第04 讲 阅读理解——议论文
目录
01
考情解码·命题预警
2
02 体系构建·思维可视.................................................................................................................................................3
03 核心突破·靶向攻坚.................................................................................................................................................4
考点一 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题类议论文.............................................................................4
知识点 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题类议论文................................................................................4
考向突破 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题类议论文..............................................................................5
考点二 错误的观点→批驳→立观点..................................................................................................................12
知识点 错误的观点→批驳→立观点..............................................................................................................12
考向突破 错误的观点→批驳→立观点..........................................................................................................13
考点三 列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法................................................................................................18
知识点 列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法..........................................................................................18
考向突破 列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法......................................................................................18
04 真题溯源·考向感知............................................................................................................................................22
阅读理解之议论文
年份
卷别
主题语境
话题分类
2025
全国I 卷
人与社会
城市交通问题
北京卷
人与社会
能否延长看屏幕时间的争论
2024
新高考I 卷
人与社会
纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和
效果
北京卷
人与社会
讨论科学问题：宇宙是否是由计算机模拟生成的
浙江卷1 月
人与自然
加拿大Alberta 防雹千预计划之争
2023
全国乙卷
人与社会
物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性
2022
全国甲卷
人与社会
悉尼发展中面临的问题
北京卷
人与社会
量子计算真的会像它的宣传那样成功吗？
天津卷
人与社会
美好生活的秘诀
考情分析：
1．从命题内容上看，高考命题主要从以下几方面考查：记文章涉及的论题具有生活化的特
征，与社会生活密切相关。
2．从命题思路上看：
文章通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非的方法，来论证某种观点正确与否，肯定或否定某种主
张。即提出问题(引论)--分析问题(本论)一一解决问题(结论)”。常见的有细节理解题、推理判
断题、主旨大意题、词义猜测题、情感态度题等题型。
预计2026 年议论文有可能考。复习过程中要熟练掌握议论文的命题特点和解题方法，做到成
功应对议论文阅读试题。
复习目标
1.掌握议论文的结构特点和命题形式。
2.掌握议论文的双管齐下阅读方式，侧重结构和内容两个方面。
3.熟悉议论文中常考查的观点态度词中的难词。
考点一 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题类议论文
知识点1 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题
这种议论文作者直接提出己方观点，通过举例、引用数据、逻辑推理等方式正面论证观点的合理性。
在近年高考真题中，立论文常围绕 "环境保护的个人责任"" 在线教育的利弊 " 等社会热点展开，文章结
构严谨，论证层次分明。
①结构特征
总分总结构：开篇提出中心论点（Thesis Statement），中间分论点（Sub-arguments）支撑，结尾总结
升华。
②论证方法
举例论证（Examples）：通过具体案例增强说服力，举例是论证过程中很重要的支撑，举例法易于讲
明道理。
对比论证（Comparison）：将两种对立事物或观点对照分析，凡事比则明，通过对比证明观点的正确
性。
引用论证（Quotations）：援引权威言论或经典文献。
因果论证（Cause and Effect）：揭示事物内在逻辑关系。
考向 提出问题——分析问题——解决问题类议论文
例1 （2024 新课标
卷）
Ⅰ
C 篇
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and
viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both
questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an
entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on
paper than on screen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly
shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading
passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With
paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their
memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing
hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media,
which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these
technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have
demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view
identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in
print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t
assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
【篇章结构】
结构
段落
功能
关键词句
提出问题
Para.1
提出问题
"Is comprehension the same...?" 双重疑问句引发思考
分析问题
Para.2-3
对比论证
"When reading texts of several hundred words..., learning
is generally more successful when it’s on paper than on
screen. "
Para.4
理论深化
"shallowing hypothesis" 解释心理机制
Para.5
延伸对比
"Audio and video...but remember less" 扩大讨论维度
结论
Para.6
结论建议
"educators shouldn’t assume..." 提出辩证解决方案
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Seem unlikely to last.
B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use.
D. Become easy to notice.
【思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
shine through →mean
文章定位：
●
The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing
simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction —
such as drawing inferences from a text.→根据前面more successful 可知作者应该是肯定The benefits of print
reading
故选
●
D
词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more
successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更
多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更
有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a
reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员
从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应
是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所
以shine through 应是“显而易见”之意，和D 项意思相近。故选D 项。
29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume?
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.
B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C. People select digital texts randomly.
D. Digital texts are suitable for social media.
【思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
the shallowing hypothesis →assume
文章定位：
●
Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to
this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and
devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.→同义句表达not so serious= treat ... lightly
解析思维过程→
●
not so serious= treat ... lightly→A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.
故选
●
A
推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a
theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a
mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are
reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根
据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，
投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis 假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，
不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A 项。
30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers?
A. They can hold students' attention.
B. They are more convenient to prepare.
C. They help develop advanced skills.
D. They are more informative than text.
【思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
audio and video→increasingly used
文章定位：
●
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly
turn to these technologies → 题目定位turn to≈use; “so”因果连词，前句就是原因→engaging 引人入胜的
≈attractive≈can hold students' attention
解析思维过程→
●
同义句表达→feel more engaging than text→hold students' attention
故选
●
A
细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers
increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音
频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一
作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。
故选A 项。
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph?
A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
【思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
imply→last paragraph
文章定位：
●
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not
available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators
shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. →强调文本阅读的重要性
故选
●
C
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing
resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for,
educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视
频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况
下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数
字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所
有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，
因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C 项。
例2（2023 年全国乙卷）D 篇
If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you
cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for
most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many
literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that,
but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps
the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English
side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only
a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct
what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the
written reports.
In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or
deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often
have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of
Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most
powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider
contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily
twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the
texts, but the objects.
【篇章结构】
段落
功能
关键词句
Para.1
提出论点
"cannot do it through texts alone" 直击传统历史叙事的缺陷
Para.2
案例论证
"the first conflict at Botany Bay" 对比文字与实物证据
Para.3
深化批判
"victories twisted" 揭露文字记录的权力操控，列举多文明案例
解决方案
"read not just the texts, but the objects" 总结方法论
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. How past events should be presented.
B. What humanity is concerned about.
C. Whether facts speak louder than words.
D. Why written language is reliable.
【思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
first paragraph →mainly about
文章定位：
●
Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字
的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.→recorded their concerns not only in writing
but in things→presented
故选
●
A
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“ If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not
privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had
texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and
until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in
things. (如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，
因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚
的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”
可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2?
A. His report was scientific.
B. He represented the local people.
C. He ruled over Botany Bay.
D. His record was one-sided.
【思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
indicate→mentioning Captain Cook
文章定位：
●
①Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to
do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t.②From the English side, we have scientific reports and the
captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man
in flight after his first experience of gunshot.
解析思维过程→
●
①+②→in many cases we simply can’t→give an example →D. His record was one-sided
故选
●
D
推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters
of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. (理想情况下，历史应该将文本和物品结
合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历
史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“ From the
English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we
have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. (在英国方面，我
们有科学报告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男
子在第一次经历枪击后在飞行中扔下的。)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长的记录是片面的，只从
自己的角度描述了问题。故选D。
34. What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Problem.
B. History.
C. Voice.
D. Society.
【思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
conversation→refer to
文章定位：
●
①The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of
whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they
made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate
and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a
dialogue..②If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects.
解析思维过程→
●
①+②→B. History.
故选
●
B
词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin
and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully
through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact
(联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted,
only one half of a dialogue. (加勒比海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加人，所有这些
人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以通过他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通过物品
讲述的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如此类的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所有
的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that
conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读
文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果
我们想要了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。所以conversation 指的是“历史”。故选
B。
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from?
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects
D. How Art Works Tell Stories
【思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
books→selected from
文章定位：
●
①If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of
humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of
the world, for most of the time, has not.② If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not
just the texts, but the objects.
解析思维过程→
●
①+②→C. A History of the World in 100 Objects.
