第04 讲 阅读理解——议论文
目录
01 课标达标练
考向 议论文
02 核心突破练
议论文创新练
03 真题溯源练
1.（2025·浙江省桐乡市高三5 月模拟测试）
Human beings have a fundamental need to belong. Yet we are living in a time of loneliness and isolation. A
lack of social connection can have negative consequences for both our mental and physical health. To encourage
the feelings of connectedness, recent studies suggest that experiential purchases, such as travel, meals at restaurants
and recreation, tend to bring people more happiness than material ones, and can promote a greater sense of social
connection.
In a series of 13 experiments involving 1,980 participants, researchers asked people to think about either
experiential or material purchases they had made and then rate their thoughts and feelings about those purchases.
People reported feeling more connected with those who had made the same experiential purchase than those who
had made the same material purchase. This reflects the fact that experiential purchases are more central to an
individual’s identity.
Moreover, these findings apply even when people think about how their experiences differ. Even in cases
where participants were asked to consider a situation in which they met someone making a similar but better
experiential or material purchase, experiences were more likely to foster connection between people than material
items were. Although the unpleasant social comparison can create a sense of social distance, this distance feels less
wide when it comes to experiential purchases. That’s because it’s easier for people to find common ground and feel
kinship with someone else over their similar experiences.
Finally, after people think about a joyous experience, they express a greater desire to engage in social
activities than they do after they reflect on an important possession. As experiences bond us with others, they
provide memories of such bond that people can revisit. These memories, in turn, can encourage engagement in
even more sociality.
One clear takeaway from this research is that people would likely be wise to shift their spending habit from
“having” to “doing”. Also, the research hints that directing resources toward more community engagement might
drive improvements in societal well-being.
1．Which can be an example of experiential purchases?
A．Watching a paid magic show.
B．Claiming free food samples.
C．Reading fictions in a library.
D．Purchasing a trendy T-shirt.
2．What does the underlined word “kinship” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．A shared family background.
B．A sense of emotional closeness.
C．A tendency to be competitive.
D．A desire to purchase the same things.
3．What can be learned about experiential purchases?
A．They are better for mental development. B．They create unpleasant social comparisons.
C．They contribute to widening social distance.
D．They encourage engagement in social events.
4．What are people advised to do according to the text?
A．Reflecting on our consumption preference.
B．Seting rules to limit unnecessary spending.
C．Encouraging community engagement.
D．Exploiting more resources in community.
2.（2025 届辽宁省沈阳市皇姑区辽宁省实验中学高三下学期二模）While conducting a workshop on
creativity, I gave each small group a small box of paper clips ( 回形针). I invited each group to record as many
different uses for a paper clip as they could in five minutes. Obviously, these third-grade student groups were able
to generate multiple responses and the quality of those responses was all over the map. Their creativity was in full
swing.
We often have this belief that when faced with a creative challenge, we need to generate a really good idea
that will save the day. As a result, we focus on “the perfect idea” or “the best solution” without the necessity of
generating lots of bad ones along the way. Yet producing unworkable, impractical, and worthless ideas is a
necessary and essential part of the creative process.
One of the classic books, one that goes against the grain of what most writing instruction books do, is the
incomparable Writing Down the Bones: Freeing the Writer Within by Natalie Goldberg. One of the finest pieces of
advice in the book is for writers and anyone trying to generate creative thoughts to give themselves permission to
create crappy (蹩脚的) ideas.
Creativity is based on the concept of producing multiple ideas — ideas without any restrictions, definitions,
or limitations. When we imagine the quality of an idea, we limit its effectiveness. When we pre-assess thoughts in
advance of putting them into action, we reduce their worth or ultimate use. The impacts are shocking. There is an
idea that a sustained focus on producing only “good” or “perfect” ideas forces us into a “don’t take any risks”
mindset and significantly reduces our creative spirit.
The solution when faced with a creative challenge: generate overmuch ideas without regard to their
appropriateness or usefulness. Some of those ideas will be possibilities and some will be useless. That’s OK.
Ultimately, know this: generating crappy ideas is an essential part of the creative process. It’s your brain with its
“pedal (踏板) to the metal”.
1．What does the author believe about the creative process?
A．It must avoid taking any risks.
B．It requires some perfect ideas.
C．It’s limited to practical solutions.
D．It should involve producing crappy ideas.
2．Why does the author mention the book Writing Down the Bones in paragraph 3?
A．To explain a rule.
B．To present a fact.
C．To prove an opinion.
D．To make a prediction.
3．What impact does focusing on perfect ideas have on creativity?
A．Enhancing risk-taking.
B．Limiting logical thoughts.
C．Destroying creative spirit.
D．Encouraging diverse thinking.
4．What would be the best title for this text?
A．How We Overcome Creative Blocks
B．Why It’s Good to Have Crappy Ideas
C．The Ways of Generating Rich Creativity D．The Importance of Increasing Writing Art
3.（2025 届吉林省白城市高三下学期模拟预测）In a world where our digital devices have become
extensions of ourselves, it’s no surprise that we often immerse (沉浸) ourselves in screens rather than engage with
the world and people around us.
But amidst this digital deluge ( 涌现的事物), something vital is being lost: the art of genuine human
connection. These devices offer a convenient escape from boredom or discomfort, allowing us to avoid awkward
social situations or difficult emotions.
Small talk often receives criticism for being empty or insignificant. Rarely does someone express a fondness
for it, let alone find fulfillment in it. However, small talk matters a lot in social interactions. Think of it as the
warm-up before a workout — it helps us ease into deeper conversations and establishes a foundation of trust and
understanding. It lays the groundwork for assessing whether the exchange has the potential to cultivate a friendship
or deeper connection. Even one-off exchanges with someone at the grocery store or at the bus stop offer
opportunities for connection.
But our aversion (厌恶) to small talk is significant. We may convince ourselves that we’re not good at it or
that it’s unnecessary, but that’s simply an excuse. Yes, of course, social anxiety is real, but the only way to
overcome the fears is through practice, gaining confidence by slowly taking risks, and actively engaging in
conversations.
So, how can we embrace small talk and harness its power? Start by paying attention to your surroundings
and engaging with those around you. Whether it’s commenting on the weather or striking up a conversation about a
shared experience, small talk provides an opportunity to connect with others on a basic level.
Like any skill, small talk requires practice. Start small by initiating conversations with strangers or
acquaintances and gradually work your way up to deeper connections. With each interaction, you’ll gain
confidence and build the skills necessary for meaningful conversations.
It may feel uncomfortable at first, but with practice, we can regain the richness of human interaction and
cultivate relationships that truly nourish(滋养)the soul, build confidence, and reclaim the internal real estate that is
overrun with anxious thoughts.
1．Why do people often prefer to engage with digital devices rather than the real world?
A．They find it more convenient to do so.
B．They are afraid of genuine relationships.
