专题14 阅读理解说明文
考点
十年考情（2015-2024）
命题趋势
主题内容
考点分布
说明文
（10 年
93 篇）
2025 年：全国 Ⅰ 卷（微塑料污染及处理）、全
国 Ⅱ 卷（室内植物影响、食物浪费）共 3 篇
2024 年：全国甲卷（猫的行为、医疗列车）、新
课标 Ⅰ 卷（生物多样性数据、巴比伦微农场）、
新课标 Ⅱ 卷（冰雹抑制项目）、北京卷（人类道
德起源）、浙江 1 月卷（斯坦福棉花糖实验）共
6 篇
2023 年：新高考全国 Ⅰ 卷（数字极简主义、群
体智慧）、新高考全国 Ⅱ 卷（书籍与阅读、城市
自然）、全国乙卷（英国饮食、灰熊保护）、北京
卷（短期主义、人工生命）、浙江 1 月卷（太阳
能农场）共 9 篇
2022 年：新高考全国 Ⅰ 卷（食物浪费、语言与
咬字）、新高考全国 Ⅱ 卷（分心驾驶、小森林运
动）、全国乙卷（无人机与铁路、糖税政策）、全
国甲卷（凤头鹦鹉、南极之旅）、北京卷（具身认
知）、浙江卷（适度工作、软饮料盐卤除冰）、天
津卷（数字人类、艺术价值）共 13 篇
2021 年：新高考全国 Ⅰ 卷（联邦鸭票、情
商）、新高考全国 Ⅱ 卷（机器人与牧场）、全国
甲卷（黑犀牛保护）、全国乙卷（塑料艺术、工作
环境噪音）、北京卷（全球崩塌、狗识表情）、浙
江卷（儿童步行、黑猩猩手势）、天津卷（AI 与
数字人类、艺术价值）共 12 篇
2020 年：新课标 Ⅰ 卷（重读书籍、竞走、植物
与环境）、新课标 Ⅱ 卷（拼图与空间能力、海狸
鼠皮毛）、新课标 Ⅲ 卷（巴夭人潜水）、新高考
全国 Ⅰ 卷（饮食社交影响）、新高考全国 Ⅱ 卷
（雨林）、北京卷（狗狗监测污染）、浙江卷（蜡
虫吃塑料、父母与阅读）、江苏卷（早餐前锻炼、
报纸发展）共 11 篇
2019 年：全国卷 Ⅰ（智能键盘、受欢迎类型）、
全国卷 Ⅱ（独自用餐、HUNCH 项目）、全国卷
Ⅲ（中国文化与时尚、报纸发展、猴子算数）、浙
细节理解题
（10 年 68 考）
主要涉及具体数据、
实验过程、现象特
征、因果关系等信息
的查找与确认。如
2025 年全国 Ⅰ 卷
中煮沸和过滤去除微
塑料的效果数据；
2024 年新课标 Ⅰ
卷中生物多样性记录
的形式细节。
推理判断题
（10 年 32 考）
要求考生根据文中信
息进行逻辑推断，答
案不能直接从原文找
到。比如 2023 年全
国乙卷中推断灰熊保
护措施的效果；2022
年新高考 Ⅰ 卷中从
食物浪费数据推断问
题的严重性等。
主旨大意题
（10 年 18 考）
主要考查对文章说明
对象、核心观点的把
握。例如 2024 年北
京卷中概括人类道德
起源研究的核心内
容；2021 年全国甲
卷中归纳黑犀牛保护
措施的主旨等。
词义猜测题
（10 年 15 考）
1. 题材聚焦科学与
社会热点：紧密围
绕环境保护（如微
塑料、气候变
化）、科技发展
（如人工智能、3D
打印）、健康生活
（如饮食、运
动）、文化现象
（如语言演变、社
交习惯）等，体现
时代性与实用性。
2. 考查重点兼顾细
节与推理：细节理
解题注重对具体数
据、实验过程、现
象描述的提取；推
理判断题侧重对作
者态度、观点隐含
意义、因果关系的
推断，强调逻辑分
析能力。
3. 结构与说明方法
多样：多采用
“总 - 分”“分 -
总” 结构，常使
用举例、对比、列
数据、作诠释等说
明方法，帮助考生
理清说明对象的特
征与逻辑关系。
4. 语言难度梯度分
明：基础词汇与专
业术语结合，长难
句多涉及实验步
江卷（加州大树减少）、北京卷（机器人电话、海
洋颜色变化）、江苏卷（黄石火山、食物网）、天
津卷（食物网）共 10 篇
2018 年：全国 Ⅰ 卷（节约食物、语言消失、电
子设备能耗）、全国 Ⅱ 卷（浆果营养、青少年阅
读）、全国 Ⅲ 卷（道森市兴衰、塑料袋）、浙江
卷（七月水果、美国汽车文化）、北京卷（太空航
空中心、蜡虫分解塑料）、江苏卷（小农场、3D
食物打印）、天津卷（3D 食物打印）共 11 篇
2017 年：新课标 Ⅰ 卷（太阳能蒸馏器）、新课
标 Ⅱ 卷（飞行汽车、植物交流）、新课标 Ⅲ 卷
（黄石灰狼、老年司机）、北京卷（TOKNOW 杂
志、麻疹）、江苏卷（鹪鹩胎教、数据巨头）、天
津卷（邮件失误）共 9 篇
2016 年：新课标 Ⅰ 卷（祖孙同住、沉默的文化
差异）、新课标 Ⅱ 卷（BookCrossing 网站）、新
课标 Ⅲ 卷（苹果节）、浙江卷（婴儿与科学
家）、北京卷（加州秃鹫）、江苏卷（黑猩猩与人
类合作、厄尔尼诺）、上海卷（社交媒体条款）、
四川卷（法属圭亚那土著）共 9 篇
考查对文中专业术
语、特定短语含义的
推测，需结合上下文
语境。如 2025 年浙
江 1 月卷中
“Eschewing” 的含
义；2023 年全国 Ⅱ
卷中 “relate to” 的
指代等。
骤、科学原理等复
杂信息，考查考生
在语境中理解词
义、分析句式的能
力。
5. 跨学科融合趋势
明显：融合生物
学、环境科学、社
会学、心理学等多
学科知识，要求考
生具备跨学科理解
与整合信息的能
力，体现对综合素
养的考查。
说明文
2025 年
Passage 1
【2025 全国一卷】Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have
settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even
fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics
in water from your tap (水龙头): boiling and filtering (过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental
Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then
filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics.
In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in
plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by
just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn’t include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three
common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn’t study other chemicals
previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that’s
becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times
more microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised
concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated
how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an
