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文体分类练(六) 议论文
Passage 1(2025 山东聊城二模)
主题:书评
词数:329
难度:★★★☆☆
限时:7 分钟
One wet November evening in the late 1960s,a married couple named Maurice and
Maralyn Bailey — he a hot-metal typesetter,she a tax officer — hit on the idea of escaping
their dull,suburban lives by sailing to New Zealand.With the proceeds from the sale of their
Derby bungalow,they bought a 31-foot Bermuda boat,which they named Auralyn(a
combination of their names).They finally set sail across the Atlantic in June 1972 — having
decided against buying a radio transmitter(信号发射机),as Maurice wanted to sail “by his
wits and the stars”.
All went well for the first nine months,but then one morning,300 miles east of the
Galápagos,a 40-foot whale rose up under their boat and cracked a hole in its hull.As Sophie
Elmhirst relates in her “superb” debut,Maurice and Maralyn,the couple grabbed a few
essentials and climbed onto an inflatable raft(充气筏) from which they watched Auralyn
being “silently swallowed”.On this inadequate vessel — too small for either of them to lie
down in — they would spend the next 117 days.
At the heart of Maurice and Maralyn is an “astonishing” tale of endurance.Once the
couple’s food ran out,they survived in the raft by eating raw sea turtles and small
sharks,caught with a fishing rod made from safety pins and cord.Dysentery(痢
疾),dehydration,and near-starvation followed.While Maurice,a “glass-half-empty type of
man”,quietly resigned himself to dying,Maralyn remained optimistic,which sparked
Maurice’s will to live.The couple were eventually picked up by a ship passing by.
Along with its “man-versus-the-elements survival aspect”,Elmhirst’s book is “also a
love story”,said Francesca Angelini in The Sunday Times.She traces the couple’s marriage —
both how it led them into their Pacific adventure,and how it was changed by what they went
through.It’s a remarkable story that has been all but forgotten.
1.What’s the meaning of the underlined word “proceeds” in paragraph 1?
A.Purchases. B.Expenses.
C.Gains.
D.Contracts.
2.What do we know about the couple’s sail?
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A.They used a radio transmitter for the first nine months.
B.They abandoned the raft damaged by a whale.
C.Starvation followed when the boat sank.
D.Survival skills contributed to their survival.
3.What was Maurice like according to paragraph 3?
A.Pessimistic.
B.Ambitious.
C.Modest.
D.Unconfident.
4.What kind of writing is the text?
A.A news report.
B.A book review.
C.A journal.
D.A biography.
Passage 2(2025 福建福州四模)
主题:语言模型
词数:331
难度:★★★★☆
限时:8 分钟
Large language models (LLMs) seem better at making people feel seen and heard than
humans.This phenomenon,called “LLMpathy”,is both surprising and controversial.Some
argue that computers can’t truly empathize(共情) for lack of emotion.Others are alarmed by
how readily people are trading human connection for digital ones.But beyond these
concerns,chatbots might offer something more practical.If they are beating us at
empathy,shouldn’t we try to learn what they are doing,right?
Researchers initially wondered if AI’s advantage lay in its unlimited attention.But that
doesn’t seem to explain it.A 2024 research in Harvard Business School revealed that people’s
expression of empathy,despite increased commitments,still fell short compared to those by
ChatGPT.
Chatbots’ success may come from avoiding all-too-human mistakes.Chatbots’ responses
stood out mainly because they focused on acknowledging feelings,unlike humans,who often
shared a seemingly related experience to offer solutions,unintentionally damaging the hope of
being truly heard.
Chatbots avoid these pitfalls.They focus entirely on the speaker.More than
humans,chatbots paraphrase,acknowledge,and justify how people might feel.When people
adopt similar strategies,their connections strengthen.
It bears noting that the AI advantage in empathetic conversations has limits.Its
“paraphrase,acknowledge,and justify” approach may feel warm initially but dull the
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second.Most research tests people’s interactions with Chatbots just once,so AI’s edge might
fade in longer,repetitive chats.
