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文体分类练(三) 说明文之新发明/新产品类
Passage 1(2025 山东济宁二模)
主题:处理高盐有机废水的方法
词数:324
难度:★★★☆☆
限时:7 分钟
Numerous industries produce larger quantities of wastewaters containing high
concentrations of organic substances and inorganic salts.Discharging these wastewaters to the
environment is harmful to the ecosystem and human health.However,the high salt content in
these wastewaters poses serious challenges for existing treatment processes.Researchers at
Rice University,in partnership with Guangdong University of Technology,have developed a
groundbreaking method for it — adopting dialysis(透析) technology commonly used in
medicine.
The researchers selected commercial ultrafiltration membranes(超滤膜) which were
designed to let salt pass through while trapping organic substances.They set up a system
where salty wastewater and fresh water flowed in opposite directions on either side of a
special membrane,without needing pumps.Due to the difference in salt concentrations
between wastewater and fresh water,salt naturally moves into the fresh water while organic
substances are kept back.To test this,they compared the amount of organic materials and salt
in the wastewater before and after treatment.The results showed the system could effectively
remove salt without using extra amounts of fresh water.
One significant advantage of dialysis is its resistance to fouling(积垢).Unlike pressure-
driven systems,dialysis experienced notably less buildup of organic materials on the
membrane because it doesn’t rely on extra pressure.“This could translate to lower energy
consumption,less maintenance,and fewer membrane replacements,” said Elimelech,a
researcher on the study.
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Additionally,with suitable membranes,dialysis can be tailored to separate various
organic compounds,enabling the selective recovery of valuable resources from wastewater.In
this way,dialysis creates opportunities for transforming wastewater treatment plants into
resource recovery factories,aligning the principles of a circular economy.
Overall,while dialysis alone doesn’t fully purify wastewater,it can transform the high-
salinity organic wastewater stream into a low-salinity organic wastewater stream that can be
readily treated by conventional methods,which revolutionizes the treatment of some of the
most challenging industrial wastewaters.
1.What is the major challenge faced by the current wastewater treatment?
A.The lack of sufficient treatment devices.
B.The high salt percentage in wastewater.
C.The substantial volumes of wastewater.
D.The considerable cost of treatment processes.
2.What can be learned about the process of dialysing wastewater?
A.The membrane transformed salt into organic compounds.
B.The extra pressure contributed to salt transport.
C.The concentration difference played the key role.
D.Liquids on both sides flowed in the same direction.
3.What does the underlined word “aligning” probably mean in paragraph 4?
A.Matching.
B.Establishing.
C.Adjusting.
D.Challenging.
4.Which of the following can be a suitable title?
A.Dialysis:A Pioneering Blessing for Medicine
B.Membranes:A Protective Screen for Fresh Water
C.Dialysis:A New Pathway for Wastewater Treatment
D.High-Salinity Wastewater:A Threat to the Environment
Passage 2(2025 湖北鄂州二模)
主题:脑机接口技术
词数:370
难度:★★★★☆
限时:8 分钟
A futuristic world has always been charming to humans.Movies and sci-fi novels have
made us fantasize about a society flooded with humanoid robots that help free us from mind-
numbing tasks while we focus on things that require our attention or simply relax.
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Brain-computer interface(BCI)(脑机接口) is one such technology.Pioneered by Elon
Musk’s Neuralink,these brain implants could enable mind-controlled computing—potentially
going far beyond just reading thoughts.This can solve many medical conditions,including
paralysis,anxiety,and addiction.BCI chips acquire brain signals,analyze them,and translate
them into commands sent to output devices that carry out desired actions.It does not use
normal neuromuscular(神经肌肉的) output pathways.It is often used as an assisted living
device for individuals with neuromuscular disorders such as stroke or spinal cord injury.
