第12 讲 句子成分
目录
01
考情解码·命题预警
2
02 体系构建·思维可视.................................................................................................................................................3
03 核心突破·靶向攻坚.................................................................................................................................................3
考点一 句子成分之主干.....................................................................................................................................3
知识点1 主语........................................................................................................................................................4
知识点2 谓语........................................................................................................................................................5
知识点3 宾语........................................................................................................................................................7
知识点4 表语........................................................................................................................................................8
考向1 考查谓语的变化形式..............................................................................................................................9
考向2 考查不同形式的宾语............................................................................................................................10
考向3 考查不同形式的表语............................................................................................................................10
【思维建模】运用以谓语为核心，不局限于谓语，关联主语一致等解题策略答题
考点二 句子成分之修饰成分...........................................................................................................................11
知识点1 定语......................................................................................................................................................11
知识点2 状语......................................................................................................................................................12
知识点3 补语......................................................................................................................................................12
知识点4 同位语..................................................................................................................................................13
知识点5 插入语..................................................................................................................................................13
考向1 考查不同形式的定语............................................................................................................................14
考向2 考查不同形式的状语............................................................................................................................14
考向3 考查不同形式作补语、同位语、插入语...........................................................................................15
考点三 破解长难句...........................................................................................................................................16
知识点1 长难句的特点....................................................................................................................................16
知识点2 长难句的解题步骤............................................................................................................................16
考向 长难句拆解...............................................................................................................................................17
【思维建模】 化解长难句的拆解思路
04 真题溯源 考向感知.............................................................................................................................................18
考察形式
考情分析
听力、阅读
理解、完形
填空、语法
填空、写作
分析近年高考英语试卷可知，英语长句明显呈增多趋势。句子结构复杂、信
息量大、包含多个从句、非谓语动词、插入语、并列结构等，导致理解困难。而长
难句之所以“难”，本质上就是各种句子成分（尤其是修饰成分如定语、状语、同
位语、非谓语动词结构）的嵌套运用。理解长难句，准确获取信息，把握逻辑关
系，提高阅读速度和效率以及推断深层含义都离不开句子成分的精准掌握，可以说
掌握句子成分是理解句子的基石。
通过对句子成分和句型的学习，增强对长难句的分析能力，提高阅读理解的
准确性，同时避免在写作中出现基本的语法错误，提升书面表达的规范性和流畅
性。
复习目标：
1 熟练掌握句子主干成分。
2. 根据位置和功能识别并运用句子修饰成分。
3. 培养识别主干、明确修饰关系、理解逻辑的能力。
考点一 句子成分之主干
句子成分是构成一个完整的句子的基本要素和功能的部分。句子的八大成分，即主语、谓语、宾
语、表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语和插入语。其中，主语和谓语是句子的主要成分，表语，宾
语，定语，状语，补足语、同位语和插入语是句子的次要成分。
知识点1 主语
主语：是句子所要说明的人或事物。是说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者。
充当：通常由名词
( 短语
) 、代词、数词、动词不定式
( 短语
) 、动名词
( 短语
) 或从句
等充当。
名词（短语）
A tree has fallen across the road. 一棵树倒在了路上。
My first step of redefining success
began with course registrations.【2025 年北京卷阅读理解】
我重新定义成功的第一步是从课程注册开始的。
代词
That’s exactly what our service program is for.【2025 年新高考I 卷听力】那正是我们的服务项目的目的。
W
e 'll be working rain or shine.【2024 年新高考I 卷阅读理解】不管刮风下雨，我们都会工作。
数词
Two-thirds
of
the
workers
of
this
factory
are men.这家工厂三分之二的工人是男性。
One-third of the students in this class are girls.这个班三分之一的学生是女生。
动名词
Completing many courses no longer brings out the feeling of success because more than four AP classes per
year is a norm set by top universities. 【2025 北京卷阅读理解】
完成许多课程不再带来成功的感觉，因为每年超过四门AP 课程是顶尖大学的标准。
Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. 【2022 新课标全国II 卷七选五】
对大多数人来说，写一篇文章是一个困难的过程。
不定式
To find
your way can be a problem.找到你的路可能是个问题。
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.在河里游泳是一种极大的乐趣。
it 形式主语
It is certain that he will win the match. 他肯定能赢得这场比赛。
It ’ s urgent for students themselves to improve their self-discipline.【2022 年全国乙卷书面表达】
学生自身提高自律性是当务之急
从句
That he finished writing the composition in such a short time
surprised us all.
