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21 应用文写作之词汇策略
【策略精析】
应用文写作常见的词句错误
语言是评判作文的一个极其重要的因素。在实际的阅卷过程中，语法错误，尤其是较为严重的错误，
是阅卷老师的主要“照顾点”。因此，认清各种各样的语法错误，尽可能地少犯，对于提高作文分是有
极大的帮助的。
错误1：句子成分残缺不全
(1)We always working till late at night before taking exams.
改：We always work till late at night before taking exams.
(2)We should read books may be useful to us.
改：We should read books which may be useful to us.
错误：句子成分多余
(1)This test is end，but there is another test is waiting for you.
改：One test ends，but another is waiting for you.
(2)The driver of the red car was died on the spot.
改：The driver of the red car died on the spot.
错误：主谓不一致
(1)Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective.
改：Some think that reading should be selective.
(2)My sister go to the cinema at least once a week.
改：My sister goes to the cinema at least once a week.
错误：动词时态、语态的误用
(1)I was walking along the road，and there are not so many cars on the street.
改：I was walking along the road and there were not so many cars on the street.
(2)We have little time to read some books which we interest.
改：We have little time to read some books in which we are interested.
(3)I am a student who has studying in the college for two years.
改：I have been studying in the college for two years.
错误：词类混淆
(1)Honest is so important for everyone.
改：Honesty is so important for everyone.
(2)The old man was hit by a car when he across the street.改：The old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street.
应用文写作的选词策略
从高考书面表达的评分标准可知，用词是否准确、出彩在一定程度上决定了作文能否得高分。高考
英语书面表达评分标准也鼓励考生使用高级词汇，但使用高级词汇并不等于使用一些偏难、古怪的词汇
而是使用一些表意准确、形象生动、语法正确且符合以英语为母语的人的习惯表达方式的词汇。在使用
词汇时，我们可以尝试如下方法。
1.无重复原则——求雅变异
写作时应尽量避免重复使用相同的词语，要用贴切多样的词语来展示自己的词汇水平。用词不同、
表达方式迥异，也是词汇高级用法的体现。恰当地使用同义词不仅可以体现雅致的文风，还有利于增强
段落的统一性和连贯性。
By learning English I have broadened my mental horizons and increased my knowledge in different fields.
→By learning English I have broadened my mental horizons and increased my knowledge in various fields.
(2019·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)
通过学英语我开阔了我的视野，增加了我在各领域的知识。
2.具体化原则——生动贴切
所谓词义具体化原则是指，写作中尽量避免使用意义宽泛、模糊的词，而要根据语境使用具体生动
的词。
So good do they look that I think you could be interested in them.
→So attractive and alive do they look that I think you could be interested in them.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)
3.晚词优先原则——新颖高级
为了表现自己的语言功底，吸引阅卷老师的眼球，尽量用高年级阶段学到的词汇代替低年级阶段学
到的词汇。
Aimed to help us to know the importance of working，an activity themed “Working is the most beautiful” was
held last week.
→Aimed to help us to be aware of the importance of working，an activity themed “Working is the most
beautiful” was held last week.(2019·北京卷满分作文)
4.短语优先原则——凑词增色
用短语代替单词或词块不仅会使文章增加亮点，而且如果关键时刻思维短路，用短语凑字是一个很
好的选择。
(1)形容词变短语的方法：of＋同根名词
形容词 对应短语
very important of great importance
very useful of great usevery valuable of great value
very beneficial of great benefit
very helpful of great help
Working as a volunteer will be very beneficial to my oral English.
→Working as a volunteer will be of great benefit to my oral English.(2019·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)
(2)动词变短语的方法：同义短语替换
动词 对应短语
think hold the view
know/realize be aware of
use make use of/take advantage of
①I like playing football in my spare time.
→I’m fond of playing football in my spare time.
→I’m interested in playing football in my spare time.
→I’m crazy about playing football in my spare time.
→I’m addicted to playing football in my spare time.
