热点话题04 传染病防治与公共卫生应急
一、主题解析
“传染病防治与公共卫生应急”这一主题在英语课程标准中是关于 “人与自我 —— 健康生活与安
全防护” 的核心子话题，同时隶属于 “人与社会 —— 公共服务与社会治理” 范畴。这一主题聚焦传
染病的传播机制、防控措施、公共卫生体系响应等关键内容，既涵盖艾滋病、新冠肺炎等具体疫病的专
业知识，也涉及个人防护、社区防控、全球公共卫生合作等实践维度。在高考阅读中，此类话题常以新
闻报道、科普说明文、公共卫生公告等形式呈现，考查考生对医学术语、防控政策、数据描述等内容的
理解与信息筛选能力。
二、句子积累
1. 阅读必备词块
（1）疫病基础术语
coronavirus 冠状病毒（2019-nCoV 2019 新型冠状
病毒）
viral pneumonia 病毒性肺炎
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 严重急性
呼吸综合征（非典）
incubation period 潜伏期
asymptomatic carrier 无症状携带者
super spreader 超级传播者
pathogenicity 致病性
transmissibility 传染性
morbidity 发病（率）
fatality rate 病死率
（2）传播机制相关
person-to-person transmission 人传人
droplet transmission 飞沫传播
contact transmission 接触传播
airborne transmission 空气传播
blood-borne transmission 血液传播
mother-to-child transmission 母婴传播
route of transmission 传染途径
chain of transmission 传播链
mobile source of infection 行走的传染源
cross-species transmission 跨物种传播
（3）防控核心措施
epidemic prevention and control 疫情防控
early detection and isolation 早发现、早隔离
self-quarantine 自我隔离
nucleic acid testing (NAT) 核酸检测
health screening 健康筛查
disinfection 消毒
话题资源
mask-wearing 佩戴口罩
hand hygiene 手卫生
cut off transmission channels 切断传播途径
combat the outbreak 抗击疫情
travel restrictions 旅行限制
build societal defense lines 构筑社会防线
disease outbreak response plan 疾病爆发应急预案
（4）医疗与数据术语
confirmed case 确诊病例
suspected case 疑似病例
severe case 重症病例
imported case 输入性病例
recovery rate 治愈率
mortality rate 死亡率
clinical data 临床数据
serodiagnosis 血清诊断
occupational exposure 职业暴露
nosocomial infection 院内感染
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 急性呼
吸窘迫综合征
（5）机构与政策术语
Public Health Emergency of International Concern
(PHEIC) 国际关注的突发公共卫生事件
World Health Organization (WHO) 世界卫生组织
Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
(China CDC) 中国疾病预防控制中心
National Health Commission (NHC) 国家卫生健康
委员会
unified emergency supply system 统一应急物资保障
体系
public health legal framework 公共卫生法治保障
contact tracing 接触者追踪
surveillance data 监测数据
2. 常见句式
（1）政策与应急响应
The World Health Organization has declared the monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International
Concern.
世界卫生组织已宣布猴痘疫情构成国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。
New York City declared a public health emergency to combat the growing measles outbreak.
纽约市宣布进入公共卫生紧急状态，以应对日益严重的麻疹疫情。
The government has issued a disease outbreak response plan to curb the virus spread.
政府已发布疾病爆发应急预案以遏制病毒传播。
Channeling prevention resources to community level is key to controlling the epidemic.
将防控资源下沉至社区是控制疫情的关键。
This policy expired along with the national coronavirus public health emergency.
该政策随着全国新冠疫情公共卫生紧急状态的结束而失效。
（2）预防与防护建议
Basic strategies for preventing COVID-19 include hand washing and proper mask-wearing.
预防新冠肺炎的基本策略包括洗手和正确佩戴口罩。
Avoid close contact with anyone showing flu-like symptoms such as fever and cough.
避免与出现发热、咳嗽等流感样症状的人密切接触。
Regular screening tests help detect infectious diseases at an early stage.
定期筛查有助于在早期发现传染病。
We should strengthen respiratory hygiene, like wearing N95 respirators in crowds.
我们应加强呼吸道卫生防护，如在人群中佩戴 N95 口罩。
Disinfecting public areas regularly can reduce the risk of contact transmission.
定期对公共区域消毒可降低接触传播风险。
（3）医学与传播描述
Novel coronaviruses typically cause severe respiratory symptoms in vulnerable populations.
新型冠状病毒通常在易感人群中引发严重呼吸道症状。
HIV destroys the human immune system, leading to multiple incurable infections.
艾滋病病毒破坏人体免疫系统，导致多种不可治愈的感染。
Hepatitis B is mainly transmitted through blood and mother-to-child contact.
