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译林版选必 B1U4 Wordlist Page 105 词汇讲解(详解版)

译林版选必 B1U4 Wordlist Page 105 词汇讲解(详解版)

译林版选必 B1U4 Wordlist Page 105 词汇讲解(详解版)

63.frost/frɒst/ n. ;霜冻,严寒天气(54)

64.cast/kɑːst/ vt. (cast, cast) 投射;向…投以(视线、笑容等);,;选派角色n. 全体演员;, (54)

65.owe/əʊ/ vt. ();()(54)

66.debt/det/ n. 人情债,恩情;借款,欠款,债务(54)

67.*fascinate/ˈfæsɪneɪt/ vt. & vi. 深深吸引,迷住 (54)

68.entitle/ɪnˈtaɪtl/ vt. (usually passive)给…命名;使享有权利,使符合资格 (54)

69.blame/bleɪm/ vt. 把…归咎于,责怪,指责n. 责任,责备,指责 (55)

70.allowance/əˈlaʊəns/ n. 津贴,补助;限额;零花钱(55)

71.make allowance for体谅;考虑到,估计到 (55)

72.*triumph/ˈtraɪʌmf/ n. 巨大成功,重大成就,伟大胜利vi. 打败,战胜,成功 (55)

73.*impostor/ɪmˈpɒstə(r)/ n. 冒名顶替者,冒名行骗者(55)

74.unforgiving/ˌʌnfəˈɡɪvɪŋ/ adj. 棘手的;不饶人的,不宽容的(55)

63. frost /frɒst/ n. 霜;霜冻,严寒天气 (54)

常用词性词形变化

形容词:frosty(霜冻的,严寒的;冷淡的)

副词:frostily(冷淡地)

动词:frost(结霜于;给……覆上糖霜)

常用短语

a heavy frost 严霜

be covered with frost 被霜覆盖

the first frost of winter 冬天的第一场霜

frost damage 霜冻损害

a frosty reception 冷淡的接待

常用句式

The early morning frost had transformed every blade of grass into a delicate crystal sculpture. 

清晨的霜将每一片草叶都变成了精致的水晶雕塑。

Farmers anxiously watch for late spring frosts that can destroy young crops in a single night. 

农民们忧心忡忡地提防着春末的霜冻,它们能在一夜之间毁掉幼嫩的庄稼。

His breath formed clouds of white vapour in the sharp frost of the December morning. 

在十二月清晨刺骨的霜冻中,他呼出的气凝成了白色的雾气。

关联词

ice(冰),snow(雪),freeze(结冰),chill(寒冷)

特别注意点

frost 是不可数名词,但可以说 a frost / frosts(表示“一场霜冻”或“霜冻期”)。

frosty 除形容天气“寒冷的”外,还可形容人的态度“冷淡的”,如a frosty stare(冷淡的凝视)。

在烹饪中,frost 也可作动词,表示“在(蛋糕等)上撒糖霜”,与 ice 同义。

作文写作可用句式

There is a certain magic in waking to find the world transformed overnight by frost every branch silvered, every window etched with intricate patterns, as if nature had quietly worked miracles while we slept. 

一觉醒来发现世界被一夜霜冻改换了面貌,有一种奇妙的魔力——每一根树枝都镀上了银色,每一扇窗都蚀刻出精巧的图案,仿佛大自然在我们沉睡时悄悄施展了奇迹。

64. cast /kɑːst/ vt. (cast, cast) 投射;向……投以(视线、笑容等);投,抛;选派角色 n. 全体演员;投,抛 (54)

常用词性词形变化

过去式/过去分词:cast(同形)

名词:casting(角色分配,选角)

常用短语

cast a shadow 投下阴影

cast doubt on 对……产生怀疑

cast light on 阐明,使人了解

cast a glance 瞥一眼

cast a vote 投票

cast sb as 选派某人扮演……角色

常用句式

The setting sun cast long shadows across the garden, and the air grew suddenly cooler. 

落日给花园投下了长长的影子,空气骤然变凉了。

She cast a nervous glance towards the door, as if she was expecting someone unwelcome to walk through it. 

她紧张地向门口瞥了一眼,仿佛在等着某个不受欢迎的人走进来。

The director cast a complete unknown in the lead role, a decision that surprised the entire film industry. 

