第03 讲 阅读理解——研究报告类说明文
目录
01
考情解码·命题预警
2
02 体系构建·思维可视.................................................................................................................................................4
03 核心突破·靶向攻坚.................................................................................................................................................4
考点一 考查研究报告problem--solution--result 类....................................................................................5
知识点1 研究性报告.............................................................................................................................................5
知识点2 problem--solution--result 类研究报告...................................................................................................5
考点二 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment,
result)--conclusion(application/evaluation)类..........................................................................................................14
考点三 考查研究报告Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion 类...................................................................24
04 真题溯源·考向感知............................................................................................................................................35
阅读理解之研究报告（说明文）
年份
卷别
主题语境
话题分类
2025
新高考I 卷
C 篇人与社会
D 篇人与社会
介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降
关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究
新高考II 卷
C 篇人与社会
D 篇人与社会
室内植物对人们心理健康和工作效率的积极影响
介绍了食物浪费问题
浙江卷1 月
C 篇人与自然
D 篇人与社会
介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植
新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别
是人们与物体建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体
很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。
北京卷
D 篇人与自我
讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间的关系及如何
改变个人故事。
2024
新高考I 卷
C 篇：人与社会
D 篇：人与自然
纸质阅读与数字阅读在学习效果上的差异
现代生物采样数据的科学性
新高考II 卷
B 篇：人与社会
C 篇：人与社会
D 篇：人与社会
旧金山湾区快速交通引入短篇故事自助服务亭
巴比伦微农场
图书《人工智能设计:与人工智能共生的计划》
全国甲卷
B 篇：人与自然
了解猫的行为
浙江卷1 月
人与自我
儿童棉花糖实验引发思考
2023
新高考I 卷
C 篇：人与社会
D 篇：人与社会
数字极简主义生活方式
“群体智慧”效
新高考II 卷
人与自然
保护城市中的野生自然
全国甲卷
人与自然
美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000 多头
浙江卷1 月
人与社会
新型的太阳能农场
北京卷
C 篇：人与社会
D 篇：人与社会
短期主义
ALife 是否也在不断地进化的
考情分析：
1．从命题内容上看，高考命题主要从以下几方面考查：研究报告是说明文类中重要的一种形式，也
是英语试题中最难的部分。是我们在一轮复习中最应该突破的部分，因为一轮复习有时间攻坚克难。
研究报告通常包括科普类、心理学类、语言类、宇宙探索类、社会交往类、人工智能类等，涉及的内
容比较广泛。
2．从命题思路上看：
研究报告类说明文通常包括研究结果、研究方法、研究过程、结论阐述、专家评议。研究结果通
常会考查主旨大意，关键找中心句，研究方法、研究过程通常考查细节理解和推理判断，专家评议通
常考查情感态度、推理判断。
预计2026 年研究报告类说明文仍然是试卷中的难点。预想英语得高分成功突破研究报告是关
键。
复习目标：
1. 掌握研究报告说明文的文体特征。
2. 掌握研究报告说明文的命题规律及各种题型的解题要领和选项规律。
3. 熟练掌握研究报告说明文常用的框架结构、说明顺序和说明方法是解题的关键所在，这样就能从
整体着眼看清文章的脉络。
考点一 考查研究报告problem--solution--result 类
知识点1 研究性报告
综合近几年高考对于阅读理解的能力考查形式，2026 年高考对于研究报告说明文的考查仍然是重点。
研究报告说明文一直都是命题人提高阅读能力的重要考点，因此在近几年的高考命题中科普说明文一直都
是以压轴题的形式存在，其中包括研究报告、科学技术、社会心理、宇宙探索、医学报告、语言学、社会
生活等多种领域，体现了阅读题材的多样性。
研究报告类
1.基本规律：研究报告说明文一般难度都比较大，命题者设题的难度并不大。
2．实用解题方法：① 某人说的话，或者是带引号的，一定要高度重视。很有可能就是某个问题的同义替
换。
②有时候每段的第一句话，仅仅是一个表述。而在第2 或3 句以后，会出现对比或者转折。一般来说，转
折后面的是作者的态度。要注意的是：作者对什么进行了转折。
③每一个问题，在原文中，都要有一个定位。然后精读，找出那个中心句或者关键词。要抓文章的中心主
旨和各段落的大意，阅读理解考的就是这个“中心句”。
④某人说过的话，有时并不是题眼，但可以从侧面或某个角度来反映作者的观点，也就是作者想表达的，
正确答案都是和这样的观点相一致的。要把握关键词，有感情色彩的词。
⑤注意中心句（即题眼）和前后句子之间的关系，是接着说的，还是转折关系。要把握和前后句子之间的
关系。是并列关系的，可以从这些句子里找同义词；是转折关系的，就通过转折关系句子里的关键词的相
反意思来判断。
⑥注意几个词，yet 表转折，hardly 表否定。while 有时是比较，有时也表转折。比较的时候，注意比较的
对象，要弄清楚。转折的时候，你要知道作者对什么进行了转折。
知识点2 problem--solution--result 类研究报告
问题解决类研究报告，文章思路结构明晰，基本呈现为problem--solution--result。解决研究报告类文章
的根本思路是透彻分析文章的结构，洞察文章的走势。这样从整体分析文章，再从微观中找准细节理解、
推理判断、主旨大意、作者态度的定位，这样就能快速破解阅读理解的这个难题。
考向 考查problem--solution--result 类研究报告
例1 （2024 新课标Ⅰ卷）Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth —
they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds
and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics
in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental
Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then
filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics. Crucially, this process relies on the
water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing
300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60
milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research
didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and
polypropylene（聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯和聚丙烯） — and they didn’t study other chemicals previously found in
water such as vinyl chloride. （乙烯基氯，氯乙烯）
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming
increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more
microplastics than originally thought. Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but
what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake.
“The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline
Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in
the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they
remove microplastics.”
【文章的结构分析】
The Structure of The Text
Problem：Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth
Solution from China：boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools
Process：boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools；this process relies on the water
containing enough calcium carbonate ( 碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.focused only on three common types —
polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene
Serious problem：Even bottled water contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay’ suggestion:We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants
so they remove microplastics.
32. How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph?
A. By quoting an expert.
B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples.
D. By providing statistics.
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→How→ present the issue
文章定位：
●
relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.→具体呈现
问题的方法，使问题具体化→①settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, ②stuck inside volcanic rocks,
③filled the stomachs of seabirds and ④ even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are ⑤even appearing inside
humans.→giving examples
解析思维过程
●
→①+②+③+④+⑤→C. By giving examples.
故选
●
C
33. What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water?
A. The hardness of water.
B. The length of cooling time.
C The frequency of filtering.
D. The type of plastic in water.
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→determine→ the effectiveness of trapping microplastics
文章定位：
●
relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.→知识连接，
碳酸钙与水的硬度的关系→碳酸钙（CaCO₃） 是用来表示和度量水的硬度时最常用的基准物质和单位→A.
The hardness of water
解析思维过程
●
→relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics→A. The
hardness of water
故选
●
A
34. What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4?
A. The importance of plastic recycling.
B. The severity of the microplastic problem.
C. The danger in overusing pure water.
D. The difficulty in treating polluted water.
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→What illustrate → by mentioning bottled water
文章定位：
●
Even bottled water contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.→注意语
气even→than originally thought→说明microplastics 问题比预想要普遍，要更严重→B. The severity of the
microplastic problem.
故选
●
B
35. What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about?
A. Choice of new research methods.
B. Possible direction for further study.
C. Need to involve more researchers.
D. Potential application of the findings.
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion→about What
文章定位：
●
The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was
nice→We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.→认为
这个方法好，所以把它运用到水处理厂→D. Potential application of the findings.