故选
●
C
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“ If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not
privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had
texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一
部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而
世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”结合最后一段的“ If we are to find the other half of that
conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. (如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读
文本，还要读物体。)”可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好的了解历史
就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100 件物品中的世界史》。故选C。
【变式训练·变载体】（2025·湖南省长沙市雅礼中学高三下学期模拟考试（二））
The convenience of modern life is nothing short of astonishing. As I write this, my phone is wirelessly
sending some hits from the 1700s to my portable speaker. The fact that, as a culture, we celebrate such short cuts is
understandable. That said, most people are able to sense that convenience has a darker side.
Before getting into that, we’d better understand why convenience is so seductive first. We often desist doing
the things we need to do to make progress. Behind every well-intentioned plan lies this horrible sense of inertia (惰
性). Why is this resistance — and our corresponding appetite for ease — such an essential part of our makeup?
Here, insights from evolutionary psychology (particularly the idea of“the evolutionary mismatch”) can help.
The evolutionary mismatch is the idea that we colved for a hunter-gather difostyle, and that while our
circumstances have changed completely, our brains and bodies haven’t. Resistance was a necessary counterbalance
(制衡) to the bursts of intense activity that characterized the lives of hunter-gatherers: searching for food in driving
rain, or running to escape a dangerous animal. It’s the reason we still ask: “Do I really have to be doing this?
Shouldn’t I save my energy?” The people choosing to remain sheltered during snowstorms, when the prospect of
obtaining food was low, were more likely to live and pass on their genes to the next generation.
Since then, of course, innovation has changed things greatly. We’ve altered technology and our environments
partly to serve our natural instinct ( 本能) to conserve energy. The question is: what do we stand to lose by
following our tendency to prioritize comfort and convenience?
Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal with unavoidable difficulties. And,
from an evolutionary perspective, some measure of discomfort is as crucial to our survival as rest and relaxation.
Our ancestors didn’t survive purely by being lazy, but through a combination of playing it safe and taking necessary
risks.
This difficulty itself does shape our character. In the technological world we have fashioned, we must
sometimes make conscious efforts to act in opposition to our instincts. As a culture, we must remember while
convenience feels good in the moment, our capacity to adapt and overcome challenges is part of our evolutionary
inheritance (遗传) too, and central to the adventure of life.
1．What does the underlined word “seductive” in paragraph 2 most probably mean?
A．Attractive and inviting.
B．Useful and practical.
C．Harmful and dangerous.
D．Annoying and frustrating.
2．What does“the evolutionary mismatch” primarily refer to?
A．The inconsistency between personal goals and societal expectations.
B．The contrast between modern convenience and ancient challenges.
C．The argument over the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of ancient people.
D．The conflict between our natural instinct and the current environment.
3．What may prioritizing convenience in modern life result in?
A．It may lead to a lack of innovation and progress.
B．It may reduce our ability to overcome challenges.
C．It may make us overly dependent on technology.
D．It may cause a decline in physical fitness.
4．Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A．The Benefits of Modern Technology
B．Understanding Evolution in Today’s World
C．The Dark Side of Convenience in Modern Life
D．Rejecting Modern Convenience for a Better Life
【答案】1．A 2．D 3．B 4．C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了现代生活中便利性的利弊，以及为何人们会倾向于追求便利，
同时指出了过度追求便利可能带来的问题。
1．词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“We often resist doing the things we need to do in order to make progress.
Behind every well-intentioned plan lies this horrible sense of inertia (惰性). Why is this resistance — and our
corresponding appetite for ease— such an essential part of our makeup?(我们常常抗拒去做那些为了取得进步而
需要做的事情。在每一个善意的计划背后，都隐藏着这种可怕的惰性。为何这种抗拒——以及我们相应的
对轻松的渴望——会成为我们天性中如此重要的一部分呢？)”可知，我们天性有对轻松的渴望，所以便利
对我们来说是具有很大的诱惑力的，推知seductive 应是“诱人的”之意，和A 项Attractive and inviting“有
吸引力的”意思相近。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The evolutionary mismatch is the idea that we evolved for a hunter-gatherer
lifestyle, and that while our circumstances have changed completely, our brains and bodies haven’t.(进化不匹配是
指我们进化出了一种狩猎采集的生活方式，虽然我们的环境已经完全改变了，但我们的大脑和身体却没有
改变)”可知，“the evolutionary mismatch”主要是指我们的自然本能和当前环境之间的冲突。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Continually choosing the convenient path lessens your ability to deal
with unavoidable difficulties.(不断选择方便的道路会削弱你处理不可避免的困难的能力)”可知，在现代生活
中优先考虑便利可能会降低我们克服挑战的能力。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段中的“The fact that, as a culture, we celebrate such short cuts is understandable.
That said, most people are able to sense that convenience has a darker side.(作为一种文化，我们推崇这样的捷
径，这是可以理解的。话虽如此，大多数人都能感觉到便利也有其阴暗的一面)”以及纵观全文可知，本文
主要讲述了过度追求便利可能带来的问题，所以C 项“现代生活中便利的阴暗面”是本文最好的标题。故
选C。
考点二 错误的观点→批驳→立观点
先引出对方观点，再通过反驳论据、指出逻辑漏洞等方式证明其错误，从而树立己方观点。这种文体
旨在通过批判性分析构建严谨的论证体系，常见于社会现象评论、学术争议探讨等文本。
1.结构特征：错误的观点→批驳→立观点
树靶阶段：文章开篇通常以客观陈述或引用他人观点的方式，明确摆出反方立场。例如在探讨 "网络
学习是否能完全取代传统课堂" 时，先阐述 "部分人认为网络学习灵活高效，应全面推广" 的观点。
批驳阶段：运用 "However""But""Nevertheless" 等转折词引出反驳内容，通过数据对比、事实例证等
方式削弱对方论点的可信度。如指出 "网络学习缺乏师生实时互动，据调查显示，73% 的学生存在自主学
习效率低下问题"。
立观点阶段：在瓦解反方观点后，系统阐述己方立场，通过递进式分析或多维度论证强化说服力，如
提出 "传统课堂与网络学习应优势互补" 的解决方案。
2.论证方法
归谬法：假设对方观点成立，通过合理推导得出荒谬结论，例如从 "读书无用论" 推导出 "社会将失
去科技创新能力"。
反证法：通过证明与己方论点相反的命题为假，间接确立正确观点，如通过证明 "不重视环保会导致
生态崩溃" 来支持可持续发展主张。
漏洞分析：聚焦对方论证中的逻辑缺陷，如指出统计样本偏差、因果关系误判等问题，例如批判 "因
个别成功案例否定教育重要性" 的以偏概全逻辑。
考向 错误的观点→批驳→立观点
例（2025 年河北部分学校联考）
Wolves with injured legs in the wild can basically do nothing but wait for death. But this was not the fate of
one injured wolf in the Hoh Xil National Nature Reserve (可可西里国家级自然保护区) in Qinghai. This limp
wolf went from poor and skinny (骨瘦如柴的) to happy and fat, thanks to tourists feeding it along the highway.
This “goodwill”, however, has sparked (引发) debate on whether tourists should feed the wolf. People who
support this act argue that without feeding, the poor wolf would die of starvation (饥饿). But those who hold an
opposite view think that humans should not go against the laws of nature and that the inevitable death of the wolf is
the result of natural selection. Each side has its reasons, but science can provide us with an ultimate answer.
Research published in Scientific Reports in June 2019 studied how human-provided food affected the
survival of bottlenose dolphins (宽吻海豚). Researchers followed the dynamics (动态) of 63 bottlenose dolphins
who live in the ocean off Bunbury, Australia, where the wild dolphins are legally allowed to be fed by the Dolphin
Discovery Centre there.
After looking at more than 10 years of data on the local dolphin population, the researchers found out that
the fatality rate (死亡率) of bottlenose dolphins who ask for food from vessels (船只) is much higher than that of
those who seek food by themselves. Asking for food from humans increases the risk of injuries and sometimes the
dolphins can even get killed by “boat strikes, propeller (螺旋桨) cut injuries and fishing gear entanglements (被渔
具缠住)”, said the study. And young dolphins tend to learn from their mothers, leading to more accidents.
Apart from accidents, feeding wildlife may also make them rely on us for survival, Dai Qiang, a researcher
at the Chengdu Institute of Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, told Hongxing News. Moreover, any
diseases and bacteria ( 细菌) present in the animals may infect those who feed them. As Qi Xinzhang, deputy
director of Xining Wildlife Park, commented under a video featuring the wolf in Hoh Xil, “Kindness needs to be
supported by rationality (理性); otherwise, we may see adverse effects (不利影响).”