他这么短的时间就写完作文，这使我们都很吃惊。
What
benefits
most
to their
study
is reading English books. 【2022 年全国乙卷满分作文】
得分速记
1. 一般情况下句子的主语在句首，谓语动词之前；
2. 在倒装句或疑问句中时，谓语动词部分或全部位于主语之前
3. 解答动词语法填空时，需要注意主谓一致，找到真正的主语。
例1. The rich
should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）富人应该帮助穷人。
例2. ...there is nothing to do with others’ thoughts.（倒装）【2022 年新高考I 卷读后续写】
例3. Will the golden word “success”
form in their minds when they review our achievements?
当他们回顾我们的成就时，是否会在脑海中形成“成功”这个金色的词？【2025 年新高考I 卷阅读】
知识点2 谓语
谓语：说明主语的动作或状态，由动词或动词短语充当，有人称、数和时态的变化。有简单谓语动词
和复合谓语动词之分。
构成：一般由动词短语、系动词、动词、“情态动词/助动词+实义动词”结构等充当，一般位于主语之
后。有时态、语态、虚拟语气、主谓一致等的变化。
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
例1.
Basically, it means eating only as much food as your body needs.【2024 年全国甲卷阅读理解】
例2.
The students took on diverse topics and turned in stories, 10 to 20 pages each, with characters
that broadened my view and touched my heart.
学生们选择了不同的主题，提交了10 到20 页的故事，其中的人物拓宽了我的视野，触动了我的
心。
复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
例1.
You should feel satisfied at the end of a meal, but not too full.【2024 年全国甲卷阅读理解】
例2.
This would have to change. 【2025 年新高考I 卷阅读理解】
（2）由系动词加表语构成。
例1.In cold weather, the structure stays ____ (close) to protect the plants.【2024 年新高考I 卷语法填
空】
例2.Food became easier to chew at this point. (系动词)【2024 年全国甲卷阅读理解】
动词时态的构成：
时间形态
现在
过去
将来
过去将来
一般
ask / asks
asked
will ask
would ask
进行
am/is/are asking
was/were asking
will be asking
完成
have/has asked
had asked
will have asked
完成进行
have/has been asking
动词被动语态构成：
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成，be 动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常
见的时态变化列表如下：
时间/形态
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
现在
am/is/are done
am/is/are being
done
has/ have been done
have/has been
being done
过去
was/were done
was/were being
done
had been done
将来
shall/will be done
shall/will have been done
过去将来
should/would be
done
有情态动词
情态动词+ be / have been done
知识点3 宾语
宾语：表示及物动词和及物动词短语的动作对象或内容，或用于介词后构成介词短语。位于及物动词或介
词之后。
种类：直接宾语、间接宾语。
（1）直接宾语：动作的直接承受者或结果（一般是物sth.）; 间接宾语：动作对谁或者为谁而做的（一般
是人sb.）
（2）介词后面的宾语，构成“介宾结构”
I am interested in computer studies.我对计算机研究很感兴趣。
宾语通常由名词、数词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等充当宾语。
我不相信我的笔记本电脑的拼写检查器。
例1.I don’t trust my laptop’s spellchecker.（名词）【2024 年新高考I 卷阅读理解】
例2. Do contact me when you're in Sydney.（代词）【2024 年新高考I 卷听力】
当你在悉尼的时候，请联系我。
例3.I’d appreciate it if you take my invitation into consideration. （代词it 作形式宾语）
如果你能考虑我的邀请，我将不胜感激。
例4. ...drones could also start providing
higher-value
services
for railways, detecting faults in the rail or
switches, before they can cause any safety problems. （动名词短语）【2022 年全国乙卷】
无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高价值的服务，在铁路或道岔出现任何安全问题之前，检测出故障。
例5. Fortunately, analyses suggest that renewables are up to the task. （宾语从句）【2025 年新高考I 卷】
幸运的是，分析表明，可再生能源可以胜任这项任务。
例6. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）你有多少本词典？我有五本。
例7. He pretended not to see me.（非谓语形式。）他假装没看见我。
例8. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
昨天他们帮老人做家务。
知识点4 表语
表语: 位于系动词之后，说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身份，与系动词一起构成复合谓语。
充当：通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或
表语
从句
充
当。
类别
系动词
状态类
be
感官类
look， sound ，taste， smell， feel
表象性
seem ，appear
变化类
Get， turn, grow, become, go，fall
持续性
stay， remain， keep, stand
结果性
prove , turn out
充当
示例
名词
But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.【2024 年新高考I 卷】
代词
Seventy-four?—You don’t look it.
