第11 讲 句子种类
目录
01
考情解码·命题预警
2
02 体系构建·思维可视.................................................................................................................................................2
03 核心突破·靶向攻坚.................................................................................................................................................3
考点一 句子用途分类.............................................................................................................................................3
知识点1 陈述句....................................................................................................................................................5
知识点2 疑问句....................................................................................................................................................5
知识点3 祈使句.....................................................................................................................................................7
知识点4 感叹句....................................................................................................................................................7
考点二 简单句.....................................................................................................................................................8
知识点1 主语+谓语..............................................................................................................................................8
知识点2 主语+谓语+宾语...................................................................................................................................8
知识点3 主语+系动词+表语...............................................................................................................................8
知识点4 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语.........................................................................................................9
知识点5 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语.............................................................................................................9
考向 对句子结构的考查.....................................................................................................................................10
【思维建模】破解句子结构的关键点
考点三 并列句...................................................................................................................................................12
知识点1 表示并列关系......................................................................................................................................12
知识点2 表示转折关系......................................................................................................................................12
知识点3 表示选择关系......................................................................................................................................13
知识点4 表示因果关系......................................................................................................................................13
知识点5 表示条件或结果关系..........................................................................................................................13
考向 对逻辑关系的考查...................................................................................................................................14
考点四 主从复合句...........................................................................................................................................14
知识点1 形容词性从句..................................................................................................................................15
知识点2 名词性从句......................................................................................................................................15
知识点3 状语从句..........................................................................................................................................15
考向1 对形容词性从句的考查....................................................................................................................16
考向2 对名词性从句的考查........................................................................................................................16
考向3 对状语从句的考查............................................................................................................................17
【思维建模】破解长难句解题基本思路
04 真题溯源 考向感知.............................................................................................................................................18
年份
卷别
类别
考情分析
2025
北京卷
名词性从句；定语从句
分析近年高考真题可知，高考对句子种类考查
全面。在听力中对句子功用考查居多。在阅读理
解、七选五和完形填空中，熟练掌握句子结构和种
类是迅速读懂文章的基本保证。长难句中对并列句
和复合句的综合考查也呈上升趋势。语法填空中对
并列句和复合句的考查几乎每年都会涉及到。写作
中读懂原文，熟练写出符合逻辑且结构正确的句子
也是得得分的必备保障。
【复习目标】
1. 掌
握
句子成分、句子的基本结构
和类型
。
2. 熟练运用表示不同逻辑关系的并列连词。
3.. 强化在复杂语境中理解长难句的能力。
新高考I 卷
定语从句；and
新高考II 卷
定语从句
浙江卷
定语从句
2024
新高考II 卷
and ；定语从句
新高考I 卷
名词性从句
浙江卷
名词性从句；定语从句
全国甲卷
定语从句
2023
新高考I 卷
or
新高考II 卷
and;名词性从句
浙江卷
名词性从句
全国乙卷
and; but；定语从句
考点一 句子用途分类
按照句子的使用目的和语气，句子可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四种。
知识点1 陈述句
陈述句用来说明一个事实或表明说话人的看法、态度等。陈述句句末用句号“ .”，一般读降调。陈述
句有肯定和否定两种形式，其一般语序为“主语部分+谓语部分+其他成分”。
例1. It would be better if there were fewer people.如果人数少一些会更好。【2025 年新高考I 卷听力】
例2. We seldom go to the cinema.我们很少去电影院。
例3. He didn’t buy the car yesterday.昨天他没有买那部车。
例4. He hardly knows how to move the box.他几乎不知道如何把这个箱子移走。
例5. His dream is to become a doctor. 他的梦想是当一名医生。
知识点2 疑问句
用来提出问题让对方回答的句子叫做疑问句。疑问句的句尾用问号“？”。疑问句有一般疑问句、特
殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句等。
A 一般疑问句
用yes、no 来回答的疑问句叫做一般疑问句，但在口语中有时也用yes、no 之外的词回答。口语中如果
无特殊含义，句末用声调。
例1. Have you talked over your future plan with your parents, Sarah?
