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高考英语语法词汇专项突破：谓语动词完成时重难点解读
[完成时考题展示]
【考题 1】（2022 全国甲卷）In the last five years. Cao (walk) through 34 countries in six
continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s highest mountain.
答案与解析：has walked。考查动词完成时态。根据时间状语in the last five years可知，此处应用现在
完成时，主语Cao为第三人称单数，助动词用has。故填has walked。句意：在过去的五年中，曹穿越了六
大洲的34个国家，2016年，他到达了乞力马扎罗山顶，这是非洲最高的山峰。
【考题 2】（2022 年浙江 1 月卷）On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, roughly 200
academics - many of them climate scientists （promise） to fly as little as possible since the effort
started two years ago.
答案与解析：have promised。考查时态。根据时间状语“since+过去时间”可知主句应使用现在完成
时，故填have promised。句意：例如，在一个叫“无飞行科学家”的网站上，自从两年前成立以来，大约
有200个学者，他们中很多人承诺尽可能少飞行。
【考题3】（2021浙江6月卷）It doesn’t impress like George Washington’s plantation on the Potomac, but
Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, （prove）irresistible to visitors since it opened to the
public.
答案与解析：has proved/ has proven。考查动词完成时态。根据时间状语“since it opened to the public”
可知，此处指过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响，故设空处用现在完成时；主语Lincoln’s home in
downtown Springfield Illinois是第三人称单数，所以助动词用has，提示词prove 的过去分词形式是proved
或proven。故填 has proved/ has proven。句意：它不像乔治·华盛顿在波托马克河畔的种植园那样给人留下
深刻印象，但林肯在伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德市中心的家，自从向公众开放以来，就被证明对游客来说是
不可抗拒的。
【考题4】（2020浙江6月卷）By about 6000 BC，people (discover)the best crops to grow and
animals to raise.
答案与解析：had discovered。考查时态。句意：大约在公元前6000年，人们已经发现了最适宜种植的
庄稼和最适宜饲养的牲畜。分析句子，简单句中除了提示词外无其余动词，故此处需用动词的时态。逻辑
主语和提示词之间表示主动逻辑。by + 过去时间 译为“到…为止”，后面的句子用过去完成时。故填
had discovered。[完成时概况]
完成时态的构成分为两部分：一是助动词，二是实义动词的过去分词-ed。具体来说，用助动词have
表示“时”，以表明动作发生的时间是在过去、现在还是将来；用过去分词来表示动作的“态”，以表明
该动作已经完成，英语中完成时就是已经完成的时态。完成时基本构成形式是“have+过去分词”，完成时分
为现在完成时，过去完成时，一般将来完成时，过去将来完成时，与进行时态结合还有现在完成进行时和
过去完成进行时，通过助动词have的变化对应结构为：have/has done, had done, will have done, would have
done, have/has been doing, had been doing。
[完成时解读]
考点一、现在完成时
1. 现在完成时所表示的动作发生在现在以前(含时间截止点在内), 即必须发生在过去，
经完成的某一动作对现在有影响或结果, 或从过去某个时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。一旦提出具体发
生过的时间，就必须有用一般过去时。如：
Yet far from being dead, it is alive with plants and animals. They have adapted to this harsh region. 但是并没
有死亡，这里有植物也有动物，它们都适应了这里极为严酷的环境。
The famous Chinese scientist, Yuan Longping, died of illness at the age of 91 in May 2021. 中国著名科学家
袁隆平于2021年5月因病去世，享年91岁。（die发生在May 2021，是过去的具体时间，所以用一般过去
时）
We Chinese held many activities to celebrate our country's 70th birthday on October 1st, 2019.2019 年10月1
日，中国人民举行了一系列庆祝新中国成立70周年的活动。
It may be hard to do this, therefore I have written an article that will help you maintain high motivation. 这点
很难做到，因此我写了一篇文章帮助你保持高度的意志力。
【典题】（2021·天津卷）We ________ quite enough work for the morning; now let's take a break.
A．have done B．will do C．had done D．were doing
答案与解析：A。考查时态。根据后半句“now let's take a break.”可知，做很多工作这件事情是从过去
某个时间开始一直到现在，应用现在完成时。故选A。句意：今天上午我们做的工作够多的了，现在让我
们休息一下吧。
【典题】She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ______ 50 million.