导演选了一位完全不知名的演员担任主角,这个决定令整个电影界都感到意外。

关联词

throw(投,抛),project(投射),shed(散发出,投射光线),assign(分配,指派)

特别注意点

cast 的过去式和过去分词均为 cast,无变化。

cast 的多重含义差异较大:投掷/投射/选派角色/铸造(金属)等,需根据上下文判断。

the die is cast 是习语,表示“木已成舟、大局已定”。

作文写作可用句式

The discovery cast a completely new light on the mysterious manuscript, transforming what had seemed like a meaningless jumble of symbols into a coherent narrative. 

这一发现为那部神秘手稿投射了一道全新的光芒,将看似毫无意义的符号杂乱堆砌变成了一篇连贯的叙事。

65. owe /əʊ/ vt. 欠(情);欠(债)(54)

常用词性词形变化

形容词:owing(欠着的,未付的)

过去式/过去分词:owed

常用短语

owe sb an apology 欠某人一个道歉

owe a debt of gratitude to 欠……一份感激之情

owe sth to sb 把某事归功于某人

owing to 由于,因为

owe sb a favour 欠某人人情

常用句式

I owe my success to the teachers who believed in me when I had stopped believing in myself. 

我把我的成功归功于那些在我已不再相信自己时仍然相信我的老师们。

You owe your sister a proper apology for the hurtful things you said last night. 

你欠你姐姐一个正式的道歉,为你昨晚说的那些伤人的话。

Owing to the heavy snow, all flights out of the city have been cancelled until further notice. 

由于大雪,所有离开该市的航班都已取消,直至另行通知。

关联词

be indebted to(感激的,受惠的),be grateful to(对……心怀感激),attribute to(把……归因于)

特别注意点

owe 后接双宾语:owe sb sth  owe sth to sb

owing to 是介词短语,正式程度高于because of

区分:owing to(由于)和 due to(由于)用法相近,owing to 不用于名词后作定语。

作文写作可用句式

I have come to realise that we owe the people who shaped us  parents, teachers, friends  a debt that can never be fully repaid in this lifetime, but only honoured by passing their kindness forward. 

我渐渐意识到,我们欠那些塑造了我们的人——父母、老师、朋友——一份此生永远无法完全偿还的恩情,只能通过将他们的善意继续传递来致敬。

66. debt /det/ n. 人情债,恩情;借款,欠款,债务 (54)

常用词性词形变化

名词:debtor(债务人)indebtedness(负债;感激)

形容词:indebted(负债的;受惠的,感激的)

常用短语

pay off a debt 还清债务

be in debt 负债

be in sb’s debt 欠某人的人情债,对某人心怀感激

owe a debt of gratitude 欠一份感激之情

national debt 国债

get into debt 陷入债务

常用句式

It took the family nearly a decade to pay off the medical debt that had accumulated during their son’s long illness. 

那家人花了将近十年才还清在儿子长期患病期间积累下来的医疗债务。

I will forever be in her debt for the quiet support she gave me during the darkest period of my life. 

我永远欠她一份人情,为她在人生最黑暗的岁月里给我的默默支持。

The country’s national debt has become a topic of heated political debate. 

该国的国债已成为政治辩论的热门话题。

关联词

loan(贷款),obligation(义务),gratitude(感激),liability(债务,责任)

特别注意点

debt 中的 b 不发音,读音为 /det/

be in sb’s debt 是习语,不一定是金钱债务,也可指“欠人情、感恩”。

owe a debt of gratitude to sb 是表达感激的正式说法。

作文写作可用句式

There are moments in life when we receive a kindness so pure and selfless that we realise we shall die still in that person’s debt  and that this, far from being a burden, is one of the greatest gifts life can offer. 

人生中会有一些时刻,我们接受了如此纯粹无私的善意,以至于意识到自己将终身欠着那个人的情——而这远非负担,反而是生命所能赐予的最珍贵的礼物之一。

67. *fascinate /ˈfæsɪneɪt/ vt. & vi. 深深吸引,迷住 (54)

常用词性词形变化

形容词:fascinating(令人着迷的,极有吸引力的),fascinated(被迷住的)

名词:fascination(着迷,迷恋)

过去式/过去分词:fascinated

常用短语

be fascinated by/with 被……深深吸引

find sth fascinating 觉得某物迷人

hold a fascination for sb 对某人有吸引力

in fascination 入迷地

a fascinating story 迷人的故事

常用句式

The way the chameleon changes colour to match its surroundings has fascinated scientists for centuries. 

