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考点分类练(十二) 主旨大意题(3)
Passage 1(2025 山东滨州二模)
主题:心理学研究与社会行为 词数:344
难度:★★★☆☆ 限时:7 分钟
It was obvious with Pinocchio.Every time he told a lie,his nose grew longer.But for the
rest of us in real life,the result of telling lies isn’t so evident.Is it possible that there are
unseen consequences to dishonesty?
Since lies are carried by speech,and speech originates in the brain,is it possible that
telling lies results in changes in the brain that are not outwardly observable?Psychologists
Julia Lee and Ashley Hardin wanted to find out.
Drs.Lee and Hardin set up a series of studies to explore the question of dishonesty,with
250 pairs of individuals.In each pair,one was assigned the task of either lying or telling the
truth.The other member of the pair was instructed to evaluate the emotions of the lying or
truth-telling partner.Each of the partners was then assigned the task of evaluating the
emotions of the other partner.
The research found that subjects who were asked to be dishonest were significantly
worse at detecting the emotional state of their partners than those who told the
truth.Surprisingly,the small,seemingly unimportant moments of dishonesty clouded an
individual’s ability to read the emotions of another individual later on.
To determine how well the participants could read other people’s emotions,the
researchers then had the subjects watch a series of short video clips.In the clips,actors
expressed a wide range of emotions in their facial expressions,voices,and body languages.The
participants were then asked to identify the emotional state of the actors.Once again,across all
the experimental studies,the researchers consistently found that those who were tempted
to,and likely did lie,ended up performing worse on the test of empathetic accuracy than those
who didn’t lie.
We live in a world where businesses,social life,and personal relationships depend on the
ability of individuals to interact well with other people.And to interact with them we often
need to be able to determine their emotions.As most of us learned in kindergarten:it’s
important to tell the truth!
1.What is the purpose of the studies?
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A.To explain the Pinocchio Effect.
B.To explore the motive for lying.
C.To teach people how to detect lies.
D.To test if lying causes brain changes.
2.What were the participants asked to do in the studies?
A.To make faces.
B.To learn body languages.
C.To rate others’ performances.
D.To identify different emotions.
3.What does the underlined word “clouded” in paragraph 4 most probably mean?
A.Cleared.
B.Improved.
C.Weakened.
D.Monitored.
4.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A.The necessity of being honest.
B.The application of the study.
C.The reasons for telling lies.
D.The complexity of social interaction.
Passage 2(2025 山东青岛、淄博二模)
主题:过度旅游 词数:345
难度:★★★☆☆ 限时:7 分钟
In many parts of the world,the volume of tourists has gone way beyond capacity
point.Overtourism,as is known,is now so widespread that many communities are pushing
back.In April,activists on Tenerife staged a hunger strike against the building of new tourist
projects threatening local water resources.Similarly,Greek communities initiated the “towel
movement” resisting the privatization of coastal spaces that displaced local traditional
fishing.
When you see so many people protesting so widely,it tells you that the balance has been
lost.The idea that most people benefit from tourism is no longer so clear.Symptoms of
overtourism range from everyday problems,such as locals being priced out of restaurants,to
deeper issues like the corporate takeover of affordable housing,which has caused widespread
public anger.“At the most insignificant level,overtourism makes visiting places less pleasant
for those visiting,” says Adrian Phillips,managing director of Bradt Travel Guides.“Most of
us would prefer to appreciate St Mark’s Square in Venice without having to compete for
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space.Besides,it can damage the local landscape,put pressure on local facilities,bend and
change traditional culture.”
Thailand’s historic city of Chiang Mai has recently charged a $147.5 fine for tourists
wearing unsuitable clothing in temple zones,alongside cultural training for guides assisting
international visitors,which comes as the city experiences an explosion in tourism,putting
pressure on its culture.The Indonesian island of Bali,where by the middle of
2024,international tourism arrivals—7.75 million—surpassed those of all of 2019,is also
seeing pushback against the rapid-fire expansion of tourism,with hotlines set up to report
inappropriate behaviour by foreigners.