So, what should we do when coming across wild animals that seem to need our help? The best help for them
is to report the case to related authorities for professional aid instead of feeding them, said Qi.
【篇章结构】
段落
功能
关键词句
Para.1
引出错误的现象
"tourists feeding the wolf along the highway" 游客投喂动物
Para.2
提出正反两种看
法
①without feeding, the poor wolf would die of starvation ( 饥
饿)③humans should not go against the laws of nature and that the
inevitable death of the wolf is the result of natural selection
Para.3-5
Para3-4 研究结
论1
the fatality rate ( 死亡率) of bottlenose dolphins who ask for food
from vessels (船只) is much higher than that of those who seek food
by themselves.
Para5 研究结论2
Kindness needs to be supported by rationality (理性); otherwise, we
may see adverse effects (不利影响)
Para 6
正确观点
The best help for them is to report the case to related authorities for
professional aid instead of feeding them
1．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．The debate on wolf feeding.
B．Survival problems of wildlife.
C．Explanations of the laws of nature.
D．Scientific reasons for human actions.
【思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
paragraph 2→mainly talk about
文章定位：
●
This ‘goodwill’, however, has sparked (引发) debate on whether tourists should feed the wolf.→同
义句改写A．The debate on wolf feeding.
解析思维过程
●
→ debate on whether tourists should feed the wolf→The debate on wolf feeding.
故选
●
A
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容，尤其是首句“This ‘goodwill’, however, has sparked (引发) debate on whether
tourists should feed the wolf.(然而，这种
善意
引发了关于游客是否应该投喂狼的争论
‘
’
)”可知，本段主要
讲述了关于是否应该投喂狼的争论，并说明了支持者和反对者的理由，故选A。
2．What has been found in the study of bottlenose dolphins being fed by humans?
A．They are more likely to be injured or killed.
B．They are more friendly to humans.
C．They face a higher risk of being caught.
D．They tend to care less about their young.
【思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
bottlenose dolphins→fed by humans
文章定位：
●
the fatality rate (死亡率) of bottlenose dolphins who ask for food from vessels (船只) is much
higher than that of those who seek food by themselves. Asking for food from humans increases the risk of injuries
and sometimes the dolphins can even get killed by ‘boat strikes, propeller (螺旋桨) cut injuries and fishing gear
entanglements (被渔具缠住)’, said the study.→同义句改写They are more likely to be injured or killed.
解析思维过程→
●
Asking for food from humans increases the risk of injuries and sometimes the dolphins can even
get killed →more likely to be injured or killed
故选
●
A
细节理解题。根据第四段“After looking at more than 10 years of data on the local dolphin population, the
researchers found out that the fatality rate (死亡率) of bottlenose dolphins who ask for food from vessels (船只) is
much higher than that of those who seek food by themselves. Asking for food from humans increases the risk of
injuries and sometimes the dolphins can even get killed by ‘boat strikes, propeller (螺旋桨) cut injuries and fishing
gear entanglements (被渔具缠住)’, said the study.(在研究了当地海豚种群10 多年的数据后，研究人员发现，
从船只上寻找食物的宽吻海豚的死亡率远远高于自己寻找食物的海豚。该研究称，向人类索取食物会增加
受伤的风险，有时海豚甚至会被
船只撞击、螺旋桨割伤和渔具缠结
杀死
‘
’
)”可知，研究发现，人类投喂
食物的宽吻海豚更容易受伤或死亡，故选A。
3．According to Dai Qiang, what might happen as a result of feeding wildlife?
A．An increase in wildlife populations.
B．A possible reduction in natural habitat.
C．Increased risk of animal diseases being passed on.
D．A strengthened bond between humans and animals.
【思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
Dai Qiang→a result of feeding wildlife
文章定位：
●
Moreover, any diseases and bacteria (细菌) present in the animals may infect those who feed
them.→infect 近义词表达passed on→同义句改写C．Increased risk of animal diseases being passed on.
故选
●
C
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Moreover, any diseases and bacteria (细菌) present in the animals may infect
those who feed them.(此外，动物身上的任何疾病和细菌都可能感染饲养它们的人)”可知，Dai Qiang 认为投
喂野生动物会增加感染动物身上的疾病的风险，故选C。
4．What does Qi advise people who meet poorly wild animals to do?
A．Call the police.
B．Leave them alone.
C．Offer immediate help.
D．Inform relevant authorities.
【思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
Qi→ poorly wild animals
文章定位：
●
The best help for them is to report the case to related authorities for professional aid instead of
feeding them→related authorities 同义表达relevant authorities；report 同义表达Inform→Inform relevant
authorities.
解析思维过程→
●
related authorities 同义表达relevant authorities；report 同义表达Inform→Inform relevant
authorities
故选
●
D
细节理解题。根据最后一段“So, what should we do when coming across wild animals that seem to need our
help? The best help for them is to report the case to related authorities for professional aid instead of feeding them,
said Qi.(那么，当我们遇到似乎需要我们帮助的野生动物时，我们应该怎么做呢？对他们来说，最好的帮
助是向有关部门报告情况，寻求专业援助，而不是给他们喂食)”可知，Qi 建议人们在遇到需要帮助的野生
动物时通知相关部门，故选D。
【变式训练·变载体】（2025 届江苏省徐州市高三下学期考前打靶）
Our common sense is that professional excellence requires formal training, but excellence in the rest of life
does not. Work demands discipline and training; leisure is easy and enjoyable and comes naturally.
When our work is most demanding, we typically define leisure as its opposite: complete inactivity. For
example, when a burned-out 51-year-old CEO of a $68 billion investment firm abruptly quit his job in 2022, he
explained to reporters what he planned to do next: “I just want to go sit at the beach and do nothing.” Even if we’re
not finding our work so tiring as his, we still talk about taking a break from work, which allows us to reenergize —
in order to work more and better. Either way, we’re defining leisure in relation to work.
I reject this whole way of thinking. Leisure is a valuable, constructive part of life, and we misunderstand
leisure when we define it as work’s opposite. We may think that the best way to get happier is, like the CEO, to “go
sit at the beach and do nothing.” But researchers have found that this kind of do-nothing leisure, including vacation
travel, provides only minor, temporary boosts of happiness. What gives us more sustained well-being are pursuits
involving social engagement, personal reflection, and outdoor activities.
As a professor, I want everything I do to be generative, instead of wasting a minute on fruitless pursuits.
Leisure is not straightforward or easy. I’d like to use my nonwork activities, as much as my work ones, to become a
wiser, happier, more effective person. We must treat leisure with every bit as much seriousness as we do our
careers. When we understand and practice leisure properly, we can achieve our best selves — and even our capacity
to transform society for the better.
The point here is that just as we should be excellent at our jobs, we should become excellent at leisure.
Doing leisure well will generate the sort of growth in our well-being that work cannot provide. If you don’t do
leisure well, you will never find life’s full meaning.
1．Why does the author mention common sense at the beginning?
A．To make a comparison.
B．To introduce a concept.
C．To present an example.
D．To lead in an argument.
2．What does the example of the CEO convey?
A．People should retire when earning enough.
B．People should change attitudes towards work.
C．People tend to connect leisure with work.
D．People tend to make future plans in advance.
3．According to researchers, what contributes to continuous well-being?
A．Sunbathing on the beach.
B．Aimlessly wandering.
C．Community service.
D．Playing video games.
4．What is the author’s opinion about leisure?
A．Leisure is opposite to work.
B．Leisure is a state of inactivity.
C．Leisure means escaping work temporarily.