environmental engineer of the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New
Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
32．How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph?
A．By quoting an expert.
B．By defining a concept.
C．By giving examples.
D．By providing statistics.
33．What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water?
A．The hardness of water.
B．The length of cooling time.
C．The frequency of filtering.
D．The type of plastic in water.
34．What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4?
A．The importance of plastic recycling.
B．The severity of the microplastic problem.
C．The danger in overusing pure water.
D．The difficulty in treating polluted water.
35．What is Gauchotte-Lindsay’s suggestion about?
A．Choice of new research methods.
B．Possible direction for further study.
C．Need to involve more researchers.
D．Potential application of the findings.
【答案】32．C 33．A 34．B 35．D
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于减少自来水中微塑料污染的新研究。微塑料污染已遍及
全球，甚至进入人体。中国研究人员发现，将自来水煮沸五分钟并冷却后过滤可能会显著降低自来水中的
微塑料含量。研究虽未涵盖所有塑料类型和化学物质，但揭示了一种潜在解决方案。苏格兰环境工程师指
出，该研究展示了煮沸法的有效性，并建议升级饮用水处理厂以推广应用。
32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the
Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of
seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans. (微塑料已经成为地球上
常见的污染源——它们出现在在深海和喜马拉雅山上，被困在火山岩中，填满海鸟的胃，甚至落在南极的
新雪中。它们甚至出现了在人类体内)”可推知，作者通过举例提出微塑料污染的问题。故选C。
33．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium
carbonate (碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium
carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium
carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. (至关重要的是，这一过程依赖于含有足够碳
酸钙的水来截留塑料。在这项研究中，将含有300 毫克碳酸钙的硬水煮沸后，塑料含量下降了近90%。但
在碳酸钙含量低于60 毫克的样品中，煮沸只降低了25%的塑料含量)”可知，决定在水中截留微塑料的有效
性的是水的硬度。故选A。
34．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中“Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing
microplastic exposure — a task that’s becoming increasingly diffcult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier
this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought. (尽管如此，研究结果显示了减
少微塑料接触的潜在途径——这一任务正变得越来越困难。今年早些时候，科学家们发现，即使是瓶装水，
其微塑料含量也比原先想象的高出10 到1000 倍。)”可推断，作者提到瓶装水是为了说明微塑料污染的严
重性。故选B。
35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped
through the boiling process was nice,” Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay, an environmental engineer of the University of
Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into
upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.” (苏格兰格拉斯哥大学的环境工程师
Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay 没有参与这项研究，她告诉《新科学家》杂志：“他们展示微塑料如何在煮沸
过程中被截留的方式很不错。”“我们应该考虑升级饮用水处理厂，以便它们能去除微塑料”)”可推知，
Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay 的建议是关于这项研究结果的潜在应用，即升级饮用水处理厂。故选D。
Passage 2
【2025 全国二卷】When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn’t have high
hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of 2020 alone. In the
past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70,000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home
leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now,” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida.