C．They have little time to engage with others.
D．They want to avoid face-to-face communication.
2．What does the author think of small talk?
A．It is an unnecessary and hard skill.
B．It takes a lot of meaningful time.
C．It plays a crucial role in social interactions.
D．It is difficult to master for most people.
3．What does the underlined word “harness” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?
A．Hold.
B．Employ.
C．Discover.
D．Overlook.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．How to Overcome Social Anxiety
B．The Challenges of Modern Social Life
C．Digital Devices and Human Connection D．The Power of Small Talk in Social Life
4.（2025 届山东师范大学附属中学高三下学期5 月适应性检测）For centuries, we’ve pursued happiness
and meaning. But what does that leave out? As a social psychologist, I have dedicated my research career to a
simple, but universal question: what makes for a good life, and how can we achieve it?
For much of human history, we have been presented with two possibilities: pursuing a life of happiness, or a
life of meaning. Each of these paths has its benefits, but decades of psychological research have also revealed their
limits.
Ask the Danes and Finns, who consistently rank among the happiest people in the world, what their secret is
and they’ll tell you this: lower your expectations and be content with what you have. It sounds good, doesn’t it? But
it leaves something out. It’s a bit like being a college student who only takes easy courses to be sure of getting good
grades. Might there be more to life than simple pleasures and cozy comfort?
Then there’s the meaningful life. We often imagine that meaning flows from trying to change the world like
Steve Jobs. Once again, the research shows that lowering your sights and focusing on the little things can offer a
more achievable sense of meaning. Often people find it in routines like taking care of family, or volunteering in the
community. But there is also a dark side to the pursuit of meaning: researchers have found that it can encourage
people to draw sharp lines between those who belong in their group and those who don’t.
My research lab mapped out a third route to fulfillment: psychological richness. A psychologically rich life is
one filled with diverse, unusual and interesting experiences that change your perspective; a life with twists and
turns; a life that feels like a long, winding hike rather than many laps of the same racing circuit. Such experiences
can make us tougher. Not only that, embracing the pursuit of psychological richness can make us less likely to
regret: it matters less if the thing you did went wrong.
Perhaps no one said it better than Eleanor Roosevelt: “The purpose of life, after all, is to live it, to taste
experience to the utmost, to reach out eagerly and without fear”.
1．What is revealed about pursuing happiness or meaning?
A．Their benefits outweigh the limits.
B．They are equally difficult to achieve.
C．Both paths have limits despite their benefits.
D．Most people prioritize happiness over meaning.
2．What does the example of “a college student” show in paragraph 3?
A．Gratitude is essential for a happy life.
B．We should live up to others’ expectations.
C．Life means more than leisure and comfort.
D．Happiness requires academic achievement.
3．What does the underlined words “a dark side” imply in paragraph 4?
A．It may lead to prejudice against outsiders.B．It may result in the loss of group belonging.
C．It demands too much volunteer involvement.
D．It makes people forget their family responsibilities.
4．What is the author’s main purpose in writing this article?
A．To promote Roosevelt’s life philosophy. B．To introduce a new concept of life fulfillment.
C．To criticize traditional psychological research. D．To compare different cultural views on happiness.
5.（2025 届山东省日照市高三下学期三模）
Now controversial new technologies promise parents even more control over their embryos (胚胎) . Today, a
lot of those “designer babies” are teenagers. And some families are discovering that things don’t always work out
as planned; The kids feel like walking science experiments; the parents are disappointed in how their children
turned out. Fertility (生育) businesses are selling a chance of domestic welfare, and these families feel cheated.
People who have children this way often place too much importance on genes while ignoring the
environment. It’s like, “This is what our family is going to look like. We’re going to pick a kid, and this is how
we're going to put it together,” It’s like a project or building a company. People don’t always realize they are
creating a human being and not a piece of furniture. They tend to get what they want and don’t hear “no” a lot. So
when their kid shows up and isn't the way that they want, what happens?
Usually, it’s a disaster. In these homes, a high value gets placed on achievement. I think the way these kids
are created sends the message: “You’re not good enough. You need to achieve.” When the kids struggle, it’s
especially devastating. The child grows up feeling very different, knowing they were an experiment but not getting
the proper support or acceptance they need to grow.
In my work, I help parents accept: This is the child you have. I help them make abstract concepts more
concrete. Sometimes just explaining “you and your child are not the same person” does the trick. And I help kids
accept the reality of their parents. Or say a teenager doesn’t feel loved. I might need to clarify to them that “love” is
not a tangible feeling, like getting kicked. It means someone feels fondness toward you like you feel fondness
toward candies or toys.
Trying to control your child is a recipe for disaster. The kid is going to rebel ( 反抗) . I don’t know if
anyone’s making sure parents understand that they can’t test-drive a child and then return it. You probably can
predict stocks, but human behavior has far too many variables.
1．What does the author stress regarding “designer babies” in paragraph 1?
A．The high expectations from their parents.
B．The psychological impact on their families.
C．The intentional cheating from fertility businesses.
D．The moral issues surrounding genetic engineering.
2．What is a common problem for families with “designer babies”?
A．The children often rebel against their parents.
B．The parents are too focused on genetic perfection.
C．The children feel like they are science experiments.
D．The parents are unable to afford to raise their children.
3．What does the underlined word “devastating” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Confusing.
B．Doubtful.
C．Challenging.
D．Harmful.
4．What is the author’s suggestion for parents of “designer babies”?
A．Invest more in genetic research.
B．Accept their children as they are.
C．Focus more on their children’s achievements.
D．Seek professional help to shape their children.
6.（2025 届江西省华大新高考联盟高三下学期名校高考预测卷（三模））A growing number of
companies are building humanoid robots, and these mechanical look-alikes are starting to appear in car factories
and delivery places. Some businesses even promise robots for home use. Yet one big question still has no answer:
Why bother? Why make a robot in a human shape when it could take any imaginable form?
The usual answer is that humanoid robots could, in principle, handle any physical jobs a person can. But that
“in principle” is doing a lot of heavy lifting. If you’ve watched videos of these robots, you’ll get it — they’re often
clumsy, awkward machines. Sure, the technology helping them stand and move has come a long way, but they’re
still not as quick or graceful as humans. Meanwhile, robots built for a single job — like an arm shifting goods
between conveyor belts (传送带) — are now commonplace. Designed with one purpose, they do it really well,
unlike humanoid robots, which aim to do everything but often master nothing.
Another argument is that a human shape makes it easier for people to work with or control robots. This
holds some water, especially since many of these machines still need skilled human operators. Companies often
avoid admitting this, calling it a short-term phase, but the dream of fully independent, AI-powered humanoid robots
— ones that match or beat human workers — remains a long shot. For now, what we’ve got are human-shaped
shells guided by people behind the scenes. When Elon Musk introduced Tesla’s Optimus robot in 2021, he proudly
claimed it could teach, babysit, walk dogs, fetch groceries, or pour drinks. Yet those robots weren’t AI-driven, and
each was controlled by a hidden human. Notice a pattern? These tasks—low-wage, service-oriented jobs — suggest
that, for now, humanoid robots just mask human effort with a shiny surface.