故选
●
D
【普通解析】
【答案】32. C 33. A 34. B 35. D
【解析】本文是说明文。介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及全球，甚
至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学
物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级
饮用水处理厂以推广应用。
32.推理判断题。根据第一段内容“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth —
they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds
and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.(微塑料已经成为地球上常见的
污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的新雪中。
它们甚至出现了在人类身体里。)”可推断，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate
(碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to
an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling
reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent.( 至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳酸钙的水来捕获
塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300 毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但在碳酸钙含量低
于60 毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量。)”可知，决定在水中捕获微塑料的有效性的事水的硬
度。故选A。
34.推理判断题。根据第四段的“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic
exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year,
contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.( 尽管如此，研究结果显示了减少微塑料
接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，其微塑
料含量也比原先想象的高出10 到1000 倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严重性。
故选B。
35.细节理解题。根据最后一段的““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the
boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in
Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking
water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”( 格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师卡罗琳•高肖特-林赛
（Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay）没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示的微塑料是如何
通过煮沸过程被捕获的方式很好。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，这样它们就能去除微塑料。”)”
可知，Gauchotte-Lindsay 提出了这项发现的潜在应用，升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。
例2（2025·广东省中山市濠头中学等校高三第一次检测）At a recycling center, two team members
spend all day pulling items from a conveyor belt covered in garbage. One pulls out juice cartons and plastic bottles
that can be reprocessed, while the other searches for pollutants in the stream of paper products. They are AI-
powered robots that each look like a supercharged mechanical arm. Yes, even recycling has gotten involved in the
AI revolution.
In theory, materials recovery facilities (MRFs) gather the wastes, sort them out, and then sell the materials to
companies that can reuse them. In practice, the MRFs aren’t all that good. The issue is that it’s long been too hard
for recycling plants to sort materials with the level of specificity needed to reuse them. The traditional recycling
methods succeed in separating waste into broad categories of paper, glass, and metal. But finer layers of detail often
go unnoticed, especially with plastic. It’s hard for recyclers to determine whether, say, a container is a milk
container or a pesticide (杀虫剂) container.
AI stands to make a change, giving recycling plants a far more detailed view into packaging. The AI-
powered recycling robots are “vision systems”: In the same way ChatGPT is trained, they ingest lots of
photographs of thrown- away items in various states of damage. The robots are then able to identify even tiny
differences in a product’s color, shape, texture, or logo. Recycling operators said that traditional systems tend to be
85 to 95 percent accurate, while robotics companies claim up to 99 percent accuracy.
That is not to say that the turn to AI has already fixed recycling. The high- tech systems won’t come cheap
— an individual robot can cost as much as $300,000. Even if costs eventually decrease, recycling robots can’t
change the fact that recycling, even at its best, is just not a particularly efficient way of dealing with single-use
products. From a plastics- pollution standpoint, what’s better than a recyclable single-use cup is not using one at all.
【文章结构分析】
Introduction
para1
Recycling has gotten involved in the AI revolution
Problem para2
it’s long been too hard for recycling plants to sort materials with the level of specificity
needed to reuse them.
Solution para3
AI-powered recycling ingest lots of photographs of thrown- away items in various states of
damage.
Conclusion
(Limitation)para4
The high- tech systems won’t come cheap
recycling robots can’t change the fact that recycling, even at its best, is just not a particularly
efficient way of dealing with single-use products.
1．What is described in the first paragraph?
A．A common sight of a recycling center.
B．The application of AI tools in recycling.
C．The power of AI to change an industry. D．A display of difficulties in waste sorting.
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→describe→ first paragraph
文章定位：
●
One pulls out juice cartons and plastic bottles that can be reprocessed, while the other searches for
pollutants in the stream of paper products.→ They are AI- powered robots that each look like a supercharged
mechanical arm. →recycling has gotten involved in the AI revolution.→B．The application of AI tools in
recycling
解析思维过程
●
→They are AI- powered robots that each look like a supercharged mechanical arm. →B
故选
●
B
2．What is the challenge faced by recycling plants?
A．The accuracy of waste sorting.
B．The low profit from selling reusable materials.
C．The efficiency of waste management.
D．The unnoticeable danger in collecting waste materials.
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→challenge→ recycling plants
文章定位：
●
The issue is that it’s long been too hard for recycling plants to sort materials with the level of
specificity needed to reuse them. →But finer layers of detail often go unnoticed, especially with plastic. It’s hard
for recyclers to determine whether, say, a container is a milk container or a pesticide(杀虫剂) container. →A．The
accuracy of waste sorting.
解析思维过程
●
→ too hard for recycling plants to sort materials with the level of specificity needed to reuse them
→A
故选
●
A
3．What does the underlined word “ingest” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A．Edit.
B．Copy.
C．Absorb.
D．Download.
4．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．Single- use products should be restricted.
B．Costs of high- tech systems will increase.
C．Recyclable products should be advocated.
D．AI will be the final frontier of recycling.
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→inferred→last paragraph
文章定位：
●
From a plastics- pollution standpoint, what’s better than a recyclable single- use cup is not using one
at all.→ A．Single- use products should be restricted.
故选
●
A
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．A
【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了人工智能工具在回收中的应用。
1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“At a recycling center, two team members spend all day pulling items from a
conveyor belt covered in garbage. One pulls out juice cartons and plastic bottles that can be reprocessed, while the
other searches for pollutants in the stream of paper products. They are AI- powered robots that each look like a
supercharged mechanical arm. Yes, even recycling has gotten involved in the AI revolution. (在一个回收中心，两
名团队成员整天都在从一条覆盖着垃圾的传送带上拉东西。一个人取出果汁盒和塑料瓶，可以再加工，而
另一个人在纸制品流中搜索污染物。它们是人工智能驱动的机器人，每个看起来都像一个增压的机械手臂。
是的，就连回收也参与了人工智能革命。)”可知，第一段主要讲述了人工智能工具在回收中的应用。故选
B。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“The issue is that it’s long been too hard for recycling plants to sort materials with
the level of specificity needed to reuse them. The traditional recycling methods succeed in separating waste into
broad categories of paper, glass, and metal. But finer layers of detail often go unnoticed, especially with plastic. It’s
hard for recyclers to determine whether, say, a container is a milk container or a pesticide(杀虫剂) container. (问题
是，长期以来，回收工厂很难按照再利用所需的具体程度对材料进行分类。传统的回收方法成功地将废物
分为纸、玻璃和金属等大类。但更精细的细节往往不被注意，尤其是塑料。对于回收者来说，很难确定一
个容器是牛奶容器还是杀虫剂容器。）”可知，回收工厂面临的挑战是垃圾分类的准确性。故选A。
3．词义猜测题。根据第三段“The AI- powered recycling robots are ‘vision systems’: In the same way ChatGPT
is trained, they ingest lots of photographs of thrown- away items in various states of damage. The robots are then
able to identify even tiny differences in a product's color, shape, texture, or logo. (人工智能驱动的回收机器人
是‘视觉系统’：与ChatGPT 接受训练的方式相同，它们ingest 大量被丢弃物品在各种损坏状态下的照片。
然后，机器人能够识别产品颜色、形状、纹理或标志上的微小差异。)”可知，人工智能驱动的回收机器人
会先“看”很多被丢弃物品的照片，学习如何区分不同的物体和材料，从而能够在现实中准确地识别和分
类垃圾。由此推知，划线词与C 项“理解”的意思。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“That is not to say that the turn to AI has already fixed recycling. The high- tech
systems won’t come cheap --- an individual robot can cost as much as $300,000. Even if costs eventually decrease,
recycling robots can’t change the fact that recycling, even at its best, is just not a particularly efficient way of
dealing with single- use products. From a plastics- pollution standpoint, what’s better than a recyclable single- use
cup is not using one at all. (这并不是说转向人工智能已经解决了回收问题。这些高科技系统并不便宜，单个
机器人的价格可能高达30 万美元。即使成本最终降低，回收机器人也不能改变这样一个事实，回收，即
使是最好的，也不是处理一次性产品的特别有效的方法。从塑料污染的角度来看，比可回收的一次性杯子
更好的是根本不使用它。)”可知，从本段内容可知，回收即使是最好的，也不是处理一次性产品的特别有
效的方法，因此应限制使用一次性产品。故选A。
【变式训练·变载体】
Tropical rainforests are disappearing at an alarming rate, and according to a new report by Rainforest
Foundation Norway, humans are to blame. The world’s dependence on coal, farming, soy, palm oil and mining has
resulted in two-thirds of the earth’s tropical rainforests being completely destroyed, and the remaining ecosystems
being put closer to a tipping point (临界点).