“People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature
to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways
but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone (激素) in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without
plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there
was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces.”
If you’re among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of
surrounding yourself with plants, don’t beat yourself up if one (or a few!) doesn’t make it. “Doctors practice
medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to
plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,”
Detrinidad says.
28．How was Detrinidad’s business when it started?
A．It faced tough competition.
B．It suffered a great loss.
C．It got lots of financial support.
D．It went surprisingly well.
29．What is one of Knuth’s findings about plants?
A．They appeal more to students.
B．They purify the environment.
C．They raise the cortisol level.
D．They enhance productivity.
30．What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers?
A．The necessity of social skills.
B．The meaning of sustainability.
C．The importance of repeated efforts.
D．The value of professional opinions.
31．What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Time to Replace Houseplants
B．Plants Boost Your Mood
C．Tips on Choosing Houseplants
D．Plants Brighten Your Home
【答案】28．D 29．D 30．C 31．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要通过Detrinidad 的创业经历和专家研究，说明室内植物对人们心理
健康和工作效率的积极影响，以及近年来居家趋势推动了室内植物产业的发展。
28．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she
didn’t have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1,200 orders in June of
2020 alone. (当Sonja Detrinidad 开设她的网店售卖室内植物时，她并没有抱太大的期望。但结果却恰恰相
反：订单如潮水般涌来，仅在2020 年6 月就寄出了1200 份订单)”可知，Sonja Detrinidad 刚开始开网店卖
室内植物时，并没有抱太大希望，但实际情况是订单很多，生意出奇地好。故选D。
29．细节理解题。根据第三段中的““Students who are around plants perform better academically than
students who are in a classroom without plants,” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace
for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich
workplaces.”(Knuth 表示：“身处植物周围的学生，其学业表现比在没有植物的教室里的学生更出色。这种
效率提升同样适用于成年人的工作场合。我们的研究显示，在植物丰富的工作环境中，人们的病假率降低
了 30%。”)”可知，Knuth 的研究发现，接触植物的学生学业表现更好，成年人在植物丰富的工作环境中
生产率提高，病假率降低，因此，“植物能提升生产率”是她的发现之一。故选D。
30．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的““Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should
allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be
invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one,” Detrinidad says. (Detrinidad 说：“医生需要不断
实践医术，律师需要持续精进法律实务，而养护植物同样需要给自己练习的机会。照料植物是一种培养耐
心和学习的过程。要用心呵护它，但如果它枯萎了，就再养一株新的。”)”可知，Detrinidad 通过类比医生
和律师需要不断实践来强调“照顾植物需要反复尝试”。她认为养植物失败是正常的，重要的是持续努力。
由此推断，她提到医生和律师是为了解释“重复努力的重要性”。故选C。
31．主旨大意题。文章第一段以Detrinidad 的成功为例引出室内植物行业的兴起，第二段至第三段通过
Knuth 的研究说明植物能通过降低皮质醇水平改善心情、提升生产率，第四段鼓励人们尝试养植物。全文
核心围绕“植物对情绪和健康的积极影响”展开。选项B“Plants Boost Your Mood (植物改善你的情绪)”最
能概括文章主旨，适合作为文章的标题。故选B。
Passage 3
【2025 全国二卷】Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food? Mine does. Maybe
that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was
more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From
technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of
what we’re already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It
changed its menu to exclusively (专门) offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village’s Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items
like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver’s vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to
raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33 pounds of food
waste for every $1,000 in revenue (收入), and of that waste only 15.7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84.3% is
simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took
the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all
the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider
serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated
and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment;
Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to
address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
32．What can be inferred about the author’s early life?
A．He witnessed food shortage.
B．He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C．He donated food to Africans.
D．He helped to cook at home.
33．Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment?
A．To customize dishes for guests.
B．To make the public aware of food waste.
C．To test a food processing method.
D．To improve the UK’s zero-waste systems.
34．What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A．Why the ingredients were used.
B．Which dishes were best liked.
C．What the dishes were made of.
D．Where the ingredients were bought.
35．What can we learn about wastED?
A．It has ended as planned.
B．It is creating new jobs.
C．It has regained popularity.
D．It is criticized by top chefs.