Basically,BCI results from the blend of technologies from the fields of electrical
engineering,computer science,biomedical engineering,and neurosurgery.These BCI devices
are of two types,namely,Non-invasive(非侵入式的) BCI and Invasive BCI.Non-invasive
BCI tools use sensors applied on or near the head to track and record brain activity.These
ones can be placed and removed easily,but their signals may be indistinct and
imprecise.However,Invasive BCI tools require surgery as they are to be implanted beneath
the skull,directly into the brain,to target specific sets of neurons,thus providing a much
clearer and more accurate signal between the brain and the device.
Using BCIs can potentially enhance its personnel’s physical and cognitive power.While
BCIs try to imitate the way our brains function,understanding the mechanics can be quite
challenging for researchers.Further,there have been concerns on ethical grounds about this
research.This includes privacy and security issues.Ethicists fear that captured neural signals
can be used to gain access to a user’s private information.On the other hand,because BCI
chips and devices capture signals directly from a subject’s nervous system,this transmitted
data can be extracted for evil purposes,or even the whole BCI system can be broken into by
cybercriminals.Hope these issues are addressed before the commercial launch of BCIs in the
future.
5.According to the text,who may benefit most from BCI technology?
A.A woman losing her ability to speak.
B.An engineer thirsty for high productivity.
C.A patient incapable of moving after injuries.
D.An athlete aiming for improved performance.
6.What can we learn about BCI from the third paragraph?
A.Non-invasive BCI provides clearer signals.
B.Invasive BCI enables precise neural recordings.
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C.Invasive BCI can be easily removed like a headset.
D.Non-invasive BCI requires permanent skull implants.
7.What’s the potential risk BCI technology may bring in the text?
A.Theft of brain data.
B.Short service life of implanted devices.
C.High cost of BCI devices.
D.Difficulty in understanding brain signals.
8.What’s the author’s attitude towards BCI technology?
A.Strongly negative.
B.Fully supportive.
C.Cautiously optimistic.
D.Completely indifferent.
Passage 3 (2025 安徽马鞍山二模)
主题:利用太阳能制造燃料
词数:346
难度:★★★★☆
限时:7 分钟
The researchers,from the University of Cambridge,say their solar-powered reactor could
be used to make fuel to power cars and planes.It could also be used to generate fuel in remote
or off-grid(没有电网的) locations.
Unlike conventional technologies,the reactor developed by the Cambridge researchers
does not require fossil-fuel-based power or the transport and storage of carbon
dioxide(CO2),but instead converts atmospheric CO2 into something useful using sunlight.The
results are reported in the journal Nature Energy.
Carbon capture and storage(CCS) has been proposed as a possible solution to the
climate crisis.
However,it is energy-intensive and there are concerns about the long-term safety of
storing pressurised CO2 deep underground.“What if,instead of pumping CO2 underground,we
made something useful from it?” said first author Dr.Sayalee Katar from Cambridge’s Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry.“CO2 is a harmful greenhouse gas,but it can also be turned
into useful chemicals.”
The focus of the research group is the development of devices that convert
waste,water,and air into practical fuels and chemicals.These devices take their inspiration
from photosynthesis(光合作用):the process by which plants convert sunlight into food.The
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devices don’t use any outside power:no cables,no batteries — all they need is the power of
the sun.
The team’s latest system takes carbon dioxide directly from the air and converts it into
syngas,a key element in the production of many chemicals.At night,specialized devices take
in CO2.When the sun comes out,the sunlight heats up the collected gas,starting a chemical
reaction that converts the gas into solar syngas.A mirror on the reactor concentrates the
sunlight,making the process more efficient.
The researchers say the particularly promising opportunity is that the syngas can be
converted into many of the products we rely on every day,without contributing to climate
change.They are building a larger version of the reactor and hope to begin tests in the spring.
9.What can be learned about the reactor from the first two paragraphs?
A.It consumes solar energy.
B.It operates well in remote locations.
C.It requires fewer technologies.
D.It stores solar energy for transportation.
10.Why does the author mention Katar’s words?
A.To introduce their alternative thinking.
B.To show the origin of their inspiration.
C.To recognize the value of their device.
