ARTICLE · 1167771
高中英语必修二 语言能力全景解读:5语法能力:五大项目逐个拆解
目 录
必修二的位置：从"写对"到"写厚"
必修二语言知识全景（一表通览）
语音能力进阶：意群、停顿与信息焦点
词汇能力：词块、构词法与熟词生义
语法能力：五大项目逐个拆解
语篇能力：三种新增文体的结构模板
语用能力：报道、倡议与演讲的语体
听说读看写：本册的技能训练法
语言能力专项训练（70 题）
附录：被动总表 / 词块表 / 版本对照 / 21 天计划
五、语法能力：五大项目逐个拆解
每个项目按"核心规则 → 判断方法 → 高频易错 → 高考怎么考"四步讲。
GRAMMAR 01 · UNIT 1
定语从句进阶：非限制性与"介词 + 关系代词"
Non-restrictive Clauses & Preposition + Relative Pronoun
① 限制性 vs 非限制性：逗号决定一切
| 有逗号 | ||
| 不可用 that | ||
| The temple which was built in 1500 is famous. | The temple, which was built in 1500, is famous. |
② which 指代整个句子，与 as 的区别
which 指代整个主句
He won the prize, which made his parents proud.
which 只能放在主句之后，译为"这 / 这一点"。
as 指代整个主句
As is known to all, China has a long history.
as 位置灵活（句首、句中、句末均可），译为"正如"。固定搭配：as is known to all / as we all know / as is often the case / as is reported / as is mentioned above。
判断小技巧：如果从句位于句首，且意为"正如……"，只能用 as，不能用 which。As was expected, he passed the exam.（正如所料） × Which was expected, ...
③ "介词 + 关系代词"：介词从哪来
结构：介词 + which（物）/ whom（人）。注意：介词后不能用 that，也不能省略。介词的三个来源：
① 从句谓语的固定搭配（the person to whom I spoke ← speak to）② 先行词的习惯搭配（the day on which it happened ← on that day）③ 句意所需（the means by which... ← by means of）
两个必须掌握的进阶结构
A · 名词 / 代词 / 数词 + 介词 + 关系代词（高考高频）
There are 50 students in our class, most of whom are from the countryside.He mentioned three problems, two of which had already been solved.可用：all / both / none / most / some / several / the majority / half + of + which / whom
B · of which / of whom 替换 whose
the house whose roof = the house the roof of which = the house of which the roof
④ 定语从句 vs 同位语从句（最容易被混淆的一对）
| The news that he told me is true. | ||
| The news that our team won is true. |
同位语从句的先行词是抽象名词：news, fact, idea, hope, suggestion, proposal, possibility, evidence, doubt, belief。
GRAMMAR 02 · UNIT 2
现在进行时的被动语态
The Present Continuous Passive Voice
结构：am / is / are + being + 过去分词含义：
① 此刻正在被……（now, at the moment） (狭义进行时）
② 现阶段正在被……（these days, at present）（广义进行时）否定：am/is/are + not + being + done疑问：Am/Is/Are + 主语 + being + done?
教材风格的原句：
I know that they are being hunted and their habitat is getting smaller.Much is being done to protect wildlife, but if we really want to save the planet, we must change our way of life.
① 十种被动总表（须能默写）
am/is/are done | The relics are protected by law. | |
was/were done | The temple was built in 1500. | |
will be doneam/is/are going to be done | A new museum will be built. | |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are being done | The bridge is being built. |
| 现在完成时 | have/has been done | The bridge has been built. |
was/were being done | The road was being repaired when I passed. | |
had been done | The work had been finished by then. | |
would be done | He said the problem would be solved. | |
情态动词 + be done | The relics must be protected. | |
(to) be done | The problem remains to be solved. |
三个高频失分点：1. being 不能丢。is building 是主动"正在建"，is being built 才是"正在被建"。漏掉 being 意思就完全反了。2. 与现在完成被动混淆。A bridge is being built.（还没完工） vs A bridge has been built.（已完工）。做题看语境判断动作是否结束。3. 不是所有动词都有被动。happen, take place, break out, come about, belong to, consist of, date from/back to, come true, run out（物作主语）, cost, weigh 等无被动语态。
② 短语动词变被动，介词/副词不能丢
They are looking after the injured elephant. → The injured elephant is being looked after.
We must pay attention to this problem. → This problem must be paid attention to.
③ 主动形式表被动（阅读与写作都常见）
① 表示"性质"
The book sells well.（卖得好）The pen writes smoothly.sell / wash / write / read / lock + 副词
② 系动词 + 形容词
The cloth feels soft.The music sounds beautiful.feel / sound / smell / taste / look
③ 需要被……
The problem needs solving. = needs to be solvedThe book is worth reading.need / want / require + doing；be worth doing
GRAMMAR 03 · UNIT 3
现在完成时的被动语态
The Present Perfect Passive Voice
结构：have / has + been + 过去分词含义：动作在过去发生并已完成，强调对现在造成的结果或影响（"已经被……了"）。标志词：already, yet, just, ever, never, so far, up to now, recently, by now, since then, in the past/last few years, many times，to date.
一般过去时被动
The bridge was built in 2010.
只陈述"2010 年建了"这一过去事实，与现在无关，可接具体过去时间状语。
现在完成时被动
The bridge has been built.