Some remote-controlled robots serve real purposes, like in deep-sea exploration. But those machines aren’t
shaped like humans — they look like capsules or small vehicles, and they work just fine. The idea that robots must
be human-shaped is a failure of imagination.
Yes, humanoid robots look impressive. They remind us of the fantasies in science fictions where machines
handle all difficult tasks. But today, they are mostly marketing tools, masking human labor. And a robot that
doesn’t truly improve life is missing the point.
1．What does the underlined phrase “holds some water” mean in paragraph 3?
A．Provides sufficient evidence.
B．Makes much sense.
C．Is partly reasonable.
D．Is widely accepted.
2．Why does the author mention Tesla’s Optimus robot?
A．To prove humanoid robots are better.
B．To highlight its impressive technology.
C．To show it can replace human workers. D．To suggest it is in the charge of humans.
3．What is the author’s attitude toward humanoid robots?
A．Skeptical.
B．Optimistic.
C．Neutral.
D．Cautious.
4．What is the best title for the passage?
A．When Humanoid Robots Miss Potential B．How Humanoid Robots Miss Goals
C．What Humanoid Robots Lack Now
D．Why Humanoid Robots Fall Short
7.（2025 届重庆市第八中学校高三下学期5 月全真模拟）Psychologists long believed happiness and
meaning were keys to a good life. Recent research, however, reveals a third dimension ( 维度): psychological
richness. In his book Life in Three Dimensions, ShigehiroOishi argues that significant life fulfillment requires
embracing curiosity-driven exploration and transformative experiences alongside happiness and meaning.
Oishi shares the story of a father and son. The father lived a stable life in a rural Japanese town, maintaining
family traditions for his entire life. His son pursued a different path — leaving his home, studying abroad, and
moving across continents. Although their lives highlight different priorities, both found elements of happiness and
meaning. Even so, does that mean they both live a full life?
Traditional psychology outlines two paths to achieve life fulfillment. The eudaimonic path values meaning
through family, community, or professional dedications, while the hedonic path seeks happiness by enjoyable
careers, rewarding experiences, or leisure pursuits. Yet both paths contain pitfalls. Overemphasizing happiness
often breeds anxiety, as studies confirm lasting contentment stems from relationships, not achievements. Similarly,
being attached to great causes risks burnout. Therefore, either happiness or meaning alone fails to account for the
human need for a complete life.
Psychological richness emerges as the vital third dimension. It involves lives colored by novel experiences
that reshape perspectives — studying abroad, mastering complex skills, or overcoming difficulties. People who are
curious or social naturally enjoy this. Even those lacking these characters can cultivate it through small decisions,
creative hobbies, or minor risks like exploring unfamiliar neighborhoods. Even hard times can enhance
psychological richness when regarded as opportunities to grow.
As the son in the story, Oishi concludes that fulfillment lies not in choosing between happiness, meaning, or
richness but combining them together. A farmer’s steady life and a traveler’s exciting journey both matter.
Ultimately, the richest existence isn’t about perfection in any single dimension but the harmonious interplay of all
three.
1．What factor best explains the father-son difference?
A．Generation gap.
B．Personal choices.
C．Educational status.
D．Economic conditions.
2．What does the underlined word “pitfalls” probably mean in paragraph 3?
A．Costs.
B．Features.
C．Advantages.
D．Reasons.
3．What can be learned from the book?
A．Personalities are difficult to change.
B．Psychological richness develops with age.
C．Traditional views should be abandoned.
D．Life satisfaction is shaped by multiple factors.
4．What is the recommended shelf category for the book?
A．Cultural Studies & Emotional Health.
B．Personal Growth & Life Philosophy.
C．Global Experiences & Art Appreciation. D．Human Connection & Career Development.
8.（2025 山西省高三下学期5 月押题）In an era when the average person checks their smartphone nearly
144 times a day, devoting oneself to a lengthy novel or complex piece of literature has become a rarity. The digital
revolution, while bringing easy access to information, has degraded our capacity for deep reading.
Deep reading is more than just processing words on a page; it’s an experience that involves critical thinking,
empathy (共情) , and knowledge exploration. This form of reading allows individuals to engage with complex
ideas and connect emotionally with texts. Historically, deep reading has been instrumental in education and
personal development, cultivating a person capable of critical thought and innovation.
In a digital age, the way we consume information has dramatically changed. For instance, social media
platforms are designed to catch our attention through endless browsing and bite-sized content. This design can
weaken our patience for longer, more demanding texts. A study from Microsoft Corp. suggested that the human
attention span has decreased from 12 seconds in 2000 to about 8 seconds today, highlighting how digital media
affects our ability to concentrate.
In the digital landscape, attention has become what companies compete for, often employing strategies that
disturb our attention spans. Notices, advertisements, and big data-based content make it difficult for readers to find
the uninterrupted time necessary for deep reading.
Our brains are remarkably adaptable, and the way we process information can change with our habits.
Neuroscientists have found that regular Internet use can rewire neural pathways, favoring quick decision-making
and surface processing over deep thinking. Nicholas Carr argues that the Internet encourages rapid, distracted
sampling of small bits of information from many sources—a mode of thinking that is contrary to deep reading.
The decline in deep reading doesn’t just affect individual cognition ( 认知) ; it has broader societal
consequences. In education, students accustomed to surface-level reading may struggle with texts that require
analysis and critical thinking. This trend can lead to a workforce less prepared for jobs that demand deep
understanding and problem-solving skills.
Given the challenges, how can we preserve and promote deep reading in the digital age?
1．Why is deep reading important?
A．It promotes the use of social media.
B．It boosts readers` innovative ability.
C．It allows for faster decision-making.
D．It enables quick scanning of information.
2．How do the Internet and digital media affect deep reading?
A．They improve reading efficiency.
B．They increase access to diverse resources.
C．They contributes to divided attention habits.
D．They provide new ideas for better understanding.
3．What message does the author mainly convey in para 5?
A．The human brain has a strong adaptability.
B．The internet has a positive impact on our brains.
C．The way we process information changes with our habits.
D．The internet disfavors deep reading despite its advantages.
4．What is expected to be talked about next?
A．Strategies to promote deep reading.
B．The future application of digital media.
C．The benefits of digital reading materials.D．Historical examples of deep reading practices.
9.（2025 届黑龙江省哈尔滨市第六中学校高三下学期第四次模拟）Last semester, I was extremely
excited about a big science project in my school. I had spent weeks researching, planning, and conducting
experiments, believing that my hard work would surely lead to a great result. However, when the results were
announced, I was devastated. My project didn’t even make it to the shortlist.