乙型肝炎主要通过血液和母婴接触传播。
The virus has an incubation period of 1-14 days, with some asymptomatic cases.
该病毒潜伏期为 1 至 14 天，存在部分无症状病例。
The incidence rate of the disease has dropped significantly due to widespread vaccination.
由于广泛接种疫苗，该病的发病率已大幅下降。
（4）数据与趋势分析
The mortality rate of this infectious disease is higher among the elderly over 65.
这种传染病在 65 岁以上老年人中的死亡率更高。
Recent surveillance data show a surge in flu cases in northern regions.
近期监测数据显示北方地区流感病例激增。
The recovery rate has reached 92% thanks to effective treatment protocols.
得益于有效的治疗方案，治愈率已达 92%。
Imported cases accounted for 30% of the newly confirmed infections last week.
上周输入性病例占新增确诊病例的 30%。
The number of close contacts traced has exceeded 2,000 so far.
截至目前，追踪到的密切接触者已超过 2000 人。
（5）全球与社会协作
Virus knows no borders, so international cooperation is vital for epidemic control.
病毒无国界，因此国际合作对疫情防控至关重要。
Health care workers on the front line are making great efforts to save patients.
一线医护人员正全力救治患者。
Stakeholders including governments and NGOs should work together to sustain prevention efforts.
政府和非政府组织等利益相关方应携手维持防控工作。
The public should comply with preventive measures to build a societal defense line.
公众应遵守预防措施，共同构筑社会防线。
Strengthening the public health legal framework can improve emergency response capacity.
完善公共卫生法治保障可提升应急响应能力。
（6）科普与认知引导
It is a misunderstanding that AIDS can be transmitted through casual contact.
认为艾滋病可通过日常接触传播是一种误解。
SARS was believed to originate from cross-species transmission in wet markets.
非典被认为起源于湿货市场的跨物种传播。
Asymptomatic carriers may unknowingly spread the virus to others.
无症状携带者可能在不知情的情况下将病毒传染给他人。
Early medical attention is crucial for patients with severe symptoms.
出现重症症状的患者应及时就医，这至关重要。
Vaccination is an effective way to protect susceptible populations.
接种疫苗是保护易感人群的有效方式。
Good hygiene habits like frequent hand-washing can prevent many infectious diseases.
勤洗手等良好卫生习惯可预防多种传染病。
The government has released a health declaration form for travelers entering the country.
政府已为入境旅客推出健康申报表。
1
Recently, some 220 flamingos ( 火烈鸟) have been found dead in the province of Catamarca in
northwestern Argentina due to bird flu, a highly infectious and deadly viral disease that naturally spreads through
突破演练
wild aquatic (水栖的) birds, but can also infect other bird species, such as domestic poultry.
The H5N1 bird flu has spread in more than 80 countries since 2022. Around the globe, there have been
reports of bird flu outbreaks in various mammals, detection of the virus in domestic cats and dogs, as well as a
few cases in humans. There is a risk that the infected birds may spread the disease to new areas during migration
(迁徙). Originally, the H5N1 spread from North America to South America through migratory birds in three
months, according to Dr. Johanna Harvey, a researcher from the University of Maryland. “Now, it only takes one
infected bird to pass on the virus to a whole flock (群) in a matter of days,” Harvey said, “Flamingos are known to
be highly gregarious (群居的) animals that live in large flocks.”
Harvey’s concerns are that birds are clearly continuing to spread it, and it’s not going away. Besides, as the
number of deaths piles up, the impact on populations and potentially even entire species is really great. “I don’t
think the true degree of loss here is well understood and has not been documented, because it’s really hard to do.”
Harvey added.
Since December 2021, 11 cases of the H5N1 have been reported in humans globally. “For people who
interact with wild birds, there doesn’t seem to be a huge risk to them, because the number of human cases have
remained small globally, so we’re not too worried about that.” said Dr. Krysten Schuler, an assistant research
professor, “But the mutation (变异) potential and the wide distribution of this virus are the major risk factors.”
There is not much that can be done to stop the spread of the virus, but Schuler recommends that people
report any unusual animal deaths without an obvious cause to their state wildlife agencies, so they can be
informed of what areas the disease is spreading to. “If there is any potential to do something about it, our best
option is right at the beginning.” Schuler said.
1．What is paragraph 1 of the text mainly about?
A．The unknown cause of flamingos’ death.
B．The effect of bird flu on other bird species.
C．The outbreak of bird flu in wild aquatic birds.
D．The accurate identification of virus in flamingos.
2．What causes the virus to spread rapidly according to Harvey?
A．The social flamingos’ moving in large groups.
