1
文体分类练(五) 说明文之新概念类
Passage 1(2025 山东实验中学一模)
主题:心理学之认知科学
词数:332
难易度:★★★★☆
限时:7 分钟
Imagine trying to convince someone with facts that challenge their long-held
opinion,only to find them dismissing or processing the information.This is belief
perseverance at work.Interestingly,these beliefs don’t necessarily stem from personal
experience;for instance,children might believe “all lawyers are untrustworthy” merely
because an older sibling said so,and then ignore any trustworthy lawyers they encounter
later,categorizing them as exceptions.
Often confused with confirmation bias,belief perseverance is distinct.While
confirmation bias involves seeking out information that supports one’s preconceptions,belief
perseverance is about actively rejecting evidence that could disprove those beliefs,building a
psychological barrier around one’s existing views.
This bias emerges in multiple forms.In terms of self-perception,someone might
persistently view themselves as bad at public speaking despite receiving applause for
presentations,attributing success to luck.Socially,initial judgments can linger:assuming a
reserved classmate is unfriendly,even after friendly interactions.Societally,stereotypes about
groups — be it racial,gender-based,or political — frequently endure,resisting factual counter
arguments.
Research backs this up.In one study,students given false feedback on analyzing suicide
notes continued to believe in their “accuracy” or “inaccuracy” even after learning the
feedback was fabricated(伪造的).Another experiment showed that beliefs connecting risk-
taking to firefighting effectiveness persisted,regardless of discredited supporting data.
Several psychological factors contribute to belief perseverance.The availability
heuristic(启发法) makes people rely on easily recalled examples,like assuming all doctors are
impatient after one negative encounter.Illusory correlation creates false associations,such as
linking a team’s loss to the color of their uniforms.Selective attention further reinforces
bias,as individuals tend to notice evidence that confirms their beliefs while overlooking
contradictory signs.
2
Overcoming this bias requires self-awareness.Strategies like counter-explanation —
prompting individuals to consider reasons for opposing beliefs — can aid in relaxing the grip
of firmly established mindsets.While complete removal may be unrealistic,recognizing belief
perseverance is a crucial step towards more objective thinking in a world filled with
information.
1.What is belief perseverance mainly about?
A.Seeking information actively.
B.Accepting new evidence easily.
C.Checking exceptions frequently.
D.Sticking to beliefs despite proof.
2.How does belief perseverance differ from confirmation bias?
A.It seeks supportive facts.
B.It changes views quickly.
C.It dismisses different ideas.
D.It relies on personal stories.
3.Which of the following shows belief perseverance?
A.A student favors a teacher’s praise.
B.Someone assumes the worst after wins.
C.People follow popular opinions.
D.A child believes in parents’ advice.
4.What helps fight belief perseverance?
A.Ignoring all opposing thoughts.
B.Trusting first impressions deeply.
C.Considering reasons from another angle.
D.Relying on past successful experiences.
Passage 2(2025 山东潍坊二模)
主题:自我概念惰性
词数:362
难度:★★★★☆
限时:7 分钟
Have you ever found yourself really wanting to change yet somehow remaining stuck in
the same patterns?The answer might not be in your behaviors,but in your beliefs —
specifically,the beliefs you have about yourself and who you are.This is what psychologists
call self-concept inertia(惰性).
3
Self-concept inertia is the psychological resistance to changing our identity.Our self-
concept is influenced by our narrative identity,which is made up of the stories we tell about
ourselves.These narratives can go beyond simply describing who we are today — they can
restrict us from being who we believe we’re capable of becoming in the future.This means
that even if we want to change,as long as we hold onto our old identities,we’ll unintentionally
resist making the changes we know we need to make to become the “new” version of
ourselves.
Our self-concept doesn’t yield easily,even to our conscious desires.When your behaviors
contradict your self-image,you experience a state of psychological discomfort.For example,if
you’ve always seen yourself as “not a morning person”,successfully waking up at 5
a.m.creates tension with your established identity.So your brain has two options:Update your
self-concept(hard) or abandon the new behavior(easier).As Carol Dweck discusses in her
book Mindset:The New Psychology of Success,people with “fixed mindsets” tend to avoid
challenges that might contradict their self-concept.