D.To explain the reasons for their success.
11.What does paragraph 6 mainly talk about?
A.The efficiency of different devices.
B.Functional processes of the system.
C.The cooperation of the team members.
D.The working surroundings of the system.
12.What are the researchers planning to do?
A.Produce green energy.
B.Launch a trial of the reactor.
C.Replace existing fuels.
D.Create a large-sized mirror.
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答案：
Passage 1
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了莱斯大学和广东工业大学的研究人
员合作开发了一种开创性的处理高盐有机废水的方法 —— 采用医学上常用的透析技
术,阐述了该方法的原理、优势以及对废水处理的重要意义。
1.B 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“However,the high salt content in these wastewaters
poses serious challenges for existing treatment processes.”可知,当前废水处理面临的主要
挑战是废水中的高盐含量。
2.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“They set up a system where salty wastewater and
fresh water flowed in opposite directions on either side of a special membrane,without
needing pumps.Due to the difference in salt concentrations between wastewater and fresh
water,salt naturally moves into the fresh water while organic substances are kept back.”可知,
在处理废水的透析过程中,浓度差起到了关键作用。
易错点拨:本题易错选B 项。部分考生可能因“压力驱动”是常见的水处理技术(如反
渗透)而误选B 项,但透析技术的核心原理是浓度差驱动的扩散,而非压力。需注意原文
细节的对比(如“without needing pumps”和“doesn’t rely on extra pressure”)。
3.A 词句猜测题。根据第四段内容可知,透析为将废水处理厂转变为资源回收工厂创
造了机会,这与循环经济的原则是一致的,所以“aligning”的意思最接近 “Matching(匹
配,相一致)”。
4.C 标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“Researchers at Rice University,in partnership with
Guangdong University of Technology,have developed a groundbreaking method for it —
adopting dialysis (透析) technology commonly used in medicine.” 以及下文对该方法的介
绍可知,本文主要讲的是透析技术为废水处理提供了一条新途径。所以最佳标题为“透
析:污水处理的新途径”。
提分干货
高频
词汇
1.substance n.物质 2.content n.含量
3.amount n.数量4.consumption n.消费;消耗
5.maintenance n.维护
熟词
生义
1.concentration (生) n.浓度 (熟) n.专心
2.pose (生) n.造成;引起 (熟) n. 姿势
重点
短语
1.large quantities of 大量的
2.be harmful to 对……有害
3.set up 建立
4.rely on 依赖
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5.transform...into... 把……转变为……
难句
分析
The researchers selected commercial ultrafiltration membranes (超滤膜) which
were designed to let salt pass through while trapping organic substances.
分析:本句为主从复合句。which were designed to let salt pass through 为
which 引导的定语从句;while trapping organic substances 为状语从句的省
略。
译文:研究人员选择了商用超滤膜,它们的设计目的是让盐通过,同时捕获有
机物质。
Passage 2
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了脑机接口技术及其利弊和潜在风险。
5.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“It is often used as assisted living devices for
individuals with neuromuscular disorders such as stroke or spinal cord injury.”可知,脑机接
口技术常被用于帮助患有神经肌肉疾病的人,受伤后无法移动的病人属于这类人群,所以
他们可能从脑机接口技术中受益最多。
6.B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“However,Invasive BCI tools require surgery as they
are to be implanted beneath the skull,directly into the brain,to target specific sets of
neurons,thus providing a much clearer and more accurate signal between the brain and the
device.”可知,侵入式脑机接口能够实现精确的神经记录。
易错点拨:本题易错选A 项。原文明确提到,非侵入式BCI(Non-invasive BCI)的信号可能
模糊且不精确(“their signals may be indistinct and imprecise”),而侵入式BCI(Invasive BCI)