B．Various mammals that have caught the disease.
C．The virus developing into a more powerful type.
D．The rising number of infected domestic cats and dogs.
3．What does Dr. Krysten Schuler suggest?
A．People should make efforts to guarantee the safety of flamingos.
B．Abnormal animal deaths should be reported to related agencies.
C．More natural habitats should be restored for migratory birds.
D．Effective measures should be adopted to stop the virus spread.
4．What can we infer from the text?
A．The virus’ outbreak and global spread concern experts.
B．The virus has impacted greatly on the entire species.
C．People have no chance to be infected with the virus.
D．The H5N1 bird flu spreads easily between people.
2
Scientists in Brazil are releasing genetically modified (改良的) mosquitoes to contain the massive outbreak
of dengue fever, a mosquito-borne illness. More than a million cases of the viral infection have been reported in
the first two months of 2024, twice more than what were reported in the same period in 2023. In February, Rio de
Janeiro declared the outbreak a public health emergency after the city recorded more than 42,000 cases of the
disease.
In Brazil, the disease is constantly circulating. Between 2003 and 2019, more than 11 million cases were
reported in the country, with peak transmission normally occurring during the annual rainy season from October to
May. Unusually, large outbreaks occur roughly every three to four years. Only one in four people infected with the
dengue virus develop mild symptoms, which generally clear within two to seven days. However, the disease can
sometimes progress and become severe, leading to hospitalization and possibly death.
Faced with a rising number of dengue cases, health authorities in Brazil are testing alternative approaches
to control the spread of the disease, including the use of genetically modified mosquitoes, a solution proposed by
biotech company Oxitec.
The company breeds male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes—the species that spreads the dengue fever virus to
humans—that are genetically modified to carry a gene that kills any female offspring they spawn (产卵). Dengue
fever is spread through the bites of female A．aegypti mosquitoes, so releasing these modified mosquitoes into a
region can help reduce the number of pests that can spread the virus to people. The eggs of Oxitec’s modified
male mosquitoes are placed in boxes and then hatched with the addition of water.
The modified mosquitoes “complete the cycle inside these boxes in about ten days and the adult insects
come out to do their work,” Natalia Ferreira, Oxitec’s general manager said. The approach can reduce A．aegypti
population numbers by up to 90 percent in regions where the genetically modified mosquitoes are released. There
have been concerns that these genetically modified mosquitoes sometimes produce offspring that can survive to
pass on their genes to native insects. But so far, there’s no evidence to suggest this could harm humans.
1．Why are genetically modified mosquitoes being released in Brazil?
A．To get rid of mosquitoes.
B．To increase the biodiversity.
C．To reduce dengue fever cases.
D．To improve mosquito genes.
2．What can we learn from Paragraph 2?
A．Hot and dry weather speeds up the virus transmission.
B．25% of the infected people develop severe symptoms.
C．There is an outbreak of dengue fever every four years.
D．Dengue fever is widespread and reappearing in Brazil.
3．How do the modified mosquitoes work?
A．By killing live female mosquitoes.
B．By cutting down on female offspring.
C．By stopping mosquitoes from hatching.
D．By relieving the infectious symptoms.
4．What concerns people about the modified mosquitoes?
A．They affect local species.
B．They increase dengue cases.
C．They are a threat to humans.
D．They grow too fast to control.
3
Chronic Wasting Disease or CWD-mad cow disease in deer-never really went away but it is back big time
— just in time for deer hunting season.
According to the Daily Mail, CWD is nicknamed “zombie (僵尸) deer diseas” because it “causes parts of
the brain to slowly went ill, leaving infected animals to spit and stare blankly before they die.”
The new US CWD scare originated in captive (圈养的) deer where the government says CWD was first
observed in 1967. People adopted that way of raising deer in order to gain canned hunting in “fenced” operations,
“breeding stock” and their velvet (鹿茸) and antlers (鹿角) for sale.
Can people infect CWD? Yes! In humans, CWD can cause the disorder of spirit called variant ( 变异)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) which is deadly to humans like to animals. While non-variant CJD might occur
occasionally, vCJD occurs in groups — where the meat has been “harvested” and eaten. In 2005, 200 to 250
people unwittingly (不知不觉地) ate CWD-infected deer in a New York state county. Now, New York authorities
warn not to “consume animal that appears sick or diseased”, and warn that illegally imported bodies or parts of
animals will be controlled and destroyed to prevent disease spread.
When the disease was active before, the Fort Collins Coloradoan reported that a local hunter said when his
deer was found to be CWD-infected that he worried about his blood-soaked hands on his truck’s wheel and door
handles and his blood-soaked clothes.