Chatbots might be helpful,but they still can’t feel or truly care.The demand for AI
therapists(理疗师) may be growing,but many people still prefer human support.Anyone who
has repeated “agent” at a customer-service robot knows the feeling of desperately wanting a
real person on the line.Some of the shortcomings of human connection are also,in
fact,features.But the fact that we often must earn human empathy,and that it comes from
limited beings who devote themselves to being there for us,is part of its beauty.
5.Why does AI often outperform humans at showing empathy?
A.It has unlimited patience.
B.It shares related experience.
C.It focuses on people’s feelings.
D.It prioritizes solving problems.
6.What does the underlined word “pitfalls” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Responses.
B.Shortcomings.
C.Experiences.
D.Feelings.
7.What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A.Human care is irreplaceable.
B.In-person chats have limits.
C.Service lines benefit humans.
D.Emotion is enhanced by AI.
8.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.Chatbots:The New Emotional Support
B.The Double-Edged Sword of Chatbots
C.The Rising Demand for AI Therapists
D.Learn to Be a Listener like Chatbots
Passage 3 (2025 山西晋城二模)
主题:略读和精读
词数:312
难度:★★★★☆
限时:7 分钟
In recent years,some experts suggest that reading on screens has led to more and more
skim reading,since most digital texts tend to be relatively short.Some of them are even
worried about the loss of our ability to engage more deeply with long texts.
So,is there a “right” way to read?
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“There’s a lot of discussion whether social media has sort of destroyed our ability to pay
attention,” says Daniel Willingham,a psychologist at the University of Virginia.“None of us
knows,because this is a very difficult research problem.”
Willingham theorizes that our changing reading habits are likely not because our
attention is degraded.Otherwise,that would have huge effects on our other abilities,like
memory.But because the Internet provides an opportunity for endless entertainment,our
willingness to focus on a text might be decreasing.He is optimistic that most people can learn
these close reading skills with practice.
“In some ways,focusing on the same thing for a long time is not necessarily a natural
state,” Willingham explains.“Our mind wants to sample different things and see what’s going
on in our environment.Therefore,it might not be helpful to put skimming and close reading
against each other,but rather to understand that both are important to learn,especially when
we have huge amounts of information available at our fingertips.”
Skimming — where we skip over words and sections to grasp the main idea of a text—is
a common reading strategy.Skimming is sufficient for most beach reads,for example,which
don’t require us to recall details of a scene.
Our familiarity with the type of text also influences the strategy we use to read.If we
have read a lot of mystery novels,we may get used to the structure of the text and thus be able
to skim sections and still get what’s going on.
9.Why have our reading habits changed according to some experts?
A.We can’t concentrate on long texts anymore.
B.Our opportunity for entertainment is endless.
C.We have too much information to absorb.
D.Our willingness to focus on a text is decreasing.
10.What does Daniel Willingham say about the two reading strategies?
A.Both of them should be learned with practice.
B.They are destroying our ability to pay attention.
C.Close reading is not necessarily a better strategy.
D.Skim reading is more important in the digital age.
11.What is the author’s attitude to skim reading?
A.Disapproving.
B.Doubtful.
C.Favorable.
D.Unclear.
12.What is the best title for the text?
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A.Short Digital Texts Are Destroying Our Ability to Concentrate!
B.Should We Put Skimming and Close Reading Against Each Other?
C.Can Our Ability to Engage More Deeply With Long Texts Be Recovered?
D.Be Aware of the Huge Amounts of Information Available in Our Daily Life!