In the long run,the key solution to reducing overtourism is to champion the advantages
of the many wonderful spots away from the most heavily-visited tourist sites and encourage
people to spread their tourist dollars more widely.Rather than set limits on the number of
visitors or fine people for visiting famous landmarks,stakeholders should give full attention to
the meaningful experiences,fair economic benefits,and sustainable practices that come with
exploring alternatives.
5.Why did people in Tenerife and Greece protest?
A.To increase income from tourism.
B.To improve local service facilities.
C.To safeguard the interests of locals.
D.To prevent environmental destruction.
6.What does Adrian Phillips think of overtourism?
A.It can be more than inconvenient.
B.It reflects tourists’ psychological needs.
C.It can be managed through better planning.
D.It is a necessary stage in economic development.
7.What does paragraph 3 focus on?
A.Plans to drive tourism growth.
B.Efforts to develop local attractions.
C.Approaches to cultural preservation.
D.Responses to overtourism challenges.
8.Who might the underlined word “stakeholders” in the last paragraph refer to?
A.Tourism officers.
B.Travel behavior experts.
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C.Eco-minded travelers.
D.Tourism investment analysts.
Passage 3(2025 山东菏泽二模)
主题:语言与文化传播 词数:351
难度:★★★☆☆ 限时:7 分钟
When asked how he “chooses” words for a translation,Damion Searls,a famous
translator,likens(比作) it to asking a reader how they “choose” what Mr.Darcy,the main
character in the novel Pride and Prejudice,looks like when reading it.Neither is so much a
choice,he says,but a response shaped by the text.
Translating is some kind of reading and some kind of writing joined together.If you
unpack what reading is,you’re going to get most of the way to the philosophy of
translation.According to Searls,translation isn’t that different from other forms of writing in
English.However,what distinguishes translation is the way translators read,a close reading
that engages deeply with a language’s structure.
When “reading like a translator,” Searls said he must identify which linguistic elements
can be omitted in English and which are intentional stylistic choices by the author.When
translating Uwe Johnson’s novel,Anniversaries,for example,he noticed frequent “not this but
that” constructions (“the train leaves at not 7:00 but 6:00”),which are more common in
German than in English.
While it would be easy to rephrase for smoother English,he realized Johnson used this
pattern deliberately to express a personal vision.“We can’t just erase it because it’s not just
the German language:It’s him,the author,” Searls said.
Searls also described his process when approaching a new translation.He usually does a
slow and precise first draft,which allows him to revise later without referring too much to the
source material.“As much as you can avoid looking back at the original will help you direct
your attention to:Does this sound like it should sound in English?”
When asked how to reach the point of feeling like a reader skilled enough to
translate,Searls responded that while some believe mastering the source language is necessary
for translation,he sees more nuance(细微差异).Though he knows Norwegian well enough to
translate the works of Jon Fosse,he wouldn’t necessarily feel comfortable translating just any
Norwegian book.
9.What was Searls’ purpose in mentioning Mr.Darcy?
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A.To explain the word choice.
B.To analyze Mr.Darcy’s roles.
C.To stress the text understanding.
D.To compare the different contexts.
10.What do we learn from Damion Searls’ translation of Anniversaries?
A.He keeps the author’s unique language features.
B.He changes German expressions for smooth English.
C.He makes the translation simple with English structure.
D.He values the readability of the translated text over the author’s style.
11.What does the last paragraph mainly convey?
A.Translation is like reading.
B.Translation is a fine-tuning process.
C.Translation ends up with perfection.
D.Translation improves when mastered.