A 2002 outbreak of CWD in Wisconsin led to “free fire zones” in which all deer would be killed to wipe
out the disease. Despite claims of deer “overpopulation”, Wisconsin had, at the time, 700 licensed deer farms.
Deer hunting was a $400 million business in the state.
As recently as May, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department killed 250 captive whitetail deer to contain
CWD though the disease is a often caused by captive operations.
1．What is the interesting name of CWD?
A．Zombie deer disease.
B．Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
C．Mad cow disease.
D．Free fire zones disease.
2．Why are deer kept in capativity (圈养) according to the text?
A．For scientific research.
B．For watching.
C．For the sale of their velvet and antlers.
D．For protecting them from CWD．
3．What can be inferred from the incident that people unwittingly ate CWD-infected deer?
A．People didn’t like to see deer killed.
B．The New York authorities did not take timely action.
C．There is a risk of humans contracting CWD through infected meat.
D．The CWD outbreak in New York was caused by illegal imports.
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．How to Prevent Chronic Wasting Disease?
B．Do You know Chronic Wasting Disease?
C．Don’t Ate CWD-infected Deer Meat
D．Mad Cow Disease in Deer Is Back Again
4
Stressful life events affect us all, whether it’s problems at work, moving to a new city, or changes like going
away to school. Each person reacts to stress differently, and while most learn to cope, those with adjustment
disorders may experience stronger and prolonged reactions.
Adjustment disorders can impact both children and adults, and they are often treated with therapy (治疗),
medication, or a combination of both. Psychotherapy is the preferred treatment, with methods varying based on
the specific stressor. For instance, a stressor may be a single significant event like ending a relationship or
multiple issues like losing your job and having marital problems.
There are six types of adjustment disorders. Some exhibit as signs of depression—low mood, tearfulness,
and hopelessness — while others present anxiety symptoms such as nervousness and worry. Conduct
disturbances, including reckless (鲁莽的) behavior, alcohol or drug abuse, are also common.
Research on treatment effectiveness for adjustment disorders has been limited. A recent review of
psychological studies from 1980 to 2016 found the quality of evidence for positive effects to be low. For some
people, adjustment disorder may remit on its own (e. g., you find a job you love). However, to others, it can act as
a sign to more severe conditions like major depression or anxiety disorders if untreated.
Therapy for adjustment disorders is typically brief and solution-focused, aiming to help individuals
understand the stressor’s impact, reduce symptoms, and develop effective coping strategies. For those struggling
with depression, therapy may employ cognitive-behavioral techniques or interpersonal therapy to improve
relationships.
Children and teens also experience adjustment disorders, but therapy for younger individuals often focuses
on behavioral symptoms, impulse ( 冲动) control, and communication skills. Family therapy can help resolve
conflicts and improve support systems. And peer group therapy offers adolescents a safe space to develop social
skills and express their emotions, reminding them that they are not alone in their struggles. Through these
approaches, teens can learn to address life’s challenges more effectively.
1．Which statement best summarizes adjustment disorders?
A．Their major affected group are adults.
B．They require long-term medication.
C．They can arise from diverse stressors.
D．Their symptoms are often permanent.
2．What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss?
A．The various symptoms of adjustment disorders.
B．The impact of adjustment disorders on daily life.
C．The underlying reasons for adjustment disorders.
D．The strategies for handling adjustment disorders.
3．What does the underlined word “remit” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．Fade.
B．Continue.
C．Shift.
D．Expand.
4．How does therapy for teens differ from that for adults?
A．It relies on family conflicts and support. B．It focuses more on cognitive restructuring.
C．It is more complex and longer in duration.
D．It involves family and peer support systems.
5
A vaccine ( 疫苗) designed to protect koalas from chlamydia ( 衣原体) has been officially approved,
marking a world-first milestone in fighting a disease that ranks among the top killers of these symbolic Australian
animals. Researchers and conservationists are celebrating this breakthrough, highlighting its potential to slow or
even fix the decline of koala populations struggling with widespread infection across key habitats.
Chlamydia causes severe harm to koalas: it leads to blindness, leaving the animals unable to find and climb
trees for food, and eventually results in slow starvation. Some koalas, especially in South East Queensland and
New South Wales, are edging closer to local extinction each day. Infection rates often stay around 50%, and in
some heavily affected areas, they can jump as high as 70%. The disease also makes both male and female koalas
infertile, which further reduces their already small populations.
For years, antibiotics ( 抗生素) were the main way to treat chlamydia in koalas, but they have big
drawbacks. They are often ineffective at fully clearing the infection, fail to prevent future re-infections, and cause
some side effects. When chlamydia has destroyed too much tissue, the only kind option left is ending the animal’s
life painlessly to relieve its suffering, making the new vaccine a vital source of hope.