②I sincerely hope that you will consider my suggestions.
→I sincerely hope that you will take my suggestions into account/consideration.
[注意] 并不是短语一定会比单词好，要根据具体情况，有时候贴切传神的单词要比短语更合适。
We can look at this problem in many ways.
→We can view this problem in many ways.(view比look at更有内涵)
很多考生作文裹足不前的一个重要原因是反复用初中学过的“第一反应词”，背了大量的靓词妙语
而不用。建议大家在想到一个表达时，务必要想一想还有没有更好的表达方式，这就是我们平时常讲的
“头脑风暴法”。例如：beautiful→attractive/charming，difficult→tough/challenging.
[注意] 高级词汇一定要使用合理、得体，以能够完成表达任务为目的，简单地不加分别地堆砌所谓
的高级词汇不仅不能让你的作文增色添彩，而且会令阅卷者心生厌恶。
应用文写作的词句升级策略
一篇优秀的书面表达首先内容要全、段落层次清晰、行文逻辑通顺连贯，同时还要注意恰当地运用
强调句、倒装句、复合句及含有非谓语动词的高级句式，彰显考生的丰富的语言内涵。但是，在使用句
式时，应遵循以下原则：高级但不造作，多变但不离谱，复杂但不晦涩。平时要注重有意识地积累和背
诵原汁原味的英语句子和文章，有意识地尝试使用或模仿。
策略1：特殊句式的运用
1.运用强调句
强调句型的使用是为了突出强调句子的某一部分，它是一种比较容易掌握的高级表达方式。其构成：(1)强调句型基本结构为“It＋is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋句子其他部分”。
(2)借助于助动词do/does/did对谓语动词进行强调。
With your generous help，I firmly believe that I will adapt to the college life as soon as possible.
→It is with your generous help that I firmly believe that I will adapt to the college life as soon as possible.
I do hope you can make progress in Chinese learning.
2.运用倒装句，以示强调
在写作中，倒装句应用比较广泛，涉及的句型也比较多，包括部分倒装和全部倒装。常见的有：
(1)“only＋状语”置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
We can raise people’s awareness of protecting our environment only in this way.
→Only in this way can we raise people’s awareness of protecting our environment.
(2)none，neither，nor，not，never，hardly，little，seldom等否定词，以及由no构成的否定短语，如at no
time，by no means等置于句首时，句子用部分倒装。
We had hardly arrived at the farm when we saw many oranges hanging from the branches.
→Hardly had we arrived at the farm when we saw many oranges hanging from the branches.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ
满分作文)
(3)在so/such...that...结构中，当so/such...位于句首时，其后的句子用部分倒装。
She is so patient with each student that we all like her.
→So patient with each student is she that we all like her.(2020·全国卷Ⅰ满分作文)
(4)as，though引起的倒装句。
Our school life is busy.We should never forget to spare some time to do exercise and build our body.
→Busy as our school life is，we should never forget to spare some time to do exercise and build our body.
(5)表方位的副词或者表地点的介词短语置于句首且句子的主语是名词时，句子用全部倒装。
An old temple which dates back to Ming Dynasty stands at the foot of the mountain.
→At the foot of the mountain stands an old temple，which dates back to Ming Dynasty.
3.运用省略句，避免不必要的重复
If it is possible，avoid going to crowded public places such as cinemas，shopping malls and Internet bars and so
on.
→If possible，avoid going to crowded public places such as cinemas，shopping malls and Internet bars and so
on.
策略2：三大句式的运用
1.运用定语从句，让表述更丰满
①We all know that Chinese food has become increasingly popular around the world.
→As is known to us，Chinese food has become increasingly popular around the world.②The activity’s aim is to draw attention to environmental protection.It provides a platform for participants to
remind people that we should care about nature.
→The activity，whose aim is to draw attention to environmental protection，provides a platform for
participants to remind people that we should care about nature.