D．Leisure deserves to be treated seriously.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．D
【解析】这是一篇议论文。人们常认为工作需专业训练而休闲无需，但作者反对将休闲定义为工作的对立
面，指出应认真对待休闲以实现自我提升与人生意义。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Our common sense is that professional excellence requires formal training, but
excellence in the rest of life does not. Work demands discipline and training; leisure is easy and enjoyable and
comes naturally.(我们的常识认为，专业上的卓越需要接受正规训练，但在生活的其他方面，卓越并非如此。
工作需要纪律和训练；而休闲则是轻松、愉悦且自然而然的)”结合下文对“认真对待休闲”的讨论可知，
作者在开头处提及“常识”这一概念是为了引入论点。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“For example, when a burned-out 51-year-old CEO of a $68 billion investment
firm abruptly quit his job in 2022, he explained to reporters what he planned to do next: “I just want to go sit at the
beach and do nothing.” Even if we’re not finding our work so tiring as his, we still talk about taking a break from
work, which allows us to reenergize — in order to work more and better. Either way, we’re defining leisure in
relation to work.(例如，2022 年，一位 51 岁、管理着一家价值 680 亿美元投资公司的高管突然辞职。他
向媒体解释了自己的下一步计划：“我只是想去海滩上坐坐，什么都不做。”即便我们并不像他那样觉得
工作如此令人疲惫，我们仍然会谈论要暂时放下工作，这样能让我们重新充满活力——以便能更高效地工
作。不管怎样，我们都是在将休闲与工作联系起来来定义休闲的)”可知，这位首席执行官的例子说明人们
往往会将休闲与工作联系在一起。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据第三段“What gives us more sustained well-being are pursuits involving social
engagement, personal reflection, and outdoor activities.(能给我们带来更持久幸福感的，是那些涉及社交互动、
个人反思以及户外活动的追求)”推知，社区服务可以促持续的幸福感。故选C。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The point here is that just as we should be excellent at our jobs, we should
become excellent at leisure. Doing leisure well will generate the sort of growth in our well-being that work cannot
provide. If you don’t do leisure well, you will never find life’s full meaning.(重点是，就像我们应该在工作中表
现出色一样，我们也应该在休闲中表现出色做好休闲活动将会带来那种工作无法提供的幸福感的增长。如
果你不能做好休闲活动，你就永远无法找到生活的全部意义)”推知，作者认为休闲理应得到应有的重视。
故选D。
考点三 列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法
列举几种事例——归纳总结观点或方法
开篇引出几种事例或现象，归纳作者的核心观点。注意抓取关键词、区分事例与观点。
例 （2025 年全国I 卷）C 篇 While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent
years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many
parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into
the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new
book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and
the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for
new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian
journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her
local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor
(市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in
Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were
completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly.
In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate
of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really
recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of
Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
【篇章结构】
段落
功能
关键词句
Para.1
现象1
declines in pedestrian ( 行人) mobility, especially among young
children
Para.2
观点
Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet call for a rethink of our
streets and the role they play in our lives
Para.3
现象2
Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road
networks and kids had to play elsewhere.
Para4
现象3
the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around
the needs of the motor car.
Para5
结论
it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door
1．What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1?
A．Cars often get stuck on the road.
B．Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C．People walk less and drive more.
D．Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
【解题思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
phenomenon→in paragraph 1
文章定位：
●
①declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children ②there’s too much
traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→
●
①+②→declines 同意表达walk less→pack them into the
car→drive more→C．People walk less and drive more.
●故选C
2．What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do?
A．Keep their cities livable.
B．Promote cultural diversity.
C．Help the needy families.
D．Make expressways accessible.
【解题思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
Canadian journalist and other campaigners→ trying to do
文章定位：
●
Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led
a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an
expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just
rush through.
解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→
●
①stop the destruction of her local park ②a decent place to
live→A．Keep their cities livable.
●故选A
3．What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s?
A．They boosted the sales of cars.
B．They turned out largely ineffective.
C．They won government support.
D．They advocated building new parks.
【解题思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
inferred about the campaigns→Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
文章定位：
●
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities
were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing
rapidly.
解析思维过程（选项与文章定位的关系）→
●
①Although ②widespread→ ineffective.
●故选B
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Why the Rush?
B．What’s Next?
C．Where to Stay?
D．Who to Blame?
【解题思维过程】
题干关键词→
●
suitable title→the text
文章定位：
●
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we
really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities?→A．Why
the Rush?
●故选A
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．B 4．A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了西方城市过度围绕汽车设计导致行人流动性下降，尤其是儿
童步行减少的现象，并通过历史案例和现状分析呼吁反思街道功能，重视城市宜居性。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent
years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many
parents say there’s too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into
the car instead. (虽然近年来我们的街道可能已经改善了安全性，但交通研究也表明行人的流动性下降，尤
其是年轻儿童。许多家长说，路上的交通太拥挤，他们的孩子无法安全步行上学，所以他们把孩子塞进车
里)”可知，作者指出的现象是人们步行减少、开车增多。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to
Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its
proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长) to champion “New York as a
decent place to live, and not just rush through.” (最著名的是，一位加拿大记者在20 世纪50 年代初举家迁往曼
哈顿，她领导了一场阻止当地公园被毁的运动。在描述她对用高速公路取代公园的提议感到震惊时，Jane
Jacobs 呼吁她的市长捍卫“纽约作为适宜居住的地方，而不仅是匆匆穿过的通道”)”可推知，加拿大记者
和其他运动参与者旨在保持城市宜居性。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the
majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on
roads has been increasing rapidly. (尽管这些运动很普遍，但现实是大多数西方城市完全围绕汽车需求重新设
计。道路上的汽车数量一直在迅速增加)”可推知，20 世纪60 年代末和70 年代澳大利亚的竞选活动未能阻
止汽车发展，基本上没有效果。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章最后一段“We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we
fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move
safely around our communities? (我们在帮助我们快速通过的道路上投入了大量资金，但我们没有考虑到真
正的成本。我们真的认识到当孩子们不能在我们的社区安全地移动时，我们作为一个社会将会付出什么代
价吗)”可推知，本文批判城市过度追求交通效率、忽视行人需求的现象，A 项“Why the Rush? (为何匆
匆？)”质问“rush through (匆匆通行)”的规划理念，契合主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选A。
【变式训练】China’s economy achieved 12.7 percent growth in the first half of 2021, increasing the
chances of employment for young graduates. The industrial sector, and State-owned and large enterprises have
recovered relatively well from the impacts of the novel coronavirus outbreak, but the service sector, and small and
medium-sized enterprises face bigger challenges.
Fortunately, China’s job market was relatively stable in the first half. Also, new reforms in the technology
sector have accelerated the transformation of the labor market and created several new occupations. Recent years
have seen graduates getting more career choices, beyond the traditional forms of employment.
But young migrant workers deserve greater attention, because they are not as well-educated as college
graduates, or do not have enough work experience. Most young migrant workers flock to affluent eastern coastal
areas, work in low-end manufacturing units and the service sector, and lack the ability to adapt to new technology
and thus can be more easily replaced by robots.
And although employment in the platform economy of e-commerce can increase the flexibility of the labor
market, make resource allocation more efficient, ease the impact of external factors and provide more opportunities
for low-skilled workers, it will increase instability in the labor market.
The traditional social security system based on employment relationship is facing challenges from the
platform economy, as some platform companies sign service contracts rather than labor contracts with their
employees, leaving a large number of workers uncovered by the country’s social insurance system.
The employment of youths is crucial for the well-being of the entire society, as well as social stability and
high-quality development. As such, the employment policy must be more inclusive and forward-looking, and the
government should optimize the social insurance system, encourage skill training and help improve young people’s
ability to adapt to the economic transformation, in order to prevent mass job losses.
1．What does the underlined word “accelerated” mean in Paragraph 2?
A．Changed.
B．Boosted.
C．Denied.
D．Prevented.
2．Why should young migrant workers be paid more attention to?
A．Because they have the priority.
B．Because they face more financial problems.
C．Because they are less educated and experienced.
D．Because they are working low-end sectors.
3．Which is not the advantage of e-commerce?
A．Making resources utilization more efficient.
B．Reducing outer factors.
C．Causing more instability.
D．Offering more job chances.
4．What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A．Some suggestions on how to ensure employment.
B．Some evidence for supporting employment.
C．Reasons for low employments.
D．Benefits of e-commerce.