12.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A.From Culture to Culture:Bridging the Meanings
B.The Choices of Word:A Translator’s Perspective
C.From Reading to Translation:A Creative Process
D.The Art of Translation:Reading Between Languages
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答案：
Passage 1
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了心理学家Julia Lee 和Ashley Hardin 开展
的研究,旨在探究说谎是否会导致大脑变化,研究发现说谎会削弱识别他人情绪的能力,
强调了诚实的重要性。
1.D 细节理解题。根据第二段可知,研究的目的是测试说谎是否会导致大脑变化。故
选D 项。
2.D 细节理解题。根据第五段中“To determine how well the participants could read
other people’s emotions...The participants were then asked to identify the emotional state of
the actors.”可知,参与者在研究中被要求识别不同的情绪。故选D 项。
3.C 词句猜测题。根据第四段中“The research found that subjects who were asked to be
dishonest were significantly worse at detecting the emotional state of their partners than those
who told the truth.”可知,说谎会削弱一个人解读他人情绪状态的能力。所以画线词所在
句中“clouded”的意思是“削弱”,与C 项“Weakened”同义。故选C 项。
4.A 主旨大意题。根据最后一段可知,最后一段主要讲了诚实的必要性。故选A 项。
提分干货
高频
词汇
1.emotion n.情绪 2.accuracy n.准确性
3.originate v.起源;产生
4.assign v.分配;指派
5.detect vt.察觉;识别
6.tempt vt.引诱;诱惑
7.outwardly adv.表面上;向外
8.significantly adv.显著地
熟词
生义
1.carry (生) vt.传达,承载 (熟) vt.搬用
2.read (生) vt.理解,解读 (熟) vt.阅读
重点
短语
1.result in 导致
2.later on 后来
3.end up doing 最终导致;以……告终
难句
分析
Since lies are carried by speech,and speech originates in the brain,is it possible that
telling lies results in changes in the brain that are not outwardly observable?
分析:本句为复合句。Since lies are carried by speech,and speech originates in the
brain 为since 引导的原因状语从句;that telling lies results in changes in the brain
为that 引导的主语从句;that are not outwardly observable 为that 引导的定语从
句,修饰先行词changes。
译文:既然谎言通过言语传达,而言语源于大脑,那么说谎是否可能导致大脑发
生表面上无法观察到的变化?
Passage 2
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了过度旅游的现象和解决方案。
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5.C 细节理解题。根据第一段中“In April,activists on Tenerife staged a hunger strike
against the building of new tourist projects threatening local water resources.Similarly,Greek
communities initiated the ‘towel movement’ resisting the privatization of coastal spaces that
displaced local traditional fishing.”可知,新旅游项目会威胁特内里费岛当地水资源,希腊沿
海空间的私有化会取代当地的传统渔业,所以这两个地区的人抗议是为了捍卫当地人的
利益,故选C 项。
6.A 推理判断题。根据第二段中“‘At the most insignificant level,overtourism makes
visiting places less pleasant for those visiting,’says Adrian Phillips,managing director of
Bradt Travel Guides.‘Most of us would prefer to appreciate St Mark’s Square in Venice
without having to compete for space.Besides,it can damage the local landscape,put pressure
on local facilities,bend and change traditional culture.’”可知,Adrian Phillips 认为过度旅游
可能不仅仅导致不方便,它还会让游客感到不愉快,破坏当地景观,给当地设施带来压力,
扭曲和改变传统文化,故选A 项。
7.D 主旨大意题。根据第三段可知,本段主要讲述泰国清迈和印尼巴厘岛对于过度旅
游问题采取的措施,故选D 项。
8.A 词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句“Rather than set limits on the number of visitors or
fine people for visiting famous landmarks,stakeholders should give full attention to the
meaningful experiences,fair economic benefits,and sustainable practices that come with
exploring alternatives.”可知,“限制游客数量或对参观著名地标的人罚款”以及“充分关
注探索替代方案所带来的有意义的体验、公平的经济效益和可持续的实践”应是属于
“旅游官员”的责任范畴。
提分干货
高频
词汇
1.volume n.数量;容量 2.capacity n.承载能力;容量
3.facility n.设施4.initiate vt.发起;启动
5.displace vt.取代;排挤
6.inappropriate adj.不适当的
7.sustainable adj.可持续的
熟词
生义
1.stage (生) vt.主办,举行 (熟) n.舞台
2.champion (生) vt.支持 (熟) n.冠军
重点
短语
1.benefit from 受益于
2.compete for 为争取……而竞争
3.put pressure on 对……施加压力
4.in the long run 从长远来看
难句
分析
Thailand’s historic city of Chiang Mai has recently charged a $147.5 fine for
tourists wearing unsuitable clothing in temple zones,alongside cultural training for
guides assisting international visitors,which comes as the city experiences an
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explosion in tourism,putting pressure on its culture.