Targeting chlamydia’s MOMP protein, the vaccine gives three types of protection: reducing infection risk,
stopping mild cases from worsening, and clearing up symptoms (症状). A 2023 study found the vaccine reduced
signs of chlamydia in koalas that are old enough to have babies, and cut deaths caused by the disease by 64%.
Plus, developed over more than a decade, this vaccine removes the need for booster shots — a practical advantage
that will simplify its use in koala groups.
Australia’s Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) approved the vaccine in June, and its
permit will last until June 2027. Right now, plans are in place to make the vaccine on a large scale to help koala
groups at risk.
1．What can be inferred about the vaccine from the first paragraph?
A．It aids koala population stability.
B．It’s cured koala chlamydia infection.
C．It’s for all Australian animals.
D．It’s useless for koala survival.
2．What does the underlined word “infertile” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Visually disadvantaged.
B．Unable to have babies.
C．Less mobile.
D．
Nutritionally poor.
3．What is the third paragraph about?
A．How antibiotics treat koalas.
B．Why the new vaccine is needed.
C．When antibiotics fail koalas.
D．Where the new vaccine works.
4．What can be inferred about the koala vaccine from the last two paragraphs?
A．Its APVMA approval lasts several years.B．It requires regular booster shots later.
C．Mass production has already started.
D．It reduces all koala deaths by 64%.
6
The first malaria drug for newborn babies and those weighing less than 11 pounds has been approved by
Swiss medical authorities in a move that could bridge a treatment gap for some of those most vulnerable to the
disease, developers and experts say.
Coartem Baby, also known as Riamet Baby, was developed by the Swiss nonprofit organization Medicines
for Malaria venture in cooperation with the Swiss drug company Novartis to treat the deadly mosquito-borne and
parasite (寄生虫)-infected illness, MMV said in a statement Tuesday.
Despite being both preventable and treatable, malaria remains a serious global health threat, with 263
million cases and 597,000 deaths worldwide in 2023. Children under 5 are some of the most vulnerable,
accounting for about 76 percent of all malaria deaths in the WHO’s Africa region, according to 2023 figures.
“The newly authorized product addresses a critical treatment gap for one of the most vulnerable patient
populations — young infants suffering from malaria, and the drug can be absorbed by liquid, including breast
milk, and has a sweet cherry flavor to make it easier to deliver.” Swissmedic, Switzerland’s health agency said. It
said the development of a formula especially for children marked a “significant step forward in the global fight
against malaria.”
Coartem contains a combination of the antimalarial drugs artemether and lumefantrine, which is already
approved for use in patients weighing more than 11 pounds. However, there had been no approved treatment for
babies weighing less than this. Most birth weights are between 5.2 pounds and 9.7 pounds.
Bhargavi Rao, the co-director of the Malaria Center, who was not involved in the research, said the new
treatment is a welcome development for both very young babies and malnourished ( 营养不良的) children who
don’t come under normal treatment guidance.
“Traditionally, people had said sort of small babies didn’t get malaria because they were protected by the
mothers’ immune system, but I think we’re increasingly recognizing that sufferings in very small children are not
insignificant and they just present in very different ways. Even very low levels of parasites can give fairly severe
malaria and death,” she told The Washington Post.
1．What is the primary purpose of developing Coartem Baby?
A．To replace the existing malaria treatments.
B．To offer newborns a treatment for malaria.
C．To fight against the malnutrition in children.
D．To reduce the costs of the antimalaria drugs.
2．Which makes Coartem Baby especially suitable for young babies?
A．Its ability to melt and its sweet taste.
B．Its effectiveness in treating the malaria.
C．Its combination of two antimalarial drugs.
D．Its potential to strengthen the immune system.
3．Which of the following statements might Bhargavi Rao agree with?
A．Young infants are immune to malaria.
B．Malaria isn’t as serious in infants as in adults.
C．Mild malaria infections can be deadly in babies.
D．Normal treatment is accessible to malnourished babies.
4．What could be the best title of the passage?
A．World’s First Malaria Drug Approved
B．More Attention Paid to Malaria in Babies
C．Malaria — No Longer a Threat to Newborns
D．A Breakthrough in Malaria Drug for Infants
7
There was a girl named Sabrina who suffered from a severe peanut allergy. This condition, characterized by
symptoms like severe itching, swelling, and difficulty breathing upon exposure to peanuts, could have been fatal if
not detected and managed early.
Fortunately, her allergy was identified at a young age. With the help of doctors and strict dietary measures,
she was able to control her symptoms and lead a normal life. However, this experience had a profound impact on
her, and she became passionate about helping others with the same suffering of chronic diseases like her.