【答案】1．B 2．C 3．C 4．A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章围绕中国就业市场情况，分析青年及农民工就业挑战，指平台经济影响，
提政策需包容等促进就业建议。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段 “ Also, new reforms in the technology sector have accelerated the
transformation of the labor market and created several new occupations.(而且，科技行业的新改革accelerated 劳
动力市场的转型，并创造了若干新职业。)”并结合语境可知，“created several new occupations(创造新职
业)”表明改革对劳动力市场产生了积极推动作用。accelerated 应表示“加速、促进”的意思，与B 选项
“Boosted(推动)”含义相符。故选B 项。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But young migrant workers deserve greater attention, because they are not as
well-educated as college graduates, or do not have enough work experience.(但年轻农民工应得到更多关注，因
为他们不像大学毕业生那样受过良好教育，或缺乏足够工作经验。)”可知，原文直接指出年轻农民工应该
受到更多关注的原因是教育程度和工作经验不足。故选C 项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“And although employment in the platform economy of e-commerce can increase
the flexibility of the labor market, make resource allocation more efficient, ease the impact of external factors and
provide more opportunities for low-skilled workers, it will increase instability in the labor market.(尽管电子商务
平台经济中的就业可以提高劳动力市场的灵活性，使资源配置更加高效，缓解外部因素的影响，为低技能
工人提供更多机会，但这将增加劳动力市场的不稳定性。)”可知，增加劳动力市场的不稳定性是电子商务
平台经济的劣势，而不是优点。故选C 项。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“The employment of youths is crucial for the well-being of the entire society, as
well as social stability and high-quality development. As such, the employment policy must be more inclusive and
forward-looking, and the government should optimize the social insurance system, encourage skill training and
help improve young people’s ability to adapt to the economic transformation, in order to prevent mass job losses.
(青年就业对整个社会的福祉、社会稳定和高质量发展至关重要。因此，就业政策必须更具包容性和前瞻性，
政府应优化社会保险制度，鼓励技能培训，帮助提高年轻人适应经济转型的能力，以防止大规模失业。)”
可知，最后一段主要介绍了关于如何确保就业的一些建议。故选A 项。
1. （2025·北京卷）Not too long ago, on a cold winter night, there was a teenager who wanted more screen
time and a parent who said no. The teenager was advocating for her right to scroll (翻屏) for an extra 30 minutes.
The parent argued that none of her friends’ parents let them have screens after 9 o’clock. “I thought, in this family,
we don’t compare ourselves with other people, Dad?” the teenager replied. The parent — who was me, by the way
— just got served. Since they were young, I have told my kids not to compare themselves with other people. I have
argued countless times that comparisons are the “thief of joy”.
Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of advice I have ever given. In
my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received wisdom without exploring the nuances. But
now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning the idea that all social comparison is
unhealthy.
Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they can be harnessed (利用) for
our betterment if we understand how they work. The social comparisons we make — ones that lead us to feel good
or bad about ourselves — are vital to our ability to thrive (成长). Science provides a guide we can use to harness
the way we perform these comparisons to reduce their negative emotional impacts.
Comparing yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus
on the things they have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a
source of motivation, for example, “If they can achieve that, so can I.” Comparing yourself with someone who is
doing worse than you could result in fear and worry if you think about how you could fall into similar
circumstances, or it can draw out feelings of gratitude and appreciation if you use that comparison to broaden
your views — for example, “Wow, things could be much worse; I’m doing great.”
What I wish I taught my daughter earlier are these nuances. How we feel about ourselves rests not just on
whom we compare ourselves with but also on how we think about that comparison. That’s something we all have
control over.
28．How did the author feel about his daughter’s argument?
A．Excited.
B．Inspired.
C．Energized.
D．Relieved.
29．What does the word “nuances” underlined in Paragraph 2 most probably mean?
A．Major achievements.
B．Complex feelings.
C．Significant impacts.
D．Fine differences.
30．Which would be the best title for the passage?
A．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Become a Healthy Habit
B．Comparing Ourselves with Others Can Strengthen Family Ties
C．Social Comparisons Can Get Us into Emotional Trouble
D．Social Comparisons Can Be Controlled by Science
【答案】28．B 29．D 30．A
【解析】本文是一篇议论。作者通过讲述自己和女儿关于能否延长看屏幕时间的争论，引出对社会比较这
一观念的思考，指出并非所有社会比较都不健康，若理解其原理，可加以利用促进自我提升。
28．推理判断题。根据第二段“Although my daughter didn’t win, she did help expose one of the worst pieces of
advice I have ever given. (虽然我女儿没有赢，但她确实帮助揭露了我曾经给出的最糟糕的建议之一。)” 以
及后文作者对社会比较的重新思考可知，作者从女儿的争论中得到了启发。故选B。
29．词句猜测题。根据第二段“ In my defence, I did what we’ve all done before, which is repeat received
wisdom without exploring the nuances. But now is the time to set the record straight, which starts with questioning
the idea that all social comparison is unhealthy. (为自己辩护一下，我做了我们所有人都做过的事，就是重复
那些大家都认可的观点，却没有探究其中的____。但现在是时候纠正这个观点了，首先要质疑所有社会比
较都是不健康的这一想法。)” 可知，作者之前只是重复普遍观点，没有深入探究不同情况，现在要重新审
视，所以“nuances”意思可能是 “细微差别”。故选D。
30．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Social comparisons do, of course, often get us into emotional trouble. But they
can be harnessed (利用) for our betterment if we understand how they work. (当然，社会比较常常会给我们带来
情感困扰。但如果我们了解其运作原理，就可以利用它们来提升自我。)”，以及第四段 “Comparing
yourself with someone who is outperforming you could result in feelings of envy if you focus on the things they
have and you don’t, or it can be energizing and inspiring if you use these comparisons as a source of motivation (如
果你关注那些比你表现出色的人所拥有而你没有的东西，与他们比较可能会导致嫉妒之情；但如果你将这
些比较作为动力来源，它也可以让你充满活力并受到鼓舞)” 等内容，表明了社会比较并非全然有害，若运
用得当可成为健康习惯，助力个人发展。所以选项 A“与他人比较可以成为一种健康的习惯”为最佳标
题，故选A。
2.【2021 年全国乙卷】When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian
homes still paying for a landline（座机）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile
phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls
anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only
on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third
concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use
it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor
（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby
Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do
with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone
rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever
ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling
before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk
deliveries?
24. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A. Their target users.
B. Their wide popularity.
C. Their major functions.
D. Their complex design.
25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Admit.
B. Argue.
C. Remember.
D. Remark.
26. What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A. They like smartphone games.
B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C. They keep using landline phones.
D. They are attached to their family.
27. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A. It remains a family necessity.
B. It will fall out of use some day.
C. It may increase daily expenses.
D. It is as important as the gas light.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. C 27. B
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必
需品的观点。
24.主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of
15 who doesn't own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone
can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime. (现在你很难在澳大利亚找到15 岁以上的没有手机的人。事实
上，很多年幼的孩子口袋里都有手机。几乎每个人都可以随时随地拨打和接听电话)”可推知，本段主要说
明手机在澳大利亚广受欢迎。故选B 项。
25.词句猜测题。根据划线单词的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline (在那些仍然有固定电话
的澳大利亚人中)”可知，这个调查的目标人群是仍然有固定电话的澳大利亚人；根据下文“it's not really
necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent
keep it in case of emergencies (固定电话并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障——19%的人表示他们
从未使用过固定电话，另有13%的人保留固定电话以防紧急情况)”可知，很多人认为固定电话并不是必须
拥有的，有些人保留固定电话只是为了防止紧急情况。从而推知，在调查中，他们应该是承认了固定电话
的非必要性。由此推知，划线单词“concede”意为“承认”。故选A 项。
26.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for
50 years.(婴儿潮时代中有84%的人可能已经有50 年相同的家庭号码了)”以及文章第五段“That said, to be
honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents (也就是说，老实说，唯一
打过我们家电话的人是婴儿潮一代的父母)”可推知，婴儿潮时代的人一直用固定电话。故选C 项。
27.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of
gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries? (你有多喜欢你的座机？它们还要多久才能走上煤气路灯和早晨
送牛奶的道路？)”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，使用煤气路灯以及早晨送牛奶已经被淘汰的例子，侧面
说明了固定电话总有一天会废弃的。故选B 项。
3.【2020 年北京卷】Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法)
carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our
smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more
perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been
designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change.
Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create
“strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s
powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us
around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company
focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission
statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever
made.”
Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an
imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…
that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest
that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.”
Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by
many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does
eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with
recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University
philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn
against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else.