你和父母谈过你的未来计划了吗，莎拉？【2025 年新高考I 卷听力】
例2. --Does he want to go with us? 他想和我们一起去吗？
--Yes, he does./No, he doesn’t.
是的，他想。/不，他不想。
B 特殊疑问句
用一个疑问代词或疑问副词对句子的某一部分进行提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。特殊疑问句的句末用问
好“？”，读时一般用降调。特殊疑问代词在句中作主语或修饰主语时，句子用陈述语序，其他用倒装语
序。
例1. Where are the speakers heading? 演讲者要去哪里？
例2. What do you know is being done in your neighbourhood to protect animals and plants?
你知道你的社区里正在做什么来保护动植物吗？
C 选择疑问句
说话者对问题提出两个或两个以上的答案，供对方选择其一，由or 连接，就是选择疑问句。读时前一部
分用升调，后一部分用降调。or 连接的被选择部分的成分必修相同。
例1. Are you a lawyer or a teacher?你是一位律师还是一位老师？
例2. Have you put the book in the box or on the shelf?你把书放在箱子里还是放在架子上了？
例3. What did you buy for your son yesterday, a book or a toy?
你昨天给你儿子买什么了，一本书还是一个玩具？
D 反义疑问句
在陈述句之后，附加上一个简短问句，对陈述句所陈述的事情提出相反的疑问，这种问句叫做反义疑问
句。反义疑问句通常由两部分组成，前一部分用陈述句形式，读时一般用降调，后一部分是一个附着在前
一部分的简短问句，叫做附加问句，读时一般用升调。陈述句是肯定形式时，附加问句用否定形式；陈述
句是否定形式时，附加问句用肯定形式。附加问句的主语与动词形式由陈述句的主语与动词形式决定，而
且主语只能用人称代词。
例1. She likes music, doesn’t she? 她喜欢音乐，对吗？
例2. Jane doesn’t want to go to Shanghai, does she? 简不想去上海，对吗？
例3. The little girl can’t dress herself, can she? 这个小女孩还不会自己穿衣服，是吗？
得分速记
1. 陈述句的主语是名词时,附加问句的主语用相应的人称代词来代替 。
Your parents bought you a car yesterday, didn't they?昨天你父母给你买了一部车,是吗?
2.陈述句的主语是指示代词this 或that 时,附加问句的主语用it,陈述句的主语是these 或 those 时,附加问句
的主语则用they
例That sounds interesting, doesn't it ?听起来很有趣,不是吗?
3.陈述句的主语是表示人的不定代词,附加问句的主语侧重全部时可用they,侧重个体时也可以用he；主语
是表示物的不定代词时，附加问句主语用it。
例1.Everyone knows the answer, don't they /doesn't he?每一个人都知道答案,是吗?
例2.Everything that he says is true, isn't it?他说的都是真的,是吗?
例3.Nothing could make him change his mind, could it ?没有什么能够让他改变主意,是吗?
4.不定代词one 作陈述句的主语时,附加问句的主语可用one 也可用you
例1.One should be honest, shouldn't one / you?一个人应该诚实,对吗?
例2.One should be ready to help others, shouldn't one/you?每个人都应该乐于助人,是吗?
5. 陈述句是表示“存在”的there be 句型时,附加问句仍用there
例There was a hospital here, wasn't there? 过去这儿有家医院,是吗?
6. 陈述句是I am...结构时,附加问句用aren't
例I I am older than you, aren't I?我比你大，是吗?
7. 陈述句是感叹句时,附加问句用否定式,主语与感叹句中的名词或代词一致
例How cute the dog is, isn't it? 那只小狗多可爱啊,是吗?
8. 陈述句有情态动词must,附加问句的动词根据must 的意义决定，表示“必须”用 mustn't;表示“需
要”用needn't;表示推测则由must 后的动词决定
例1.He must work hard at English, mustn't he? 他必须努力学习英语,是吗?.