Sabrina realized that early detection was crucial for many such conditions. She decided to focus her studies
on this area and eventually got admitted to the medical school of the Yale, where she specialized in the early
detection of chronic diseases. During her studies, she encountered various chronic diseases with specific
symptoms. One such disease was diabetes, characterized by high blood sugar levels, fatigue, frequent urination,
and increased thirst. Another was chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which caused persistent
coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.
Nothing can get in the way of a strong-willed heart. Sabrina also studied heart diseases like coronary artery
disease (冠心病), which often presented with chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. She learned that early
detection of these diseases through regular screenings and lifestyle modifications could significantly improve
patients’ quality of life and reduce the risk of severe complications.
At Yale, Sabrina conducted research on developing more effective screening methods for these chronic
diseases. Her work focused on identifying biomarkers and genetic factors that could predict the happening of
these conditions, allowing for earlier intervention and better management.
This little girl’s dedication and research have contributed significantly to the field of chronic diseases
management. Her work has helped develop new screening tools and improved treatment strategies, bringing hope
to countless individuals living with these conditions. Through her story and efforts, Sabrina has shown that early
detection and intervention are key to overcoming the challenges posed by chronic diseases.
1．What life experience left the young girl a far-reaching influence?
A．Her allergy to peanuts.
B．Severe symptoms and pain.
C．Simple and controlled dietary.
D．Timely detection and early intervention.
2．About Sabrina’s learning life in the medical school, what can we learn?
A．She majored in chronic diseases and their prevention.
B．She found early cure can reduce the risk of these diseases.
C．She is obsessed with identifying biomarkers and genetic aspects.
D．She is expert in heart disease and diabetes relating to shortness of breath.
3．Which kind of traits can we summarize about Sabrina from her story?
A．Insight and toughness.
B．Openness and diligence.
C．Passion and self-discipline.
D．Integrity and kindness.
4．What can we learn from the passage?
A．Interest is the Best Teacher.
B．Misfortune may be a blessing.
C．Experience more, know more.
D．Early Bird catches the Worm.
8
“You learn a lot by almost dying,” David always says. In fact, he learns enough!
In 2010, David, a sophomore from the medical school of Pennsylvania got very sick and the diagnosis was
Castleman — a rare condition with approximately 7,000 new cases annually in the US. In hospital, David noticed
curious red spots on his skin. He asked doctors what the blood spots meant. “They went out of their way to say
they didn’t matter,” said David, but he would go on to prove he was on to something.
Castleman struck David four more times over the next three years. David stayed alive only through intense
chemotherapy. Despite the illness, he managed to graduate and began an MBA at Penn’s Wharton School, where
he founded the CDCN — a global initiative devoted to fighting Castleman. Many of his MBA classmates joined
the cause. David hoped that adding a CEO mindset would enable him to scale up his approach to curing himself.
CDCN prioritized clinical trials that repurposed drugs the FDA (美国药监局) had already approved as safe rather
than starting from scratch.
In 2013, another attack marked his closest brush with death yet. This time, David saved his own life. After
examining his medical charts, he targeted an idea that researchers hadn’t yet explored: A protein called VECF
which controls blood vessel growth was spiking at 10 times its normal level. David hypothesized that the red spots
with every recurrence were a direct result of that protein spike. David asked his doctor to prescribe Sirolimus, a
drug approved to help fight the immune system when it activates against kidney transplants. He picked it up at a
pharmacy. “A drug that could potentially save my life was hiding in plain sight,” he said.
So far, David has been in remission from Castleman for more than six years, close to full strength. As an
assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania, he was running a clinical trial on the drug that has given him
his life back. “So little time and money has been invested in these rare diseases like Castleman,” says David,
“There’s tremendous opportunity to change that, there’s a lot of low-hanging fruit!”
1．What can we know about the CDCN?
A．It’s a domestic organization in the USA．
B．It recruited members beyond the medical field.
C．It’s founded when David was a medical student.
D．It prioritized clinical trials on newly-applied drugs.
2．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A．David’s recovered from Castleman completely.
B．David’s doing further research on Sirolimus.
C．Sufficient investments are put in Castleman research.
D．High likelihood of bearing fruit is in Castleman research.
3．According to the text, which one is right?
A．Sirolimus has certain effectiveness for Castleman.
B．There’re roughly 7,000 Castleman cases in the US.
C．David suffered Castleman recurrence four times totally.
D．Red spots on David’s skin caused an increase in VECF levels.
4．What can we learn from David’s experience?
A．No pains, no gains.
B．It’s never too late to learn.
