清单03 名词
专题 名词
一. 可数名词变复数的规则变化
1
一般在词尾加-s
2
以-s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾的名词后加-es(stomach 除外)
3
以辅音字母+-y 结尾的名词变-y 为-i, 再加-es; 以元音字母+-y 结尾的名词, 在词尾直接+-s
4
以-o 结尾的名词, 一般在词尾加-s 但在黑人(negro), 英雄(hero), 土豆(potato), 西红柿(tomato)的词尾
加-es
5
以-f 或-fe 结尾的名词, 有的变-f 或-fe 为-v, 再加-es, 如：leaf→ leaves, knife→ knives, wife→ wives,
wolf→ wolves；有的直接加-s，如：belief→ beliefs, chief→ chiefs, proof→ proofs, roof→ roofs, safe→
safes
二. 可数名词变复数不规则变化
1.单复数同形
sheep→sheep, deer→deer ,
fish→fish;Portuguese→Portuguese,
Chinese→Chinese,spacecraft—
spacecraft
2.以-man 或-woman 结尾的, 将-man
和-woman 分别改为-men, -women
gentleman—gentlemen;Englishman—Englishmen
policeman—policemen;chairwoman—chairwomen
businessman—businessmen;craftsman—craftsmen
注意：German→Germans
3. 在词尾加-ren 或-en
child→children, ox→oxen
4.改变名词中的元音字母或变为其
他形式
foot→feet, goose→geese; mouse→mice;
medium→media; phenomenon→phenomena; analysis—analyses
；
basis—bases；
crisis—crises；thesis—theses
5. 常以复数形式出现的名词有
thanks ，congratulations ，wishes ，greetings ，shoes ，trousers ，
works(著作；工厂)，manners(礼貌)，instructions(指导；用法说明)，
times(时代)等。
固定短语中的名词只用复数形式
take turns to do sth，in high spirits，make friends with，shake hands
with，make preparations for，make (both) ends meet，take pains to do
三. 不可数名词
1.不可数名词没有复数形式, 也不可以与不定冠词连用。最常见的不可数名词有: fun, baggage, change(零钱),
furniture, hair, homework, information, knowledge, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic 等。
2.不可数名词的量有两种表示方法:
①用some, much, a little, a lot of, a bit of, plenty of 等表示多少。
注意: 既可以与可数名词复数, 又可以与不可数名词连用的有: plenty of, some, a lot of, lots of, most of 等。
②用单位词表示, 用a...of 表示。
四. 不可数名词与可数名词的转化
1.有些物质名词表示不同种类时可以转化为可数名词。特殊物质名词的数量表示: 当要表示“一
场/段/件/种……”等意思时, 某些物质名词前可用不定冠词, 但此时通常有形容词或of 短语修饰。另外, 表
示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea, coffee, drink, beer 等, 可以用a(n)或数词修饰, 也有复数形式。如:
2.有些名词既是可数名词又是不可数名词, 但意思不同。如: work 工作, a work 一部著作; glass 玻璃, a glass
一个玻璃杯; wood 木头, a wood 一片树林; room 空间, a room 一间房间; paper 纸, a paper 一份试卷(文件、
报纸等) 等。
五. 抽象名词具体化
1.表示情感、情绪的词, 强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词可概括为如下11 个
字: 惊(surprise)、乐(pleasure)、幸(honour)、憾(pity)、傲(pride)、慰(comfort)、险(danger)、助(help)、成
(success)、败(failure)、美(beauty)。
2.表示“一次”“一场”“一段”等“一……”的概念, 常与动词连用构成短语, 名词前常有形容词修饰。
如: have a good time, have a wonderful supper, have a good knowledge/understanding of, have a population of,
cover an area of, reach a height of 等。
六. 名词所有格
1.用法口诀
名词所有格, 表物是“谁的”, 若为生命词, 加’s 即可行, 词尾有 s, 仅把逗号择; 并列名词后, 各自和共
有, 前者分别加, 后者最后加; 若为无生命词, of 所有格, 前后须倒置, 此是硬规则。
