非谓语动词（讲义）
目录
一 非谓语动词的形式
二 非谓语动词的作用
三 易错题解读
四 高考模拟试题
非谓语动词的形式
非谓语动词包含四种形式，即不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。其中，每种形式按照发生时间和主
被动又包括不同的子形式。具体如下：
1. 不定式
①基本形式：to do（表示主动，并且一般表示将来）
②被动式：to be done（表示被动，并且一般表示将来）
③进行式：to be doing （表示主动和进行）
④完成时：to have done（表示主动和完成）
⑤完成被动式：to have been done（表示被动和完成）
⑥完成进行式：to have been doing （表示主动和完成进行）
例如：
The teacher told us to do morning exercises . 老师让我们做早操。
The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他的姐姐的。
She pretended to be reading when the teacher came into the classroom.老师进来时，她假装正在读书。
The thief is said to have escaped.据说小偷已经逃跑了。
The thief is said to have been arrested.据说小偷已经被抓住了。
She is said to have been working in the factory over the last 20 years.据说在过去的20年里，她一直在这家工厂
工作。
2. 动名词
①基本形式：doing （表示主动）
②被动式：being done（表示被动）
③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）
④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成）
例如：Travelling in space by ordinary people will be common in the future.在未来，普通人在太空旅行将会是普遍的
事情。
Freddy and his band could go nowhere without being followed by their fans.Freddy和他的乐队到哪里都被他们
的粉丝跟着。
I have no idea of his having done such a thing against you.我不知道他做过这样一件违背你的事情。
Many customers complain of having been given short weight at that shop.很多顾客抱怨在那家商店被缺斤少两
过。
3. 现在分词
①基本形式：doing （表示主动和进行）
②被动式：being done（表示被动和进行）
③完成式：having done（表示主动和完成）
④完成被动式：having been done（表示被动和完成）
例如：
He sat there，reading a newspaper.他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。
The area being studied may be rich in coal.这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。
Having finished my homework，I began to watch TV.完成作业后，我开始看电视。
Having been told many times，she still can't remember it.已经被告诉了很多次，她仍然记不住。
4. 过去分词：done
及物动词的过去分词表示被动或完成；不及物动词的过去分词表示主动或完成。polluted river 被污染的河
流fallen leaves 落叶
注意：非谓语动词本身不能表示现在和过去。非谓语动词表示进行、将来和完成时是相对于谓语动作来说
的：和谓语动作同时发生表示进行；发生在谓语动作之后表示将来；发生在谓语动作之前表示完成。
非谓语动词的作用
非谓语动词除去不能做谓语之外，其它所有成分都可以做。具体如下。
1. 不定式：做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。
To learn a foreign language is difficult .（作主语）学会一门外语是很难的。
It’s easy to see their aunt.（作真正主语，it做形式主语）很容易见到他们的姑姑。
Tom wanted to have a cup of beer.（作宾语）汤姆想要喝杯啤酒。
His wish is to be a driver.（作表语）他的愿望是当一名司机。
I have nothing to say.（作定语）我没有什么可说的。
The teacher told us to do morning exercises . （作宾语补足语）老师让我们做早操。They went to see their aunt. （目的状语）他们去见他们的姑姑。
2. 动名词：做主语、宾语、表语、定语和补语。
Learning English is very difficult .（作主语）学英语非常困难。
I enjoy dancing.（作动词宾语）我喜欢跳舞。
I have got used to living in the country.（作介词宾语）我已经习惯了住农村。
His job is driving a bus.（作表语）他的工作是开车。
3. 现在分词：做表语、定语、状语和补语。
The story is interesting.这个故事有趣。
He sat there，reading a newspaper.（作状语）他坐在那里，读着一张报纸。
The area being studied may be rich in coal.（作定语）这个正在被研究的地方可能富含煤。
He saw the thief stealing some money from the bank.（作宾补）他看到小偷正在从银行偷钱。
4. 过去分词：做表语、定语、状语和补语。
He is interested in the news.（作表语）他对这则消息很感兴趣。
polluted river（做定语） 被污染的河流
Given more time,I can do my work better.（做状语）如果再被多给些时间，我会把工作做得更好。
I found my watch stolen.（做宾补）我发现我的手表被偷了。