C．Where there is a will, there is a way.
D．God helps those who help themselves.
9
Chinese scientists have identified a new protein that restricts HIV infection, a discovery that could pave the
way for the development of new drugs against the virus. The protein, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1),
which exists in human cells, can inhibit ( 抑制) the process by which HIV reproduces, according to research
published in the science journal Nature Microbiology this month.
However, the study also showed that PSGL-1 can be negatively affected by Vpu — an accessory (附属)
protein of HIV — which can neutralize the ability of PSGL-1 to resist HIV. Further research is under way to
develop a drug that can inhibit the HIV protein so that PSGL-1 can restrict HIV, according to Tan Xu, a researcher
at Tsinghua University's School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, a leading author of the study.
Several other proteins in human cells that could resist HIV have been discovered over the past 10 years, but
the virus can also evade (避开) them. PSGL-1 shows particular promise in that it can inhibit HIV in multiple ways
— especially by blocking the infectiousness of virus offspring, Tan said.
“We are starting to research into small molecule ( 分子) compounds in the hope of finding one that can
restore PSGL-1’s anti-HIV function. In this way, we can develop a very effective antiviral drug for people with
HIV/AIDS,” he said. Tan said it will require at least three to five years for the research to reach the preclinical
stage, and more time after that before a clinical trial is possible. The research was conducted by researchers at
Tsinghua University in Beijing, Fudan University in Shanghai and George Mason University in the United States.
Existing treatment methods for people with HIV/AIDS, which mostly rely on a combination of different
drugs, can prevent the disease from progressing but cannot cure it, and long-term use of drugs can result in drug
resistance.
An estimated 37 million people in the world live with HIV, according to the Joint United Nations
Programme on HIV/AIDS. The study provides new leads to developing antiviral drugs, Tsinghua University said
in a statement.
1．What can we learn about PSGL-1 from the passage?
A．Both the protein PSGL-1 and the protein Vpu are HIV proteins.
B．PSGL-1 can restrict the function of the protein Vpu.
C．PSGL-1’s molecule compounds have been identified.
D．The protein PSGL-1 functions better than others in resisting HIV.
2．What can we infer from the last three paragraphs?
A．The existing treatment for AIDS are far from perfect.
B．It will be a decade before the antiviral drugs is put on the market.
C．American scientists played a leading role in the research.
D．HIV/AIDS will no longer be a deadly problem owing to the new discovery.
3．What is the main idea of the passage?
A．There is a long way to go before curing AIDS.
B．More people are faced with the threat of HIV.
C．Chinese scientists are leading the way in curing AIDS.
D．A new protein to resist HIV was confirmed by scientists.
4．Where is this text most likely from?
A．A guidebook.
B．A fiction.
C．A magazine.
D．A brochure.
10
People with mild cognitive impairment (轻度认知障碍), or MCI, are 30 percent more likely to reverse (扭
转) symptoms if they think positively about ageing, according to a study carried out by the Yale School of Public
Health.
MCI is usually considered a one-way process, but according to Professor Becca Levy, lead author of the
study, that’s not the case at all. She said, “Most people assume there is no recovery from MCI, but in fact half of
those who have it do recover.”
MCI is a condition which causes memory loss and difficulty in thinking clearly. Symptoms might include
forgetting events, or often losing things. Other more physical symptoms such as a loss of smell or spatial
perception have also been linked to MCI. It is mostly diagnosed in people over 60, and often leads to Alzheimer’s
or other forms of dementia (痴呆).
The study involved 1, 716 participants aged 65 and above. It was conducted over a twelve-year period
between 2008 and 2020, with seven data collection waves performed every two years. Results showed that those
who came to the study with MCI were 30 percent more likely to make a full recovery if they were upbeat about
ageing. They were also likely to recover two years faster than those with more negative age beliefs, such as “The
older I get, the more useless I feel”. Those who came to the study without MCI were also far less likely to
develop it if they felt more age-positive, regardless of their physical health or age.
Factors such as age, race and gender have previously been examined for links to recovery, but this is the
first study to look at cultural factors—in this case, beliefs about ageing.
While the study definitely led to positive results, researchers still have not known exactly why. “A
limitation is that we did not examine the mechanism of positive age beliefs in cognitive recovery,” says Levy.
1．What is most people’s assumption about MCI?
A．The old often ignore it.
B．People with it can’t recover.
C．It’s hardly related to ageing.
D．It can be cured in a short time.
2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A．Some facts about MCI.
B．The root causes of MCI.
C．The participants of the study.
D．Different forms of dementia.
3．What contributes to overcoming MCI according to the study?
A．Forgetting about ageing.
B．Examining its mechanism.
