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文体分类练(三) 说明文之科普知识类
(限时:25 分钟)
Passage 1
(2023 浙江湖州、衢州、丽水二模)
In countries around the world,women do more unpaid labor—housework,child and elder
care,and the mental load of managing a family than men.New research suggests it takes a
health toll(代价)on many of them.
An analysis of 19 studies covering 70,310 people globally,which is published this month
in The Lancet(柳叶刀)Public Health,found that the more of this labor women do,the worse
their mental health.The findings point out women are more often diagnosed with anxiety and
depression than men.
Housework and child care,the research found,have much less of an impact on men’s
mental health.That’s probably because they do so much less of it.In the United States,women
do an average 4.5 hours of such work a day,compared with 2.8 hours for men,according to
data from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.In Greece,women
do 4.3 hours while men do an hour and a half.Even in the most gender-equal countries,like
Sweden,women do 50 minutes more a day than men.
It’s also because the type of such work men do is generally less time-sensitive.For
example,men are more often responsible for outdoor tasks,like mowing the lawn,that are
done less often and on their own schedule.Women are more likely to take on daily tasks that
need to be done at certain times,like preparing meals or cleaning up.
Social expectations probably also play a role.Studies have shown that women feel
pressure to keep their homes clean,for instance,and feel judged if they don’t.Men,on the other
hand,are often praised for doing daily tasks like taking a child to an appointment.
The Lancet researchers said that drawing clear conclusions from the 19 studies was
difficult and that more research would be welcome.
1.How does the author show the research findings in paragraphs 2 and 3?
A.By giving examples.
B.By listing figures.
C.By making analysis.
D.By telling stories.
2.What does the underlined word “time-sensitive” mean in paragraph 4?
A.Flexible.
B.Valuable.
C.Demanding in timing.
D.Challenging in skills.
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3.What can we learn from paragraph 5?
A.Women are generally expected to do more household labor.
B.Women will be punished by judges if they don’t keep their homes clean.
C.Men feel stressed more often when they can’t take their children to the dentist.
D.Men are supposed to take a child to an appointment instead of doing other housework.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.Facts that men and women are unequal.
B.Bad effects that housework has on women.
C.Responsibilities that women share in families.
D.Reasons why unpaid labor hurts women more mentally.
Passage 2
(2023 浙江宁波二模)
Humans are not the animal kingdom’s only fashionistas.Tits(山雀) can be fashion
followers,too,apparently.A latest study shows that,given the chance,they decorate their nests
with this season’s must-have colour.
Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin were following up on a study published in 1934 by Henry Smith
Williams,an American naturalist.He noticed that when he put various coloured balls of yarn
(纱) out in his garden,almost always one and only one became popular that season for being
included into local birds’ nests.But which particular colour was favoured varied from season
to season.This suggested that the colour chosen by one of the early birds was spotted and
copied by others.
Williams’s work was,however,forgotten until they came across it while following up on
a different study,published by a team at the University of Toulouse,suggesting fashion-
following,too.Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin therefore set out to re-run Williams’s experiment,but this
time to collect some actual numbers.
The birds they followed were part of a well-monitored population of blue tits in a wood
near the institute.Most birds in this wood carried tracking devices fitted to them after their
capture in mist nets.That allowed the institute’s researchers to keep track of a vast number of
individuals by recording their arrival at food containers throughout the wood.Instead of
food,these containers were loaded with wool of different colours.Interestingly,researchers
soon found that most nests of blue tits included only the colour of the wool first chosen by a
nestbuilder.
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Tits,then,do seem to be “on trend”,when it comes to nest-building materials.Why that
should happen remains obscure.Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin suspect the fashion leaders are older
birds,and that evolution favours younger ones copying their elders since those elders have
evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a tit.Williams’s original
work,though,suggests such initial choices are at random—a bit like those of the leaders of
human fashions.
5.What can we learn from paragraph 2?
A.Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin contributed to William’s work.
B.Early birds’ colour preference was copied by their fellows.
C.The yarn was the most popular material to decorate local birds’ nests.
D.The colour of the yarn favoured by local birds was fixed throughout the year.