③Ninety students from twenty classes participated in the race，among whom thirty were girls.(2020·新高考卷
Ⅰ满分作文)
2.运用名词性从句
①What puzzles me most about the play is how we should use proper stage language for different roles.(2020·
全国卷Ⅲ满分作文)
②What you told me about your country broadened my horizons and aroused my interest in foreign culture.
(2019·浙江卷满分作文)
3.运用状语从句
The task is tough.There is no doubt that we will overcome all the difficulties and succeed.
→No matter how/However tough the task is，there is no doubt that we will overcome all the difficulties and
succeed.
策略3：活用非谓语动词
1.运用非谓语动词整合简单句，提升表达档次
①I know you are fond of classical music.I’d like to invite you to participate in a Chinese classical music concert.
(2019·全国卷Ⅲ满分作文)
→Knowing that you are fond of classical music，I’d like to invite you to participate in a Chinese classical music
concert.
②We were bathed in sunshine，we sang and laughed while picking organges.(2020·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)
→Bathed in sunshine，we sang and laughed while picking organges.
③After lunch，we spent some fun time together singing，dancing and playing games.It made them very happy.
→After lunch，we spent some fun time together singing，dancing and playing games，making them very
happy.
→After lunch，we spent some fun time together singing，dancing and playing games，which made them very
happy.
2.运用非谓语动词简化复合句，使语言简练
①I am more than happy to know that you are planning to travel to China.
→Knowing that you are planning to travel to China，I feel very happy.
②I’m glad to know that you are launching a campaign which is aimed at making your classmates have a betterunderstanding of China.
→I’m glad to know that you are launching a campaign aimed at making your classmates have a better
understanding of China.
策略4：用感叹进行强调
What a wonderful time we had! Not only did it give us relaxation，but also it got us closer to nature.(2020·全
国卷Ⅱ满分作文)
附：高级表达，佳作之道
It goes without saying that...毋庸置疑……
As the old saying goes，...常言道，……
I hold the view/belief that...“我持……观点/我认为……”
I wonder if...我想知道是否……
It is strongly recommended that...强烈建议……
It is(high/about) time that＋主语＋did/should do该是……的时候了
There is no doubt that...毫无疑问．..
I sincerely hope that...我真诚地希望……
I feel it a great honour to do sth做某事我感到很荣幸
①I wonder if you’d be so kind that you can pick him up at the airport and take him to the hotel.
②I feel it a great honour to deliver a farewell speech here on behalf of the students in our school.
③There is no doubt that a positive attitude to the competition contributes to excellent performance.
应用文写作的细节梳理策略
在英语书面表达中，增加细节内容的描述是必不可少的。在信息提纲类写作中，考生一定不能简单
地翻译或者仅仅完成所给条目的指定内容；在看图作文中更不能只是轻描淡写图片内容，否则很有可能
造成内容不充实，词数要求不达标或者结构不连贯等问题。适当增加细节内容，能够使习作流畅、丰满
达到应有的表达效果。
1.增加同位语或定语从句
①I’m Li Hua and I’m studying at this school.
→I’m Li Hua，a Chinese student on an exchange program，and I’m studying at this school.
②I want to have a pen friend.
→I want to have a pen friend，hopefully a girl with interests similar to mine.
③The film is mainly related to the development of our school.
→The film is mainly related to the development of our school，which will greatly help us students know the
school’s history better and appeal to us to make contributions to our school’s development.
④To begin with，the theme of the show is Environment Protection.→To begin with，the theme of the show is Environment Protection，which will be not only meaningful but
also interesting.
2.列举具体的实例来补充说明
①I’ll spend some time staying with my parents.
→I’ll spend some time staying with my parents，chatting with them and doing some housework.
②In the past two weeks，we have had the cultural communication in many aspects.
→In the past two weeks，we have had the cultural communication in many aspects，such as life，study，
sports，literature，arts and so on.
3.添加与所给信息有关的原因、结果、条件、让步、手段、目的等内容
①I am more than delighted to share some details with you.(2020·银川质量检测书面表达)
→Knowing that you are interested in our “Love into the Nursing Home” activity，I am more than delighted to
share some details with you.