C．Living with healthy people.
D．Holding positive age beliefs
4．From which is the text most probably taken?
A．A report on technology.
B．A chemistry textbook.
C．A first aid brochure.
D．A health magazine.
11
Scientific experts have warned that deadly pandemics(大流行病) are likely to keep happening if action is
not taken to protect natural environments. The warning came in a report from the Intergovernmental Science-
Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, an international expert group that advises governments.
The group has more than 130 member states.
The experts called for major efforts aimed at preventing pandemics rather than trying to contain them after
they happen. The report urges major worldwide efforts to stop habitat destruction that can lead viruses to jump
from wild animals to humans.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has estimated that three out of every four new or emerging
infectious diseases in people come from animals. Scientists have said COVID-19 probably started in bats and
began spreading among humans.
In their report, the experts predict that about half of an estimated 1.7 million undiscovered viruses in nature
might be able to infect people. Activities such as poaching(偷猎) or clearing forests to grow soy or palm oil can
bring humans and disease closer together.
Peter Daszak was the report’s lead writer. He is president of EcoHealth Alliance, an international health,
environment and development organization. He said in a statement that even though the experts call for urgent
action, “this report is not a misfortune suggesting the world’s going to end and it’s too late.” Instead, Daszak said
it should be seen as “an optimistic call for action.”
He noted that the current method for dealing with pandemics is to wait for them to emerge and then try to
identify them before they spread. COVID-19 has demonstrated the problems with that plan. Officials attempted to
contain COVID-19 after the disease was discovered last year, but it was already too late. “And here we are
waiting for a vaccine(疫苗) and drugs to work,” Daszak said. “It’s not a good strategy. We need to do more.”
1．Why does the aim of urging habitat protection need major world efforts?
A．To prevent viruses spreading from animals to humans.
B．To stop illegal poaching and forest destruction.
C．To control pandemics after they happen.
D．To strengthen international cooperation.
2．How many natural viruses might infect humans?
A．About 1.7 million.
B．About 0.85 million.
C．About three fourths.
D．About 130.
3．What might be good strategy according to Peter Daszak?
A．Waiting for pandemics to appear.
B．Expecting effective vaccines and drugs.
C．Investigating pandemics after they appear.
D．Acting earlier and more actively to explore more
4．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Advice from Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform.
B．Experts’ Views on Disease Control and Prevention.
C．More Deadly Pandemics if Nature Not Protected.
D．Unstoppably Increasing Pandemics.
12
Staying positive through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill,a new American
study suggests.
In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus,researchers found that people with a
generally sunny character were less likely to fail ill.The findings,published in the journal Psychosomatic
Medicine, build on evidence that a “positive emotional style” can help ward off the common cold and other
illness.
Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective―as in happiness improving immune function―and
subjective―as in happy people being less troubled by a sore throat or runny nose.“People with a positive
emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,” explained lead study author Dr Sheldon
Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.“And when they do get a cold,they may interpret their illness
as being less severe.”
Cohen and his colleagues has found in a previous study that happier people seemed less likely to catch a
cold, but some questions remained as to whether the emotional quality itself had the effect.
For the new study,the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality
qualities, physicals health,and emotional “style”.Those who tended to be happy,energetic and easy –going were
judged as having a positive emotional style,while those who were often unhappy,tense,and hostile had a negative
style.
Afterwards,the researchers gave them nose drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu
virus.Over the next six days,the volunteers reported on any aches,pains,sneezing they had,while the researchers
collected objective data.Cohen and his colleagues found that happy people were less likely to develop a cold.
What’s more,when happy folks did develop a cold,their symptoms were less severe than expected based on
objective measures.
On the contrary,people with negative characters were not at increased risk of developing a cold based on
objective measures,though they did tend to get down about their symptoms.
“We find that it’s really positive emotions that have the big effect,” Cohen said,“not the negative ones.”
So can a bad-tempered person fight a cold by deciding to be happy?
1．The purpose of Cohen’s new study was to .
A．find effective ways to fight illnesses
B．test people’s different immune responses to cold virus
C．tell differences between happy people and unhappy people
D．examine whether health was related to emotional styles
2．The underlined phrase “ward-off” in Paragraph 2 means “ ”.
A．get close to
B．keep way from
C．get used to
D．go on with
3．How did Cohen reach his conclusion?
A．By comparing the experimental results of different groups.
B．By asking the volunteers to complete a form.
C．By collecting data among people with a cold.
D．By observing the volunteers’ symptoms.
4．Cohen’s new study showed that .
A．an emotional style is difficult to change B．happy people are immune to cold virus
C．people attitudes towards illnesses are differentD．happiness itself helps protect people from cold