A. have reached B. had reached C. are reaching D. had reached答案与解析：A。考查时态。已经创记录的进一步解释为“她的新书销售量已经达到 50 million”，强
调结果，B、D的时态与句意不符；C中的reach不用于进行时态，要排除，故选A。
【典题】--- Have you had you lunch yet?
--- Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. (结果是现在已经不饿了)
2．表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括
“现在”再内）的一段时间状语连用，如标志性的时间状语有：already, yet , ever , never, just, before, still,
recently, lately, since, for a long time, up to now, until, so far, in/over the last few years/weeks/mouths , till now
等。如：
Up to now, the bike man has repaired hundreds of bikes and given away nearly 700 newly repaired bikes.到目
前为止，这位自行车手已经修理了数百辆自行车，并将近700辆新修好的自行车赠送出去。
We have had seagulls at our school before and we're now waiting with interest to see what happens next”, she
added.之前就有海鸥在我们学校安过家，我们都兴致勃勃地等着要看接下来还会发生什么”，普克特补充
说。
【典题】（2020·天津卷）The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and ______ around
that level since.
A．are remaining B．have remained C．is remaining D．has remained
答案与解析：D。考查时态和主谓一致。ever since“从那以后”作时间状语，句子用现在完成时态。主
语为the number of medical schools，the number of表示“……的数目”，中心词是number，所以是单数，
作主语时，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。综上，故选D。句意:20世纪90年代初，医学院的数量达到
了18所，此后一直保持在这个水平。
【典题】（2019·江苏卷）The musician along with his band members ___________ ten performances in the
last three months.
A. gives B. has given C. have given D. give
答案与解析：B。考查现在完成时与主谓一致。由“in the last three months”可知，这句话的时态为现在
完成时，故排除AD选项。本句主语为the musician，为第三人称单数形式，句中的“along with his band
members”是附加成分，故谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。故选B。句意：在过去的三个月里，这名音乐
家与他的乐队成员已经完成了十场演出。
【典题】（2018·北京）China’s high-speed railways ________ from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past
few years.
A. are growing B. have grown C. will grow D. had grown答案与解析：B。该句时间状语为in the past few years。中国高速铁路的增长是从过去一直到现在几年
里的情况，故该句应用现在完成时态。B选项正确。考查时态。句意：在过去的几年里，中国的高速铁路
已经从9,000公里增长到25,000公里。
【典题】--- Who is Jerry Copper?
--- _______? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.
A. Don’t you meet him yet B. Hadn’t you met him yet
C. Didn’t you meet him yet D. Haven’t you met him yet
答案与解析：D。根据所被选项中的yet提示，因为在完成时中yet用在否定句或疑问句中的意思是
“仍然、还”，already用于肯定句中，意思是“已经”。答句的后面的过去时表明“我在会上看到你和他
握手”，因此对问“Jerry Copper是谁”表示惊讶，所以提出反问“难道你还没有见过他（到现在为
止）”，故选D。
【典题】 ---The window is dirty.
---I know. It______ for weeks.
A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned
答案与解析：D。根据答句的一段时间状语for weeks和现在“窗户脏”的事实，就是“好几周没清
洗”的结果，故选D。
【典题】How can you possibly miss the news? It _____ on TV all day long.
A. has been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案与解析：A。根据时间状语all day long的提示。
3．在“最高级+名词”或是“这是第几次”后面的定语从句中，从句用现在完成时，如果be动词用过
去时则对应用过去完成时。如：
This is the most interesting story book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的一本最有趣的故事书。
It is the first time that she has taken part in a film shooting and she says it's a little bit difficult. 这是她第一次
参加电影拍摄。她说这有点困难。
This is the third time in a week that the electricity supply has been cut off-it really is the limit.这已经是一个
星期内第三次停电了，真叫人无法忍受。
【典题】--- Do you know our town at all?
--- No, this is the first time I _____ here.
A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案与解析：B。从答句的this is the first time可以看出是表示“某人第几次做某事”的句型，所以从
句的事态用现在完成时。4. have been to与 have gone to的区别：前者表示“去过某地”，现在已经回来；后者表示“去某地
了”，目前不在当地，表示在去某地的途中或是已经到了某地。如：
The most interesting museum I have been to is the American Computer Museum.我去过的最有趣的博物馆
是美国计算机博物馆。
I have been to Beijing many times but my parents have never been there.我去过北京多次，但我父母亲从没
去过。
比较：She has been to Europe, but she is back now.
She has gone to Europe and she is not here now.