例2.They must be sleeping then, weren't they?他们那时一定正在睡觉，是吗?
例3.He must have come here yesterday, didn't he?他昨天一定来过这里,是吗?
9. 陈述句有情态动词used to 时,附加问句的动词可用usedn't 或didn't .
例They used to be good friends, didn't /usedn't they? 他们以前是好朋友,对吗?
出命令或
10. 陈述句含有 had better 时,附加问句的动词用hadn't
例1.You had better go to see the doctor, hadn't you?你最好去看医生,好吗?
.
例2.We had better go to school at once, hadn't we? 我们最好马上去上学,好吗?
11.陈述句有否定词时,附加问句一般用肯定式:若陈述句有带否定意义词缀的词,附加问句则仍用否定式
例He is never late for school, is he? 他上学从不迟到,是吗?
知识点3 祈使句
用来发出命令或请求，提出建议、劝告、指示等的句子叫做祈使句。祈使句通常用动词原形开头；否定
式在句首加don’t 或never 构成。表示强调时有时也会出现主语，也可以在句首的动词前加助动词do。
例1. Come and meet the new member. 来见见这位新成员吧。
例2. Never make the same mistake!永远不要再犯同样的错误了！
例3. Put the book on the shelf.把书放在架子上。
例4. Don’t leave the harbor without a traditional Cornish pie.
离开港口前，不要忘记吃传统的康沃尔派。 【2025 年新高考II 卷】
知识点4 感叹句
用来表达喜悦、赞赏、惊奇、愤怒、悲伤或厌恶等感情色彩的句子叫做感叹句。感叹句一般由what 或
how 引出，读时用降调，句尾用感叹号。
1. what 引导的感叹句的中心词为名词,常见的结构有:
What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数(+主语+谓语)!
What+形容词+可数名词复数(+主语+谓语)!
What+形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!
例1.What a big apple it is! 好大的一个苹果啊!
例2.What beautiful flowers these are!这些花多么美丽啊!
例3.What fine weather it is today!今天的天气多好啊!
2. how 引导的感叹句的中心词为形容词或副词,常见的结构为:
How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分!
How+主语+谓语!
例1.How lovely the baby is! 这个婴儿好可爱啊!.
例2.How annoyed and stressful they often feel! 他们经常感到烦恼和紧张!
例3. How time flies!光阴似箭!
得分速记
两种感叹句可以互相转换
What + a/an +形容词 +可数名词单数...！
How +形容词 +可数名词单数...！
例1. What a hot day it is!=How hot the day is! 天真热啊！
例2. What a careful man he is!=How careful the man is! 他是一个多么细心的人啊！
考点二 简单句
简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子叫做简单句。简单句有五种基本
句型。
知识点1 主语+谓语（不及物动词）
此句型中谓语动词不能直接接宾语，但可以有状语修饰。
例1. The sun rises（rise 是不及物动词）in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
例2. She is laughing （laugh 是不及物动词）happily. 她笑得很开心。
知识点2 主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语
此句型中谓语动词为及物动词，后面必须接宾语。
例1. I like apples （like 是及物动词，apples 是宾语）. 我喜欢苹果。
例2. He bought a book （bought 是及物动词，a book 是宾语）.他买了一本书。
例3. Then I realized that the problem was the question itself.
然后我意识到问题在于问题本身。 【2025 年新高考I 卷】
知识点3 主语+系动词+表语
系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，后面必须跟表语，说明主语的状态、性质、特征等。常见的系动
词有be, become, get, turn, look, sound, feel, smell, taste 等。例如：
例1. The results were staggering. 结果是惊人的。【2025 年新高考I 卷】
例2. She is a student （is 是系动词，a student 是表语）. 她是一个学生。
例3. The food tastes delicious （tastes 是系动词，delicious 是表语）. 事物尝起来很美味。
知识点4 主语+谓语（及物动词）+ 间接宾语+直接宾语
有些及物动词可以接两个宾语，指人的为间接宾语，指物的为直接宾语。常见的这类动词有give, show,
bring, teach, tell, lend, send, buy 等。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前，如果将间接宾语放在直接宾语之
后，则需要在间接宾语前加介词to 或for。
例1.He gave me a book （me 是间接宾语，a book 是直接宾语）.= He gave a book to me. 他给我一本
书。
例2.She bought her mother a present （her mother 是间接宾语，a present 是直接宾语）.