2.特殊形式
1.并列的名词变所有格时，若表示不同的所有关系，则分别在两个名词后加-’s；如果表示共有关系，则只
在最后一个名词后加-’s。如：
Kate and Mary’s room 凯特和玛丽共有的房间; Kate’s and Mary’s rooms 凯特和玛丽各自的房间
2.表示店铺或某人的家时，名词所有格之后的shop，house，home 等常省去。如：
at the doctor’s (office)在(医生的)诊所里at the barber’s (shop)在理发店;at Mr Green’s (house)在格林先生家
七. 名词的构词法
1. 动词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
-al
approve 赞成→approval 赞成 survive 幸存→survival 幸存
arrive 到达→arrival 到达；到达者；到来物 refuse 拒绝→refusal 拒绝
propose 提议→proposal 提议；建议
-ance/
-ence
appear 出现→appearance 出现；外貌 perform 表演→performance 表演
guide 指引→guidance 引导；指导 exist 存在→existence 存在
prefer 较喜欢→preference 偏爱 refer 参考；查阅→reference 参考；查阅
depend 依靠→dependence 依赖；依靠
-ion/
-tion/
-ation
direct 指挥；指导→direction 方向；指导 expect 期待→expectation 期待；期望
invite 邀请→invitation 邀请；请柬 solve 解决→solution 解决
compete 竞争→competition 比赛；竞争 describe 描述→description 描写
repeat 重复→repetition 重复 explain 解释→explanation 解释
pronounce 发音→pronunciation 发音
-s(s)ion
discuss 讨论→discussion 讨论 admit 承认→admission 承认；准许加入
decide 决定→decision 决定
-ing
hear 听→hearing 听力；听觉 listen 听→listening 听；听力
-ment
achieve 达到；完成→achievement 成就 develop 发展→development 发展
argue 争论→argument 争论；论据 punish 惩罚→punishment 惩罚
-ure/
-ture
fail 失败→failure 失败 press 压；挤→pressure 压力 mix 混合→mixture 混合物
expose 暴露→exposure 面临；暴露
-y
recover 恢复→recovery 恢复；痊愈 discover 发现→discovery 发现
-er/-or
teach 教→teacher 老师
announce 播报→announcer 播音员
conduct 指导，指挥→conductor 指挥；售票员
其他常
见变化
choose 选择→choice 选择 vary 相异→variety 多样化；品种
tend 倾向→tendency 趋向；趋势 grow 生长→growth 生长
marry 结婚→marriage 婚姻 pack 收拾(行李)→package 包；盒
2. 形容词变名词的后缀
后缀
例词
-cy
fluent 流利的→fluency 流利; 流畅 accurate 准确的→accuracy 准确(性)
private 私有的→privacy 隐私 efficient 效率高的→efficiency 效率
-dom
free 自由的→freedom 自由 wise 明智的→wisdom 智慧
-ness
dark 黑的→darkness 黑暗 weak 虚弱的→weakness 虚弱 kind 友好的→kindness 善良
cold 寒冷的→coldness 冷淡；冷漠 aware 知道的；意识到的→awareness 知道；意识
-th
warm 温暖的→warmth 温暖 true 真的→truth 真相 deep 深的→depth 深(度)
strong 强壮的→strength 力量 long 长的→length 长度 wide 宽的→width 宽度
-y/-ty/
-ity
difficult 困难的→difficulty 困难 honest 诚实的→honesty 诚实 safe 安全的→safety 安全
cruel 残忍的→cruelty 残忍 responsible 负责的→responsibility 责任
-ce
different 不同的→difference 不同(之处) silent 沉默的；不说话的→silence 寂静
patient 有耐心的→patience 耐心 absent 缺席的→absence 缺席
present 出席的→presence 出席 confident 自信的→confidence 信心
convenient 方便的→convenience 便利 important 重要的→importance 重要(性)
significant 重要的，意义重大的→significance 重要性，重大意义
一. 单项选择
1.(2025 天津高考第二次)The children are encouraged to follow their natural ________, and learn about what
interests them.