强调"现在已经建好了"这一结果，不接具体过去时间点（in 2010 不能用于完成时）。
一个易错点：1. 瞬间动词的完成时不能接 for / since 时间段。The library has been opened for three years. ×（open 是瞬间动作）The library has been open for three years. √（open 作形容词表状态）同理：has been closed（动作） vs has been closed for a week（应改为 has been closed 表状态，此处 closed 为形容词，正确）。
高考怎么考
语法填空里给动词提示，若空前有 so far / recently / in the past few years / already 等标志， 且主语是动作的承受者，答案几乎必是 has/have been done。判断两步：一看时态标志定完成时，二看主谓关系定被动。
GRAMMAR 04 · UNIT 4
过去分词作定语与表语
Past Participles as Attribute and Predicative
① 作定语：前置与后置
| 前置（名词之前） | a broken cup an excited child fallen leaves | |
| 后置（名词之后） | The book written by Lu Xun is popular. the temple built in the Tang Dynasty |
过去分词的两层含义：① 及物动词的过去分词 → 被动 + 完成：a broken cup（被打碎的杯子）② 不及物动词的过去分词 → 只表完成，无被动：fallen leaves（落叶）· the risen sun · a retired teacher · developed countries · an escaped prisoner
② 作表语：说明主语的状态
常用于系动词之后：be / get / feel / seem / look / remain / become / stay。本册必须掌握的高频搭配：
be absorbed in（专心于）· be devoted to（致力于）· be buried in（埋头于）· be dressed in（穿着）· be seated（就座）be located/situated in（位于）· be faced with（面临）· be equipped with（配备有）· be satisfied with（对……满意）be tired of（厌倦）· be based on（基于）· be lost in（沉浸于）· be caught in（遭遇）· be interested in（对……感兴趣）be surrounded by（被……环绕）· be made up of（由……组成）· be overcome with（被……充满）
③ 系表结构 vs 被动语态（必须能区分）
系表结构（表状态）
The shop is closed now.
说明"商店现在关着"这一状态；可被 very 修饰；一般不接 by 短语。
被动语态（表动作）
The shop is closed at 9 pm every day.
说明"每天九点被关"这一动作；常有时间/方式状语，可接 by。
④ -ed 形容词 vs -ing 形容词
核心规则：-ing 表示"令人……的"（多修饰物）；-ed 表示"感到……的"（多修饰人）。
interesting 令人感兴趣的 / interested 感到感兴趣的 · exciting / excited · surprising / surprisedboring / bored · disappointing / disappointed · satisfying / satisfied · frightening / frightened · tiring / tired
例外（高考爱考）：当 -ed 修饰 look / voice / expression / face / smile / eyes 等"表达人的感受的名词"时，仍用 -ed：a bored look（厌倦的表情） an excited voice（激动的声音） a puzzled expressiona satisfied smile
GRAMMAR 05 · UNIT 5
过去分词作状语与表语
Past Participles as Adverbial and Predicative
① 判断用 doing 还是 done：只看一件事
看"分词动作的逻辑主语"（= 主句主语）与该动作之间是主动还是被动。主动关系 → 用 doing ｜ 被动关系 → 用 done
被动 → done
Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.
town 是"被看"的对象 → 被动 → Seen。
主动 → doing
Seeing the boy, she smiled.
she 是"看"的发出者 → 主动 → Seeing。
悬垂分词（高考写作的高频坑）：分词的逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致，否则句子错。Seen from the top of the mountain, we found the city beautiful. ×（we 不能被"看"，逻辑主语错）Seeing from the top of the mountain, we found the city beautiful. √自检方法：把分词还原成状语从句（When it is seen... / When we see...），看主语是否能搭配。
② 过去分词作状语可表达的五种关系
| Asked why he was late, he kept silent. | ||
| Inspired by his words, we worked harder. | ||
| Given more time, I could do it better. | ||
| Defeated again, he never gave up. | ||
| The teacher entered, followed by a group of students. |
强调"先于"：若分词动作明显先于主句动作发生，用 having been done： Having been told many times, he still made the same mistake.
③ 独立主格（初步了解）
当分词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致时，需要给分词带上自己的主语，这就是独立主格：
All things considered, his plan is more practical.（把一切考虑在内）
The problem solved, we went home happily.（问题解决后）
过去分词在写作里的两个直接收益
- 压缩从句，句子更紧凑
Because he was deeply moved by the story, he cried.→Deeply moved by the story, he cried. - 读后续写里的"状态句"
Frightened and helpless, she stood there, unable to say a word.—— 一句顶三句，且立刻拉开与普通表达的差距。
GRAMMAR 06 · 本册补充
倒装：写作加分句型
Inversion
倒装虽不是本册的正式语法项目，但在课文与高考写作中高频出现，是性价比最高的加分句式。
① Only + 状语置于句首
Only in this way can we protect the cultural relics.Only then did he realize his mistake.主句部分倒装：助动词/情态动词提到主语前
② 否定词置于句首
Never have I seen such a beautiful place.Not only did he come, but he also brought a gift.never / seldom / hardly / little / not only / by no means / at no time
③ So / Such...that 结构
So moved was she that she couldn't say a word.
Such a moving story was it that everyone cried.So + 形容词 / Such + 名词 置于句首时，主句部分倒装