5．延续性动词与瞬间动词和完成时态
在肯定句中，完成时跟表示一段时间的状语连用时，句子的谓语动词应该是延续性动词，不可以与瞬
间动词连用；在否定句中没有限制。要求同学们一定要把握词汇用法，分清瞬间动词与延续性动词。以瞬
间动词join和marry为例，请仔细体会下列各句的翻译，并作出比较：
A. Peter has been a PLA man for 8 years. 分析：用完成时，be动词表状态，延续性
B. Peter joined the army 8 years ago. 分析：join是瞬间动词，本句是一般过去时
C. It is 8 years since Peter joined the army.分析：用句型“it is+时间段+since+主语+谓语动词（过去时）
+…”表示“自从……多少年了”，注意如果 since从句的谓语动词延续性动词则表示“有多少年不做某时
了”。如：--- Would like a cigarette?
--- No thank you. It’s two years since I smoked.(表示有两年不抽烟了)
【典题】My uncle didn’t marry until forty, and now he has been married for 15 years.
A.married; has married B. married; has been married
C.didn’t marry; has been married D.didn’t marry; has married
答案与解析：C。marry是瞬间动词，时间状语until表示的是时间段，在肯定句子不可以，因为不可
能把结婚这个动作一直进行，一旦结婚就是已婚状态，因此第一空用否定句，表示“直到......才......”。后
一空表示已婚状态，因此用系表结构，可以跟表示时间段的状语连用。故选C。
考点二、现在完成进行时
表示从过去某一时刻开始的动作一直延续到现在，现在正在进行着，而且还有可能要进行下去，强调
进行的过程。或者是强调一直到现在为止的一段时间内一再反复进行的动作。具有现在完成时和现在进行
时两者的特征。如：
She has been sweeping the street all day. She is too tired.她一整天都在扫大街。她太累了。
It has been raining for three hours.雨已经下了三个小时了【典题】（2020·天津卷）—You are a great swimmer.
—Thanks. It’s because I ______ a lot these days.
A．have been practising B．was practising C．would practise D．had practised
答案与解析：A。考查时态。根据时间状语these days(这些天)可知，“练习游泳”从数天前开始，一
直持续到现在，因此该句应用现在完成进行时态。故选A。句意：——你游泳很棒。——谢谢。这是因为
这些天我一直在练习。
【典题】Now that she is out of job, Lucy _____ going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.
A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider
答案与解析：B。从题干的从句得知“Lucy失业了”，根据主句的后半句可以看出她还没有决定是否
回学校，所以可以推定他是一直在考虑回学校这么一件事，符合现在完成进行时的定义，故选B。
【典题】 --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
--- I am tired. I _____ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted
答案与解析：C。I’m tired可以看出对现在造成了“疲倦”的结果，体现了完成时的意义，在根据时间
状语all day可知“我一整天一直在油漆起居室”，强调一直到现在为止这一时间内一直在做某事，体现了
进行时，符合现在完成进行时的第二种情况，故选C。
考点三、将来完成时
将来完成时用来表示在现在看来到将来某个时间某个动作将要完成或一直持续的动作，构成形式是
will/shall have done，具有一般将来时和现在完成时两者的特点。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连
用，也可与before或by the time短语引导的现在时的从句连用。要把握题干中的时间状语，体会上下文中
隐含的将来时和完成时的共同信息是解题的关键。如：
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可
能不会记得老同学了。
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天这个时候你已经到达上海。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫
一遍。
【典题】(2019·江苏卷)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals_________ by 2022 for the Beijing
Winer Olympics.
A. will install B. will have been installed C. are installed D. have been installed答案与解析：B。表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作，用将来完成时。“5G终端”
和“安装”之间是被动关系，用被动语态，故选B。考查时态和语态。句意：他们正努力确保在2022年北
京冬奥会之前安装5G终端。
【典题】The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics _____ by 2006.
A. has been completed B. has completed
C. will have been completed D. will have completed
答案与解析：C。从题干所给的时间2006年可以看出还没有到，用一般将来时，再根据介词by可以
推出完成时，所以是一般将来完成时，故选C。句意是“北京市长说所有的北京奥运会建设工程到 2006年
全部竣工”。
考点四、过去完成时
过去完成时是以过去时为基点，表示某一动作或存在的状态发生在过去的某一时间或某一动作之前，
即“过去的过去”。在试题的设置上常从以下几个方面进行考查。
一、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成的动作或状态
这个时间短语可以用短语或从句，甚至通过上下文来暗示“过去的过去”。状语常用的有before/
when/ since/ until/ after/ by the time等引导的时间状语从句或是by the end of last year，before等。如：
Since then, he had devoted himself to the research of a new kind of rice.他从那时起就一直致力于新型水稻
的研究。
After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for
the detection of submarines. "这项技术被发明之后，武器设计者将其改造用来探测潜艇只是时间早晚的问
题。
【典题】(2017·北京卷) In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless
phones _______ yet.