A. curiosity
B. balance
C. defence
D. limitation
二. 语法填空
1.(2025 新高考I 卷)You try to lead the opponent into your trap and force them to follow your ‘________(guide)’
till they lose,” explains Wang Wei, a Go player among the visitors to the exhibition.
2.(2025 新高考II 卷)The sun-dried clothes smell especially pleasant where I live, thanks to the ________(absent)
of smog and plenty of blue sky ________(afternoon) with lots of fresh air.
3.(2025 年1 月浙江卷)As people now choose to wear more clothes fewer ________(time), clothing rental services
have become increasingly popular.
4.(2025 年1 月浙江卷)Tanya’s shop offers fashion clothes for women to rent rather than purchase them outright,
providing a less expensive ________(solve) to one-time event dressing.
5.(2025 年1 月浙江卷)I really want to make this work for ________(people) lives today .
1. 根据所处位置判断是否填入名词形式。如谓语动词之前、介词之后、形容词之后、冠词或数词之后。
2. 单数可数名词不能单独使用，要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用，否则就用复数形式表示复数含
义。
3. 注意固定短语中名词的单复数。
4. 注意名词应该与其修饰语保持数的一致。5. 不可数名词没有复数形式，不能与不定冠词连用。
时间：10 分钟 满分：20 分 得分：_______
一. 单项选择
1.(2026 届天津市滨海新区渤油一中下学期高三毕业班英语一考模拟)The ________ of online learning allows
students to study at their own pace and schedule.
A. possibility
B. stability
C. flexibility
D. reliability
2.(2026 届天津市滨海新区塘沽一中高三毕业班十二校联考(一)) --She failed to gain ________ to the
university of her choice.
--, really? No wonder she looks depressed these days.
A. reception
B. admission
C. rejection
D. alternative
3.(2026 天津紫云中学2026 届英语高考一考模拟试卷)The coach repeatedly stressed the significance of
________ in the team, pointing out that individual talent alone is not enough to win a basketball game.
A. attraction
B. cooperation
C. decoration
D. function
4.(2026 天津市东丽区天津市第一百中学高考第二次模拟考试)Some experts fear that too-early ________ to
computers will have harmful consequences for children’s development.
A. exposure
B. extension
C. exhibition
D. expansion
5.(2026 届天津南开中学高考英语首考冲刺练习(一)We hope that AI integration into the classroom becomes a
regular happening rather than a rare ________.
A. atmosphere
B. release
C. treat
D. exception
6.(2025-2026 学年天津三校联考)Communication can help you gain more respect from your parents, and you may
be able to reach ________ that make everyone happy.
A. compromises
B. contributions
C. congratulations
D. competitions
7.(2026 届北京师范大学天津附属中学高三年级第二学期高考英语模拟)In time, Tang Yin gained ________ as
one of the greatest artists China has ever known.
A. liberation
B. reputation
C. expansion
D. emission
8.(2026 天津市宁河区芦台第一中学第二学期第一次摸拟)As far as I know, the new museum in our city doesn’t
charge for________, so anyone can visit it for free.
A. permission
B. admission
C. recognition
D. consideration
9. (2026 天津市河东区天津市第五十四中学下学期开学考)—I’m thinking of going away after Christmas for a
week or so. Somewhere warm, you know.
—What kind of price ________ were you thinking about? I can find the exact information for you.
A. variety
B. range
C. list
D. level
10.(2025-2026 年度天津市津南区实验中学津南学校第二学期高三年级开学检测)Reform of the evaluation
process for educational performance is vital to balanced ________ of education resources.
A. transformation
B. distribution
C. reputation
D. investigation
二. 语法填空
1.(2026 届河北省文安县第一中学高三下学期一模)In Sept., the 2025 China International Online Literature Week
opened in Hangzhou, bringing together hundreds of writers, critics, industry representatives and communication
experts from around the world to look into ________(plan) for the promotion of the global reach of Chinese online
literature.