At first, I was filled with self-doubt and disappointment. I questioned all my efforts and wondered if it was
all in vain. But as I took some time to reflect, I began to see the failure in a different light.
Failure, I realized, is not the end but a valuable teacher. It forced me to analyze my project thoroughly. I
found that there were flaws in my experimental design and some key aspects that I had overlooked. This self-
awareness was crucial. It taught me to be more careful and thorough in my future endeavors.
History is filled with examples of great people who failed before achieving success. Thomas Edison failed
thousands of times before inventing the light bulb. Each failure was a step forward for him, helping him to get rid
of what didn’t work and focus on what did. His story shows that failure is a stepping-stone to success.
Failure also builds resilience. When we face failure and overcome the initial shock and disappointment, we
become stronger mentally. We learn to bounce back from setbacks, which is an essential skill in life
In the end, that failed science project was not a disaster but a blessing in disguise. It taught me more than I
could have learned from a successful outcome. It made me a better learner and a more determined person.
1．How did the author feel when his science project failed?
A．Proud.
B．Angry.
C．Disappointed.
D．Indifferent.
2．What did the author find after reflecting on the failure?
A．His hard work was totally wasted.
B．He had made some mistakes in his project.
C．The judges were unfair to him.
D．His project was actually very good.
3．What can we infer from Thomas Edison’s story?
A．Success comes easily without failure.
B．Failure is always a negative thing.
C．We should be afraid of failure.
D．Failure can lead to success.
4．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．The process of a science project.
B．The importance of success in life.
C．The value and lessons we can learn from failure.
D．How to avoid failure in projects.
10.（2025 届重庆市高三下学期第三次联合诊断检测）In 1933, philosopher Bertrand Russell observed
that “the fundamental cause of the trouble is that in the modern world the stupid are confident while the intelligent
are full of doubt.” This insight remains relevant today, but the issue runs deeper: while most people recognize
overconfidence in others, they rarely see it in themselves. This phenomenon, known as the Dunning-Kruger Effect,
reveals that those with the least knowledge often overestimate their abilities, while the truly knowledgeable remain
humble and open-minded.
The internet exacerbates this problem. With endless access to information, people often mistake superficial
understanding for professional knowledge, leading to overconfidence. Organizational psychologist Adam Grant
addresses this in his book Think Again, urging readers to challenge and update their beliefs. Grant argues that we
often adopt the mindsets of churchmen, lawyers, or politicians — defending our beliefs, attacking others’, or
seeking approval — rather than seeking truth.
To overcome this, Grant suggests separating our sense of self from fixed beliefs. Instead of sticking to
beliefs, we should be open to revision. This scientific mindset encourages us to test ideas and update our
understanding. Grant cites a study where entrepreneurs (企业家) trained in scientific thinking did better than their
peers and achieved greater success, which highlights the value of open-mindedness and adaptability.
In the final part of the book, Grant shows us how rethinking skills enhance political debates, teaching, and
workplace innovation. Grant provides a host of illustrative examples, but my favorite is the example of a history
teacher who gets her students to think like scientists by rewriting textbook chapters that failed to cover important
historical events in sufficient depth. This is a far better approach than simply delivering a lecture and forcing
students to review the information on a test.
But of course, this book is not the final word on the topic, and Grant wouldn’t want it to be. As we gain
better evidence and more experience, it’s our responsibility to continually renew our beliefs. As Russell said, “If
you’re certain of anything, you’re certainly wrong, because nothing deserves absolute certainty.”
1．What problem do most people have?
A．Decline in self-confidence.
B．Concern about others’ doubts.
C．Indifference to social problems.
D．Unawareness of personal limitations.
2．What does the underlined word “exacerbates” in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Creates.
B．Fixes.
C．Worsens.
D．Prevents.
3．Which person could be an example in the final part of the book?
A．A chef open to feedback.
B．A scientist resistant to doubts.
C．A doctor reliant on experience.
D．A consumer blinded by brands.
4．Which of the following can be used to describe the book?
A．Practical and conclusive.
B．Insightful but not definitive.
C．Informative and theoretical.
D．Authoritative but not engaging.
11.（2025 届江西省南昌市高三下学期二模）What if everything happens for a reason? It’s a theory that
we’ve all heard more than once. And in many ways, burnt toast theory can be seen as a modern take on this classic
idea, implying that every little inconvenience we experience in our day-to-day lives happens for a bigger reason.
We’ve all been there. Say you accidentally burn your toast before leaving for work. According to burnt toast
theory, this single, tiny inconvenience is enough to have a domino effect ( 多米诺效应). Your morning is then
pushed back by what, maybe three to five minutes? Perhaps that is enough time to leave the house a little bit later
than usual, and to avoid getting in a car accident. Or it might mean you end up getting a later train, and avoid
bumping into someone who you’d really rather avoid.
In other words, the burnt toast theory is a reminder to shift your thinking pattern. When we choose to view
the world in a more positive light, we can help to reduce feelings of anxiety, and release our fear of being out of
control of the world around us. It prevents us from thinking over something that isn’t really all that bad in the grand
perspective of things and encourages us to make meaning of challenges we may experience, thus making us more
adaptive to the future setbacks. The next time you feel yourself becoming annoyed or frustrated by an
inconvenience in your life, try reshaping your thoughts by telling yourself why you’re grateful for the
inconvenience.
While maintaining a positive mindset can go a long way, burnt toast theory is not without its drawbacks. Be
mindful that only allowing yourself to focus on positive thoughts can mean that you are denying yourself the
chance to properly engage with challenging or difficult emotions, instead focusing on creating a false positive
profile.
1．What may be a case of the burnt toast theory?
A．Gaining rewards after paying efforts.
B．Losing a job after forgetting to set an alarm.
C．Meeting a future employer after missing a flight.
D．Mending friendship after clearing misunderstandings.
2．What is the result of applying the burnt toast theory according to paragraph 3?
A．Better judgement on fears.
B．Richer experience from failures.
C．The removal of daily inconveniences.
D．The harvest of a positive mindset.
3．Which aspect of the theory does the last paragraph focus on?
A．Would-be projects.
B．Real-world applications.
C．Potential weaknesses.
D．Practical advantages.
4．What is probably the best title of the text?
A．Less Is More
B．Make a Lemon Lemonade
C．Once Bitten, Twice Shy
D．Better Late Than Never
12.（2025 届河北省部分校高三下学期3 月模拟预测）Consider the hierarchy (层次) of needs proposed
in 1943 by the psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow believed that people tend to focus on meeting their needs in
a particular order of urgency. We start with survival needs such as food, shelter, and safety. Once these have been
met, we turn our attention to social and emotional needs, such as love and belonging. Finally, we focus on higher-
order needs such as self-actualization — in other words, looking for life’s meaning.