易错题解读
非谓语动词作状语易混易错点
【分析】非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子的主语。
现在分词：doing表示主动关系，表伴随、自然而然的结果、原因、条件等; having done强调动作发生在
主句谓语之前。having done强调被动且完成的动作。
过去分词：表被动，表时间、原因、条件等。
不定式： 作目的状语，用于句中时不能用逗号。 不定式作结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果。作原因、程
度等状语。用于固定短语中。
非谓语动词作定语易混易错点
现在分词：表示主动或正在进行的动作。being done表示被动且正进行的动作，作后置定语。
过去分词：表被动，易与谓语动词被动被动语态be done和谓语动词主动语态的过去时混淆。
不定式： 需跟不定式的名词：ability, attempt, decision, effort, failure, way, promise等。
现在分词与过去分词作补语易混易错点
现在分词：作宾补时，表示主动或正进行。
过去分词：在表示感觉或心理状态的动词后作宾补。如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice,
feel等；在“使”动词后作宾补。如：have, get, keep, leave, make等。不定式：常跟不定式作宾补的动词：allow，ask，beg，cause , command, elect, forbid, force, get, help,
intend, invite, would like, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, teach, advise, wish, encourage, instruct,
urge等.
非谓语动词作宾语易混易错点
常跟动名词作宾语的动词或短语：finish , practice, enjoy, mind, avoid, admit, appreciate,
feel like, suggest, stand, risk，consider, escape, miss, delay, dislike, imagine, understand, look forward to,
insist on, be busy, can't help, get down to, be worth等。
常接不定式作宾语的动词:afford，agree，arrange, ask,care， choose, decide , demand, determine, expect,
hope, manage，of- fer，plan,， prepare ， pretend，promise ，refuse，want, wish, aim， fail , long,
happen, hesitate , struggle , attempt, volunteer, desire 等。在wh-疑问词后常跟不定式作宾语。
非谓语动词作表语和主语易混易错点
作主语：动名词、不定式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
作表语：动名词作表语说明主语的内容；现在分词作表语说明主语的性质；过去分词作表语说明人的状
态、表情或感受。当主语部分有all/what/everything/do的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可以省略符号to。
非谓语动词作状语易混易错点
【例1】 The tablet, (find) in Jindong Village, measures 1.4 meters high, 0.61 meters wide, and 0.14
meters thick.
易错分析：不能正确分析句子结构，误判断句子的谓语，容易错填为was found或finding。
Dr. Wang began to question the umbrella species narrative and carried out research, only (find) that
panda conservation had not helped large carnivores in China.
易错分析：没有理解句子逻辑意思，未能掌握不定式作结果状语的用法是两大错误原因。
The study, which appeared in the journal PLOS Medicine, indicates that individuals who take in higher-than-
average amounts of artificial sweetener are 13% more likely _ (suffer) from cancer.
易错分析：固定搭配没有牢记，be willing to do, be likely to do, be sorry to do等be+adj.+to需牢记。
_______ (dress) in a full body suit of ice, a symbol of purity and strength, the panda wears a helmet with colored
halo.
易错分析：没有理解dress作动词与人之间是被动关系，并且其与主语the panda的关系。
非谓语动词作定语易混易错点
【例2】 Huawei, which has endured years of US sanctions, surprised the world on Aug 29, with an unadvertised
announcement -the launch of its latest high-end smartphone, the Mate 60 Pro, (price) at 6,999 yuan
($964).
易错分析：长难句结构不会划分，不理解句意，同时不能掌握 price的动词词义。应当首先提炼主干
Huawei surprise the world.A resort (度假胜地) in Vietnam has opened a glass-bottomed foot bridge, the third such bridge in the Southeast
Asian country, ______ (connect) two mountains.
易错分析：长难句结构划分错误，不理解非谓语动词与所修饰词之间的关系，句意理解错误。
There are many ways (enjoy) spring bamboo shoots, from nutritious soups to fun snacks.