变色龙改变自身颜色以适应周围环境的方式,几个世纪以来一直深深吸引着科学家。

I have always been fascinated by maps  the way they reduce vast, complex worlds to a single sheet of paper. 

我一直对地图深深着迷——它们将广阔复杂的世界浓缩在一张纸上的方式令我倾倒。

The audience watched in fascination as the magician performed one impossible trick after another. 

观众入迷地看着魔术师一个接一个地表演令人难以置信的戏法。

关联词

attract(吸引),captivate(迷住),charm(使陶醉),intrigue(激起……的兴趣)

特别注意点

fascinated fascinating 的区别:fascinated 形容人“被迷住的”;fascinating 形容事物“令人着迷的”。

fascination 常用搭配:have a fascination with/for(对……着迷),in fascination(入迷地)

作文写作可用句式

There was one particular star chart in my grandfather’s study that fascinated me above all else  its faded constellations seemed to whisper that there were mysteries in the universe far greater than my small childhood worries. 

在祖父的书房里,有一幅特别的星图最最令我着迷——上面褪色的星座似乎在低语,宇宙中有着远比我童年的小小烦恼更宏大的奥秘。

68. entitle /ɪnˈtaɪtl/ vt. (usually passive) 给……命名;使享有权利,使符合资格(54)

常用词性词形变化

名词:entitlement(权利,资格;补贴)

过去式/过去分词:entitled

常用短语

be entitled to 有权/有资格得到……

be entitled to do sth 有权做某事,有资格做某事

a book entitled 一本名为……的书

feel entitled to 觉得理应得到

常用句式

Every passenger is entitled to one piece of hand luggage and one checked bag free of charge. 

每位乘客都有权免费携带一件手提行李和一件托运行李。

She has worked here for over ten years, so she is entitled to claim the full redundancy package. 

她在这里工作了十多年,因此有权申请全额遣散费。

His first published work was a short story entitled The Forgotten Garden

他发表的第一部作品是一篇名为《被遗忘的花园》的短篇小说。

关联词

authorize(授权),qualify(使有资格),empower(授予权力),name(取名)

特别注意点

entitle 通常用于被动语态:be entitled to (do) sth.

entitle 也可表示“给书/电影等命名”,常用过去分词形式:a poem entitled 

名词entitlement 既可表示“权利”,也可表示“政府补贴”.

作文写作可用句式

Living in a peaceful country is a privilege many of us take for granted, yet every human being on this planet is entitled to the same sense of safety and dignity that we enjoy. 

生活在一个和平的国度是我们许多人习以为常的特权,然而这个星球上每一个人都理应享有我们享有的同样安全感和尊严感。

69. blame /bleɪm/ vt. 把……归咎于,责怪,指责 n. 责任,责备,指责 (55)

常用词性词形变化

形容词:blameless(无可指责的,清白的),blameworthy(该受责备的)

过去式/过去分词:blamed

常用短语

blame sb for (doing) sth 为(做)某事责怪某人

blame sth on sb 把某事归咎于某人

take the blame 承担责任

lay/put the blame on 把责任归咎于

be to blame (for) 对……负有责任

常用句式

You can’t blame him for wanting a better future for his children  every parent feels the same way. 

你不能责怪他想给自己的孩子一个更好的未来——每个父母都这样想。

The politician attempted to blame the economic crisis on the previous government. 

那位政客试图把经济危机归咎于上一届政府。

I am happy to take the blame for the mistake if it means we can move forward and find a solution. 

如果这意味着我们能继续前行并找到解决办法,我愿意为这个错误承担责任。

关联词

accuse(指责),criticize(批评),hold responsible(认为……应负责),condemn(谴责)

特别注意点

blame 的固定用法:blame sb for sth / blame sth on sb.

be to blame 是特殊结构,用主动形式表示被动含义,如:Who is to blame for this mess?(这烂摊子该怪谁?)