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答案：
Passage 1
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要评论了有关莫里斯和玛丽莲·贝利夫妇航海
遇险、靠生存技能求生和其婚姻的故事的一本书。
1.C 词句猜测题。根据第一段中的“With the proceeds from the sale of their Derby
bungalow,they bought a 31-foot Bermuda boat,which they named Auralyn (a combination of
their names).”可知,此处proceeds 指的是卖房的收入,即“收益”,与Gains“收益”意思相
符。
易错点拨:本题易错选B 项。虽然“expenses”(开支)与金钱相关,但原文语境明确提到这
对夫妇卖掉了房子(“sale of their Derby bungalow”),并用这笔钱购买了船只。因
此,“proceeds”应指销售所得的收入,而非支出。B 项与文意相反。
2.D 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Once the couple’s food ran out,they survived in the
raft by eating raw sea turtles and small sharks,caught with a fishing rod made from safety
pins and cord.”可知,他们运用自己制作鱼竿捕鱼等生存技能得以存活下来,说明生存技能
有助于他们的生存。
3.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“While Maurice,a ‘glass-half-empty type of
man’,quietly resigned himself to dying,Maralyn remained optimistic,which sparked
Maurice’s will to live.” 可知,莫里斯是个悲观的人。
4.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Along with its ‘man-versus-the-elements survival
aspect’,Elmhirst’s book is ‘also a love story’,said Francesca Angelini in The Sunday Times.”
可知,本文是对埃尔姆赫斯特所写关于莫里斯和玛丽莲·贝利夫妇航海遇险求生经历书籍
的评论。
提分干货
高频
词汇
1.grab vt.抓住
2.inadequate adj.不充分的;不够好的
3.raw adj.生的
4.optimistic adj.乐观的
熟词
生义
1.relate (生)v.叙述 (熟)v.联系
2.essential (生)n.必需品 (熟)adj.必不可少的;非常重要的
重点
短语
1.hit on 突然想到 2.set sail 启航
3.run out 用完
4.resign oneself to 使顺从;使听任(摆布);使甘心(忍受)
5.pass by 经过6.along with 和……一起
7.all but 几乎
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难句
分析
As Sophie Elmhirst relates in her “superb” debut,Maurice and Maralyn,the couple
grabbed a few essentials and climbed onto an inflatable raft (充气筏) from which
they watched Auralyn being “silently swallowed”.
分析:本句为主从复合句。As Sophie Elmhirst relates in her “superb”
debut,Maurice and Maralyn 为as 引导的状语从句;from which they watched
Auralyn being “silently swallowed”为“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,修饰
先行词raft。
译文:正如索菲·埃尔姆赫斯特在她的精彩处女作《莫里斯与玛丽莲》中所述,这
对夫妇抓了些必需品爬上一只充气筏,眼睁睁看着“奥瑞琳”号被“无声吞
没”。
Passage 2
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕大型语言模型(LLMs)在共情能力上似乎优
于人类这一现象展开讨论,提出了“LLMpathy”这一概念,并分析了这一现象背后的原因、
争议以及其实际意义。
5.C 细节理解题。根据第三段内容以及第四段中的“They focus entirely on the
speaker.More than humans,chatbots paraphrase,acknowledge,and justify how people might
feel.”可知,因为人工智能关注的是人们的感受,所以在表现同理心方面往往胜过人类。
6.B 词句猜测题。根据第三段内容可知,聊天机器人它们专注于承认感受,而不像人类
经常分享看似相关的经历来提供解决方案,这无意中破坏了人们真正被倾听的希望。因
此,画线词所在句应指聊天机器人避免了这些缺点。由此可推知,pitfalls 应是“缺点”之
意,和B 项意思相近。
7.A 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容可知,聊天机器人可能会有所帮助,但它们仍然无
法感受或真正关心。对人工智能治疗师的需求可能正在增长,但许多人仍然更喜欢人类
的支持。由此可推知,从本段我们能了解到人类的关怀是不可替代的。
8.D 标题归纳题。根据全文内容可知,本文主要讲述了大型语言模型(LLMs)在共情能
力上似乎优于人类,应该学习他们。所以D 项“学会像聊天机器人一样倾听”是本文最
好的标题。故选D 项。
易错点拨:本题易错选A 项。虽然文章提到聊天机器人在共情表达上的优势(如
“LLMpathy”),但全文并非单纯赞扬其情感支持能力,而是辩证地分析其局限性(如重复
对话中的机械感、无法真正关怀等),并最终呼吁人类学习其倾听技巧。A 项片面地强调
“情感支持”,忽略了文章的批判视角和核心建议。
提分干货
高频
词汇
1.phenomenon n.现象
2.controversial adj.有争议的;引发争论的
3.initially adv.开始;最初
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4.acknowledge vt.承认
熟词
生义
desperately (生) adv. 极其 (熟) adv. 绝望地;拼命地
重点
短语
1.for lack of 因缺乏
2.compared to 和……相比
3.devote oneself to 致力于
难句
分析
But the fact that we often must earn human empathy,and that it comes from
limited beings who devote themselves to being there for us,is part of its beauty.