Tropical rainforests once covered 14.5 million square kilometers of the earth’s surface, but now, just one-
third of that remains intact. Of the original area tropical rainforests once occupied, 34% is completely gone and
30% is suffering from degradation. All that remains is roughly 9.5 million square kilometers, and 45% of that is in
a degraded state, the report says.
Researchers blame human consumption for the loss. While agriculture has always been a driving factor of
rainforest loss, the report said that energy consumption, international trade and the production of soy and palm oil,
logging and mining have been the largest threats over the past century. A significant number of U.S. commodities
rely on resources from tropical rainforests. The country heavily relies on palm oil, rubber and cocoa, all of which
come from forests around the world. Oftentimes, these resources are harvested from illegally deforested (砍伐森
林) lands.
Tropical rainforests are home to more than half of the earth’s biodiversity and have more carbon in living
organisms than any other ecosystem. Along with supporting significant animal life, tropical rainforests are also
essential to slowing down global warming. “These highly specialized ecosystems are suffering from constant
abuse, through our bottomless appetite for land and resources,” said Anders Krogh, who authored the report.
The researchers also believe that the loss of tropical rainforests puts the whole world at risk of future
pandemics. “Massive deforestation is violating nature’s natural virus protection mechanisms,” Krogh said. “The
aftermath of COVID-19 should bring rainforest protection to the top of the agenda of all policy makers and world
leaders concerned about preventing the outbreak of new pandemics.”
1．Why did the author list numbers in Paragraph 2?
A．To point out the threat to the current ecosystem.
B．To highlight the severe destruction of rainforests.
C．To present the process of rainforest degradation.
D．To exhibit the forest coverage rate on earth.
2．Why did the author mention America’s dependence on rainforest resources?
A．Because it displayed the richness of rainforest resources.
B．Because it stressed the effects of farming on tropical rainforests.
C．Because it explained the relationship between humans and nature.
D．Because it showed humans’ excessive consumption of rainforest resources.
3．Which will be affected by the decline of tropical rainforests according to Paragraph 4?
A．Human diet.
B．Social structure.
C．Global climate.
D．Economic development.
4．What does Krogh want to convey in the last paragraph?
A．Deforestation will affect the future generations.
B．Rainforest protection demands immediate attention.
C．Rainforest loss has brought about new pandemics.
D．Deforestation has accelerated the spread of the virus.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了热带雨林因人类活动正遭受严重破坏及其带来的多方面影响。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Tropical rainforests once covered 14.5 million square kilometers of the earth’s
surface, but now, just one-third of that remains intact. Of the original area tropical rainforests once occupied, 34%
is completely gone and 30% is suffering from degradation. All that remains is roughly 9.5 million square
kilometers, and 45% of that is in a degraded state, the report says. (热带雨林曾经覆盖了地球表面1450 万平方公
里的土地，但现在只有三分之一的土地完好无损。在热带雨林曾经占据的原始区域中，34%已经完全消失，
30%正在遭受退化。报告称，目前仅存约950 万平方公里，其中45%处于退化状态)”可知，作者在第二段
列举数字是为了强调雨林遭受的严重破坏。故选B。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“Researchers blame human consumption for the loss. While agriculture has always
been a driving factor of rainforest loss, the report said that energy consumption, international trade and the
production of soy and palm oil, logging and mining have been the largest threats over the past century. A significant
number of U.S. commodities rely on resources from tropical rainforests. (研究人员将损失归咎于人类的消耗。
报告称，虽然农业一直是雨林损失的一个驱动因素，但在过去一个世纪里，能源消耗、国际贸易、大豆和
棕榈油的生产、伐木和采矿一直是最大的威胁。美国的大量商品依赖热带雨林的资源)”可知，作者提到美
国对雨林资源的依赖是为了展示人类对雨林资源的过度消耗。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Along with supporting significant animal life, tropical rainforests are also
essential to slowing down global warming. (热带雨林不仅为重要的动物生命提供了栖息地，而且对于减缓全
球变暖也至关重要)”可知，热带雨林的减少会影响全球气候。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The aftermath of COVID-19 should bring rainforest protection to the top of the
agenda of all policy makers and world leaders concerned about preventing the outbreak of new pandemics. (新冠疫
情的后果应该使雨林保护成为所有关注预防新流行病爆发的政策制定者和世界领导人的首要议程)”可知，
Krogh 在最后一段想表达的是雨林保护需要立即关注。故选B。
考点二 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--
conclusion(application/evaluation)类
解题方法
一、三步定位核心信息
1.Findings/Discoveries（研究发现）
a. 定位关键词：
i.
"The results show/indicate that..."
ii.
"We found/observed that..."
iii.
"The data suggest..."
b. 解题重点： 这是研究的直接成果，可能是数据、现象或新发现。
2.Evidence（实验证据）
c. 定位关键词：
i.
"Experiment 1 demonstrated..."
ii.
"As shown in Figure 2..."
iii.
"Statistical analysis revealed..."
d. 解题重点： 支撑Findings 的具体数据（如数字、图表）或实验方法。
3.Conclusion（应用/评价）
e. 定位关键词：
i.
"Therefore, we conclude..."
ii.
"This implies/applicable to..."
iii.
"Limitations include..."
f. 解题重点： 研究的实际意义、局限性或未来方向。
二、高频题型破解技巧
1.
事实细节题（直接答案）
1.问法：
o "What did the experiment prove?"
o "According to the study, which statement is true?"
2.方法：
直接匹配Findings 或Evidence 中的原句，避免主观推断。
2.
推理题（隐含逻辑）
1.问法：
o "What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?"
o "Which conclusion is supported by the data?"
2.方法： 将Evidence 与Conclusion 关联，排除无直接支持的选项。
3.
作者意图题（目的
/ 评价）
1.问法：
o "Why did the author mention...?"
o "What is the purpose of the experiment?"
2.方法：
o 定位Conclusion 中的评价性语言（如"This study fills a gap in..."）。
4.
结构题（信息匹配）
问法：
o "Which paragraph contains the experimental results?"
方法：
o Findings 通常在结果部分（Results），Evidence 在方法部分（Methods）。
考向 考查研究报告Findings/discoveries--evidence(experiment, result)--
conclusion(application/evaluation)类
例1（2022 年1 月浙江卷）The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus
to add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be
nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less
sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said : "These findings are
exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular （心血管的）fitness in middle age could
delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. "
For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to
measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103
watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women
were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload
of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other
cardiovascular problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44
of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25
percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
"However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only
shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of
dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. " She also admitted that a
relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be
applicable to other groups.
【文章结构分析】
discoveries
New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90
percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later
than less sporty women.
evidence
These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular （心
血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.
For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they
were exhausted to measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average
peak workload was measured at 103 watts.
Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the
women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
conclusion
However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and
dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness
could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a
high fitness level is most important.
7．What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?
A．Positive effects of doing exercises.
B．Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.
C．Experimental studies on diseases.
D．Advantages of sporty woman over man
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→ever-growing list→ first paragraph
文章定位：
●
①New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90
percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症） in later life,→②as they did, it came on a decade later than
less sporty women. →Positive effects of doing exercises.
解析思维过程
●
→ ①+② →A．Positive effects of doing exercises.
故选
●
A
8．Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise?
A．To predict their maximum heart rate.
B．To assess their cardiovascular capacity
C．To change their habits of working out
D．To detect their potential health problems
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→the women→bicycle exercise
文章定位：
●
For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were
exhausted to measure their peak cardiovascular capacity.→To assess their cardiovascular capacity
故选
●
B
9．What do we know about Dr Horder's study?
A．It aimed to find a cure for dementia.
B．Data collection was a lengthy process.
C．Some participants withdrew from it.
D．The results were far from satisfactory.
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→know about→Dr Horder's study
文章定位：
●
①These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.→tested
for dementia six times.（Data collection） → four decades.（a lengthy process）
解析思维过程
●
→ These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades.
→B．Data collection was a lengthy process.