A. haven’t invented B. haven’t been invented C. hadn’t invented D. hadn’t been invented
答案与解析：D。根据句意可知用被动语态，排除AC，事情发生在过去，与现在无关，不用现在完成
时，排除B，故选D，过去完成时的被动语态。句意：在美国20世纪50年代的时候，大多数的家庭家里
只有一部电话，并且无线电话还根本没有发明出来。
【典题】（2021·天津卷）We ________ quite enough work for the morning; now let's take a break.
A．have done B．will do C．had done D．were doing
答案与解析：A。根据后半句“now let's take a break.”可知，做很多工作这件事情是从过去某个时间开始一直到现在，应用现在完成时。故选A。句意：今天上午我们做的工作够多的了，现在让我们休息一下
吧。
【典题】（2020·江苏卷）Instead of getting down to a new task as I _____, he examined the previous work
again.
A. had expected B. have expected C. would expect D. expect
答案与解析：A。考查动词时态。此处描述的动作发生在examined之前，属于“过去的过去”，应使
用过去完成时。故选A。句意:他没有像我所期望的那样着手做新工作，而是又检查了一遍以前的工作。
【典题】(2019·江苏卷) A few months after he had arrived in China, Mr. Smith ___________ in love with
the people and culture there.
A. would fall B. had fallen C. has fallen D. fell
答案与解析：D。考查动词的时态。发生在had arrived之后的动作或状态应用一般过去时。故选D。
句意：他到中国几个月后，就喜欢上了那里的人和文化。
【典题】(湖北2004.33) --- George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?
--- No, I ____. Did they have a big wedding?
A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite
答案与解析：C。根据句中的过去时可以推知invite如果发生也应该是在“got married last week”之前发
生，既过去的过去，故选C，用过去完成时。
二、在主语是过去时间的间接引语当中
在直接引语中变为间接引语中，如果直接引语本身是一般过去时，变为间接引语时用过去完成时。
如：
She asked if we had discussed the problem. 他问我们是否讨论了这个问题。
She told me that she had tried his best to finish the task. 她说她为了完成那项任务已经尽最大努力。
三、表示过去打算但是没有实现的希望或计划
用于此结构的动词有hope/ expect/ intend/ want/ suppose/ mean(打算)等,用于过去完成时译作“本来希
望/打算/想……”，但是实际上未曾实现，在一定程度上相当于是一种虚拟语气。
He had intended to make a speech but no one gave him such a chance.他本来打算发言的，但是没有人给
这样的机会。
I had thought that he died at least twenty years ago. 我本来以为２０年以前他就去世了。（实际上还活
者）
【典题】(2019·天津卷) I ______ to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage，but I couldn't
manage it.A. had hoped B. am hoping C. have hoped D. would hope
答案与解析：A。考查过去完成时。第二个分句中“couldn’t”用的是一般过去时，它之前的动作用过
去完成时。故选A。句意：我本来计划在Peter结婚时送他一个礼物的，可是我没有做到。
四、在hardly…when; no sooner…than表示“一……就……”句型中
本句型是倒装句中的典型例子，当然如果否定副词hardly/no sooner不在句首时就不用倒装，本结构用
于完成时也并不是只能用在完成时，也可以用于其它时态，在倒装句的专题中有高考原题解析（本处不在
赘述）。如：
Hardly had he arrived in Beijing when he rang me up.他一到北京就给我打电话了。
No sooner had we heard the result of the entrance examination than we burst into tears.我们一听到入学考试
的结果就放声痛哭起来。
【典题】______ entered the office when he realized that he had forgotten his report.