Yet your self-concept is malleable by design.Notice when you use a phrase like “I’m
just not a person”.The absolute statement signals that few changes will happen.Instead
of “I’m not an organized person”(identity),try “I haven’t developed strong organizational
systems yet”(behavior).Identity statements feel permanent,but behavior statements feel
changeable.Identifying these habits also gives you insight into a solution you can practice and
improve.
Self-concept inertia weakens when we hold our identities lightly.When we see ourselves
as works in progress rather than finished products,we create the psychological space needed
for genuine transformation.The question isn’t whether you can change — it’s whether you’re
willing to let go of familiar limitations to discover what lies beyond them.
5.How does our narrative identity affect us?
A.It defines our better future.
B.It changes our self-concept.
C.It limits our behavior choices.
D.It improves our previous selves.
6.What does the example of waking up at 5 a.m.illustrate?
A.The difficulty in getting rid of tension.
B.The benefits of becoming an early riser.
4
C.The conflict between behavior and self-identity.
D.The importance of following a strict daily routine.
7.What does the underlined word “malleable” mean in paragraph 4?
A.Predictable.
B.Available.
C.Sustainable.
D.Adjustable.
8.What does the author advise people to do?
A.Make perfect products.
B.Avoid labelling yourself.
C.Monitor psychological changes.
D.Attach importance to self-image.
Passage 3(2025 江西鹰潭二模)
主题:意识起源
词数:366
难度:★★★★☆
限时:7 分钟
With 86 billion neurons(神经元) and 100 trillion connections between them,our brain
gives us our capacity for free will — our consciousness.Consciousness is difficult to
describe,and scientists still debate how it arises.In Then I Am Myself the World,neuroscientist
Christ of Koch offers the latest entry into the long list of books attempting to uncover the
origins of our inner lives.While the topic can be a head-scratcher,Koch’s use of comparisons
and entertaining stories makes the book an interesting and surprisingly light read.
Koch challenges some common understandings of consciousness,in which the brain is
like a computer,where consciousness is software that’s programmed into the hardware of our
neurons.This concept,he writes,dominates many movies where humans are similar to self-
aware robots like Rachael in Blade Runner.
Instead of separating software and hardware,Koch argues that the brain is the structure
of consciousness,which is the idea he draws from the integrated information theory,or IIT,a
consciousness model first proposed by neuroscientist Giulio Tononi in the early 2000s.It
suggests that consciousness is the act of a brain’s system of neurons integrating
sensory,emotional,and cognitive information,and because of this,the neurons’
electrochemical activity can influence conscious experiences.In turn,consciousness can affect
brain networks because what we feel or remember impacts these networks in real time.
Besides,Koch argues consciousness is not limited to the human brain and is present in
other animals,too.However,while both humans and other animals experience
consciousness,the scope of that consciousness differs.“For dogs,they don’t worry about
5
what’s going to happen next weekend,but they have states of pain and joy.So humans,whose
brain networks have the highest known level of interconnectivity,have more expanded
consciousness than dogs,” Koch says.
Although AI learns more information and performs more difficult tasks,Koch says,it still
cannot reach human-level consciousness.A computer’s network of transistors,which controls
the flow of electrical signals within the machine,doesn’t have the power necessary to give
rise to human-level consciousness.Each transistor connects to only a handful of other
transistors,whereas one neuron can interact with thousands of others.
9.What does the underlined part “a head-scratcher” probably mean in paragraph 1?
A.Controversial.
B.Puzzling.
C.Inspiring.
D.Straightforward.
10.What can be implied from the integrated information theory?
A.The mind-brain connection is interactive.
B.Consciousness is a byproduct of brain activity.
C.The neurons’ functions are always overestimated.
D.Consciousness can be preprogrammed into the brain.
11.Why does Koch compare humans and dogs when discussing consciousness?
A.To confirm that animals have basic consciousness.
B.To claim human consciousness is still evolving.
C.To argue that humans and animals share similar neural complexity.
D.To show that consciousness varies with neural interconnectivity.
12.What makes AI fail to replace the human brain according to Koch?
A.The mechanical control of electrical signals.
B.The progression of the human brain.
C.The limitation of computer hardware.
D.The inability to choose conscious experiences.