由于直接植入大脑,能提供更清晰、更准确的信号(“providing a much clearer and more
accurate signal”)。因此,A 项与原文完全相反,是错误选项。
7.A 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Ethicists fear that captured neural signals can be
used to gain access to a user’s private information.On the other hand,because BCI chips and
devices capture signals directly from a subject’s nervous system,this transmitted data can be
extracted for evil purposes,or even the whole BCI system can be broken into by
cybercriminals.”可知,脑机接口技术可能带来的潜在风险是大脑数据被盗取。
8.C 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,使用脑机接口技术有可能增强使用者的身
体和认知能力。此外,这项研究在伦理方面也存在一些令人担忧的问题。这其中包括隐
私和安全问题。作者希望在未来脑机接口技术商业化推出之前,这些问题能够得到解决。
由此可推知,作者一方面看到了脑机接口技术存在的问题和风险,另一方面又希望这些问
题能得到解决,所以作者对脑机接口技术的态度是谨慎乐观的。
提分干货
高频
1.charming adj.迷人的
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词汇
2.anxiety n.焦虑
3.addiction n.瘾;嗜好
4.basically adv.基本上
5.accurate adj.准确的
6.enhance vt. 增强
熟词
生义
1.pioneer (生) v. 倡导 (熟) n.先锋
2.track (生) v.追踪;跟踪 (熟) n.小道;足迹
重点
短语
1.be flooded with 充满
2.carry out 执行,实施
3.result from 由……引起
4.gain access to 获得进入权限;取得使用权
难句
分析
Movies and sci-fi novels have made us fantasize about a society flooded with
humanoid robots that help free us from mind-numbing tasks while we focus on
things that require our attention or simply relax.
分析:本句为主从复合句。that help free us from mind-numbing tasks 为that 引导
的定语从句,修饰先行词humanoid robots;while we focus on things 为while 引导
时间状语从句;that require our attention or simply relax 为that 引导的定语从句,修
饰先行词things。
译文:电影和科幻小说让我们幻想着一个充斥着人形机器人的社会,当我们专注
于需要我们注意的事情或仅仅是放松时,它们可以帮助我们从大脑麻木的任务
中解脱出来。
Passage 3
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了剑桥大学的研究人员通过太阳能反
应堆来制造汽车和飞机的燃料,用于在偏远地区或没有电网地区产生燃料。
9.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The researchers,from the University of
Cambridge,say their solar-powered reactor could be used to make fuel to power cars and
planes.”可知,反应堆消耗太阳能。
10.A 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“‘What if,instead of pumping CO2
underground,we made something useful from it?’ said first author Dr.Sayalee Katar from
Cambridge’s Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry.‘CO2 is a harmful greenhouse gas,but
it can also be turned into useful chemicals.’”可知,作者提到Katar 的话是为了介绍他们的
非传统性思维。
11.B 段落大意题。根据第六段内容可知,第六段主要讲了系统的功能流程。
易错点拨:本题易错选A 项。虽然第六段提到“A mirror on the reactor concentrates the
sunlight,making the process more efficient.”(反应器上的镜子集中阳光,提高效率),但这只
是系统功能的一个细节,而非段落主旨。段落的核心是描述系统如何从空气中捕获CO2
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并在阳光下转化为合成气(syngas),即系统的工作流程(Functional processes),而非单纯比
较效率。
12.B 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“They are building a larger version of the reactor
and hope to begin tests in the spring.”可知,研究人员计划启动反应堆试验。
提分干货
高频
词汇
1.convert vt.转化
2.propose vt.建议;提出
3.promising adj.有希望的;有前途的
熟词
生义
concentrate (生) vt. 使集中;聚集 (熟) vi.集中(注意力);聚精会神
重点
短语
1.what if 倘使……将会怎样
2.take in 吸收
难句
分析
When the sun comes out,the sunlight heats up the collected gas,starting a chemical
reaction that converts the gas into solar syngas.
分析:本句为主从复合句。When the sun comes out 为when 引导的时间状语从
句;that converts the gas into solar syngas 为that 引导的定语从句,修饰先行词
chemical reaction。
译文:当太阳出来时,阳光加热收集的气体,开始化学反应,将气体转化为太阳能
合成气。