Of these three levels, money is only truly helpful for the first. This is why economists often find that well-
being doesn’t improve much once a person reaches the relatively humble financial means that meet those needs.
The “middle needs” of love and belonging — family, friends, romance — can’t be met with money, and pursuing
money with too much gusto can even result in unexpected consequences.
Focusing too much on money is actively opposed to Maslow’s highest-level needs, because doing so can
lead people into a trap that researchers call “financial contingency of self-worth,” which happens when a person’s
self-esteem is conditional on his or her financial success.
This might explain why stress levels are high both when money is tight and when people reach higher
income levels. A 2018 survey conducted by LinkedIn found that stress at work falls when people earn more than
$50,000, but then starts to rise significantly when people earn above $200,000. One reason for the stress among
high earners is their neglect (忽略) of relationships, according to some researchers.
Perhaps your parents always put a lot of pressure on you to succeed financially, or you tend to be insecure
about your self-worth and rely a lot on social comparison. One way or another, you might be measuring yourself in
money, and without realizing it, hoping that at some point you will be “expensive” enough to earn others’ love and
respect. Your instincts (直觉) might be telling you to earn more, more, more in order to find peace and satisfaction.
Your instincts are lying, and you could get much happier by reassessing your priorities.
1．What is the primary role of money according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A．It ensures a sense of safety.
B．It satisfies all levels of needs.
C．It is crucial for self-actualization.
D．It is most effective for basic survival needs.
2．What does “gusto” mean in paragraph 2?
A．Resistance.
B．Enthusiasm.
C．Indifference.
D．Hesitation.
3．Why might pursuing money excessively lead to stress even at higher income levels?
A．It leads to a constant need for financial growth.
B．It complicates financial choices for the wealthy.
C．It may overshadow social and emotional bonds.
D．It increases the pressure to maintain high income.
4．What is the author’s view on using money as a measure of self-worth?
A．It’s a natural response.
B．It’s a reasonable pursuit.
C．It’s a notable misconception.
D．It’s a temporary phase in personal growth.
13.（2025 届湖北省名校（圆创）高三下学期三月联合测评）Since the dawn of human history,
innovation has been a balancing act of wonder and fear. From the discovery of fire to the first flights of airplanes,
each technological breakthrough has promised to enhance human abilities while simultaneously ( 同时) causing
risks. Fire could warm us or destroy us; airplanes could connect us or be turned into tools of war. Yet through all
these advancements, one constant has remained: human cognition ( 认知) , the unique spark of thought and
creativity that has shaped our progress.
But today, something is different. For the first time in history, human cognition itself is at risk of being out-
of-date. With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), we are no longer just building tools to enhance our abilities; we
are building systems that may be superior to our very capacity to think, create, and innovate. This shift doesn’t just
completely change industries, but it also challenges the core of what makes us human.
In past innovations, technologies functioned as extensions of human abilities. The airplanes enlarged our
physical reach, the Internet expanded our access to information, and computers increased our ability to compute.
These tools were clearly under human control, operating within the boundaries we set.
However, AI is fundamentally different. It operates in the range of cognition, not merely conducting tasks,
but also learning, reasoning, and even generating creative content. From writing news articles to diagnosing
diseases, AI systems are performing tasks once thought to require uniquely human judgment. What happens when
machines can think better than we can? And, more importantly, what does it mean to be human in an age when our
intellectual strength is no longer guaranteed?
Historically, we’ve accepted obsolescence (过时) as part of the cycle of innovation and, in most situations,
embraced it. Outdated tools should be abandoned, and new ones take their place. But when the “tool” at risk of
obsolescence is human cognition itself, we enter unknown area. AI’s capacity to potentially outdo our intellectual
talents puts humanity in a weak position, one where we must confront our own limitations.
1．What can we infer from the first paragraph?
A．One good turn deserves another.
B．Take things as they come.
C．Don’t put the cart before the horse.
D．Every coin has two sides.
2．What does the author mean by saying “But today, something is different” in paragraph 2?
A．Human cognition starts to be outdated. B．Wonder and fear have lost balance.
C．Human cognition has reached a ceiling.D．Creativity has shaped our progress.
3．How is the main idea presented in the text?
A．By telling stories.
B．By analyzing causes.
C．By giving examples.
D．By applying inferences.
4．What is the author’s attitude towards the rise of artificial intelligence?
A．Concerned.
B．Skeptical.
C．Positive.
D．Unclear.
议论文创新练
1.（2025 届湖北省荆州市沙市区湖北省沙市中学高三下学期六月适应性检测）For centuries, what
makes human creativity so precious is not only the final products it yields, but also the effort behind their creation.
But in a world where AI can generate anything with the click of a button, how do we distinguish what truly
matters? How does human-made art survive?
Throughout history, the most famous works of art, literature, and music have carried a sense of labor,
dedication, and mastery. We don’t just admire the end product; we admire how it came to be. Masterpieces like Van
Gogh’s “Starry Night” sustain not simply for their artistic beauty, but for the human stories they carry. They remind
us that art is not just about beauty or skill — it is about intention, persistence, and what makes us human.
As AI floods the world with instant beauty, we’re entering an era of “aesthetic inflation”, where perfectly
composed images, poetic style, and movie-like storytelling are available to anyone, instantly and at no cost. This
makes us think about when beauty is effortless and endless, does human creations still have value?
But human imperfection isn’t a weakness — it’s part of who we are, shaping our understanding of humanity.
Our struggles, mistakes, and limitations aren’t just difficulties to overcome — they’re part of what gives life
meaning. In this light, AI’s ability to create perfect art feels almost unnatural—a rejection of the struggle that gives
creativity its weight. It may achieve technical perfection — but at the cost of the original energy that makes art stir
feelings within people. Even at its most impressive, AI-generated art often feels empty. It has no real emotions or
experiences, and no clear creator, failing to create unexpected surprises and arouse shared emotion with audience.
Therefore, to preserve meaning, selection and context become more crucial. As AI can produce endless
content, the human elements like context, narrative and the reasoning behind art become the true value source.
Also, AI can be a creative collaborator rather than a replacement, refining ideas while keeping human imperfection
and feeling, and acting as an amplifier (放大镜) of human vision.
1．Why do masterpieces like “Starry Night” remain valuable in the AI era?
A．They represent unique human characteristics.
B．They showcase brilliant artistic creation skill.
C．They are created through long production processes.
D．They contain human emotional depth and creative effort.
2．Why does the author mention “aesthetic inflation” in paragraph 3?
A．To demonstrate AI’s efficiency in art creation.
B．To prove that AI-generated art is more affordable.
C．To criticize the overuse of technology in art creation.
D．To stress the devaluation of beauty due to mass production.
3．How does the author develop the argument in the passage?
A．By giving examples.
B．By giving definitions.
C．By making comparisons.
D．By making classifications.
4．The author wrote this passage to ___________.