故选
●
B
10．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B．Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C．Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D．Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→the best title
文章定位：
●
New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent
less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women→
C．Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
解析思维过程
●
→ Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia 是对第一段主题句的概括。
故选
●
C
【答案】7．A 8．B 9．B 10．C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大降低。
7．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit
could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症） in later life, and as they did, it came on a
decade later than less sporty women.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要
低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）可知，第一段
提到了健身锻炼的好处。故选A 项。
8．细节理解题。根据上文“These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's
cardiovascular fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.”（这些发现令
人兴奋，因为在中年时改善人们的心血管健康可能会延缓甚至防止他们患上痴呆症。）以及本段“For the
study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their
peak cardiovascular capacity.”（在这项研究中，191 名平均年龄为50 岁的女性进行了自行车运动测试，直到
她们精疲力竭，以测量她们的心血管峰值能力。）可知，做这项实验的目的是为了测试女性的心血管峰值
能力。故选B 项。
9．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following
four decades.”（这些女性在随后的四十年里测试了六次失智症状况。）可知，此次实验的数据收集是一个
长期的过程。故选B 项。
10．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit
could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症） in later life, and as they did, it came on a
decade later than less sporty women.”（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要
低近90%，而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）以及文章后面
几段通过列举实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大
大降低。故选C 项。
例2(2025 届宁夏回族自治区石嘴山市高三下学期二模)A study conducted by Branching Minds, an ed-
tech company, found that 60-70 percent of students who were identified as needing additional social-emotional
support were also identified as needing additional academic support.
To understand the links between social-emotional learning (SEL) and academic outcomes, the study
analyzed student screening assessments for social-emotional skills and reading and math performance of nearly 4,
000K-8 students in the 2021—2022 school year.
The study shows social-emotional skills are positively correlated with students' reading and math
performance. However, there’s still a gap in understanding how those pieces of data should be integrated and used
together to create intervention plans for students.
The study also found that social-emotional skills may act as “a protective factor” for some students
performing below academic standards, meaning that students’ social-emotional strengths could be used to boost
their academic achievement. Therefore, it would be beneficial for educators to think about more integrated support
plans for struggling students.
For example, if students struggling with reading are very social, “How can we build that into a support plan,
and perhaps make these targeted or individualized reading support groups more social and play to that strength that
they have? ” asked Essie Sutton, the director of learning science at Branching Minds. “Perhaps the students could
take on the role of teachers and explain something to their peers in order to help them practice reading
comprehension, as well as social skills,” Sutton added.
The study recommended that results from academic, social-emotional, and behavioral screeners should be
used for developing intervention plans for students. “It’s really important to look at students’ strengths and needs
comprehensively,” Sutton said. To achieve this, district and school leaders should ensure that their academic,
behavioral, and social-emotional support teams work together and that all stakeholders — students, parents, and
teachers — are part of the process of creating intervention plans.
1．How did Branching Minds obtain the links between students’ academic performances and SEL skills?
A．By giving students tests.
B．By interviewing students.
C．By conducting data analysis.
D．By carrying out experiments.
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→links between students’ academic performances and SEL skills
文章定位：
●
To understand the links between social-emotional learning (SEL) and academic outcomes, the study
analyzed student screening assessments for social-emotional skills and reading and math performance of nearly 4,
000K-8 students in the 2021—2022 school year. → nearly 4, 000K-8 students in the 2021—2022 school year.→
By conducting data analysis.
故选
●
C
2．What can we infer from Paragraphs 3 and 4?
A．Academic achievement is critical to intervention plans.
B．Students with strong SEL skills might do well academically.
C．The data have been integrated into effective intervention plans.
D．There’s a long way to go before the data are understood.
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→infer→Paragraphs 3 and 4
文章定位：
●
The study shows social-emotional skills are positively correlated with students' reading and math
performance. → The study also found that social-emotional skills may act as “a protective factor” for some
students performing below academic standards, meaning that students’ social-emotional strengths could be used to
boost their academic achievement.→ B．Students with strong SEL skills might do well academically..
故选
●
B
3．What could be done for sociable students with reading problems according to Sutton?
A．Making the most of their social strengths.
B．Providing them with additional reading materials.
C．Organizing more reading support groups for them.
D．Encouraging them to consult their peers about reading.
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→sociable students with reading problems→Sutton
文章定位：
●
“For example, if students struggling with reading are very social, “How can we build that into a
support plan, and perhaps make these targeted or individualized reading support groups more social and play to
that strength that they have?” asked Essie Sutton, the director of learning science at Branching Minds. “Perhaps the
students could take on the role of teachers and explain something to their peers in order to help them practice
reading comprehension, as well as social skills, ” Sutton added.
解析思维过程
●
→ individualized reading support groups more social→ help them practice reading
comprehension, as well as social skills→ A．Making the most of their social strengths
故选
●
A
4．Which of the following is essential for the establishment of intervention plans?
A．Technology.
B．Flexibility.
C．Assessment.
D．Cooperation.
【思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→essential→establishment of intervention plans
文章定位
●
To achieve this, district and school leaders should ensure that their academic, behavioral, and social-
emotional support teams work together and that all stakeholders — students, parents, and teachers — are part of the
process of creating intervention plans.
解析思维过程
●
→district and school leaders should ensure that their academic, behavioral, and social-emotional
support teams work together→ students, parents, and teachers — are part of the process of creating intervention
plans→ Cooperation.
故选
●
D
【文章结构分析】
Findings para1
A study found the links between SEL and academic outcomes
Method para2
analyzing student screening assessments for social-emotional skills and reading and
math performance
Result and
implication(para 3--5)
social-emotional skills are positively correlated with students' reading and math
performance.
social-emotional strengths could be used to boost their academic achievement
Recommendation(para6)
Using results for developing intervention plans
Working together
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项研究发现社交情感学习与学业成绩的关系。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“To understand the links between social-emotional learning (SEL) and academic
outcomes, the study analyzed student screening assessments for social-emotional skills and reading and math
performance of nearly 4, 000K-8 students in the 2021—2022 school year. (为了了解社交情感学习（SEL）与学
业成绩之间的联系，该研究分析了2021-2022 学年近4000 K-8 年级学生的社交情感技能以及阅读和数学成
绩的筛查评估。)”可知，Branching Minds 是通过进行数据分析来获得学生学业成绩和SEL 技能之间的联系
的。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第三段“The study shows social-emotional skills are positively correlated with students'
reading and math performance. (研究表明，社交情感技能与学生的阅读和数学成绩呈正相关。)”以及第四段
“The study also found that social-emotional skills may act as “a protective factor” for some students performing
below academic standards, meaning that students’ social-emotional strengths could be used to boost their academic
achievement. (该研究还发现，社交情感技能可能对一些学业水平低于标准的学生起到“保护因素”的作用，
这意味着学生的社交情感优势可以用来提高他们的学业成绩。)”可推断，具有较强SEL 技能的学生在学业
上可能表现良好。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段“For example, if students struggling with reading are very social, “How can we
build that into a support plan, and perhaps make these targeted or individualized reading support groups more
social and play to that strength that they have?” asked Essie Sutton, the director of learning science at Branching
Minds. “Perhaps the students could take on the role of teachers and explain something to their peers in order to help
them practice reading comprehension, as well as social skills, ” Sutton added. (例如，如果在阅读方面有困难的
学生非常善于社交，“我们如何将这一点纳入支持计划中，也许可以让这些有针对性的或个性化的阅读支
持小组更具社交性，并发挥他们所拥有的优势呢？”Branching Minds 的学习科学总监埃西萨顿问道。
・
“也许学生们可以扮演老师的角色，向他们的同龄人解释一些东西，以帮助他们练习阅读理解以及社交技
能，”萨顿补充道。)” 可知，对于有阅读问题的善于社交的学生，可以充分利用他们的社交优势。故选
A。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“To achieve this, district and school leaders should ensure that their academic,
behavioral, and social-emotional support teams work together and that all stakeholders — students, parents, and
teachers — are part of the process of creating intervention plans. (为了实现这一目标，学区和学校领导应确保
他们的学业、行为和社交情感支持团队共同合作，并且所有利益相关者——学生、家长和教师——都参与
到制定干预计划的过程中。)”可知，合作对于制定干预计划是至关重要的。故选D。
【变式训练·变载体】（2025·北京市通州区高三期中）
Artificial intelligence-powered medical treatment options are on the rise and have the potential to improve
diagnostic (诊断的) accuracy, but a new study led by University of Arizona Health Sciences researchers found that
about 52% of participants would choose a human doctor rather than AI for diagnosis and treatment.