6
答案：
Passage 1
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了信念固执这一现象,包括其定义、与确认
偏误的区别、表现形式、研究实例、成因以及应对方法。
1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Imagine trying to convince someone with facts that
challenge their long-held opinion,only to find them dismissing or processing the
information.This is belief perseverance at work.”以及第二段中的“While confirmation bias
involves seeking out information that supports one’s preconceptions,belief perseverance is
about actively rejecting evidence that could disprove those beliefs,building a psychological
barrier around one’s existing views.”可知,信念固执指的是尽管有证据证明自己的信念有
误,却仍然坚持自己的信念。
2.C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“While confirmation bias involves seeking out
information that supports one’s preconceptions,belief perseverance is about actively rejecting
evidence that could disprove those beliefs,building a psychological barrier around one’s
existing views.”可知,信念固执与确认偏误的区别在于,信念固执会拒绝不同的想法,而确
认偏误会寻求支持性事实。
3.B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In terms of self-perception,someone might
persistently view themselves as bad at public speaking despite receiving applause for
presentations,attributing success to luck.”可知,信念固执在自我认知方面的表现是,尽管在
演讲中获得了掌声,但有人可能会一直认为自己不擅长公开演讲,将成功归因于运气,即
有人可能在取得成功后仍然往最坏处想。
易错点拨:本题易错选D 项。虽然孩子相信父母的建议可能涉及对权威的信任,但这不
直接体现“信念固执”(belief perseverance)。信念固执的核心是顽固拒绝相反证据,而D
项未体现孩子面对反驳信息时的坚持。
4.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Overcoming this bias requires self-
awareness.Strategies like counter-explanation — prompting individuals to consider reasons
for opposing beliefs — can aid in relaxing the grip of firmly established mindsets.”可知,考虑
反对信念的原因有助于克服信念固执。
提分干货
高频
词汇
1.convince vt.使信服 2.encounter v.偶遇,邂逅
3.distinct adj.截然不同的
4.evidence n.证据
5.barrier n.障碍6.multiple adj.多种的
7.resist vt.抵制
7
8.association n.联想
9.contradictory adj.相互矛盾的
10.removal n.去除
熟词
生义
process (生) vt. 处理 (熟)n.过程
重点
短语
1.for instance 例如
2.be confused with 与……混淆
3.involve doing sth 包括做某事
4.in terms of 就……而言;在……方面
5.attribute...to...把……归因于……
6.regardless of 不顾;不管
难句
分析
Imagine trying to convince someone with facts that challenge their long-held
opinion,only to find them dismissing or processing the information.
分析:本句为主从复合句。that challenge their long-held opinion 为that 引导的
定语从句;only to find them dismissing or processing the information 为动词不定
式短语在句中作结果状语。
译文:试想一下,当你用事实去挑战某人长期持有的观点时,却发现他们要么直
接无视这些信息,要么以某种方式将其“消化处理”。
Passage 2
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自我概念惰性这一心理现象,即人们
心理上抗拒改变自我身份,阐述了叙事身份对我们的影响,以及如何应对自我概念惰性。
5.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Our self-concept is influenced by our narrative
identity...we’ll unintentionally resist making the changes we know we need to make to
become the ‘new’ version of ourselves.”可知,叙事身份不仅描述当下的我们,还会限制我
们成为我们认为自己未来有能力成为的人,也就是限制我们的行为选择。
6.C 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“When your behaviors contradict your self-
image...Update your self-concept (hard) or abandon the new behavior (easier).”可知,当行为
与自我形象冲突时,大脑面临更新自我概念 (困难) 或放弃新行为 (容易) 的选择。由此
可推知,以早上5 点起床为例,是为了说明行为与自我身份之间的冲突。
易错点拨:本题易错选A 项。虽然原文提到早起行为会导致心理不适(psychological
discomfort),但该例子旨在说明行为与自我认知的冲突(“when your behaviors contradict
your self-image”),而非强调“消除不适的难度”。A 项偏离了例子的核心论证目标。
7.D 词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“Notice when you use a phrase like ‘I’m just not a
person’.The absolute statement signals that few changes will happen.Instead of ‘I’m not an
organized person’(identity),try ‘I haven’t developed strong organizational systems
yet’(behavior).Identity statements feel permanent,but behavior statements feel changeable.”