A．show ways to perfect art with AI
B．teach how to create art in the age of AI
C．argue why human art still matters in the AI age
D．introduce a new revolution in art creation brought by AI
2.（2025 届湖北省武汉市第二中学高三下学期二模）In Malcolm Gladwell’s thought — provoking book
Outliers (异类), the Matthew effect (马太效应) suggests that an individual’s success is intricately tied to the timing
of their birth date and the subsequent opportunities that arise. While Gladwell claims that this seemingly random
factor initiates a chain of advantages leading to success, this essay seek to challenge that perception. It argues that
success is an interplay of multiple factors, insisting that individual ambition, inborn talent, and family influences
are equally crucial, if not more so, in shaping one’s path to success.
Gladwell argues that those who possess will receive more, and those without will lose even the little they
have. He extends this to success, attributing it to hidden birth dates advantages, but neglects the profound impact of
individual ambition, innate talent, and family influences on the success.
Contrary to Gladwell’s perspective, individual ambition emerges as a powerful force in determining success.
Ambition acts as the driving force behind individuals who, regardless of their age or birth date, strive for excellence
and surpass the norm. A convincing example is found in the story of Stephanie Bradley, a young girl with a strong
desire to become a doctor. Stephanie’s upbringing in a modest environment with parents of limited education did
not provide her with extraordinary opportunities. However, her unwavering ambition stimulated her to overcome
obstacles. Her story vividly illustrates the power of ambition in fostering determination, maintaining focus, and
creating opportunities independent of external advantages.
While Gladwell focuses mainly on accumulative advantages, he overlooks the significant role of inborn
talent in inspiring individuals to success. Natural abilities, distinct from skills acquired through training, often act
as a catalyst (催化剂) for extraordinary achievement. Consider the case of Taylor, a high school freshman on a
local swim team. Taylor’s story challenges Gladwell’s theory by illustrating innate talent triumphing over
accumulative advantages. Despite lacking the opportunities, training scheme, and financial backing of his
competitors, Taylor’s natural talent powerfully facilitated him to victory. His success demonstrates that innate
talent, independent of external advantages, can be a driving force in the pursuit of excellence.
In conclusion, while Gladwell’s Matthew effect makes some sense in certain instances, it oversimplifies
success. The stories of Stephanie Bradley and Taylor show how personal drive and natural abilities can stimulate
individuals to success, challenging the conclusive view presented by Gladwell. Success is a combination of
multiple factors, and recognizing these is crucial for understanding achievement.
1．Which example does the author use to demonstrate the power of individual ambition?
A．Malcolm Gladwell’s definition of “outliers”.
B．The achievements of the Medicine Hat hockey team.
C．The story of Stephanie Bradley who desires to be a doctor.
D．The experience of Taylor, a high-school freshman on a swim team.
2．What can we infer from the passage about Gladwell’s perspective on success?
A．It has been supported by scholars in the field.
B．It fully takes into account the diverse factors influencing success.
C．It might overlook the significance of certain internal factors for success.
D．It provides an comprehensive and accurate theory for understanding success.
3．What implication can we draw from the example of Taylor?
A．Athletes without financial support can never achieve great success.
B．Innate talents can fuel success even without external advantages.
C．Accumulative advantages are the decisive factor for an athlete’s victory.
D．High-school freshmen are more likely to shine in sports competitions.
4．Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
A．Success: Is It All about Birth Dates or Something More?
B．Malcolm Gladwell’s Outliers: A Groundbreaking Theory
C．The Matthew Effect: Unveiling the True Secret of Success
D．The Stories of Stephanie Bradley and Taylor: Keys to Success
3.（2025 届湖南省长沙市第一中学高三下学期一模）Every day, you likely hear a new piece of advice.
One suggestion you may hear is to “fake it until you make it”, especially if you’re starting something new, like a
job. But is it really good advice?
Fake it till you make it is an expression in which a person imitates (模仿) the confidence or skills they need
to succeed in what they are doing in the hope that they will eventually feel real. Advocates of this idea say you can
fake confidence and hope that, eventually, it will inspire real confidence.
The best time to use this strategy may be when you’re trying to change your behavior to improve yourself. If
you aim to boost your work productivity, you might draw inspiration from your more efficient colleagues. This way
can help you learn strategies to enhance your performance. Similarly, in your personal life, striving to be more
friendly and warm can initially feel awkward but will ultimately foster better relationships with those around you.
Unfortunately, faking it till you make it doesn’t always bring sunshine, lollipops, and rainbows. It may not
work when dealing with hard skills, assisting others, or faking who you are. For example, it is incredibly hard to
fake technical skills and competence like software experience. It’s also hard to assist others if you lack
understanding of the subject. Moreover, pretending to be someone you’re not or making false claims can be
exposed.
One study shows that it can snowball into imposter syndrome, which can arise when individuals feel their
success is undeserved and fear being exposed as a fake. Unfortunately, faking it till you make it can exacerbate that
syndrome, leading to avoidance and negative impacts on productivity and well-being.
In conclusion, there is a difference between learning new behaviors and lying about your identity or skills.
One can build you into a better worker or friend, but the latter can get you into trouble. “Fake it till you make it”
can be a useful approach for some, while it can also contribute to imposter syndrome for others.
1．Why do some people adopt the strategy “fake it till you make it”?
A．To criticize the behavior of others.
B．To make others trust their abilities.
C．To avoid taking on new challenges.
D．To gain confidence through imitation.
2．In what type of situation might “fake it till you make it” be ineffective?
A．When taking up a new hobby.
B．When trying to stay focused in class.
C．When teaching others computer skills.
D．When socializing with your classmates.
3．What does the underlined word “exacerbate” in paragraph 5 mean?
A．Worsen.
B．Relieve.
C．Prevent.
D．Recognize.
4．What is the author’s main viewpoint on the strategy “fake it till you make it”?
A．It can be positive or negative.
B．It is a useful tool in our daily life.
C．It is more harmful in the long run.
D．It’s always good for personal growth.
4.（2025 届湖北省襄阳市第五中学高三下学期适应性考试（四））In the early 1900s, when pursuing
one of his many projects, the French chemist and inventor Edouard Benedictus invented shatterproof ( 防碎的)
glass by chance, although its importance wasnˈt recognized until issues emerged within the car market.
Such moments of serendipity reveal the unpredictable nature of innovation. Yet, even in cases where chance
plays a role, as in Benedictusˈs story, the broader question remains: Are such discoveries truly born of luck, or were
they somehow “in the air,” waiting for the right person to seize them?
Some argue all the discoveries would have been made by other people. They believe if the time was ripe,
someone would have got there. Independently, Charles Darwin and Alfred R. Wallace(the latter 15 years behind
Darwin)arrived at the theory of evolution by natural selection, both counting on similar data. There existed slight
differences in the theory, but the coincidences of thought were astonishing. This phenomenon, which also exists in
biological evolution, is called convergence (趋同性): two non-closely related species develop similar functional
adaptations. This is an important clue that can help explain why this pattern also exists in scientific knowledge:
Different research teams face similar pressures to find solutions, driving them to pursue similar paths of inquiry.