分析:本句为主从复合句。that we often must earn human empathy,and that it
comes from limited beings 为并列的that 引导的同位语从句,说明fact 的内
容;who devote themselves to being there for us 为who 引导的定语从句。
译文:但我们往往需要赢得他人的共情,且这份共情来自那些能力有限却仍全
心陪伴我们的人类——这恰恰是其动人之处。
Passage 3
【语篇导读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍的是数字化时代略读和精读两种阅读
策略的特点及其关系,并探讨了如何平衡两者的使用。
9.A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Some of them are even worried about the loss of our
ability to engage more deeply with long texts.”可知,我们的阅读习惯改变是因为我们无法
再专注于长篇文本。故选A 项。
10.C 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Willingham theorizes that our changing reading
habits are likely not because our attention is degraded.Otherwise,that would have huge effects
on our other abilities,like memory.”以及第五段中的“Therefore,it might not be helpful to
put skimming and close reading against each other,but rather to understand that both are
important to learn,especially when we have huge amounts of information available at our
fingertips.”可知,Daniel Willingham 认为,不应将略读和精读对立起来,而是要认识到两者
都很重要。由此可推知,他认为精读并不一定是更好的策略。故选C 项。
11.C 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Skimming — where we skip over words and
sections to grasp the main idea of a text—is a common reading strategy.”以及最后一段中的
“If we have read a lot of mystery novels,we may get used to the structure of the text and
thus be able to skim sections and still get what’s going on.”可知,作者认为略读是一种常见
的阅读策略,有时略读某些部分但仍能理解故事的发展。由此可推知,作者对略读持支持
态度。故选C 项。
12.B 标题归纳题。根据全文内容,特别是第二段“So,is there a ‘right’ way to read?”以
及第五段中的“Therefore,it might not be helpful to put skimming and close reading against
each other,but rather to understand that both are important to learn”可知,文章围绕略读与精
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读展开讨论,强调不应将两者对立,而是应认识到它们各自的重要性,略读与细读本身没
有好坏之分。所以题目“我们是否应该将略读与精读对立起来?”概括了文章的主题,适
合作为最佳标题。故选B 项。
易错点拨:本题易错选A 项。虽然文章开头提到一些专家担心屏幕阅读导致浅阅读
(skim reading),但下文通过心理学家Willingham 的观点明确否定了“注意力被破坏”的
结论(“our changing reading habits are likely not because our attention is degraded”),并强调
两种阅读方式(略读与精读)各有价值。A 项片面地放大开篇的担忧,与文章辩证立场矛
盾。
提分干货
高频
词汇
1.relatively adv.相对地 2.entertainment n.娱乐
3.decrease v.下降
4.sufficient adj.足够的;充分的
5.familiarity n. 熟悉
熟词
生义
mystery (生) n.悬疑小说 (熟) adj.神秘的
重点
短语
1.sort of 在一定程度上;有点儿
2.huge amounts of 大量的
3.skip over 跳过
难句
分析
If we have read a lot of mystery novels,we may get used to the structure of the text
and thus be able to skim sections and still get what’s going on.
分析:本句为主从复合句。If we have read a lot of mystery novels 为if 引导的条
件状语从句;what’s going on 为what 引导的宾语从句。
译文:如果我们读了很多推理小说,我们可能会习惯文本的结构,因此能够略读章
节,仍然能了解其中的内容。