②I’m planning to take a part－time job in a foreign company.
→In order to get some practical experience，I’m planning to take a part－time job in a foreign company.
③The contest will be held on January 10.
→The contest will be held on January 10 with the aim of enriching students’ after －school life and
promoting Chinese traditional culture.
4.内容适当具体化
①I’m going to do some shopping.
→I’m going to do some shopping in the supermarket and won’t be back until 5：00 o’clock in the
afternoon.
②The activity will be held in Classroom 501.
→The activity will be held from 9 a．m. to 10 a．m. on April 11 in Classroom 501.
5.表达感受、评价、愿望、倡议等
①I think it is a good chance to appreciate local operas.
→I think it is a good chance to appreciate local operas，which will surely help you learn more about Chinese
culture.
②We can set out early.
→We can set out early so that we can have more time to read and select books.
③There are quite a few missing pages.
→There are quite a few missing pages，making it impossible to use.
6.补充功能性(交际性)语言
①I would appreciate it if you could take my application into account at your convenience.②I’m looking forward to your early reply.
应用文写作的词汇衔接策略
根据行文或段落需要，在句与句或段与段之间适当增加过渡词语，甚至过渡句，可以使文章浑然一
体，同时能充实文章。考生应掌握的过渡词语如下：
1. 表示“首先”的词语
表示“首先”的词汇常用在主题段落的开头，用于开篇引出扩展句。常见的词汇有：first，firstly，first of
all，to begin/start with等。
①First of all，we must make full use of every 45－minute lesson.
②To begin with，smoking should be banned in public areas.
2.表示“其次”的词语
表示“其次”的词汇常用于承接主题句或第一个扩展句。常见的词汇有：second/secondly，besides，in
addition，what’s more，furthermore，moreover等。
①Secondly，we should get up early to memorize idioms and useful expressions.
②What’s more，good books can help us to develop good characters.
③In addition，doctors are highly respected in China and in great demand ，especially highly qualified
professionals.
3.表示“最后”的词语
表示“最后”的词汇常用于承接最后一个扩展句。常见的词汇有：last/lastly，last but not least，most
importantly等。
①Last but not least，health is also very significant for us students.
②Most importantly，reading those books opened a window for me to another world and gave me a new point of
view.
4.表示“总之”的词语
表示“总之”的词汇常用于小结段落中上文的内容，引导最后一个扩展句或引导结尾句表示段落的结束
常见的词汇有：in short，in brief，in conclusion，in a/one word，to sum up，all in all，on the whole，in
general等。
In a word，success is important，and so is failure，because it’s the mother of success.
【策略精练】
1．假如你叫李华，新学期开学近四个月了，你的英语老师要求你在英语课堂上用英语和同学们交流一下
你到新学校后的感受，交流内容要求包括以下要点：
1、校园环境和教学设施；
2、师生给你的印象；3、给学校的两点建议。
注意：1、词数100词左右；
2、信的开头和结尾已为你写好, 不计入词数；
3、内容可适当发挥, 要注意行文连贯。
Hello, everyone,
I'm honored to stand here to tell you something about my school life in the past three months……
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Thank you!