If we analyze the steps that led to the result, we can see that there were in fact some accidental elements. Yet
is it really possible that all discoveries were “in the air”?
All scientists are learning from those giants who have gone before them, and there is objectively a
cumulative (积累的) element in science. Nevertheless, at some point and in the right circumstances, it was the
unknown scientists, not the giants, who managed to see a little farther. The mind of the giant was imprisoned by
prior knowledge, the framework of established habits, and established methods. The new, little-known scientist, on
the other hand, will in one way or another have been able to break free of the chains of established knowledge.
Therefore, it will be possible for them to imagine other worlds. This suggests that it will be innovators, with their
prepared minds, who have a better chance of making accidental discoveries, namely that are irregular and
unexpected.
1．In paragraph 2 “serendipity” refers to __________.
A．late recognition.
B．accidental invention.
C．chemical innovation.
D．emergence of problems.
2．The example of Darwin and Wallace is given to illustrate __________.
A．independent but similar solutions found by different people.
B．limited resources and technological difficulties in science.
C．the important role of similar data in scientific research.
D．fierce competition among scientists of different times.
3．What advantage might less-known scientists have over established researchers?
A．Access to advanced tools.
B．Greater funding opportunities.
C．Stronger peer cooperation.
D．Freedom from rigid mindsets.
4．Which statement best reflects the main idea of the passage?
A．All discoveries are sure results of technological progress.
B．Chance alone drives groundbreaking scientific achievements.
C．Traditional methods prevent innovation and should be abandoned.
D．Breakthroughs integrate accidental opportunities with prepared minds.
1.【2022 年北京卷】Quantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been
sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as
humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson
who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.
For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies
have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum
machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is
the sort of hype ( 炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep.
“What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of dollars are now potentially available to quantum computing
researchers.”
As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the
public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises,
excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have
gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype,
Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”
And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.
After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about
PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those
concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.
The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度 )” to building a “useful”
quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.”
He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparing what
we are doing with others.”
Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know.
I’m certainly not going to advise my friend or anyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just
as I trust Johnson.
31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.
A. sympathetic
B. unconcerned
C. doubtful
D. excited
32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing?
A. His dominance in physics.
B. The competition in the field.
C. His confidence in PyQuantum.
D. The investment of tech companies.
33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A. Open.
B. Cool.
C. Useful.
D. Resistant.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?
B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?
C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?
D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?
2.【2022 年天津卷第二次】Ralph Emerson once said that the purpose of life is not to be happy, but to be
useful, to be loving, to make some difference in he world. While we appreciate such words of wisdom, we rarely
try to follow them in our lives.
Most people prefer to live a good life themselves, ignoring their responsibilities for the world. This narrow
perception of a good life may provide short-term benefits, but is sure to lead to long-term harm and suffering. A
good life based on comfort and luxury may eventually lead to more pain be-cause we spoil our health and even our
character, principles, ideals, and relationships.
What then, is the secret of a good life? A good life is a process, not a state of being : a direction, not a
destination. We have to earn a good life by first serving others without any expectation in return because their
happiness is the very source of our own happiness. More importantly, we must know ourselves inside out. Only
when we examine ourselves deeply can we discover our abilities and recognize our limitations, and then work
accordingly to create a better world.
The first requirement for a good life is having a loving heart. When we do certain right things merely as a
duty, we find our job so tiresome that we’ll soon burn out. However, when we do that same job out of love, we not
only enjoy what we do, but also do it with an effortless feeling.
However, love alone is insufficient to lead a good life. Love sometimes blinds us to the reality. Consequently,
our good intentions may not lead to good results. To achieve desired outcome, those who want to do good to others
also need to equip themselves with accurate world knowledge. False knowledge is more dangerous than ignorance.
If love is the engine of a car knowledge is the steering wheel(方向盘). If the engine lacks power, th car can’t move;
if the driver loses control of the steering, a road accident probably occurs. Only with love in heart and the right
knowledge in mind can we lead a good life.
With love and knowledge, we go all out to create a better world by doing good to others. When we see the
impact of our good work on the world we give meaning to our life and earn lasting joy and happiness.
51. What effect does the narrow perception of a good life have on us?
A. Making us simple-minded
B. Making us short-signted.
C. Leading us onto a busy road.
D. Keeping us from comfort and luxury.
52. According to the author, how can one gain true happiness?
A. Through maintaining good health.
B. By going through pain and suffering.
C. By recognizing one’s abilities and limitations.
D. Through offering help much needed by others.
53. According to Paragraph 4, doing certain right things with a loving heart makes one________.
A. less selfish
B. less annoying
C. more motivated
D. more responsible
54. In what case may good intentions fail to lead to desired results?
A. When we have wrong knowledge of the world.
B. When our love for the world is insufficient.
C. When we are insensitive to dangers in life.
D. When we stay blind to the reality.
55. According to Paragraph 5, life can be made truly good when ________.
A. inspired by love and guided by knowledge
B. directed by love and pushed by knowledge
C. purified by love and enriched by knowledge
D. promoted by love and defined by knowledge
3.【2021 年北京卷】Early fifth-century philosopher St．Augustine famously wrote that he knew what time
was unless someone asked him．Albert Einstein added another wrinkle when he theorized that time varies
depending on where you measure it．Today's state-of-the-art atomic（原子的） clocks have proven Einstein
right．Even advanced physics can't decisively tell us what time is, because the answer depends on the question
you're asking．
Forget about time as an absolute．What if，instead of considering time in terms of astronomy,we related time
to ecology？What if we allowed environmental conditions to set the tempo（节奏） of human life？We're
increasingly aware of the fact that we can't control Earth systems with engineering alone，and realizing that we
need to moderate（调节）our actions if we hope to live in balance．What if our definition of time reflected that？
Recently，I conceptualized a new approach to timekeeping that's connected to circumstances on our planet，
conditions that might change as a result of global warming．We're now building a clock at the Anchorage Museum
that reflects the total flow of several major Alaskan rivers，which are sensitive to local and global environmental
changes．We've programmed it to match an atomic clock if the waterways continue to flow at their present rate．If
the rivers run faster in the future on average，the clock will get ahead of standard time．If they run slower，you'll
see the opposite effect．
The clock registers both short-term irregularities and long-term trends in river dynamics．It's a sort of
observatory that reveals how the rivers are behaving from their own temporal frame（时间框架），and allows us
to witness those changes on our smartwatches or phones．Anyone who opts to go on Alaska Mean River Time will
live in harmony with the planet．Anyone who considers river time in relation to atomic time will encounter a
major imbalance and may be motivated to counteract it by consuming less fuel or supporting greener policies．
Even if this method of timekeeping is novel in its particulars，early agricultural societies also connected time
to natural phenomena．In pre-Classical Greece，for instance，people“corrected”official calendars by shifting
dates forward or backward to reflect the change of season．Temporal connection to the environment was vital to
their survival．Likewise，river time and other timekeeping systems we're developing may encourage
environmental awareness．
When St．Augustine admitted his inability to define time， he highlighted one of time 's most noticeable
qualities：Time becomes meaningful only in a defined context．Any timekeeping system is valid，and each is as
praiseworthy as its purpose．
31. What is the main idea of Paragraph 1？
A. Timekeeping is increasingly related to nature．
B. Everyone can define time on their own terms．
C. The qualities of time vary with how you measure it．
D. Time is a major concern of philosophers and scientists．
32. The author raises three questions in Paragraph 2 mainly to________．
A. present an assumption
B. evaluate an argument
C. highlight an experiment
D. introduce an approach
33. What can we learn from this passage？
A. Those who do not go on river time will live an imbalanced life．
B. New ways of measuring time can help to control Earth systems．
C. Atomic time will get ahead of river time if the rivers run slower．
D. Modern technology may help to shape the rivers’ temporal frame．
34. What can we infer from this passage？
A. It is crucial to improve the definition of time．
B. A fixed frame will make time meaningless．
C. We should live in harmony with nature．
D. History is a mirror reflecting reality．
4.【2021 年天津卷第一次】There is something to be said for being a generalist, even if you are a specialist.
