persuade you to buy products and s
ervices you are not interested in or have no use for? 是不是有
好的广告会说服你去买并不感兴趣或对你没有用处的商品服务呢？On the ot
her hand, being constantly exposed to advertisements can help to
change our opinions over time. 另一方面，经常处于广告的包围中，我们
的想法有可能随着时间的流逝而发生变化。This is why governments all o
ver the world pay a lot of money for ads on such things as
road safety. 这就是为什么世界各地的政府会花大量的金钱来制作诸如道路安
全之类的广告，They believe these adverts will affect the way people
think about their driving habits and will subsequently reduce the
number of road accidents.它们认为这些广告让人们认真思考 他们的驾驶
习惯，从而减少交通事故的数量。
选修九Unit 5 KEEPING
ADVERTISEDRS
HONEST
做广告的人应守诚信
Organizations and individuals advertise because they want to per
suade people to behave in certain ways, for example to buy a
certain brand of rice, stop speeding or see a movie at their cin
ema. 组织和个人都做广告，因为他们都说服别人按某种方式来行事，例如要你
买某个牌子的大米，或者要你停止高速驾车或在他们的电影院里看一场电影。
Advertisers go, to a lot of trouble and expense to make adverts
and so they want to make sure they achieve their purpose. 广告
制作者在广告上花了不少精力和财力，因此，他们要确保能达到他们的目的。
Unfortunately, not all advertisers are good or honest people. Unless
we have ways to protect ourselves, these dishonest advertisers will
tell lies or use methods that may mislead us. 不幸的是，并不是所
有的广告商都诚实、正直。除非我们有办法进行自我保护，否则这些不老实的广
告上就会说谎，或者采用误导我们的手段。Fortunately, most countries have
developed ways to control advertising and prevent false or unsuitab
le advertising. 好在多数国家都采用了一些办法来控制广告业，防止虚假不实
的广告。 The law 法律
One way to control advertising is to make laws that prevent
advertisers doing the wrong thing. 控制广告的办法之一就是制定法律以
约束广告商们的不法行为。 Many countries have laws that forbid ads
being shown at inappropriate times or in unsuitable places. 许多国
家制定了法律，禁止在不恰当的时间和不适宜的地点播放广告。 For example,
an ad that has an adult theme cannot be shown during children'
s television programmes. 譬如有成人内容的广告就不能在儿童电视节目的
时间里播放。In some countries advertising alcoholic drinks or tobacco
is banned altogether. 在有些国家里，酒类及烟草的广告都是一概被禁止的。
There are also laws in most places that prevent advertisers makin
g false statements about their products or from promoting immoral
or harmful behaviour. 在许多地方还制定了法律，以防止广告商为他们的产
品说假话，或者宣传不道德或有害的行为。
Advertising organizations 广告组织
Most advertisers are decent and honest, and they are as inte
rested as everyone else in making sure ads are ethical. 多数广告
商都是正派、诚实的。他们和其他人一样也致力于确保广告合乎道德规范。For t
his reason, most advertisers belong to advertising organizations that
not only educate and support their members, but also make rules
for everyone in the organization to follow. 为此，多数广告商都是从属
于某个广告组织。广告组织不仅仅对其成员进行教育和支持，而且还制定多种规
则让组织中的每个成员都必须遵守。They are called a code of ethics a
nd include such rules as: Advertisements must not be untruthful o
r misleading; Advertisements must not say bad things about other
people's products. 这些规则被称为道德规范，他们包括以下规则：广告一定不
能失实或误导；广告一定不能说别人产品的坏话。If well-known people are
used in advertisements, they must be honest and truthful about p
roducts they advertise. 如果广告中用到人名，那么他们必须对所宣传的产品
确保诚信。 Complaints organization 投诉机构
Even though there are laws and advertisers' codes of conduct,
some bad ads do get made. 虽然有法律和广告的行为规范，还是有很多
糟糕的广告被制作出来了。 This is why many countries have a gover
nment organization which examines complaints about ads. 这就是为什
么许多国家都设有检查有关广告投诉的政府机构。A consumer can complain
to the organization, giving reasons for their complaint, and if the complaint is correct,
the organization can make the
company stop using the offending advertisement. 消费者可以向这个机
构投诉，提出投诉的理由。如果投诉是正确的，该机构可以责令该公司停止用这
种令人不愉快的广告。 The consumer 消费者
You may have heard the saying: "Buyer Beware".你可能听说过―
买者自负‖的说法。 This means that the consumer is responsible for
checking the product before buying. 这就是说消费者有责任在购买其产
品之前对产品进行检查。 When it comes to advertising, consumers ne
ed to be educated about techniques used by advertisers so they
can judge the claims for themselves and not blindly accept everyt
hing that is said in advertisements. 涉及广告时，消费者需要了解广告商
所使用的伎俩。这样他们才能对各种广告主张做出自己的判断。而不致盲目地接
受广告中所说的一切。As we are flooded with advertisements in our
modem world, many schools believe it is their duty to educate s
tudents about advertising. 当今社会上广告泛滥成灾，许多学校认为它们有
责任对学生进行有关广告的教育。