2．假如你是李华，你的英国好友Peter发来邮件，提到他们班有个女生总是拿他开玩笑，他为此感到恼
火。请你用英语给他回一封邮件，内容包括：
1.表示安慰；
2.提出建议；
3.表达祝愿。
注意：1. 词数100左右；2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Peter,
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
3．假如你是李华,你的美国网友Jack想参加一档娱乐节目中国新歌声（Sing！China），请你根据所给要
点提示给他写一封回信,告知相关事宜。
要点提示：
1. 简单介绍中国新歌声：普通人展示才艺的舞台，深受观众喜爱；吸引了世界各地的歌唱爱好者。
2. 参赛选手展示才艺：演唱、创作歌曲等；
3. 报名：网上提前报名；
4. 建议：学一些简单的汉语。
注意：1.字数100字左右； 2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯; 3.书写整洁。
参考词汇：参赛选手 participantDear Jack,
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
4．北京获得了2022年冬奥会举办权.假如你是李华,你想申请成为2022年冬奥会的志愿者。请根据以下你
的情况介绍，写一封想成为一名志愿者的申请信。
1．乐于助人 2．英语流利 3．善于交际
要求:80词左右，开头和结尾已经给出。
参考词汇:冬奥会the Winter Olympics
Dear Sir/Madam,
Thank you for taking your time to read my letter.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
I’m looking forward to your early reply.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
5．假定你是李华，得知你校下个月将举办71周年校庆，现面向全校学生招募志愿者，以协助接待来自
美国友谊校的老师和学生。请写一封信申请做志愿者，内容包括：
1.写信目的；
2.个人优势；
3.能做的事情。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考词汇：友谊校 (sister school)
Dear Sir or Madam,
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
6．假定你是李华，想申请加入你校留学生俱乐部，以帮助外国学生学习汉语并了解中国文化。请你给俱
乐部负责人Mr. Blake写一封邮件。内容包括：
1.加入俱乐部的目的；
2.相关的个人情况。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.邮件的开头和结尾已为你写好，但不计入总词数。
Dear Mr. Blake,
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
7．假定你是李华，你校将举办一场迎新晚会，请给你校交换Peter写一封邮件，邀请他参加，内容包括：
1. 时间、地点；
2. 活动内容；
3. 期待他参加。
注意:1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Dear Peter,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
8．假定你是李华，想邀请你的交换生朋友Linda参加学校举办的中国民族舞培训班，请你给她写封邮件，
内容包括：
1.写信目的；
2.活动介绍；
3.期待回复。
注意：1.词数100左右；
2.开头和结尾已经给出，但不计入总词数；
3.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear Linda,
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
9．为庆祝新中国成立七十周年，你们学校即将举办一次大型文艺汇演（Grand Art and Cultural Show）。
假如你是李华，请给你们学校留学生Eric写一封邮件，邀请他参加观看。
内容包括：
1. 汇演时间和地点；
2. 汇演内容和意义。
注意：
1. 词数：100左右。
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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10．假定你是李华，正就读于英国某所高中，你受邀将在学校文化节期间发言。请给活动负责人Michael写一封邮件，内容包括：
1.表示感谢；
2.告知发言内容；
3.选择这个内容的原因。
注意：
1.词数80左右（称呼和落款已给出，不计入总词数）；
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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11．假定你是校学生会主席李津，你校新来的外教Mr. Smith周末想去当地博物馆游览，想找一名向导陪
同。得知此事后，你写信向他推荐自己。
内容要点：(1)写信目的；(2)推荐理由；(3)表达期待。
注意： (1)词数100左右；
(2)可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
(3)开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Smith,
I’m Li Jin,
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Yours,
Li Jin
12．假定你是李华，你的英国网友Peter来信说他对中国家族文化很感兴趣，想进一步了解。请你给
他回信，内容包括：
1. 家族文化的重要性；
2. 传统观念（光宗耀祖、尊祖敬宗等）；3. 新时代价值（不少于两点）；
4. 好书推荐：Customs and Traditions of China。
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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13．假设你校英语冬令营活动将于下周举行闭营晚会，现向全体同学征选英语节目。请你代表校学生会
用英语写一则书面通知，内容包括：
1.晚会的时间、地点；
2.节目形式；
3.报名方式。
注意：1.词数80左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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14．假定你是学校英语报社编辑李华，为了丰富校园生活，你校将于元旦举办云端音乐会，请你在报纸
上刊登一则通知，向同学介绍此次活动计划。内容包括：
1.时间地点；
2.活动安排；
3.欢迎参加。
注意：
1.词数100左右；
2.适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：云端音乐会an online Concert 疫情epidemic
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