分析:本句为复合句。现在分词短语wearing unsuitable clothing in temple zones
作定语修饰tourists;现在分词短语assisting international visitors 作定语修饰
guides;which comes as the city experiences an explosion in tourism 为which 引导
的非限制性定语从句;现在分词短语putting pressure on its culture 作结果状
语。
译文:泰国历史名城清迈最近对在寺庙区域穿着不当的游客处以147.5 美元罚
款,并为协助国际游客的导游提供文化培训,这是由于该市旅游业激增,对当地
文化造成了压力。
Passage 3
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了著名翻译家达米恩·瑟尔斯对翻译的
理解和他的翻译方法,包括如何阅读原文、处理语言结构以及翻译的过程等。
9.C 推理判断题。根据第一段可推知,瑟尔斯提到达西先生是为了强调对文本的理解。
10.A 细节理解题。根据第四段可知,在翻译《周年纪念日》时,瑟尔斯保留了作者独特
的语言特征。
11.B 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“When asked how to reach the point of feeling like a
reader skilled enough to translate,Searls responded that while some believe mastering the
source language is necessary for translation,he sees more nuance.”可知,最后一段主要讲述
了翻译是一个需要精细调整的过程。
易错点拨:本题易错选A 项。虽然文章开头提到翻译是“reading and some kind of
writing joined together”,但最后一段的核心是瑟尔斯对翻译细节处理的见解(如初稿慢工
出细活、避免过度依赖原文等),而非简单类比阅读。A 项是前文观点,非末段主旨。
12.D 主旨大意题。本文主要围绕翻译家达米恩·瑟尔斯对翻译的理解展开,讲述了翻译
与阅读的关系,翻译时要注重对原文的理解,保留作者的语言特色,以及翻译是一个精细
调整的过程等,强调了翻译是在不同语言之间进行阅读和理解的艺术。D 项“翻译的艺
术:在语言之间阅读”为短文最佳标题,故选D 项。
提分干货
高频
词汇
1.philosophy n.理念;哲学 2.draft n.草稿;初稿
3.unpack vt.剖析;解读
4.omit vt.省略;删去
5.rephrase vt.重新表达;改写
6.intentional adj.有意的;刻意的
7.precise adj.精确的;细致的
熟词
生义
close (生) adj.深入的,细致的 (熟) v.关闭,接近
重点
短语
1.engage with 深入理解;参与
2.avoid doing sth 避免做某事
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难句
分析
When asked how he “chooses” words for a translation,Damion Searls,a famous
translator,likens(比作) it to asking a reader how they “choose” what Mr.Darcy,the
main character in the novel Pride and Prejudice,looks like when reading it.
分析:本句为复合句。When asked how he “chooses” words for a translation 为状
语从句的省略;how he “chooses” words for a translation 为how 引导的宾语从
句;how they“choose” what Mr.Darcy,the main character in the novel Pride and
Prejudice,looks like 为how 引导的宾语从句,the main character in the novel
Pride and Prejudice 作同位语;when reading it 为状语从句的省略。
译文:当被问及如何为翻译 “选择” 词汇时,著名翻译家达米恩·瑟尔斯将其
比作问读者在阅读《傲慢与偏见》时如何 “选择” 主角达西先生的形象。