6.How did Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin improve Williams’s experiment?
A.They observed the blue tits.
B.They studied the habits of blue tits.
C.They adopted the data-collecting method.
D.They fitted tracking devices to food containers.
7.What does the underlined word “obscure” in paragraph 5 mean?
A.Hidden.
B.Evident.
C.Complicated. D.Shallow.
8.What is the main idea of the text?
A.Birds favour certain colours in decoration.
B.Young birds follow their elders in fashion.
C.Young birds are just as intelligent as people.
D.Birds are just as fashion-conscious as people.
Passage 3
(2023 福建厦门二模)
In a new study,Iowa Psychologist Ed Wasserman gave the pigeons complex
categorization tests that high-level thinking would not aid in solving.Instead,the pigeons,by
trial and error,eventually were able to memorize enough situations in the test.This basic
process of making associations—considered a lower-level thinking technique—is the same
between the test-taking pigeons and the latest AI advances.
The researchers sought to figure out two types of learning:one declarative learning,is
based on exercising reason according to a set of rules or strategies—a so-called higher level
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of learning owned mostly by people.The other,associative learning,centers on recognizing
and making connections between objects or patterns,such as “sky-blue” and “water-wet”.
Wasserman’s team designed a difficult test to find out whether the pigeons use
declarative or associative learning.Each test pigeon was shown a stimulus (刺激)and had to
decide,by pecking(啄) a button on the right or on the left,to which category that stimulus
belonged.What made the test so demanding was that no rules or logic would help finish the
task.They have to memorize the individual stimuli or regions from where the stimuli
occur.Over hundreds of tests,the four test pigeons eventually upped their score from 50% to
an average of 68% right.
“The pigeons are like AI masters,” Wasserman says.“Both of them employ associative
learning,and yet that base-level thinking is what allowed the pigeons to ultimately score
successfully.” If people were to take the same test,they’d score poorly and would probably
give up because they rely so heavily on rules or strategies.Those rules would get in the way
of learning.The pigeon doesn’t have that high-level thinking process.But it doesn’t get in the
way of their learning.In fact,in some ways it facilitates it.
“People are stunned by AI doing amazing things using a learning algorithm (算法) much
like the pigeon,” Wasserman says,“yet when people talk about associative learning in humans
and animals,it is discounted as inflexible and uncomplicated.”
9.Which of the following is a typical example of associative learning?
A.Tom refuses to put hands on hot stoves after burns.
B.Dolphins detect obstacles using sound waves.
C.Chimpanzees use physical gesture strategies.
D.Emily figures out math problems with logic.
10.How did the pigeons improve their performance in the test?
A.By pecking the stimuli.
B.By finding rules or logic.
C.By competing with each other.
D.By making numerous attempts.
11.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A.AI and man use the same learning pattern.
B.Associative learning is underestimated.
C.People think highly of declarative learning.
D.Pigeons finish tasks with AI algorithms.
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12.Which can be a suitable title of the text?