The promise and danger of true A GI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities
presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s
foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever.
42. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean?
A. Enormous in quantity.
B. Changeable daily.
C. Stable in quality.
D. Present everywhere.
43. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?
A. Help to tackle problems.
B. Make brains more active.
C. Benefit ambitious people.
D. Set up powerful databases.
44. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________.
A. supportive
B. disapproving
C. fearful
D. uncertain
45. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage?
A. It may be only a dream.
B. It will come into being soon.
C. It will be controlled by humans.
D. It may be more dangerous than ever.
【答案】42. D 43. A 44. B 45. A
【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。
42.词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on
our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one
language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我
们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，
划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D 选项“Present
everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D 项。
43.细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all
available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI 的倡导者说，AGI 可以24 小时为我们工作，并
利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用
人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A 选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助
解决问题)”符合题意。故选A 项。
44.推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even
probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-
intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从
人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965 年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创
造出一台“超智能机器
它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”
……
)可知，作者认为
Irving Good 对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B 项
“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B 项。
45.推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I
believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的
人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能
（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A 选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A
项。
4.【2019 年天津卷】Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has
been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he
has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.
The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That former prisoner was
Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》）. And the story poses an interesting question: why
do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before？
We've all known people who run out of steam before they reach life's halfway mark. I'm not talking about
those who fail to get to the top. We can't all get there. I'm talking about people who have stopped learning on
growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.
Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization
and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are willing to lean，
the opportunities are everywhere.
The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we
can't change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never
going to love us-an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.
With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to
have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something
larger than our own little egos（自我），whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral
concept.
Many of us equate（视
等同于）“
……
commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing.
But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such
excellence whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-make the world better just by being the kind of
people they are. They've learned life's most valuable lesson.
51. The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that_________.
A. loss of freedom stimulates one's creativity
B. age is not a barrier to achieving one's goal
C. misery inspires a man to fight against his fate
D. disability cannot stop a man's pursuit of success
52. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A. End one's struggle for liberty.
B. Waste one's energy taking risks.
C. Miss the opportunity to succeed.
D. Lose the interest to continue learning.
53. What could be inferred from Paragraph 4？
A. Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.
B. Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.
C. Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.
D. Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.
54. What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5？
A. A tough man can tolerate suffering.
B. A wise man can live without self-pity.
C. A man should try to satisfy people around him.
D. A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.
55. What is the author's purpose in writing the passage？
A. To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.
B. To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.
C. To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.
D. To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.
【答案】51. B 52. D 53. C 54. D 55. A
【解析】本文属于议论文，讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义。
51.B 推理判断题。第一段讲述塞万提斯一生不幸，负债累累，因为战争受伤左手残疾，同时还身陷囹
圄，在53 岁的时候决定写书，最终写出成名作《唐吉柯德》，根据后文可知，所有的困境都没有
阻挡他的成功，年龄也是如此，故选B。
52.D 词义猜测题。根据第三段I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they
have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.故可知，作者谈论
的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run out of steam 可知，停
止学习，故选D。
53.C 推理判断题。根据第四段we lose the sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are
everywhere.可知，我们失去了好奇感，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是
留给那些好奇心的人，故选C。
54. D 推理判断题。根据第五段we learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We
learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at
first but is eventually relaxing.可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无
论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们
释怀，故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活，故选D。
55.A 主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是
为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活，故选A。
5.【2018 年全国Ⅱ卷】We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by
people who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s more likely
that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think it’s annoying and
unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble.
Experts say it’s an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t
even exist if it weren’t for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂) for social communication, says
Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast. ＂Almost every
great love story and each big business deal begins with small talk,＂ he explains. ＂The key to successful small
talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them.＂
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into
a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动) with its waiter; the other, to speak only when
necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive
feelings and a better coffee shop experience. ＂It’s not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your
husband,＂ says Dunn. ＂But interactions with peripheral(边缘的) members of our social network matter for our
well-being also.＂
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond
with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. ＂Small talk is the basis
of good manners,＂ he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addiction to smartphones.
B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C. Absence of communication between strangers.
D. Impatience with slow service.
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners. B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a topic. D. Making business deals.
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships. B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as a formal talk. D. It makes people feel good.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk D. Uncomfortable Silence
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C
【解析】这是一篇议论文。在当今社会，人们在公共场合或沉迷于智能手机，或与不舒服的沉默抗争，陌
生人之间缺乏沟通。但人与人之间是需要适当的交谈闲聊的，闲聊是人际关系社会交往必不可少的部分，
而且也有很多好处。
32. 推理判断题。题干问的是：第一段描述了什么现象。在公共场合（比如在电梯里，在银行排队，或在
飞机上）人们深深地专注于他们的智能手机，或者更糟糕的是，与不舒服的沉默抗争。有此可知，陌生人
之间缺乏沟通。A 项意为：沉迷于智能手机。B 项意为：在公共场所不适当的行为。C 项意为：陌生人之
间缺乏沟通。D 项意为：对缓慢的服务不耐烦。故选C 项。
33. 推理判断题。题干问得是对于Carducci 来说，成功的闲聊中重要的是什么。根据第三段最后一句“The
key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them”（成功闲聊的
关键是学习如何与他们交流，而不仅仅是与他们沟通。）由此推断C 符合题意。A 项意为：表现出良好的
礼貌。B 项意为：与他人有关的。C 项意为：专注于一个话题。D 项意为：做商业交易。故选B 项。
34. 推理判断题。题干问的是：咖啡店的研究对闲聊有什么建议。根据第四段的调查结果可知，那些与服
务员聊天的人，有显著的积极情绪和更好的咖啡店体验。由此可知，D 项符合题意。A 项意为：闲聊改善
了家庭关系。B 项意为：闲聊提高了人们的信心。C 项意为：闲聊和正式谈话一样重要。D 项意为：闲聊
让人感觉很好。故选D 项。
35. 主旨大意题。整篇文章刚开始介绍了社会的现象（公共场合人们沉迷于智能手机，陌生人之间缺乏沟
通交流），接着分析了这一问题的原因，接下来有专家对闲聊进行了研究，最后得出结论，闲聊都有什么
样的好处。A 项意为：谈话很重要。B 项意为：闲聊的方法。C 项意为：闲聊的好处。D 项意为：不舒服
的沉默。故选C 项。
6.【2018 年北京卷】 Preparing Cities for Robot Cars
The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from
materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor
Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also
cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi
services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles
in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But
however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for
better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.
While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so),
policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排
放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make
sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.
Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where
most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed
highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They
take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for
parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving
minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect
researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.
A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars
worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80%
and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and
cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be
fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance
issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become
comfortable with the technology. zxxk
Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t
extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological
advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more
people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.
A. help deal with transportation-related problems
B. provide better services to customers
C. cause damage to our environment
D. make some people lose jobs
48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern?
A. Safety.
B. Side effects.
C. Affordability.
D. Management.
49. What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A. Employed.
B. Replaced.
C. Shared.
D. Reduced.
50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive.
C. Disapproving.
D. Sympathetic.
【答案】47. A 48. D 49. A 50. B
【解析】本文为议论文。文章主要讨论有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。
47. 推理判断题。根据第二段While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless
cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic
jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. 可知，政策制定者应该讨论
无人驾驶车怎么帮助削减交通阻塞，减少尾气排放，提供更方便、更便宜的出行选择，由此可见人们应该
多关注无人驾驶车怎么帮助处理与交通有关的问题。故选A。
48. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our
transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. 可
知，不管花多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统和我们的城市，不管是好是坏，这取决于如
何这种转变如何被规范，再根据文章最后一句话The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.
可知，我们需要为其做好计划，故作者的主要关注点是对这种转变的管理规范，故选D。
49. 词义猜测题。根据第四段The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded
by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance
issues(责任与维护问题). 可知，鉴于自主驾驶的费用以及责任和维护问题，无人驾驶车几乎可以肯定将会
被打车服务使用。故划线词是“被应用”的意思。A. Employed 被应用；B. Replaced 被取代；C.