“While many patients appear resistant to the use of AI, accuracy of information, encouragement and a
listening patient experience may help increase acceptance,” Marvin Slepian, who led the research, said. “To ensure
that the benefits of AI are secured in clinical practice, future research on best methods of physician incorporation
and patient decision making is required.”
In this study, participants were placed into settings as mock (模拟的) patients and asked whether and under
what circumstances they would prefer to have an AI system or a physical doctor for diagnosis and treatment.
In the first phase, researchers conducted structured interviews with actual patients, testing their reactions to
current and future AI technologies. In the second phase, researchers surveyed 2,472 participants across diverse
ethnic, racial and socioeconomic (社会经济学的) groups using a blinded, randomized survey.
Overall, participants were almost evenly split ( 分开), with more than 52% choosing human doctors as a
preference and about 47% choosing an AI diagnostic method. If study participants were informed that their primary
care physician felt AI was superior, the acceptance of AI by study participants on re-questioning increased. This
signaled the significance of the human physician in guiding a patient’s decision.
Disease severity did not affect participants’ trust in AI. Compared to white participants, black participants
selected AI less often and Native Americans selected it more often. Older participants were less likely to choose AI,
as were those who self-identified as politically conservative. These findings suggest that differing groups will need
specific sensitivity and attention as to informing them about the value and usefulness of AI to enhance diagnoses.
“I really feel this study has the importance for national reach. It will guide many future studies and clinical
transitional decisions even now,” Slepian said. “The onus will be on physicians and others in health care to ensure
that information in AI systems is accurate, and to continue to maintain and enhance the accuracy of AI systems as
they play an increasing role in the future of health care.”
1．What can we infer about AI treatment from Paragraph 2?
A．Further clinical research is required.
B．Its benefits remain to be confirmed.
C．It can ensure a good listening patient experience.
D．Physician involvement will increase patients’ acceptance.
2．What may affect participants’ preference for AI treatment according to the research?
A．Their sensitivity to AI’s value.
B．The questions they were asked.
C．The access to the physicians.
D．Their personal backgrounds.
3．What does the underlined word “onus” in the last paragraph probably mean?
A．Attempt.
B．Responsibility.
C．Impression.
D．Opportunity.
4．Which would be the best title for this passage?
A．The Trust in AI: A Split Among Patients
B．Bridging the Gap: Human Doctors and AI
C．An Important Study: The Future of AI Systems
D．Improving Diagnostic Accuracy: The Role of AI
【文章结构分析】
Findings para1-2
about 52% of participants would choose a human doctor rather than AI for diagnosis and
treatment
physician incorporation and patient decision making may help increase the acceptance of
AI
Procedure para3-4
structured interviews with actual patients
surveyed 2,472 participants across diverse ethnic, racial and socioeconomic (社会经济学的)
groups
Result para5-6
more than 52% choosing human doctors as a preference
Influencing factors ①physician involvement ② participants’ race, age and political
belief
Implication para7
The onus will be on physicians to maintain and enhance the accuracy of AI systems
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 4．A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项患者对于在医疗诊断与治疗中使用人工智能态度的研究，通
过实验的过程来说明新的科学研究发现及其启示。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段““While many patients appear resistant to the use of AI, accuracy of information,
encouragement and a listening patient experience may help increase acceptance,” Marvin Slepian, who led the
research, said. “To ensure that the benefits of AI are secured in clinical practice, future research on best methods of
physician incorporation and patient decision making is required.”(“虽然许多患者似乎对使用人工智能有抵触情
绪，但信息的准确性、鼓励和倾听的患者体验可能有助于提高接受度。” 该研究的负责人马文·斯皮安说，
“为了确保人工智能的好处在临床实践中得到保障，未来需要对医生纳入和患者决策的最佳方法进行研
究。”)”可知，医生的参与会增加患者对人工智能治疗的接受程度。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“In the second phase, researchers surveyed 2,472 participants across diverse
ethnic, racial and socioeconomic (社会经济学的) groups using a blinded, randomized survey. (在第二阶段，研究
人员采用盲法随机调查，调查了不同民族、种族和社会经济群体的2472 名参与者。)”可知，在第二阶段，
研究的参与者来自不同背景。再根据第六段“Disease severity did not affect participants’ trust in AI. Compared
to white participants, black participants selected AI less often and Native Americans selected it more often. Older
participants were less likely to choose AI, as were those who self-identified as politically conservative. These
findings suggest that differing groups will need specific sensitivity and attention as to informing them about the
value and usefulness of AI to enhance diagnoses. (疾病严重程度不影响参与者对人工智能的信任。与白人参与
者相比，黑人参与者选择人工智能的频率更低，而美国原住民选择人工智能的频率更高。年龄较大的参与
者不太可能选择人工智能，那些自认为是政治保守派的人也是如此。这些发现表明，不同的群体将需要特
定的敏感性和注意力，以告知他们人工智能在提高诊断方面的价值和有用性。)”可知，参与者的种族、年
龄和政治倾向等个人背景因素对其对人工智能治疗的偏好产生了影响。故选D。
3．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“and to continue to maintain and enhance the accuracy of AI systems as they
play an increasing role in the future of health care. (并继续保持和提高人工智能系统的准确性，因为它们将在
未来的医疗保健中发挥越来越大的作用。)”可知，保持和提高人工智能系统的准确性的医生和其他医疗保
健人员，所以医生和其他医疗保健人员有责任确保人工智能系统中的信息准确。所以划线词onus 的意思是
“责任”。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。本文属于研究报告。第一、二段为研究发现；第三至第六段为主干，以实验研究过程为
线索，通过对比法得出结论；最后一段为研究启示。根据第一、二段研究发现可知，文章主要介绍的是一
项患者对医疗诊断与治疗中使用人工智能的态度的研究。所以“The Trust in AI: A Split Among Patients(对人
工智能的信任：患者之间的分歧)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选A。
考点三 考查研究报告Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion 类
知识点 Phenomenon--analysis--conclusion 类研究报告
理解“现象-分析-结论”（Phenomenon–Analysis–Conclusion）类研究报告文章并有效做题，关键在于把握文
章的结构逻辑、识别关键信息、理解各部分的功能及其相互关系。
核心原则： 这类文章遵循清晰的科学论述逻辑：
2. 现象 P enomenon
ℎ
： 描述观察到的客观事实、问题、现象或研究背景。
3. 分析 Analysis： 对现象进行解释、探究原因、讨论机制、提出假设、验证过程或进行论证。
4. 结论 Conclusion： 基于分析得出的主要发现、总结、意义、推论或建议。
阅读理解与做题步骤：
第一步：预读与结构定位 快速浏览，把握框架
2. 看标题/副标题： 明确文章主题和研究对象。
3. 扫读首段/末段： 首段通常引入现象和研究目的；末段通常总结结论。
4. 关注段落首句/尾句和连接词：
o 寻找描述现象的信号词：observed, found, showed, it is known that, the problem is, background,
recent studies indicate 等。
o 寻找开启分析的信号词：the reason may be, to investigate, hypothesized that, analysis revealed,
mechanism, experiment was conducted, data suggests, furthermore, however, in contrast, this could
be explained by 等。
o 寻找引出结论的信号词：therefore, thus, in conclusion, consequently, the results indicate, we
conclude that, the study demonstrates, implications are, suggestions 等。
5. 划分文章结构： 在心中或用笔简单标记出：
o 哪几段主要在描述 现象 P？
o 哪几段是核心的 分析 A 可能包括方法、数据、论证、讨论？
o 哪几段是明确的 结论 C？
第二步：精读与信息提取 带着问题，深度理解
2. 明确题目要求： 仔细阅读题目，判断题目是针对哪个部分（P/A/C）提问？是问细节、原因、方
法、推论还是主旨？
3. 定位关键信息：
o 现象部分 P:
具体现象是什么？（发生了什么？观察到了什么？问题是什么？）
现象的背景或重要性？
现象涉及的对象、时间、地点、程度等关键细节。
o 分析部分 A:
核心问题/假设： 研究者试图解释什么？验证什么？
研究方法/途径： 如何分析的？（实验、调查、模型、文献综述、逻辑推理？）关
键步骤是什么？
关键证据/数据： 支持分析的实验结果、统计数据、引用观点、逻辑论据是什么？
解释/机制： 分析得出的主要原因、内在机理、影响因素是什么？
讨论/对比： 分析结果与前人研究是否一致？有哪些局限性？有哪些不同的解释？
（这部分常与分析交织，有时也靠近结论）
o 结论部分 C:
主要发现： 研究最核心的结论是什么？（直接回答了分析的核心问题）
总结： 对现象和分析的简要重述。
意义/启示： 该结论有何理论或实际价值？对未来研究或实践的指导意义？
推论/建议： 基于结论提出的进一步推论或行动建议。
4. 理解逻辑链条： 特别注意分析部分如何一步步解释现象，并最终导向结论。思考：
o 现象提出了什么问题？
o 分析提供了哪些证据和推理来解答这个问题？
o 结论是如何从分析中自然得出的？它是否直接回应了现象提出的问题？
第三步：解题策略 (针对题型)
2. 细节理解题 针对P/ A /C 中具体信息：
o 定位为王： 根据题目关键词（人名、地名、术语、数据、特定行为等）快速回原文定位。
o 同义替换： 答案往往是对原文信息的同义转述或概括，而非完全照抄原文。
3. 推理判断题 常基于A 或C：
o 立足原文： 所有推断必须基于文章明确提供的信息和分析逻辑。
o 分析隐含意义： 理解作者未明说但通过分析、对比、语气等暗示的信息。
o 识别作者观点/态度： 注意分析讨论部分中体现作者倾向的词汇（significantly, surprisingly,
it is likely that, challenges the view 等）和结论的确定性程度（proves vs suggests）。
o 排除法： 排除文中未提及、与文中信息矛盾或过度推断（超出原文支持范围）的选项。
4. 主旨大意题/最佳标题题 覆盖P/ A /C：
o 聚焦结论： 结论通常是主旨的核心体现。
o 综合现象和分析： 思考文章从什么现象出发（P），通过什么核心分析（A），最终得出
了什么主要结论（C）。主旨句往往是这三者的凝练。
o 避免片面： 正确选项应涵盖研究的核心对象（现象）和核心发现（结论），有时也包括关
键方法（分析）。
5. 段落目的/结构题 (问某段作用)：
o 联系上下文： 该段与前一段、后一段是什么关系？
是继续描述现象？开始分析原因？提供证据？引出结论？反驳观点？
o 判断归属： 该段内容主要属于P（描述现象/背景）、A（解释/论证/提供证据）、C（总
结/下结论/给建议）中的哪一部分？
6. 词义猜测题 常出现在A 部分：
o 上下文线索： 利用定义（is, that is, meaning）、举例（for example, such as）、对比
（however, but, unlike）、因果（because, therefore）等逻辑关系推测生词含义。
o 词根词缀： 辅助手段。
7. 作者意图题 W y
ℎ
did t e
ℎ
aut or
ℎ
mention X ?：
o 服务于核心逻辑： X（一个例子、一个数据、一个引用）是为了说明/支持/反驳分析部分
（A）的哪个关键点？最终如何服务于得出结论（C）？
第四步：验证与检查
答案回扣原文： 选出答案后，务必将其带回原文相关位置进行验证，确保理解准确无误。
整体逻辑一致性： 确认答案是否符合“现象-分析-结论”的整体行文逻辑。
排除干扰项： 再次审视错误选项，明确其错误原因（无中生有、张冠李戴、过度推断、以偏概全、
与原文矛盾等）。
关键总结：
结构意识是基础： 时刻清晰区分P、A、C 部分及其功能。
定位能力是关键： 快速准确地找到题目对应的原文信息源。
逻辑理解是核心： 透彻理解分析部分如何解释现象并推导出结论。
结论是重中之重： 结论是文章的最终落脚点和主旨的集中体现。
题目导向是原则： 始终围绕题目要求进行阅读和思考。
例1 （2023 年全国I 卷）D 篇On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper
which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he
conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite
accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some
people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together,
they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same
errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that
people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the
accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The
key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a
discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent
individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was
significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group
members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did
they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant
response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow,
these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have
limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are
enormous.
【文章结构分析】
phenomenon
“wisdom of crowds”
analysis
This effect capitalizes on the fact that ……. If people
are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their
errors won’t cancel each other out.
Further findings
a new study offered an interesting twist (转折) on this
classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was
that when crowds were further divided into smaller
groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the
averages from these groups were more accurate than
those from an equal number of independent individuals.
analysis
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, ……
Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a
global reduction in error.
conclusion
Although the studies have limitations and many
questions remain the potential implications for group
discussion and decision-making are enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation.
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors.
D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
【解题思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→paragraph 2→mainly about
文章定位：
●
“This effect capitalizes on the fact that ①when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the
same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. ②When enough of these errors are
averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. ③If people are similar and
tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of
crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. ④If for whatever reasons, people s errors become
correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）
●
→①+②+③+④→The underlying logic of the effect.
●故选B
13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small
B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate
D. estimates were not fully independent
【解题思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→Navajas’ study→ average accuracy→increase
文章定位：
●
①In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.
②The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed
to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of
independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five
was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）
●
→ the averages from these groups were more accurate than those
from an equal number of independent individuals.→estimates were not fully independent
●故选D
14. What did the follow-up study focus on?
A. The size of the groups.
B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process.
D. The individual estimates.
【解题思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→ follow-up study→focus on
文章定位：
●
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what
the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their
estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds?
解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）
●
→ what the group members actually did in their
discussion→estimates were not fully independent→C. The discussion process
●故选C
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.
B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful.
D. Approving.
【解题思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→author’s attitude→Navajas’ studies
文章定位：
●
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential
implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）
●
→ Although+enormous→Approving→D
●故选D
【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D
【解析】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大
量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
12.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors
aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these
errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar
and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the
wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become
correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯
错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均
在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错
误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们
的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各
不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除
而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
13.细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates
be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key
finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a
discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent
individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was
significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，
当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。
例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20 个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，
人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况
下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。
14.推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a
better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most
confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? ( 在一项针对100 名大
学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对
自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试
图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论
过程。故选C。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions
remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas 领导的研
究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然
Navajas 领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于
Navajas 的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
例2 （2025 年全国I 卷）C 篇While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent
years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many
parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into
the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book
Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the
role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for
new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian
journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her
local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor
(市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in
Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were
completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.
In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate
of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really
recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of
Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
8. What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1?
A. Cars often get stuck on the road.
B. Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C. People walk less and drive more.
D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
【解题思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→What phenomenon→point out in paragraph 1
文章定位：
●
①transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility，②they pack them into the car
instead
解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）
●
→①+②→ C. People walk less and drive more
●故选C
9. What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do?
A. Keep their cities livable.
B. Promote cultural diversity.
C. Help the needy families.
D. Make expressways accessible.
【解题思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→the Canadian journalist and other campaigners→trying to do
文章定位：
●
① a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign
to stop the destruction of her local park. ②Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway,
Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush
through.”
解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）
●
→①+②→ A. Keep their cities livable.
●故选A
10. What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s?
A. They boosted the sales of cars.
B. They turned out largely ineffective.
C. They won government support.
D. They advocated building new parks.
【解题思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→What can be inferred→the campaigns in Australia
文章定位：
●
① Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well ②In Australia we
now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership
in the world.
解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）
●
→②→B. They turned out largely ineffective
●故选B
11. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Why the Rush?
B. What’s Next?
C. Where to Stay?
D. Who to Blame?
【解题思维过程】
题干关键词
●
→ a suitable title
文章定位：
●
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do
we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The
authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）
●
→invest a lot in roads that help us rush through→A. Why the
Rush?