A.Pigeon’s Peck Can Mirror High Tech
B.AI Contributes to a New Learning Pattern
C.AI Can Enrich Human Learning Experience
D.Pigeon’s Learning Largely Extends High Tech
答案：
文体分类练(三) 说明文之科普知识类
Passage 1
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了发表在《柳叶刀公共卫生》上的一项对全
球70,310 人的19 项研究的分析发现,女性从事的劳动越多,她们的心理健康状况就越差。
1.B 推理判断题。根据第二段中“An analysis of 19 studies covering 70,310 people
globally”以及第三段中“In the United States,women do an average 4.5 hours of such work
a day,compared with 2.8 hours for men”可知,作者在第二段和第三段是通过列举数字展示
研究成果的。
2.C 词义猜测题。根据下文“For example,men are more often responsible for outdoor
tasks,like mowing the lawn,that are done less often and on their own schedule.Women are
more likely to take on daily tasks that need to be done at certain times,like preparing meals or
cleaning up.”可知,男性负责的任务对时间的要求没有女性高,可推理出第四段中time-
sensitive 的含义应为对时间要求高的。
3.A 细节理解题。根据第五段中“Studies have shown that women feel pressure to keep
their homes clean,for instance,and feel judged if they don’t.”可知,妇女被期望从事更多的家
务劳动。
4.D 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段以及第三段中“Housework and child care,the
research found,have much less of an impact on men’s mental health.”以及第五段中“Social
expectations probably also play a role.”可知,本文第一段提出了无偿家务劳动对妇女心理
有健康危害这一研究发现,后续段落对这一研究发现进行了原因分析和解释。
Passage 2
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。人类并不是动物界唯一的时尚达人。研究表明,山雀也
像人类一样追随潮流,用流行色装点巢穴。
5.B 推理判断题。根据第二段中“He noticed that when he put various coloured balls of
yarn out in his garden...by one of the early birds was spotted and copied by others.”可知,最
开始的鸟类的颜色偏好被它们的同伴模仿了。
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6.C 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin therefore set out to re-run
Williams’s experiment,but this time to collect some actual numbers.”可知,Wild 博士和
Aplin 博士采用了数据收集的方法来改进Williams 的实验。
7.A 词义猜测题。根据第五段中“Dr.Wild and Dr.Aplin suspect the fashion leaders are
older birds,and that evolution favours younger ones copying their elders since those elders
have evidently survived what fortune has to throw at a tit.”中的suspect 可推知,为什么会发
生这种情况还不清楚。obscure 意为“不清楚的;隐蔽的”。
8.D 主旨大意题。根据第一段可知,本文主要讲的是鸟类像人类一样追随潮流。D 项
“Birds are just as fashion-conscious as people.”最能概括本文大意。
Passage 3
[语篇解读]本文是一篇说明文。心理学家通过实验证明鸽子和最新的人工智能使用了
同样的学习方法:联想学习。
9.A 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The other,associative learning,centers on recognizing
and making connections between objects or patterns,such as ‘sky-blue’ and ‘water-wet’.”可
知,联想学习的本质是建立联系。在“汤姆烫伤后不愿把手放在热炉子上”这一现象中,
汤姆把烫伤和热炉子联系了起来,这属于联想学习。
10.D 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Over hundreds of tests,the four test pigeons
eventually upped their score from 50% to an average of 68% right.”可知,鸽子在测试中通过
多次尝试提高它们的表现。
11.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段可知,人们认为联想学习法对人类和动物来说不灵活
且简单,但人工智能却用这种学习法做出惊人的事情,由此推知,联想学习被低估了。
12.A 主旨大意题。通读全文,结合第一段和第三段中“Each test pigeon was shown a
stimulus and had to decide,by pecking a button on the right or on the left,to which category
that stimulus belonged.”可知,心理学家通过实验证明鸽子和最新的人工智能使用了同样
的建立联系的学习过程,同时实验中的鸽子需要通过啄按钮来完成任务。结合选项可推
知,A 项(鸽子啄按钮与高科技有共通之处)是最佳标题。
词汇积累:
1.(Passage 1)analysis n.分析
2.(Passage 1)point out 指出
3.(Passage 1)depression n.抑郁
4.(Passage 1)take on 承担
5.(Passage 1)on the other hand 在另一方面
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6.(Passage 2)apparently 显然地
7.(Passage 2)come across 偶遇,无意中发现
8.(Passage 3)aid in doing sth.帮助做某事
9.(Passage 3)by trial and error 反复试验,不断摸索
10.(Passage 3)association n.联想
熟词生义:
(Passage 2)spot vt.发现
长难句分析:
(Passage 1)An analysis of 19 studies covering 70,310 people globally,which is published this
month in The Lancet(柳叶刀)Public Health,found that the more of this labor women do,the
worse their mental health.
分析:本句为复合句。covering 70,310 people globally 为现在分词短语作后置定语;which
is published this month in The Lancet(柳叶刀)Public Health 为which 引导的非限制性定语
从句;that the more of this labor women do,the worse their mental health 为that 引导的宾语
从句。
句意:本月发表在《柳叶刀公共卫生》(The Lancet Public Health)杂志上的一项对全球
70,310 个人的19 项研究的分析发现,女性做的家务活越多,她们的心理健康状况就越差。