作名词时的常用短语:put/lay the blame on sb(把责任推到某人身上),take the blame(承担过错)

作文写作可用句式

It is far easier to blame circumstances or other people for our failures than to look honestly inward, yet it is precisely this inward gaze that holds the key to real growth. 

将我们的失败归咎于环境或他人远比诚实地审视内心来得容易,然而正是这种向内的凝视才是通往真正成长的关键。

70. allowance /əˈlaʊəns/ n. 津贴,补助;限额;零花钱 (55)

常用词性词形变化

动词:allow(允许,准许;使有可能)

形容词:allowable(允许的,准许的)

常用短语

make allowance(s) for 体谅;考虑到

daily/weekly allowance 每日/每周津贴

luggage allowance 行李限额

tax allowance 免税额

pocket allowance 零花钱

常用句式

My parents gave me a small weekly allowance to spend on whatever I wanted, which taught me to manage money. 

父母每周给我一小笔零花钱,随我怎么花,这教会了我如何管理金钱。

The baggage allowance on this flight is twenty kilograms per passenger. 

这趟航班的行李限额是每位乘客二十公斤。

When judging historical figures, we must make allowance for the very different moral standards of their time. 

在评判历史人物时,我们必须考虑到他们那个时代迥然不同的道德标准。

关联词

subsidy(补贴),grant(补助金),pocket money(零花钱),quota(配额)

特别注意点

allowance 的核心含义是“按规定或承诺给予的一定数额的钱或配额”。

make allowance(s) for 是重要习语,表示“体谅、考虑到”,见第71词条。

luggage allowance  tax allowance 是常见的固定搭配。

作文写作可用句式

A small allowance given regularly to a child, along with patient guidance on how to save and spend wisely, is often the first and most lasting lesson in personal responsibility. 

定期给孩子一笔小额零花钱,并耐心指导他们如何明智地储蓄和消费,往往是对个人责任感最初也最持久的一课。

71. make allowance for 体谅;考虑到,估计到 (55)

常用句式

When marking the students’ work, the teacher always tries to make allowance for the fact that some students have only recently started learning the language. 

在批改学生作业时,老师总是尽量考虑到有些学生才刚刚开始学这门语言这一点。

We should make allowance for his unusual behaviour  he has been under enormous stress since his father fell ill. 

我们应该体谅他反常的举止——自从他父亲病倒以来他一直承受着巨大的压力。

The budget figures make allowance for a possible rise in material costs over the coming year. 

预算数字考虑到了来年材料成本可能上涨的因素。

关联词

take into account(考虑到),take into consideration(顾及),allow for(考虑到),bear in mind(记住,考虑到)

特别注意点

make allowance(s) for 有两个核心含义:①体谅/宽容某人(因特殊情况而表现不佳)考虑到/预留余地(为可能出现的情况)。

allowance 在这个短语中可用单数或复数。

allow for 意思相近但更简洁,如allow for delays(把延误考虑在内)。

作文写作可用句式

A wise friend is one who does not judge your worst moments harshly, but instinctively makes allowances for the invisible burdens you may be carrying. 

一个明智的朋友,不会在你最糟糕的时刻严厉评判你,而是会本能地体谅你可能正背负着的看不见的重担。

72. *triumph /ˈtraɪʌmf/ n. 巨大成功,重大成就,伟大胜利 vi. 打败,战胜,成功 (55)

常用词性词形变化

形容词:triumphant(胜利的,欢欣鼓舞的),triumphal(庆祝胜利的,凯旋的)

副词:triumphantly(胜利地,得意扬扬地)

过去式/过去分词:triumphed

常用短语

a triumph of hope over experience 希望战胜了经验

in triumph 胜利地,得意地

triumph over 战胜,克服

a triumphant smile 得意扬扬的微笑

return in triumph 凯旋而归

常用句式

The team’s remarkable victory was a triumph of teamwork and determination over individual talent. 

那支队伍的非凡胜利是团队合作与决心战胜个人天赋的体现。

After years of struggle, she finally triumphed over the illness that had threatened to end her career. 

经过多年的斗争,她终于战胜了曾威胁要终结她职业生涯的疾病。

The champion raised the trophy above his head in triumph, his face glowing with pure joy. 