Shared 被分享；D. Reduced 被减少。故选A。
50. 观点态度题。根据文章最后一段The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and
states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the
future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 中的 advancement，move more people, and more affordably. 以
及plan for it 可推知，作者是积极的态度。故选B。
7.【2018 年江苏卷】In the 1760s, Mathurin Roze opened a series of shops that boasted(享有) a special meat
soup called consommé. Although the main attraction was the soup, Roze's chain shops also set a new standard for
dining out, which helped to establish Roze as the inventor of the modern restaurant.
Today, scholars have generated large amounts of instructive research about restaurants. Take visual hints that
influence what we eat: diners served themselves about 20 percent more pasta(意大利面食) when their plates
matched their food. When a dark-colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers
recognized it as sweeter and more tasty.
Lighting matters, too. When Berlin restaurant customers ate in darkness, they couldn't tell how much they'd
had: those given extra-large shares ate more than everyone else, none the wiser—they didn’t feel fuller, and they
were just as ready for dessert.
Time is money, but that principle means different things for different types of restaurants. Unlike fast-food
places, fine dining shops prefer customers to stay longer and spend. One way to encourage customers to stay and
order that extra round: put on some Mozart(莫扎特).When classical, rather than pop, music was playing, diners
spent more. Fast music hurried diners out.
Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草) stayed longer and spent
more than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.
Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending—"bad" tables, crowding. high prices — don't
necessarily. Diners at bad tables — next to the kitchen door, say — spent nearly as much as others but soon fled. It
can be concluded that restaurant keepers need not "be overly concerned about ‘bad’ tables," given that they're
profitable. As for crowds, a Hong Kong study found that they increased a restaurant's reputation, suggesting great
food at fair prices. And doubling a buffet's price led customers to say that its pizza was 11 percent tastier.
58. The underlined phrase "none the wiser" in paragraph 3 most probably implies that the customers were
.
A. not aware of eating more than usual
B. not willing to share food with others
C. not conscious of the food quality
D. not fond of the food provided
59. How could a fine dining shop make more profit?
A. Playing classical music.
B. Introducing lemon scent.
C. Making the light brighter,
D. Using plates of larger size.
60. What does the last paragraph talk about?
A. Tips to attract more customers.
B. Problems restaurants are faced with.
C. Ways to improve restaurants' reputation.
D. Common misunderstandings about restaurants.
【答案】58. A 59. A 60. D
【解析】本文为议论文，介绍了现代餐馆面临的经营困境和解决方案，介绍了刺激消费和食欲的几种方
法，以及人们对餐厅就餐的一些错误认识。
58. 词义猜测题。根据文章第三段划线部分的前句they couldn't tell how much they'd had: those given extra-
large shares ate more than everyone else,可知在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据划线后 的句子
they didn’t feel fuller, and they were just as ready for dessert.可知他们虽然吃得很多，但并没有感觉更饱，仍
然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己吃多了，所以A 正确。
59. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的One way to encourage customers to stay and order that extra round: put on
some Mozart(莫扎特）可知，要想让客人呆的时间更长应该播放莫扎特等古典音乐而不是流行音乐。
Particular scents also have an effect: diners who got the scent of lavender(薰衣草）stayed longer and spent more
than those who smelled lemon, or no scent.引入薰衣草香而不是柠檬香，而D 项文章没有提及，所以用排除
方法可以选A。
60. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段第一句Meanwhile, things that you might expect to discourage spending
—"bad" tables, crowding，high prices — don't necessarily.可知你认为可能会影响人们消费的因素如不好的桌
子，拥挤以及高价等不一定会真影响人们的消费，然后依次举例进行了证明，所以本段主要讲的是人们对
于饭店的几个误解，故选D。
点睛：概括主旨的方法是：先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句，若无明显主题句，就通过关键词句来
概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句，记叙文寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容
词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时，务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时，要注意一
些转折词，如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary 等。当文章中表示相反的观点
时，往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点，排除迷惑性信息，准确归纳主旨大意。
本题的最后一题是主旨大意类，要求概括本段的主旨大意，根据寻找主旨大意的方法，通过阅读第一
句话可以简单地总结出主旨大意为人们对于饭店的几个误解。在通过阅读下文可以找到支持这一观点的例
子，因此可以确定主旨大意。
8.【2018 年江苏卷】Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their sense of
self-worth, a major study warned.
It found many youngsters(少年）now measure their status by how much public approval they get online, often
through “likes”. Some change their behaviour in real life to improve their image on the web.
The report into youngsters aged from 8 to 12 was carried out by Children's Commissioner (专员）Anne
Longfield. She said social media firms were exposing children to major emotional risks, with some youngsters
starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure they faced online.
Some social apps were popular among the children even though they supposedly require users to be at least
13.The youngsters admitted planning trips around potential photo-opportunities and then messaging friends—and
friends of friends — to demand “likes” for their online posts.
The report found that youngsters felt their friendships could be at risk if they did not respond to social media
posts quickly, and around the clock.
Children aged 8 to 10 were "starting to feel happy" when others liked their posts. However, those in the 10 to
12 age group were "concerned with how many people like their posts", suggesting a “need” for social recognition
that gets stronger the older they become.
Miss Longfield warned that a generation of children risked growing up "worried about their appearance and
image as a result of the unrealistic lifestyles they follow on platforms, and increasingly anxious about switching off
due to the constant demands of social media.
She said: "Children are using social media with family and friends and to play games when they are in primary
school. But what starts as fun usage of apps turns into tremendous pressure in real social media interaction at
secondary school."
As their world expanded, she said, children compared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely
damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop
themselves".
Miss Longfield added: "Then there is this push to connect—if you go offline, will you miss something, will
you miss out, will you show that you don't care about those people you are following, all of those come together in
a huge way at once." "For children it is very, very difficult to cope with emotionally." The Children's Commissioner
for England's study—life in Likes—found that children as young as 8 were using social media platforms largely for
play.
However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed
toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.
By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were already far more aware of their image
online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the report found.
However, they still did not know how to cope with mean-spirited jokes, or the sense of incompetence they
might feel if they compared themselves to celebrities(名人）or more brilliant friends online. The report said they
also faced pressure to respond to messages at all hours of the day—especially at secondary school when more
youngsters have mobile phones.
The Children’s Commissioner said schools and parents must now do more to prepare children for the
emotional minefield(雷区）they faced online. And she said social media companies must also "take more
responsibility". They should either monitor their websites better so that children do not sign up too early, or they
should adjust their websites to the needs of younger users.
Javed Khan, of children's charity Bamardo's, said: "It's vital that new compulsory age- appropriate relationship
and sex education lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media.
“It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are using.”
65. Why did some secondary school students feel too much pressure?
A. They were not provided with adequate equipment.
B. They were not well prepared for emotional risks.
C. They were required to give quick responses.
D. They were prevented from using mobile phones.
66. Some social app companies were to blame because .
A. they didn't adequately check their users' registration
B. they organized photo trips to attract more youngsters
C. they encouraged youngsters to post more photos
D. they didn't stop youngsters from staying up late
67. Children's comparing themselves to others online may lead to .
A. less friendliness to each other
B. lower self-identity and confidence
C. an increase in online cheating
D. a stronger desire to stay online
68. According to Life in Likes, as children grew, they became more anxious to .
A. circulate their posts quickly
B. know the qualities of their posts
C. use mobile phones for play
D. get more public approval
69. What should parents do to solve the problem?
A. Communicate more with secondary schools.
B. Urge media companies to create safer apps.
C. Keep track of children's use of social media.
D. Forbid their children from visiting the web.
70. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. The influence of social media on children.