数词
We are seven.
形容词
They turned out largely ineffective.【2025 年新高考I 卷】
副词
I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning...【2022 年新高考I 卷】
不定式
All I could do was to wait.
动名词
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.
过去分词
I’m very pleased with what he has done.
He was inspired by another veterinarian.
Needless to say, they were deeply moved.
介词短语
She is in good health.
表语从句
That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if...【2024 年全国甲卷】
That's what
mattered
-landing tricks, being a good skater.
得分速记
1．作主语
：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、主语从句。
2．作
谓语
：动词作谓语，有时态、语态、人称与数的变化。
3．作
宾
语
：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句。
4．作表语
：谓语系动词之后，重点考查形容词作表语、动词不定式、动名词、分词或表语从句，此外名
词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语等也可作表语。
思维建模 通过以谓语为核心的解题策略
考向1 考查谓语的变化形式
例1 （24-25 高三·山东济宁·期末）On December 4th,2024, a truly thrilling milestone (reach) as
China’s Spring Festival was inscribed (收录) on UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
of Humanity, marking a notable achievement.
核对
答案
对照
检验
1. 可作主语的有名词（短语）、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不
定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句等。
2. 谓语动词时、语态、人称与数的变化综合考查。
3. 宾语前有及物动词或介词。
4. 表语前有系动词。
信息
提取
确定
谓语
例2 （2025· 江苏· 模拟预测）So far the technique ______
(help) reduce the building’s need for air
conditioning by 50%. Cool, huh?
【变式训练1·变情景】（2025 届浙江省杭州市高三一模英语试题） In 2021, UNESCO added the city of
Nice to its World Heritage List. “Our candidacy for UNESCO (support) by China, for which we are so
grateful,” says Salles.
【变式训练2】The plan will extend protection to a significant number of areas that ______ (be)previously
unprotected, bringing many of the existing protected areas for giant pandas under one authority to increase
effectiveness and reduce inconsistencies in management.
考向2 考查不同形式的宾语
例1 These plants included modern Western __________ (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel. The
garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road.
例2 However, tofu deserves far more (recognize) for its potential as a delicious addition to many
meals.
【变式训练1·变载体】The mobile nature of the machine made it the perfect production machine to serve
customers attending outdoor sporting events, or circuses and (fair).
【变式训练2·变情景】He called for in-depth (study) on core factors such as water-related damage and
the geological environment.
考向3 考查不同形式的表语
例1 （2025·江苏苏州·阶段练习）This line, delivered with raw power, has become an______ (inspire) to
millions. Director Yang Yu’s bold reimagining proves that Chinese animations can compare with those of
Hollywood.
例2 （2025·江苏·阶段练习）But what makes this Asian renaissance? The answer lies in a unique blend of
(vision) leadership, economic growth and a culture of discipline and perseverance.
【变式训练1·变载体】The problem is that
we
don't
have
enough
money
【变式训练2·变情景】His dream is to
become
a doctor
.
考点二 句子成分之修饰成分
知识点1 定语
定语：修饰或限定名词或代词的成分叫定语，通常翻译为“......的”。
位置: 定语有前置定语和后置定语。形容词、数词、代词、名词等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之前，
但是在修饰any-，some-，no， every-等构成的单词，如something 等时，应放于这些复合不定代词之后进
行修饰。动词不定式、副词、介词短语、从句等作定语时一般放于被修饰词之后。
构成：定语通常由形容词、形容词性物主代词、名词或名词所有格、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、
动名词、分词或定语
从句
充当。
充当
示例
形容词
Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
【2025 年新高考I 卷】
名词
Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the tax.