A stone tablet(牌匾) (date) back to the year 1693, which falls within the Qing Dynasty(1644—1911), was
discovered in Daming County, north China’s Hebei Province, said local authorities.
易错分析：未能瞻前顾后发现谓语动词,误将date视作谓语，且date为不及物动词，不能用被动。
非谓语动词作补语易混易错点
【例3】This film not only identifies with the Chinese people but also allows the world __ (explore) the
rich tradition of Tang poetry and the “Chinese Poetry Universe.”
易错分析：长难句分析错误造成句意不明了，不能判断其作宾语补足语的用法。
It is estimated that by the end of this year, the number of people using hanfu products in China will reach 6.89
million, with total sales (expect) to reach 10.16 billion yuan.
易错分析：句子结构错误，不完全了解逻辑意思，没有掌握with的复合结构的用法。
When she spotted such abandoned goods, she put a pair of eyeball-shaped stickers on them before publishing notes
on her social media accounts, and guiding others_____ ( pick) them up from the streets.
With more demand (come) from domestic market, artists began painting different subjects.
易错分析：误将come当作谓语，不能正确分析宾语demand和补语的逻辑关系是两个错误原因。
非谓语动词作宾语易混易错点
【例4】One should be clear about what (love) or hate. Ren comes from learning and self-cultivation: it
can be seen from a person’s appearance.
易错分析：没有牢记只跟不定式作宾语的词以及搭配。
What’s more, Chinese Culture Centers in Cairo, Paris, Berlin, Tokyo and Denmark, to name a few, are introducing
China by holding cultural activities, opening training classes, and (build) libraries.
易错分析：长难句结构划分错误影响句子成分的判断是错误的直接原因。
Confucius believes that being benevolent does not mean_________ (be)without principles.
易错分析：句意理解错误会混淆mean后面to do和doing的用法。mean to do表示“打算”。
Shyness makes it difficult (meet) new people and make friends.
非谓语动词作表语和主语易混易错点
【例 5】As an expert for the Baby Annabell Ask The Experts campaign, people have asked me if
(have) a shy personality is something we are born with or if it’s something we develop based on our experiences.
易错分析：长难句拆解错误，未能判断if从句中缺少主语是错误根本原因。For Wang, (win) this title is just the beginning of a promising future. The rising star said he would head
to the top spots in the professional arena.
易错分析：现在分词的变化形式中的特殊形式记忆不牢。
It has indeed been a growing trend for urban residents ________ (volunteer) in rural areas.
易错分析：句子结构分析不清楚，影响正确翻译句意，未能判断真正的主语。
What you've said is _________ (convince), so I'll take your advice.
易错分析：如果句子结构不理解，句意便会出错，容易误填过去分词。
convincing
考查非谓语动词作表语。句意：你说的话令人信服，因此，我将接受你的建议。so表示因果关系的并列连
词，设空处为非谓语动词作表语，主语是what引导的主语从句。convincing表示“令人信服的”。
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1．（2024·天津河北·二模）Mr. Smith is looking for a classroom that is big enough _________ all the students.
A．to be held B．to hold C．to have held D．to be holding
2．（2024·山东·三模）Helen’s smartphone doesn’t work. She has to get it ________.
A．to be repairing B．repairing C．to repair D．repaired
3．（2024·天津河北·二模）Nowadays doctors can perform incredibly precise operations ______ advanced
robotics and live imaging technology.
A．using B．used C．having used D．having been used
4．（2024·天津·二模）It is recently reported that the number of people ______ a traditional diet is slowly
declining and around half of Britain’s consumers would like to change their cooking in some way.
A．stick to B．sticking to C．stuck to D．having stuck to
5．（2024·天津和平·二模）Many people have no idea what to do when a disaster strikes. _______ is the best
way to increase your chances of survival.
A．Prepared B．Having prepared C．Prepare D．Being prepared
6．（2024·天津河东·二模）Jerry received 3 text messages from his bank, ________ him that 3 online payments
had just been made from his account.
A．informed B．to inform C．informing D．inform
7．（2024·天津·二模）__________ by his actions, she quietly walked away, cutting off all contact with him from
that moment on.