= She bought a present for her mother. 她给母亲买了一份礼物。
知识点5 主语+谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语 +宾语补足语
宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的情况，使句子的意思更加完整。
例1. We made the room clean （the room 是宾语，clean 是宾补）.我们把房间打扫干净了。
例2. They asked him to leave （him 是宾语，to leave 是宾补）. 他们让他离开。
得分速记
1. 英语中一个简单句只能出现一个谓语动词，句子结构辨别错误常将非谓语动词作谓语错用。
（错误）The boy stood there is my friend.
（正确）The boy who stood there is my friend.
2. There be 句型中出现谓语错用。
（错误）There were six students failed the exam.
（正确）There were six students who failed the exam.
3. 作
状
语
的
非
谓
语
动
词
错
误
用
作
谓
语
。
（错误）He entered the room, held an apple in his hand.
（正确）He entered the room, holding an apple in his hand.
（错误）They worked hard, made progress in their studies.
（正确）They worked hard, making progress in their studies.
4. 宾语错用动词形式。
（错误）He wanted help me.
（正确）He wanted to help me.
（错误）He enjoyed played football.
（正确）He enjoyed playing football.
5. 表语错用动词形式。
（错误）My work is help with your homework.
（正确）My work is helping with your homework.
（错误）The purpose is protect yourself from falling objects.
（正确）The purpose is to protect yourself from falling objects.
思维建模 根据句子的类型及结构准确理解句意。
考向 对句子结构的考查
例1 The birds are flying in the sky.
例2 The beautiful girl is singing an English song loudly.
例3 （2025 年新高考I 卷阅读理解）Moving goods and people around the world is responsible for a large part
of global CO2 emissions (排放)
【变式训练1·变载体】She bought her mother a present.
名师点睛：主语
+ 谓语（及物动词）
+ 宾语
+ 宾语补足语：宾语补足语用来补充说明宾语的情况，使句
子的意思更加完整。
【变式训练2·变情景】They made the boy stand outside ..
【变式训练3·变考法】The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting ..
思维建模 破解谓语动词的关键点
准却理
解
对照
检验
1. 找句子主干，理清句子成分和句意。
2. 句子只有一个主谓结构，但是为了使句子更加丰富，动词可以加
上副词修饰，给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给句子加上状语进
行修饰或扩句等。即：基本句型 + 修饰成分（定语、状语等）。
信息
提取
确定
主干
1.“先找谓语，再定主宾，后析修饰”的分析步骤，结合长难句拆解练习（如从阅读真题中选取例句）。
2.谓语动词为及物动词，后面跟宾语。
3.谓语动词为系动词，后面跟表语。
4.对“定语与状语的区分”“宾补与双宾语的辨析”等难点，可通过对比例句强化差异（如：“give sb.
sth.”是双宾，“make sb. adj.”是宾补）。
5.注意系动词与实义动词的区别（系动词后接表语，实义动词后接宾语）、非谓语动词作成分时的功能差
异（如不定式表目的，分词表伴随）。
考点三 并列句
连接词可以表达并列、转折、对比、因果等关系。
知识点1 表示并列关系
表示并列或递增关系，常用and , neither…nor, not only…but also 等连词
例1. Not only is he our teacher, but also he is our friend. 他不仅是我们的老师，而且还是我们的朋友。
例2. There was a big storm after midnight and the rain poured down.午夜后有一场大风暴，大雨倾盆而下。
例3. Being surrounded by nature not only sparked my creativity but also offered a much-needed break from the
usual hustle and bustle of school life.