●故选A
【文章结构分析】
Phenomenon
declines in pedestrian
(行人) mobility
transport studies also show declines in pedestrian ( 行人) mobility, especially among
young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children
to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
analysis
they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had
to play elsewhere.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western
cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car.
Conclusion
roads that help us rush
through, but
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true
costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move
safely around our communities? The authors of Movement have it right: it’s time to think
differently about that street outside your front door.
【答案】8. C 9. A 10. B 11. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿
童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。
8. C 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent
years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many
parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into
the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤
其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车
里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。
9. A 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to
Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its
proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a
decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20 世纪50 年代初举家迁往曼
哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane
Jacobs 呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者
和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。
10. B 推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the
majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on
roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设
计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20 世纪60 年代末和70 年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻
止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。
11. A 主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we
fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move
safely around our communities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真
正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代
价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A 项“Why the Rush? (为何匆
匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。
【变式训练】（2025·湖北省荆州中学月考）
By its very nature, insurance is designed to protect customers against future risk. So, why do so many
providers invest in the fossil fuel industries that are going to cause us and the planet so much harm? This is the
question that inspired Matt Criddle to launch Naturesave Insurance.
Each year, Naturesave takes 10 percent of the income it receives from its home and travel premiums ( 保险
费), and puts it in a connected charity, the Naturesave Trust. The trust hit the￡1m milestone earlier this year, some
25 years after it was founded. Through the trust, that sum has been donated to gassroots environmental projects
across the U.K., such as community agriculture projects, repair cafes and many more initiatives that benefit people
and planet.
When Naturesave Insurance was established in 1993, giving away part of a firm’s income or profits was
considered unusual — especially the idea that small businesses might choose to do so. It remains rare to give away
such a high percentage, although there is a global trend toward companies becoming more charitable. So, what
motivated Naturesave to go down this route? “I wanted to put right some of the wrongs I saw in the insurance
industry and build something that was both ethical and sustainable,” Criddle explains.
The decision to give away so much has helped to shape the business, Criddle explains. “First of all, it attracts
staff who share a sense that they are doing something with meaning, so you end up with people in the organization
who actually care. The same thing happens with our partners: our business and customer relationships are strong, as
evidenced by our high retention rate, around 96 percent.”
Naturesave is certainly on to something. A landmark Harvard University report found companies that
practice “compassionate ( 悲悯的) capitalism” perform 10 times better than those that don’t. More recently,
research by the World Economic Forum concluded that “business-as-usual is no longer adequate for the challenges
of the 21st century”. The traditional focus on shareholder value is neither right nor fair; it found: corporate purpose
should be about solutions, not just profits.
1．Why did Criddle set up Naturesave Insurance?
A．To transform the nature of insurance.
B．To challenge traditional business models.
C．To redefine the role of insurers in society.
D．To make use of emerging market trends.
2．What can be inferred about Criddle from paragraph 3?
A．He prioritizes moral development.
B．He has a vision beyond profitability.
C．He advocates for insurance reforms.
D．He values the power of small firms.
3．What does the underlined word “retention” in paragraph 4 probably refer to?
A．Income from business.
B．Employment of staff members.
C．Action of keeping customers.
D．Reward for doing charity.
4．What does the author try to do in the last paragraph?
A．Criticize profit-driven business practices.
B．Predict the rise of compassionate capitalism.
C．Propose a new definition of corporate success.
D．Demonstrate Naturesave’s business philosophy.
【答案】1．C 2．B 3．C 4．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Naturesave Insurance 公司的运营模式、成立初衷以及其对传
统商业模式的挑战，通过说明Naturesave 如何通过将部分收入捐赠给环保项目来实现其企业目的，展示了
“悲悯资本主义”的实践及其积极影响。
1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“By its very nature, insurance is designed to protect customers against future
risk. So, why do so many providers invest in the fossil fuel industries that are going to cause us and the planet so
much harm? This is the question that inspired Matt Criddle to launch Naturesave Insurance.(就其本质而言，保险
旨在保护客户抵御未来风险。那么，为什么众多保险提供商要投资化石燃料行业呢？要知道，这个行业会
给我们以及地球带来诸多危害。正是这个问题启发了Matt Criddle 创立了Naturesave Insurance）。”以及文
章第二段“Each year, Naturesave takes 10 percent of the income it receives from its home and travel premiums
(保险费)，and puts it in a connected charity, the Naturesave Trust.(每年，Naturesave Insurance 都会从其房屋保
险和旅行保险保费收入中提取 10%，并将这笔钱投入与之相关联的慈善机构—— Naturesave Trust）。”
可推测，Matt Criddle 创立Naturesave Insurance 是希望它能在社会中发挥更积极的作用，即重新定义保险公
司的角色，使其不仅关注利润，还关注社会和环境的可持续发展。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““I wanted to put right some of the wrongs I saw in the insurance industry
and build something that was both ethical and sustainable,” Criddle explains.(“我想要纠正我在保险行业中看到
的一些不当之处，打造一个既符合道德规范又可持续发展的企业。” Criddle 解释道。)”可知，Criddle 在
创立公司时，不仅仅关注盈利，还希望纠正行业错误，打造一个有道德、可持续发展的企业，体现了他有
超越盈利的愿景。故选B。
3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在句“The same thing happens with our partners: our business and customer
relationships are strong, as evidenced by our high retention rate, around 96 percent.(同样的情况也发生在我们的
合作伙伴身上：我们的业务关系和客户关系都很稳固，我们高达约 96% 的……率就证明了这一点。)”，
结合前文说的是公司的业务和客户关系，此处的“retention rate” 应该是与客户相关的比率，从“around 96
percent”以及整体语境来看，说的是能够留住客户的比率，也就是客户留存率，所以“retention”在这里指的
是选项C“Action of keeping customers(留住客户的行为)”。故选C。
4．推理判断题。文章最后一段首先提到“Naturesave is certainly on to something.( Naturesave 无疑找到了正
确的方向。)”，接着列举了哈佛大学的报告发现践行“悲悯资本主义”的公司业绩更好以及世界经济论坛
研究得出的关于传统经营方式不足、企业目标应注重解决方案而非仅利润等内容，整体是在通过引用这些
研究成果来进一步说明自然拯救保险公司的做法是正确的，也就是在展示自然拯救保险公司所秉持的经营
理念，即关注道德、可持续发展以及注重解决方案等，而不只是追求利润，符合现代发展趋势。故选D。
1.【2025·全国I 卷】C
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high hopes for it. But the
opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad
sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion
in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida.
“People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature
to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways
but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without
plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there
was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding
yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice medicine and
lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an
exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad
says.
8. How was Detrinidad’s business when it started?
A. It faced tough competition.
B. It suffered a great loss.
C. It got lots of financial support.
D. It went surprisingly well.
9. What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants?
A. They appeal more to students.
B. They purify the environment.
C. They raise the cortisol level.
D. They enhance productivity.
10. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers?
A. The necessity of social skills.
B. The meaning of sustainability.
C. The importance of repeated efforts.
D. The value of professional opinions.
11. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Time to Replace Houseplants
B. Plants Boost Your Mood
C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants
D. Plants Brighten Your Home
【答案】8. D 9. D 10. C 11. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad 的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理
健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
8. D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she
didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of
2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad 开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相
反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020 年6 月就寄出了1200 份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad 刚开始开网店卖
室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。
9. D 细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than
students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace
for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich
workplaces.”(Knuth 表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种
效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低
了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth 的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中
生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。
10. C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should
allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be
invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad 说：“医生需要不断
实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐
心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad 通过类比医
生和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努
力。由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。
11. B 主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad 的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过
Knuth 的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文
核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”
最能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。
2.【2025·全国I 卷】D
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes
from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an
uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From
technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of
what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It
changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items
like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to
raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food waste
for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is simply
thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the
concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all
the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider
serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated
and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue
Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to
address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
12. What can be inferred about the author’s early life?
A. He witnessed food shortage.
B. He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C. He donated food to Africans.
D. He helped to cook at home.
13. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment?