Knowing a little about a lot of things that interest you can add to the richness of a whole, well-lived life.
Society pushes us to specialize, to become experts. This requires commitment to a particular occupation,
branch of study or research. The drawback to being specialists is we often come to know more and more about less
and less. There is a great deal of pressure to master one's field. You may pursue training, degrees, or increasing
levels of responsibility at work. Then you discover the pressure of having to keep up.
Some people seem willing to work around the clock in their narrow specialty. But such commitment can also
weaken a sense of freedom. These specialists could work at the office until ten each night, then look back and
realize they would have loved to have gone home and enjoyed the sweetness of their family and friends, or traveled
to exciting places, meeting interesting people. Mastering one thing to the exclusion （排 除）of others can hold
back your true spirit.
Generalists, on the other hand, know a lot about a wide range of subjects and view the whole with all its
connections. They are people of ability, talent, and enthusiasm who can bring their broad perspective （视角）into
specific fields of expertise （专长）.The doctor who is also a poet and philosopher is a superior doctor, one who
can give so much more to his patients than just good medical skills.
Things are connected. Let your expertise in one field fuel your passions in all related areas. Some of your
interests may not appear to be connected but, once you explore their depths, you discover that they are. My editor
Toni, who is also a writer, has edited several history books. She has decided to study Chinese history. Fascinated by
the structural beauty of the Forbidden City as a painter, she is equally interested to learn more about Chinese
philosophy. "I don't know where it will lead, but I'm excited I'm on this pursuit."
These expansions into new worlds help us by giving us new perspectives. We begin to see the
interconnectedness of one thing to another in all aspects of our life, of ourselves and the universe. Develop broad,
general knowledge and experience. The universe is all yours to explore and enjoy.
51．To become a specialist, one may have to_____.
A．narrow his range of knowledge
B．avoid responsibilities at work
C．know more about the society
D．broaden his perspective on life
52．The specialists mentioned in Paragraph 3 tend to______.
A．treasure their freedom
B．travel around the world
C．spend most time working
D．enjoy meeting funny people
53．According to the author, a superior doctor is one who_____.
A．is fully aware of his talent and ability
B．is a pure specialist in medicine
C．should love poetry and philosophy
D．brings knowledge of other fields to work
54．What does the author intend to show with the example of Toni?
A．Passion alone does not ensure a person's success.
B．In-depth exploration makes discoveries possible.
C．Everyone has a chance to succeed in their pursuit.
D．Seemingly unrelated interests are in a way connected.
55．What could be the best title for the passage?
A．Be More a Generalist Than a Specialist
B．Specialist or Generalist: Hard to Decide
C．Turn a Generalist into a Specialist
D．Ways to Become a Generalist
5.【2019 年江苏卷】Who cares if people think wrongly that the Internet has had more important influences
than the washing machine? Why does it matter that people are more impressed by the most recent changes?
It would not matter if these misjudgments were just a matter of people's opinions. However, they have real
impacts, as they result in misguided use of scarce resources.
The fascination with the ICT(Information and Communication Technology) revolution, represented by the
Internet, has made some rich countries wrongly conclude that making things is so "yesterday" that they should try
to live on ideas. This belief in "post-industrial society" has led those countries to neglect their manufacturing
sector(制造业) with negative consequences for their economies.
Even more worryingly, the fascination with the Internet by people in rich countries has moved the
international community to worry about the "digital divide" between the rich countries and the poor countries. This
has led companies and individuals to donate money to developing countries to buy computer equipment and
Internet facilities. The question, however, is whether this is what the developing countries need the most. Perhaps
giving money for those less fashionable things such as digging wells, extending electricity networks and making
more affordable washing machines would have improved people's lives more than giving every child a laptop
computer or setting up Internet centres in rural villages, I am not saying that those things are necessarily more
important, but many donators have rushed into fancy programmes without carefully assessing the relative long-
term costs and benefits of alternative uses of their money.
In yet another example, a fascination with the new has led people to believe that the recent changes in the
technologies of communications and transportation are so revolutionary that now we live in a "borderless world".
As a result, in the last twenty years or so, many people have come to believe that whatever change is happening
today is the result of great technological progress, going against which will be like trying to turn the clock back.
Believing in such a world, many governments have put an end to some of the very necessary regulations on cross-
border flows of capital, labour and goods, with poor results.
Understanding technological trends is very important for correctly designing economic policies, both at the
national and the international levels, and for making the right career choices at the individual level. However, our
fascination with the latest, and our under valuation of what has already become common, can, and has, led us in all
sorts of wrong directions.
61. Misjudgments on the influences of new technology can lead to __________.
A. a lack of confidence in technology
B. a slow progress in technology
C. a conflict of public opinions
D. a waste of limited resources
62. The example in Paragraph 4 suggests that donators should __________.
A. take people's essential needs into account
B. make their programmes attractive to people
C. ensure that each child gets financial support
D. provide more affordable internet facilities
63. What has led many governments to remove necessary regulations?
A. Neglecting the impacts of technological advances.
B. Believing that the world has become borderless.
C. Ignoring the power of economic development.
D. Over-emphasizing the role of international communication.
64. What can we learn from the passage?
A. People should be encouraged to make more donations.
B. Traditional technology still has a place nowadays.
C. Making right career choices is crucial to personal success.
D. Economic policies should follow technological trends.