被大自然包围不仅激发了我的创造力，也让我从学校生活的喧嚣中得到急需的休息。
例4. Each has a personality shaped by the goods and services produced and traded for centuries.
每一种都有一个由几个世纪以来生产和交易的商品和服务所塑造的个性。【2025 年新高考I 卷】
知识点2 表示转折
表示转折和对比关系 ，常用yet， but， 等词。but 表示完全转折，语气较强。 while 主要表示对比。yet
既可以用作并列连词也可以用作连接副词。
例1.Some sports are done indoors, while others are done outdoors.
有些运动是在室内进行的，而另一些则是在户外进行的。
例3. You have a point there, but it could also mean children are missing out on much needed exercise and other
life skills. 【2024 新高考I 卷阅读理解】
你有道理，但这也可能意味着孩子们错过了急需的锻炼和其他生活技能。
例3. In some places women are expected to earn money while men work at home and raise their children.
在一些地方，女性需要赚钱，而男性则在家工作，抚养孩子。
例4. He worked hard, yet he failed .(并列连词)
例5. It is strange, and yet it is true. (连接副词)
例6.We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs.
我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真正的成本。【2025 年新高考I
卷】
知识点3 表示选择关系
表示选择关系，常用or, either …or 等连词。
例1. We cook a dinner together, or we go for a long walk.
例2. The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate,
or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions.【2021 年浙江卷阅
读
理
解
】
手势含义的模糊性，要么表明黑猩猩几乎没有什么可以交流的， 要么表明我们仍然对它们的手势和行动
中包含的很多信息一无所知。
知识点4 表示因果关系
表示因果关系，常用so， for，therefore 等连接词。
例1. I didn’t get enough sleep so I didn’t feel very well this morning.
例2. It was raining, therefore we had to stay at home.
例3. He found it increasingly difficult to read , for his eyesight was brginning to fail.
知识点5 表示条件或结果关系
表示条件或者结果，常用and 或者or 等连词。
例1. Simply raise your hand , and a taxi appears in no time.
例2. Don’t drive too fast or you will have an accident .
例3. Stand over there and you will see the oil painting better.
例4. You have to move out of the way or the truck can’t get past.
得分速记
1. 简单句与简单句之间不能用逗号直接连接。
2. so 不能与because 连用。
3.but，while 不与although 连用，但yet，still 可与although 连用
考向 对逻辑关系的考查
例1 Researchers also hope to further educate people about the importance of safeguarding historic
cultural relics for future generations to understand and appreciate.
例2 The election was not settled until close to the anniversary, not much time was available to plan
the festivities.
【变式训练1·变情景】Standing on the stage and performing can be tough, ___________ when you do it in a
group, it can help improve your sense of self as well as increase your confidence.
【变式训练2·变载体】“The virtuous man cherishes a respect for the law, the vile (邪恶的) man
cherishes generous treatment. ”
【变式训练3】You can imagine yourself as a concert pianist, unless you also practice, it’s not
going to happen.
考点四 复合句
复合句由一个和一个或一个以上的从句构成。复合句包括形容词性从句、名词性从句和状语从句。主句是
一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。
复合句 = 主句 +从属连词+从句；从属连词+从句+主句
知识点1 形容词性从句
形容词性从句也可以称为定语从句，在复合句中起形容词的功能，修饰名词或代词作定语。定语从句
一般位于所修饰的名词或代词之后。用关系代词或关系副词引导。
The dam, which is the biggest in the world , is 3,830 metres long.
这座水坝是世界上最大的一座，长3830 米。（which 引导的定语从句）
知识点2 名词性从句
1. 名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句
Whether she will come or not is still a question.
她是否会来仍是一个问题。（whether 引导的主语从句）
The chief editor decides which will be the most important story on the front page.