8
可知,作者建议把身份表述,如“我不是一个有条理的人”,转化为行为表述,如“我还没
有建立起强大的组织体系”。因为身份表述感觉是固定的,而行为表述感觉是可以改变
的,这表明自我概念是可以改变的,也就是具有可调整性的。因此,malleable 的意思是
“可调整的”。
8.B 推理判断题。根据第四段内容和最后一段中的“When we see ourselves as works in
progress rather than finished products,we create the psychological space needed for genuine
transformation.The question isn’t whether you can change — it’s whether you’re willing to
let go of familiar limitations to discover what lies beyond them.”可知,作者建议人们不要用
绝对的身份表述来限制自己,而应该用可改变的行为表述,并且把自己看作是正在进行中
的作品,也就是不要给自己贴标签。
提分干货
高频
词汇
1.specifically adv.具体来说;确切地说
2.resistance n.抵抗 3.identity n.身份
4.restrict vt.限制5.conscious adj.有意识的
6.desire n.欲望7.contradict adj.相抵触;相矛盾
8.genuine adj.真正的
9.transformation n. 转变
重点
短语
1.be capable of doing sth 有能力做某事
2.hold onto 保住
3.in progress 在进行中
4. let go of 放弃
难句
分析
This means that even if we want to change,as long as we hold onto our old
identities,we’ll unintentionally resist making the changes we know we need to make
to become the “new” version of ourselves.
分析:本句为主从复合句。 that 引导宾语从句,even if we want to change 为even
if 引导的让步状语从句,as long as we hold onto our old identities 为as long as 引
导的条件状语从句, we know we need to make to become the “new” version of
ourselves 为定语从句,修饰先行词changes。
译文:这意味着即便我们渴望改变,只要仍固守旧的自我认知,就会不自觉地抗拒
那些明知必须做出的、能让我们成为“新版”自己的改变。
Passage 3
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了Christ of Koch 关于意识起源的理论,
尤其是整合信息理论(IIT)。
9.B 词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Consciousness is difficult to describe,and scientists
still debate how it arises.”可推知,意识研究是复杂且令人困惑的。故画线词的意思是“令
人困惑的”。
9
10.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“It suggests that consciousness is the act of a brain’s
system of neurons integrating sensory,emotional,and cognitive information,and because of
this,the neurons’ electrochemical activity can influence conscious experiences.In
turn,consciousness can affect brain networks because what we feel or remember impacts
these networks in real time.”可推知,整合信息理论暗示大脑和意识之间的联系是相互的。
11.D 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“‘For dogs,they don’t worry about what’s
going to happen next weekend,but they have states of pain and joy.So humans,whose brain
networks have the highest known level of interconnectivity,have more expanded
consciousness than dogs,’ Koch says.”可推知,Koch 在讨论意识时比较人类和狗是为了表
明意识随着神经互联性的不同而不同。
易错点拨:本题易错选A 项。虽然Koch 确实提到动物(如狗)具有意识(“consciousness is
present in other animals”),但比较人类与狗的核心目的并非单纯“确认动物有意识”,而
是为了对比意识范围的差异(“the scope of that consciousness differs”),并强调这种差异源
于神经网络的互联程度(“brain networks have the highest known level of
interconnectivity”)。因此,A 项仅捕捉到表面信息,未触及比较的深层意图。
12.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“A computer’s network of transistors,which
controls the flow of electrical signals within the machine,doesn’t have the power necessary to
give rise to human-level consciousness.Each transistor connects to only a handful of other
transistors,whereas one neuron can interact with thousands of others.”可知,在Koch 看来,计
算机硬件的限制让人工智能无法取代人类的大脑。
提分干货
高频
词汇
1.capacity n.能力 2.arise vi.产生;出现
3.origin n.起源4.entertaining adj.有趣的
5.dominate vt.主宰;支配
6.expand vt. 扩展
重点
短语
1.attempt to do sth 企图做某事
2.in turn 反过来
3.interact with 与……互动
难句
分析
Koch challenges some common understandings of consciousness,in which the
brain is like a computer,where consciousness is software that’s programmed into
the hardware of our neurons.
分析:本句为主从复合句。in which the brain is like a computer 是“介词+关系
代词”引导的定语从句,修饰先行词consciousness;where consciousness is
software 为where 引导的定语从句,修饰先行词computer;that’s programmed
into the hardware of our neurons 为that 引导的定语从句,修饰先行词software。
译文:Koch 挑战了关于意识的一些普遍认知——这些认知将大脑比作计算机,
而意识则是被编程植入我们神经元硬件的软件。
10