冠军将奖杯高举过头,脸上焕发着纯粹的喜悦,一副胜利者的姿态。

关联词

victory(胜利),success(成功),conquest(征服),achievement(成就)

特别注意点

triumph 作动词时常与 over搭配:triumph over adversity/difficulty(战胜逆境/困难)

 victory的区别:triumph 语气更强,常指“巨大的、决定性的或历经艰难后获得的胜利”。

作文写作可用句式

The greatest triumph in any human life is rarely the loud, public victory that makes headlines, but the quiet, private one  the conquered fear, the broken habit, the forgiveness finally granted after years of bitterness. 

人生中任何最大的胜利,都很少是那种登上头条的公开巨大成功,而是那些安静的、私密的胜利——被战胜的恐惧,被打破的积习,历经多年苦涩之后终于给出的宽恕。

73. *impostor /ɪmˈpɒstə(r)/ n. 冒名顶替者,冒名行骗者 (55)

常用词性词形变化

名词:imposture(冒名行骗,欺诈行为)

形容词:impostrous(冒名顶替的,欺骗的)

常用短语

an impostor posing as 冒充……的骗子

expose an impostor 揭穿冒名顶替者

an impostor syndrome 冒充者综合征(自我怀疑的心理模式)

be unmasked as an impostor 被揭穿是冒名顶替者

常用句式

The man who claimed to be a doctor turned out to be an impostor who had never set foot in a medical school. 

那个自称是医生的人结果是个冒名顶替的骗子,从未踏进过医学院一步。

She lived with a constant fear of being exposed as an impostor, despite her many years of genuine achievement. 

尽管多年来已取得了许多实实在在的成就,她仍一直生活在被揭露为冒充者的恐惧中。

The fraudster had posed as a government official for months before a sharp-eyed clerk finally exposed him as an impostor. 

那个骗子冒充政府官员好几个月,最终被一名眼尖的职员揭穿。

关联词

fraud(骗子,欺诈),fake(假货,冒充者),pretender(冒充者),deceiver(骗子)

特别注意点

impostor 的拼写也可为imposter(两种拼写均可)。

impostor syndrome 是心理学概念,指个人尽管取得了外在成就,内心深处却觉得自己是冒牌货、不配成功的心理现象。

作文写作可用句式

The cruelest impostor is not the stranger who pretends to be someone else, but the voice inside our own head that whispers we are not good enough and never will be. 

最残忍的冒名顶替者并非那个冒充他人的陌生人,而是我们脑海中那个低声说着我们不够好、永远都不够好的声音。

74. unforgiving /ˌʌnfəˈɡɪvɪŋ/ adj. 棘手的;不饶人的,不宽容的 (55)

常用词性词形变化

动词:forgive(原谅,宽恕)

形容词:forgiving(宽容的,仁慈的),unforgivable(不可饶恕的)

名词:forgiveness(宽恕,原谅)

常用短语

an unforgiving environment 恶劣的环境

an unforgiving schedule 苛刻的时间表

unforgiving critics 毫不留情的批评家

be unforgiving of 对……不宽容

an unforgiving climate 严酷的气候

常用句式

The desert is one of the most unforgiving environments on Earth, where a single mistake can cost you your life. 

沙漠是地球上最严酷的环境之一,在那里一个错误就可能让你付出生命的代价。

The magazine’s review was absolutely unforgiving, criticising every aspect of the production. 

那家杂志的评论毫不留情,批评了制作的每一个方面。

He is unforgiving of any sign of weakness in his employees, expecting nothing short of perfection. 

他对员工的任何软弱迹象都不宽容,只期望完美无缺。

关联词

harsh(严酷的),merciless(毫不仁慈的),relentless(苛刻的,无情的),strict(严格的)

特别注意点

unforgiving forgive 的否定形式构成,表示“不原谅的、不宽容的”,常用于描述自然、环境、人或态度。

 harsh 的区别:unforgiving 强调“对错误或弱点毫不宽容、没有余地”;harsh可指多种“严酷”。

反义词forgiving 常用于形容人“宽容的、仁慈的”。

作文写作可用句式

The ocean is a magnificent but unforgiving teacher  it rewards those who respect its power with moments of sublime beauty, but punishes carelessness without mercy. 

海洋是一位壮丽却毫不留情的老师——它用极致美丽时刻奖赏那些敬畏它力量的人,却对粗心大意毫不手软地加以惩罚。