由主编决定哪篇报导最重要，应安排在头版。（which 引导的宾语从句）
That is where he was born. 这就是他出生的地方。（where 引导的表语从句）
We heard the news that our team had won.
我们听到了我们球队己经获胜的消息。（that 引导的同位语从句）
知识点3 状语从句
2. 状语从句：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步、条件、比较状语从句
Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the llth floor.
当11 层楼起火的时候，大楼内有500 人在工作。（when 引导的时间状语从句）
考向1 考查形容词性从句
例1 Last week witnessed the 20th Science and Technology Festival of our school, theme is “Science
lights up the future”.
例2 Upon arrival, we'll first visit a farm, we can feed chickens and pick strawberries. After that we'll
go fishing near the farm.
【变式训练1·变情景】I am writing to invite you to attend an inspiring lecture about space exploration to be
given by Mr. Yang, is a famous astronaut, at 9o'clock this Saturday morning.
【变式训练2·变载体】In the garden we played games and listened to a report, from we knew more
about the development of our city.
考向2 考查名词性从句
例1 Jane attends Opportunities Academy, a programme for young adults with disabilities. This was really
they learned about how to care about others.
例2 What took the dog a single weekend to learn is it can sit on the back of the bike in a dog carrier
to travel the world.
【变式训练1·变情景】A survey found that 66% of consumers would consider living in a 3D-printed home,
holding the belief 3D printing is the future of home building.
【变式训练2】Here, I share a checklist on makes a diet “healthy” to help guide you in selecting a
healthy plan that may work for you.
考向3 考查状语从句
例1 But when he put all of his effort on, starting it well out the fish came alongside and pulling with
all his strength, the fish pulled part way over and then righted himself and swam away.
例2 This hit home for me I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring
Festival holiday.
【变式训练1·变载体】I have a tight budget for the trip, so I'm not going to fly the airlines lower
ticket prices.
【变式训练1·变情景】 it rains tomorrow, we will hold the ceremony indoors instead of outside the
building.
思维建模 破解长难句的基本思路
正确理
解
对照
检验
1. 定谓语，找主语。
2. 两个谓语中间如果是逗号或在同一句子中则设空处是连词。
3. 判断是并列句还是复合句。
4. 并列句和状语从句看逻辑关系。定语从句前通常有先行词，名词
性从句围绕谓语排查主语从句、宾语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。
5. 并列句和状语从句是易错点，侧重意思，注重训练总结。
信息
提取
确定
谓语
1.（2025 年新高考I 卷）This time they found the exercise much more interesting.
2. (2025 全国一卷) Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the strategic
placement of the pieces, the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings,
sculptures, digitally generated pictures and silk-screen prints for the exhibition.
3.（2023 全国乙卷）It is a distinct visual contrast (反差) that shouldn’t work,
___
somehow these two very
different worlds make a good combination.
4.（2024 全国甲卷）Yellowstone was the largest United States national park - 2.2 million acres - until Wrangell-
Saint Elias in southern Alaska, became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in
1980 with 12.3 million acres.
5.（2021 全国II 卷）I found the contact information of the company________ emailed its president.
6.（2023 全国甲卷）“There was once a town in the heart of America, _________ all life seemed to enjoy
peaceful existence with is surroundings,” her fable begins, borrowing some familiar words from many age-old
fables.
7.（2021 年天津卷） Feeling fearful is healthy ________ it helps you slow down and evaluate risks properly.
8. (2024 新课标II 卷) Recalling watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard III in Shanghai
and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion,
Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language
__
see how Tang’s play was being
performed.”
9.（2020 全国III 卷）__________ he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the
legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.
10.（2022 新课标I 卷）After a three-year pilot period, the GPNP will be officially set up next year. The GPNP is
designed to reflect the guiding principle of “protecting the authenticity and integrity(完整性)of natural ecosystems,
preserving biological diversity, protecting ecological buffer zones, _________ leaving behind precious natural
assets(资产)for future generations”.