A. He hardly had B. Had he hardly C. Hardly had he D. Hardly he had
答案与解析：C。本句句型Hardly…when，意思是“一……就”，如果hardly置于句首，则要用倒装
结构，故选C。A项需改为He had hardly才可以。
五、在表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的条件从句中
在虚拟语气中，如果表示与过去的事实情况相反或表示过去未曾实现的愿望，则 if 从句的谓语动词或
wish后的宾语从句的谓语动词用had done，即用过去完成时形式。如：
If she had told me the truth yesterday, she wouldn’t have been scolded.如果她要是昨天把真相告诉了我，她
就不会挨批评的。（实际上她没有告诉真相，结果也就受批评了）
I wish she had helped me with my English last night, but she was too busy.她昨晚上要是能帮我学习英语就
好了，可是她太忙了。
【典题】If Mr. Dewey _____ present, he would have offered any possible assistance to the people there.
A. were B. had been C. should be D. was
答案与解析：B。从would have offered看出是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，if从
句需要用过去完成时，表示事实是“当时不在场”。故选B。
考点五、过去完成进行时
表示动作从过去某一时间之前开始，到过去某一时间仍然进行或刚刚结束，前提是有一特定的过去时
间，同时也强调了动作的持续性。在具体理解时可以参照现在完成进行时。构成形式是：had been doing,
如：
His best friend, Peter, had been living here before he was admitted into Beijing University.他被北京大学录取之前一直住在这里。
The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before it was answered.电话铃响了三分钟才有人接。（表
示在接电话前的三分钟里，电话铃是一直在响着的）
【典题】The crazy fans _______patiently for two hours, and they would wait till the movie star arrived.
A. were B. had been waiting C. had waited D. would wait
答案与解析：B。根据后一分句中的谓语动词过去将来时和前一分句中的时间段状语for two hours可
以初步判定是过去完成时；再根据看出movie star还没有来，因此可以判定wait的动作在movie star到来之
前还在持续进行着，因此用过去完成进行时，故选B。
相关时态比较：一般过去式、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去完成进行时
She read a novel last night, which was written by Luxun.昨天晚上他读过一本小说，是鲁迅写的。（说
明过去发生的事情，一般过去时强调动作已经发生）
She was writing a novel last year when I visited him, but I don’t know whether she has finished it.去年我去
看她时，她正在写一本小说，但是不不知道它现在是否已经写完。（过去进行时强调在过去某时间动作正
在进行，不强调完成，从后面的现在完成时可以看出不知是否完成，所以仅强调当时在进行）
She has been writing a novel since you left.自从我离开后她就一直在写一本小说。（直到现在现在完成
进行时强调动作在过去发生，一直延续到现在，还有可能会延续下去）。
She had been writing a novel when I visited him.到我去拜访他时，他一直在写一本小说。（强调在我拜访之
前写小说动作发生，一直持续到现在，而我拜访的动作发生在过去，那么 write就应该是过去完成时，再
从一直持续到现在便可以体现出进行时，把过去完成时与进行时结合在一起，便成了过去完成进行时。也
可以参考现在完成进行时的论述，本文就不再单独阐述）
考点六、完成时被动语态
完成时的被动语态有现在完成时被动语态和过去完成时被动语态，构成形式分 别
是：have/has+been+过去分词；had+been +过去分词。如：
【考例】In my hometown, there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat____ cut.
(XXXX·重庆卷)
A. will have been B. will be C. was D. has been
【答案与解析】D。举行a harvest supper应该在cut wheat之后，所以用现在完成时。主语wheat与cut
是动宾关系，用被动语态。句意是：在我的家乡，麦子丰收过后农民会有一个庆祝晚餐。
【考例】Despite the previous rounds of talks, no agreement______ so far by the two sides. （XXXX·天津卷）
A. has been reached B. was reached C. will reach D.will have reached
【答案与解析】A。根据句中的时间状语so far“到目前为止”可知用现在完成时。主语agreement与
reach为被动关系，根据句意可知选A。句意是：尽管之前多轮谈判，但到目前为止双方没有达成任何协
议。
【考例】We won’t start the work until all the preparations __________. (XXXX天津卷)
A. are being made B. will be made C. have been made D. had been made
【答案一解析】C。根据主句的一般将来时排除过去完成时的D项；until引导时间状语从句，不用一
般将来时，排除B。根据句意看出是“所有准备工作完毕”，用现在完成时，主语preparations与动词
make是动宾关系，用被动语态。故选C。
【考例】Experiments of this kind in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.
（XXXX·北京卷）
A. have conducted B. have been conducted C. had conducted D. had been conducted
【答案一解析】D。根据常识可知the Second World War发生在过去，before表明Experiments of this kind在
过去的过去进行的，用过去完成时。主语 Experiments of this kind与conduct是动宾关系，所以用过去完成
时被动语态形式。