介词短语
The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. 【2025 年新高考I 卷】
Read our Youth Policy Guidelines for youth under the age of 15.【2024 年新高考I 卷】
代词
Everybody’s business is nobody’s business.
数词
Do it now, you may not get a second chance.
数词
The room above is my sister’s.
不定式
Her promise to write was forgotten.
分词
Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.
The girl rose her head and saw the rising sun.
动名词
Learning methods vary from person to person.
定语从句
The car that is parked outside is mine.
知识点2 状语
状语：通常由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格结构和状语
从句
等充当。
修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句，可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、比较、伴随、条件、程
度、让步等。
位置: 状语位置灵活，修饰整个句子时放于句首;修饰形容词或副词时放于其后;表时间、目的、地点状语时
常放于主句之前或之后，若强调时则应放于主句之前;频度副词如almost、often 等作状语常放于be 动词、
情态动词之后，放于实义动词之前。
例1. Traffic accidents occur frequently. 【2025 年新高考I 卷】
例2. I will do anything to help an animal. 【2024 年新高考I 卷】
例3. One day, we had a family dinner.【2024 年全国甲卷】
例4. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a
campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. 【2025 年新高考I 卷】
例5. As I rushed outdoors to empty the wastepaper baskets, the door swung shut behind me.【2024 年浙江卷】
知识点3 补语
补足语: 补充说明宾语或主语的性质、状态等的一种句子成分。补充说明主语意义的句子成分叫主语补足
语。补充说明宾语意义的句子成分叫宾语补足语。可以用作补足语的有：名词、形容词、不定式、分词、
介词短语等。
例1. You must keep the room clean and tidy.
例2. John asked me to help him with his Chinese.
例3. I will have my hair cut tomorrow.
例4. We saw the boy playing basketball on the ground
例5. I was left alone
...【2024 年全国甲卷】
例6. Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more
meaningful
.【2022 年高考全国甲卷】
例7. We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China.【2020 年浙江卷】
例8. We sat on the porch with Toby resting beside us.【2025 年新高考I 卷读后续写】
知识点4 同位语
同位语：对句子中某一名词（词组）做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成
分叫做同位语。同位语可用名词、代词、名词短语、同位语从句等充当。
充当
示例
名词
We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous
country.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional
veterinarian.
【2024 年新高考I 卷】我们中国人民，决心把中国建设成一个富强的国家。 法伯毕业
于科罗拉多州立大学，最初是一名更传统的兽医。
代词
He himself doesn’t know why.
They all wanted to see him.
数词
Are you two ready?
同位语从句
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
知识点5 插入语
插入语：对一句话的附加解释、说明或总结用逗号、破折号隔开，与句子的其他部分之间没有语法关系。
例1. To be frank, I don’t agree with you.
例2. Strictly speaking, you are wrong.
例3. This, in my opinion, is only a simple question.
例4. Honestly, I don’t need it at the moment.
例5. You are not quite fit for this kind of work, if I may say so.
例6. This eye-catching column, I’m firmly convinced, won’t fail to grant the whole class a harmonious
atmosphere.【2025 年新高考I 卷应用文写作】
考向1 考查不同形式的定语
例1 I’m sure they will give you a very (impress) concert, through which you will learn more about
Chinese folk music.
例2 2．Not only can we appreciate (number) appealing weaving works ranging from chairs to
decorations, but also we’ll watch the documentary concerning the history of the weaving art.
【变式训练1·变载体】The (meet) room, designed in a practical way, is on the second floor and can
hold up to 50 people for various discussions.
【变式训练2·变情景】An exhibition (feature)Chinese civilisation was held at the Palace Museum,
with more than 130 pieces or sets of precious cultural relics displayed.
考向2 考查不同形式的状语
例1 The boy received a desirable Christmas gift, (whisper) his excitement to his best friend.
例2 Head down, eyes on my smartphone, I stepped into the road and a car shot past, nearly (knock)
me off my feet.