A．Disappointing B．DisappointedC．To disappoint D．Being disappointed
8．（2024·天津·一模）When I entered the room, I found Emily seated quietly on the sofa, her eyes ______ on
the storybook.
A．fixed B．fixing C．to fix D．to be fixed
9．（2024·山东济南·二模）--I’m sure you have a plan.
--Erm, yes, we are considering ______a trip around the island.
A．take B．to take C．to be taking D．taking
10．（2024·天津·二模）______ safety checks outside, the ground recovery team opened the Shenzhou X capsule
and conducted an examination of the astronauts’ health.
A．To follow B．Following C．Having followed D．Followed
11．（2024·天津·二模）A variety of applications with filters ________ in allow users to soften wrinkles or
adjust the size and shape of their facial features.
A．to build B．building C．built D．having been built
12．（2024·天津·二模）The headmaster blamed the naughty student caught ________ flowers in the garden.
A．to be picking B．picking C．to pick D．to have picked
13．（2024·天津·二模）A fisherman claimed to have witnessed a giant sea turtle this morning _______ almost
two meters long.
A．measured B．having measured C．measuring D．to be measured
14．（2024·天津滨海新·三模）Celebrated American author F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby,
______ in the 1920s, reveals the emptiness and anxiety of the society then.
A．setting B．set C．to set D．having set
15．（2024·天津滨海新·三模）It’s important to share China’s wisdom-filled art with people worldwide, truly
______ traditional Chinese culture to be understood.
A．allowed B．to allow C．allowing D．being allowed
16．（2024·天津北辰·三模）Shops in Winsor Castle offer a wide range of souvenirs ______ for the Royal
Collection, including books, postcards, china, jewellery, and children’s toys.
A．designing B．to be designed
C．being designed D．designed
17．（2024·天津河北·一模）When Mrs Smith arrived at her company, she saw her office ________ dark blue by
some workers.
A．to paint B．painting C．being painted D．to be painted18．（2024·天津·一模）Hate speech on the Internet causes violence, and undermines diversity and social unity,
________ the common values and principles that bond us together.
A．to threaten B．having threatened
C．threatening D．threatened
19．（2024·天津·一模）The shopkeeper and assistants will get all these goods ordered ______ to the customers
today.
A．to deliver B．delivering C．deliver D．delivered
20．（2024·天津和平·一模）The actor is believed ______ the TV drama soon due to personal reasons.
A．to have left B．to leave C．to be left D．to have been left
二、翻译
21．（2024·上海浦东新·三模）网络红包的乐趣在于它的未知性，因为收到红包的人只有打开它时才知道
自己到底抢到了多少钱。(until)
22．（2024·上海浦东新·三模）景区可利用短视频提升知名度，助力文旅宣传。(facilitate)
23．（2024·上海普陀·二模）这部电影充满正能量，它用一个女孩的成长经历激励人们在人生道路上不断
挑战自我，努力成为更好的自己。（which）
24．（2024·上海奉贤·二模）面对网络时代的冲击，实体商店必须寻求创新之道，才能在激烈的竞争中生
存，否则将不可避免地退出历史舞台。(survive)
25．（2024·上海奉贤·二模）对于有选择困难症的人来说，决定午餐吃什么都会困扰他们，更别提做一个
重大的人生抉择了。
26．（2024·上海奉贤·二模）你能告诉我怎样架设这个梯子，才能使其既稳定又安全吗？(so that)
27．（2024·上海徐汇·二模）作为年轻人，我们具有极强的创造力，可以大胆设想、勇敢探索。(As …)
28．（2024·上海长宁·二模）公司感受到了威胁, 其应对策略是书写长长的警示标签，试图预见可能发生的
事故。（respond）29．（2024·上海杨浦·二模）作为首个致力于城市规划和建设成果的展览中心，它追朔了这座城市从早期
到21世纪的惊人演变。（dedicate）
30．（2024·上海闵行·二模）这个提案聚焦如何保护青少年自由活跃的天性，我觉得评审小组会感兴趣。
(appeal to)