A. To customize dishes for guests.
B. To make the public aware of food waste.
C. To test a food processing method.
D. To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Why the ingredients were used.
B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of.
D. Where the ingredients were bought.
15. What can we learn about wastED?
A. It has ended as planned.
B. It is creating new jobs.
C. It has regained popularity.
D. It is criticized by top chefs.
【答案】12. A 13. B 14. C 15. A
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为
例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
12. A 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the
phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at
dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说
是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，
由此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。
13. B 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每
道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill 餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只
提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
14. C 主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“ It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was
technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce
that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and
cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
(值得注意的是，从技术上讲，wastED 的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大
多数餐馆永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都
被重新利用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED 菜单上的菜
品所用的配料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什
么做成的。故选C。
15. A 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from
the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了
热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，
wastED 从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经
按计划结束了。故选A。
3.【2024 新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and
citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of
photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of
species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a
mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the
Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes
from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species
are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested
how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias ( 使有偏差) data, like
the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”
said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.
Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the
people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their
encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-
catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled
areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of
observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their
uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A. They are becoming outdated.
B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number.
D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on?
A. Threatened species.
B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data.
D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis.
B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling.
D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A. Review data from certain areas.
B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users.
D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，
建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
32.细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and
other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性
记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可
知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
33.细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical
specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding
to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而
且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段
““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the
greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”
said Daru. (Daru 说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍
摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru 的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记
录的物种观察数据。故选C。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to
bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead
of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru 说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，
比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense
because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording
their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的
人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方
式的不当。故选C。
35.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled
areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of
observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their
uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导
到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家
确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
4.【2024 浙江1 月卷】The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter
Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary
treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating
the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the
children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and
various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but
by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various
types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed
a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve
reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have
the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to
resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was
information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has
greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more
thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to
manage our time most effectively.
12. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?
A. Take an examination alone.
B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others.
D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
13. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
14. What does the author suggest readers do?
A. Absorb new information readily.
B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources.
D. Protect the information environment.
15. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Eat Less, Read More
B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better
D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. B 15. D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入
了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
12.细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat,
they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15 分钟，他们将得到第二次
奖励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15 分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。
13.细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the
cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this
mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但
是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前
一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三
段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。
14.细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric
consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of
the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的
热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地
管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
15.主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted
(诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global
delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，
我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将
我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可
知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精
神“垃圾食品”。故选D。
5.【2023 年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is
becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find
places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that
wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to
submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then
examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s
experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at
beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.
After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These
include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the
activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge
of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a
workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.
And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior
author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?
A. Pocket parks are now popular.
B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated.
D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?
A. To compare different types of park-goers.
B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park.
D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?
A. Language study.
B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education.
D. Intercultural communication.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然
对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互
动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中
的野生自然。
12.细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban
areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual
to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近
大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕
见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
13.推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written
summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these
submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网
上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，
将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，
再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began
to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to
visitors. (在这320 份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提
交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。
故选A。
14.推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps
people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the
experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in
the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking
along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参
与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在
周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居
家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满
意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他
感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以
知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature
interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact
with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动
带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深
作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
6.【2023 年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a
conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask
the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their
answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As
grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly
being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or
more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by
settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975,
grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and
allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies
remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions ( 预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm
animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and
campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other
farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free
place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who
manages bears in and around Missoula.
32. How do Americans look at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in people.
B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value.
D. They are a symbol of American culture.
33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?
A. The European settlers’ behavior.
B. The expansion of bears’ range.
C. The protection by law since 1975.
D. The support of Native Americans.
34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies?
A. The opposition of conservation groups.
B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists.
D. The local farmers’ advocates.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【答案】12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B
【解析】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000 多头，但也带来了一些问题。
12.细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg,
occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊
可以长到2.5 米长，体重超过400 公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带
来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A
项。
13.推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975
年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S.
Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies,
which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000 只或更多的灰熊。
它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊
的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975 年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C 项。
14.细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery
has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would
loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from
conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000 只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复
非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，
允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保
组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A 项。
15.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome,
sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants
from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around
chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to
have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel,
longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. (显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻
烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，
灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望
有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管
理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防
措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B 项。
7.【2023 年北京卷】What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer.
The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one.
The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental
principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to
really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism,
such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such
complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of
a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial
life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life
could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both
fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create
essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s
biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same
principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is
a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t
help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse,
ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the
evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may
be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all
acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps,
just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is .
A. supportive
B. puzzled
C. unconcerned
D. doubtful
32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A. Shocked.
B. Protected.
C. Attracted.
D. Challenged.
33. What can we learn from this passage?
A. ALife holds the key to human future.
B. ALife and AI share a common feature.
C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife.
D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too?
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too?
【答案】31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D
【解析】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife 是否也在不断地进化的问题。
31.推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the
attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer 讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创
造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二
段“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism,
such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such
complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of
a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial
life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造
出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学
家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife 的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统
的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan 说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，
‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学
成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith 的话
语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith 对ALife 的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。
32.词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in
both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife 的表
亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamored)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是
ALife 的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife 二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫
做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。
33.推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both
fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife 的表亲，因
为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife 和AI 有一个共同的特点。故
选B。
34.主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be
nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe,
the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife 可能没有什么特别
的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife 的崛起将被证
明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife 是否也在不断地进化。D 选项“生命在进化。创造ALife 的
尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。
8. 【2023 年浙江1 月卷】According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels
installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of
that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few
like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought
to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control
weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation
and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and
contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar
development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the
easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over
the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws
related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness
guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a
shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-
friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32．What do solar developers often ignore?
A．The decline in the demand for solar energy.
B．The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C．The rising labor cost of building solar farms.
D．The most recent advances in solar technology.
33．What does InSPIRE aim to do?
A．Improve the productivity of local farms.
B．Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C．Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D．Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
34．What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?
A．To conserve pollinators.
B．To restrict solar development.
C．To diversify the economy.
D．To ensure the supply of energy.
35．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay
B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture
D．Solar Farms: A New Development
【答案】32．B 33．C 34．A 35．D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农
场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
32．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals
to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers
of the soil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特
别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能
板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能
板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B 项。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar
development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land.(InSPIRE
正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”
可知，InSPIRE 采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C 项。
34．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and
pesticide use.(超过28 个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与
保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A 项。
35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed
the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and
carbon reduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的
庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的
发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场
的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D 项。
9.【2022 年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common
“m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than
others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds
that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”
and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by
Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it
hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws
changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic
period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow
to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world
languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand
years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings
evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the
appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the
research team.
12. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety.
B. Its distribution.
C. Its quantity.
D. Its development.
13. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
15. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication.
B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system.
D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C
【解析】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
12.细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech
sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer
foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and
why this trend arose.（30 多年前，学者Charles Hockett 注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃
软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi 领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋
势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi 的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D 项。
13.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults
were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper
teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古
人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，
我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很
难发出唇齿音。故选C 项。
14.主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global
change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably
during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer
people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在
过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”
可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A 项。
15.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable
since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the
product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a
member of the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Moran 说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定
保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，
Steven Moran 认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C 项。
10.【2022 年全国乙卷】Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and,
at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying
today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and
infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing
to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks
and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail
don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They
will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with
advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see
ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
8. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
9. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety.
B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair.
D. Construction of infrastructure.
10. What function is expected of the rail drones?
A. To provide early warning.
B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews.
D. To accelerate transportation.
11. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. A 11. D
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能
帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
8.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They
could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the
correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样
的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可知使用无人
机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。
9.词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a
year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200 亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间
派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance 上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs
and better protection of railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词
和 C 项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
10.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety
problems. they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.可知，无人机
在铁路出现任何安全问题之前可以检测其故障，提前预警，以便高速行驶的火车能及时做出反应。。故选
A。
11.主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and
reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the
very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometers of
rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁
路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未
来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机
检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护
铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章
主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D 项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思
想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