2.(2026 届河北省文安县第一中学高三下学期一模)While AI can boost translation ________(efficient),
“elegance” — the “ya” in the classic Chinese standard of faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance — still requires
a human touch.
3.(2026 届河南鹤壁市高中上学期规范化考试英语试卷( 二)It took longer than expected, they faced a
________(short) of food and one of the ships was leaking badly.
4.(2026 届湖南长沙市岳麓区湖南师范大学附属中学高三英语周考)The gradual ________(withdraw) of
seawater over time left behind salt deposits(沉积物) which have created 227.330 hectares of saline-alkaline land.
5.(2026 山东济南市高三4 月阶段性检测)It is now an apt time to go for a spring ________(out).
6.(026 山东济南市高三4 月阶段性检测)These ________(scene) create a magnificent portrait of a beautiful
China.
7.(2026 届福建恒一教育集团高三毕业班四月质量检测)Event ________(organizer) shared their insights into
several key areas:
8.(2026 届福建恒一教育集团高三毕业班四月质量检测)The designing philosophy dating back to the
________(evolve) of public perception, the customization of digital art, solidly based on Xi’an’s local culture, and
the potential interaction between technology and art.
9.(2026 届云南昆明市第一中学高三3 月复习诊断英语试题)In February, several government
________(agency) jointly released an action plan to improve tourism train services that are friendly to seniors.
10.(2026 届江苏扬州市广陵区扬州市新华中学高三3 月)The term first emerged in 1956 when University of
Chicago sociologists observed TV viewers engaging in parasocial relationships with onscreen personalities,
mirroring their bonds with family and ________(friend) — except this was a one-way attachment.
时间：10 分钟 满分：20 分 得分：_______
一. 单项选择
1. Some experts fear that too-early ________ to computers will have harmful consequences for children’s
development.
A. exposure
B. extension
C. exhibition
D. expansion
2. Tao Yuanming and Henry David Thoreau shared an intense respect for nature, which made them each an
influential ________ of their time.
A. reputation
B. figure
C. reflection
D. target
3. The ________ system didn’t work and the missile couldn’t hit its target.
A. resistance
B. guidance
C. persistence
D. assistance
4. Every great accomplishment rests on the ________ of what came before it. When you trace it back, you’ll see a
small step that started it all.
A. reputation
B. expectation
C. recreation
D. foundation
5. Technological ________ in education such as online courses and social networking tools are having a
significant impact on educational systems at all levels.
A. insights
B. qualifications
C. instructions
D. innovations
6. Both sides expressed hope for an early ________ of the dispute, aiming to prevent further delays and
misunderstandings.
A. conclusion
B. completion
C. resolution
D. involvement
7. Students are informed in advance that all ________ for the school magazine must be received by September
1st.
A. preferences
B. preparations
C. affections
D. contributions
8. Not only can the environment of a country suffer from the sudden growth of tourism but the people also rapidly
feel its ________.
A. benefits
B. contribution
C. demand
D. effects
9. An art magazine is available for you to read at your ________ to widen your outlook.
A. support
B. approach
C. leisure
D. direction
10. Those who suffer from headache will find they get ________ from this medicine.
A. relief
B. safety
C. defense
D. shelter
二. 语法填空
1. At the ________(begin) of the design work, Huang and his colleagues had no prior knowledge in that field.
2. It was only due to the ongoing support of his family that he was gradually coming out of his ________(depress).
3. The police have had him under ________(observe) for several weeks.
4. The project required each team to develop a hypothesis(假说), set up an experiment to test the hypothesis, do the
statistical ________(analyze) and present the finding.
5. The best ________(judge) of how a city should be and how it should develop are the local residents themselves.
6. I found that watching her perform this ordinary task with such________(enthusiastic) was both calming and
beautiful.
7. I am reminded that their ________(exist) is meaningful and they are appreciated.
8. To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the ________(basic) lies in their living with humans.
9. Guided tours, cultural events and creative products have boosted public ________(engage) with the park
drawing 900,000 visitors last year.
10. She never shopped out of ________(bore) and she never ate out at restaurants.