【变式训练1·变情景】I’m surprised (know) that we can keep flowers blooming by removing the
water with a process like air drying or pressing.
【变式训练2·变情景】Trees on the hills have been cut down and waste water is being poured
(continue) into rivers.
【变式训练3·变载体】You may not succeed in business and social encounters you employ
inappropriate body language.
考向3 考查不同形式作补语、同位语、插入语
例1 The news that
we
won
the
game
made us excited.
例2 （24-25 高三上·福建福州·期末）Qianshanchake, a Chinese web (novel) whose work Stacie
was included in the library’s collection, expressed excitement and surprise at the recognition.
【变式训练1·变载体】The resume should be tailored to match the careers in your plan, which will leave you well
(prepare) to make the most of all opportunities that become available to you.
【变式训练2·变载体】Confidence is not a fixed feature, so we can have our confidence (develop) by
practicing in social settings.
得分速记
1. 强调“先找谓语，再定主宾，后析修饰”的分析步骤拆解句子成分和句子类型。
2. 注意系动词与实义动词的区别（系动词后接表语，实义动词后接宾语）。
3. 非谓语动词作成分时的功能差异（如不定式表目的，分词表伴随）。
考点三 破解长难句
知识点1 长难句的特点
长难句常常存在以下特点:
1. 句子结构复杂。常包含多种从句，如定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句等。
2. 修饰成分多。形容词、副词、介词短语等作定语或状语修饰名词或动词。
3. 多种语法现象并用。一个句子中可能同时出现倒装、省略、强调等特殊语法现象。
4. 生词难词多，句子含义不局限于表象而有深层次的引申。
知识点2 长难句解题步骤
1.定位主干：剔除修饰成分（介词短语/非谓语/从句），锁定S+V+O
例：[Despite challenges]{.mark}, [researchers]{.mark} [from Peking University]{.mark} have developed [a new
method]{.mark} [to recycle plastics]{.mark} [that could transform industries]{.mark}.（主干：Researchers have
developed a method）
2.划分修饰：
括号法标注定语（( )）、状语[ ]、补语{ }
例：The book [recommended by my teacher]{.mark}（定语）, [which explores AI ethics]{.mark}*（非限制定
语）, challenges [us]{.mark} [to rethink technology]{.mark}*（宾补）.
还原省略：
补全状语从句省略的主谓：When (you are) in doubt, consult dictionaries.
3. 重组语序：
将后置定语/状语移回名词/动词前翻译
例：He met a scientist [working on lunar exploration]{.mark}
→ 他遇到了一位[从事月球探索的]科学家
考向 长难句拆解
例1 The museum, ______ (locate) in the heart of Beijing and ______ receives millions of visitors yearly, ______
(be) a symbol of cultural heritage.
例2Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes
that, as we go through life, these
core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we understand our lives.
【变式训练1·变载体】If these life cycles are delayed, interrupted, or denied, you feel incapable of
状语从句
accessing your states of self, controlling unpleasant feelings, and manipulating the energy that puts together the
动名词作宾语
fabric of your inner world.
定语从句
【变式训练2·变考法】We should protect the environment.（用长句升级写作）
____________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
思维建模 化解长难句的拆解思路
划主干：找谓语动词，确定主语和宾语（或表语）；
辨修饰：标记从句、非谓语动词、介词短语等，明确修饰对象；
理逻辑：分析从句与主句、修饰成分与核心成分的逻辑关系（如限定、因果）；
明句意：整合各部分含义，结合语境还原完整句意。
1.（2025 年新高考I 卷）“Tu says that the balance between the black and white pieces, the beauty in the
strategic placement of the pieces, and the energy flow following each move inspired artists to create oil paintings,
sculptures, digitally generated pictures and silk - screen prints for the exhibition.”
2.（2025 年新高考I 卷）In my ninth-grade writing class last year, I met a cowboy who saved his town, a strict
father who demanded his son earn straight A’s, and a modern-day Juliet who died of heartbreak after her parents
rejected the love of her young life.
3.（2025 年新高考I 卷）When the final bell rang in June, I walked away with a yearbook full of messages about
writing’s most powerful significance — the ability to connect people, to put us in another’s skin, to teach us
what it means to be human.