B. The importance of social media to children.
C. The problem in building a healthy relationship.
D. The measure to reduce risks from social media.
【答案】65. B 66. A 67. B 68. D 69. C 70. A
【解析】本文为议论文，主要介绍了社交媒体(social media ) 使得8-12 岁的孩子面临很多压力，并分析了
原因，提出了建议。
65. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句话She said social media firms were exposing children to major
emotional risks, with some youngsters starting secondary school ill-equipped to cope with the tremendous pressure
they faced online.可知一些社会媒体公司使孩子们处于大的情感压力下，从而使孩子们感到巨大的压力，故
B 正确。
66. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段第一句话Some social apps were popular among the children even though
they supposedly require users to be at least 13.可知一些apps 很受孩子们欢迎，尽管它们要求使用者不低于13
岁，言外之意，他们没有对孩子的年龄进行监管，故选A。
67. 细节理解题。根据文章第九段children compared themselves to others online in a way that was "hugely
damaging in terms of their self-identity, in terms of their confidence, but also in terms of their ability to develop
themselves".可知孩子在网上与其他人比较损害他们的自尊心，自信心以及自我发展的能力，故B 正确。
68. 推理判断题。根据文章第12 段However, the research—involving eight groups of 32 children aged 8 to 12—
suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.可知随着孩子年龄的增
长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13 段By the time they started secondary school—at age 11—children were
already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their posts were popular, the
report found.可以推断出他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎、被认可，由此可见他们渴望得到公
众的认可。故选D。
69. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段It’s also hugely important for parents to know which apps their children are
using.可以推断出父母需要了解孩子在使用什么apps，所以应该时刻跟踪了解孩子对于社交app 的使用。故
选C。
70. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段Children as young as ten are becoming dependent on social media for their
sense of self-worth, a major study warned.可知本文为新闻报道体，文章主要介绍teens 变得越来越依赖社交
媒体。再根据全文内容可知文章主要介绍了社交媒体对孩子的影响，所以A 正确。
点睛：推理判断试题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推
理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。做好该题型要从整体上把握语篇内容，
在语篇的表面意义与隐含意义、已知信息与未知信息间架起桥梁，透过字里行间，去体会作者的“弦外之
音”。推理判断题常常可以分为如下几类：（1）细节推断。如时间、地点、人物关系等；（2）逻辑推
断。根据已知的结果推断导致结果产生的可能原因；（3）目的、意图、态度推断。根据文章的论述，推
断作者的写作目的以及作者情感态度；（4）预测想象推断。文章没有明确说明，要求根据语篇对文章可
能涉及的内容进行预测判断。
本题的第二和第四小题都属于细节推理，解答此类题目首先要准确定位信息句，然后根据信息句进行合理
判断，如第二小题根据原文信息Some social apps were popular among the children even though they
supposedly require users to be at least 13.中关键信息为even though 后的内容，即尽管他们要求使用者要13
岁以上，但在小于13 的孩子中仍很受欢迎，说明他们的监管不力。
再如第四小题也属于细节推理题。根据文章第12 段However, the research—involving eight groups of 32
children aged 8 to 12—suggested that as they headed toward their teens, they became increasingly anxious online.
可知随着孩子年龄的增长，他们开始渴望上网，再根据13 段By the time they started secondary school—at
age 11—children were already far more aware of their image online and felt under huge pressure to ensure their
posts were popular, the report found.可以推断出他们的压力源于他们渴望自己的发帖能受欢迎，被认可，由
此可见他们渴望得到公众的认可。
9.【2018 年天津卷】Give yourself a test. Which way is the wind blowing? How many kinds of wildflowers
can be seen from your front door? If your awareness is as sharp as it could be, you’ll have no trouble answering
these questions.
Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s day is filled with fascination,
newness and wonder. Curiosity gave us all a natural awareness. But distinctions that were sharp to us as children
become unclear; we are numb(麻木的) to new stimulation(刺激), new ideas. Relearning the art of seeing the world
around us is quite simple, although it takes practice and requires breaking some bad habits.
The first step in awakening senses is to stop predicting what we are going to see and feel before it occurs. This
blocks awareness. One chilly night when I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned
that we were going to cross a mountain stream. The students began complaining about how cold it would be. We
reached the stream, and they unwillingly walked ahead. They were almost knee-deep when they realized it was a
hot spring. Later they all admitted they’d felt cold water at first.
Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us have with naming things. I saw bird watchers
who spotted a bird, immediately looked it up in field guides, and said, a "ruby-crowned kinglet" and checked it off.
They no longer paid attention to the bird and never learned what it was doing.
The pressures of "time" and "destination" are further blocks to awareness. I encountered many hikers who
were headed to a distant camp-ground with just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to
wander a bit, to take a moment to see what’s around them. I asked them what they’d seen. "Oh, a few birds," they
said. They seemed bent on their destinations.
Nature seems to unfold to people who watch and wait. Next time you take a walk, no matter where it is, take
in all the sights, sounds and sensations. Wander in this frame of mind and you will open a new dimension to your
life.
51. According to Paragraph 2, compared with adults, children are more ________.
A. anxious to do wonders
B. sensitive to others’ feelings
C. likely to develop unpleasant habits
D. eager to explore the world around them
52. What idea does the author convey in Paragraph 3?
A. To avoid jumping to conclusions.
B. To stop complaining all the time.
C. To follow the teacher’s advice.
D. To admit mistakes honestly.
53. The bird watchers’ behavior shows that they ________.
A. are very patient in their observation
B. are really fascinated by nature
C. care only about the names of birds
D. question the accuracy of the field guides
54. Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey?
A. The natural beauty isn’t attractive to them.
B. They focus on arriving at the camp in time.
C. The forest in the dark is dangerous for them.
D. They are keen to see rare birds at the destination.
55. In the passage, the author intends to tell us we should ________.
A. fill our senses to feel the wonders of the world
B. get rid of some bad habits in our daily life
C. open our mind to new things and ideas
D. try our best to protect nature
【答案】51. D 52. A 53. C 54. B 55. A
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。我们有多久没有仔细观察我们周围的世界了。作者通过此文要告诉我们：放
慢脚步，带着我们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙。
51. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段Most of us observed much more as children than we do as adults. A child’s
day is filled with fascination, newness and wonder.可知，与成人相比较，孩子观察得更多，孩子的一天充满
了魔力、新奇和惊奇。从而可以推断出孩子更急于探索他们周围的世界。故选D。
52. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段作者叙述在一个寒冷的夜晚，作者和学生徒步旅行穿过一条小溪的时
候，学生们抱怨水太冷而不愿往前走，结果事实上那是一个温泉。作者举这样一个事例是为了向读者传递
这样的观念：避免过早下结论。故选A。
53. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段全段及首句Another block to awareness is the obsession(痴迷) many of us
have with naming things.可知，鸟观察者发现鸟后只关心鸟的名字，并不关心它在做什么。故选C。
54. 细节理解题。根据文章第五段I encountered many hikers who were headed to a distant camp-ground with
just enough time to get there before dark. It seldom occurred to them to wander a bit, to take a moment to see
what’s around them.可知，徒步旅行者只关心能够及时到达目的地，而很少关心周围的事物。故选B。
55. 推理判断题。文章作者想要通过此文要告诉我们：大自然只展现给那些善于观察和等待的人，带着我
们所有的感官来感受周围世界的奇妙吧。故选A。
10.【2017 年浙江卷】Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new
survey(调查)by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school
nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-
olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school.
How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest; most of them sleep about 18
hours a day! Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new
National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess
what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV.
"More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会)to stay awake, with more
homework, the Internet and the phone," says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical
School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and
sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not
only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before
11 pm.
Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school
classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am
to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.
25.What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?
A. American kids’ sleeping habits.
B. Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases.
C. Activities to prevent sleeplessness.
D. Learning problems and lack of sleep.
26.How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?
A.7 hours.
B.8 hours.
C.10 hours.
D.18 hours.
27.Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?
A. They are affected by certain body chemicals.
B. They tend to do things that excite them.
C. They follow their parents’ examples.
D. They don’t need to go to school early.
【解析】本文属于议论文，首先用数据告诉我们美国孩子的睡眠状况堪忧，接着告诉我们孩子在不同年龄
段需要的睡眠时间不同，然后分析了孩子晚睡的原因，最后介绍了一些学校为了让孩子们有更多的睡眠时
间而推迟了上课的时间。
25. A 细节理解题。文中第一段列举了一些数据，向我们说明美国有51%的10 到18 岁的孩子上床睡觉的
时间偏晚，也调查了60%的7 到12 岁的孩子在白天感到疲惫，15%的孩子会在学校睡着，所以这些调查都
是关于美国孩子的睡眠习惯的，故选A。
26. C 细节理解题。根据第二段＂For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal＂可知11 岁正在上学的小孩
子的理想睡眠时间是10 个小时，故选C。
27. B 细节理解题。根据第三段＂She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for
them to calm down and sleep＂可知她认为孩子们睡觉晚的原因是他们会在睡前做一些让他们兴奋的活动，
故选B。