【答案】32．A 33．B 34．C 35．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了食物浪费问题，并以纽约一家餐厅的短期实验项目“wastED”为
例，该餐厅通过创意改造本该被丢弃的食材制作菜品，以此提高人们对可持续饮食的关注。
32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa where the
phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at
dinner time. (这种感觉或许源于在南非的成长经历 —— 在那里，“非洲还有孩子在挨饿” 这句话与其说
是晚餐时的祈祷，不如说是对现实令人不安的提醒)” 可知，作者在南非长大，那里有孩子挨饿是事实，由
此可推断作者早年目睹了食物短缺的情况。故选A。
33．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste. (每
道菜都是量身定制的，以提高人们对食物浪费的认识)”可知，Blue Hill 餐厅进行这个实验，将菜单改为只
提供原本会被扔掉的食物，是为了提高公众对食物浪费的认识。故选B。
34．主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“It should be noted that none of the items on wastED’s menu was technically
made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients (配料) used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most
restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber
butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine. (值得注
意的是，从技术上讲，wastED 的菜单上没有一项是由垃圾制成的。相反，所有使用的食材都是大多数餐馆
永远不会考虑供应的肉类部位和农产品。羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等东西都被重新利
用，在许多优秀厨师的助力下，变成了美味的菜肴)”可知，本段主要介绍了wastED 菜单上的菜品所用的配
料，如羽衣甘蓝茎、鱼颈肉、被挑拣的红薯和黄瓜蒂等，所以本段主要讲的是这些菜肴是由什么做成的。
故选C。
35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from
the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. (尽管 wastED 餐厅收获了
热烈的评价，但它从一开始就被设计为短期实验项目；此后，Blue Hill 餐厅已回归常规菜单)”可知，
wastED 从一开始就被设计为短期实验，现在餐厅已恢复常规菜单，从而推断，实验项目“wastED”已经按
计划结束了。故选A。
Passage 4
【2025 浙江1 月卷】A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide.
Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and
even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers ( 化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple
principle: to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World War II
in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes that could be used
modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so that they will grow
together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to the
planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs of wildlife.
Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses in the gentle wind to
the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully planned,
with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they match plants that
enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced, the
garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we give most
gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon
absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
28．What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean?
A．Running out of.
B．Keeping away from.
C．Putting up with.
D．Taking advantage of.
29．Why was the idea of matrix planting introduced?
A．To control weeds in large gardens.
B．To bring in foreign species of plants.
C．To conserve soil and water resources.
D．To develop low-maintenance parkland.
30．Which of the following best describes Piet Oudolf’s gardens?
A．Traditional.
B．Odd-looking.
C．Tasteful.
D．Well-protected.
31．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?
A．The future of gardening is WILD．
B．Nature treats all lives as EQUALS.
C．Matrix gardens need more CARE.
D．Old garden plots work WONDERS.
【答案】28．B 29．D 30．C 31．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种新型园艺设计方法——矩阵种植。
28．词句猜测题。根据上文“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the
heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing.(这种被称为矩阵种植的方法旨在让大自然在花园中
承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作)”可知，矩阵种植是让大自然自身承接更多的工作；结合常
识和划线词所在句“Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to
garden more like nature does.(Eschewing 化肥和电动工具，它基于一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进
行园艺种植)”中“to garden more like nature does”可推知，要像大自然那样进行园艺种植，让大自然自身承
接更多的工作，就不需要使用化肥和电动工具。所以划线词“Eschewing”的意思是“避开、远离”，与
“Keeping away from.”同义。故选B 项。
29．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas
of parkland after World War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance.(这个概念诞生于二战
后，当时德国城市规划者试图以一种可复制且需要最少维护的方式种植大片公园绿地)”可知，引入矩阵种
植的想法是为了开发低维护成本的公园绿地。故选D 项。
30．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style,
adding artistic flavors to the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four season interest and
serving the needs of wildlife.(荷兰植物学家兼设计师Piet Oudolf 的花园推广了这种风格，在种植组合中增添
了艺术气息，同时玩转色彩和形态，四季都有看点，还满足了野生动物的需求)”可知，Piet Oudolf 的花园
有艺术气息，很有品味。故选C 项。
31．主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to
do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers (化肥) and
power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does.(这种被称为矩阵种植的
方法旨在让大自然在花园中承担更多繁重的工作，甚至承担一些设计工作。它避开化肥和电动工具，基于
一个极其简单的原则：更像大自然那样进行园艺种植)”和最后一段中“With human inputs dramatically
reduced, the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we
give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase carbon
absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.(随着人类投入的大幅减少，
花园的生态系统可以良好发展。成熟的矩阵花园不需要我们给予大多数花园的维持手段：化肥、分株、定
期浇水。与传统花园地块相比，它们增加了碳吸收，减少了雨水径流，并显著改善了栖息地和生物多样
性)”可知，文章主要介绍了矩阵种植这种新型园艺设计方法，它让花园更接近自然、野生的状态，未来园
艺可能会朝着这种更自然、野生的方向发展。故A 项“The future of gardening is WILD(园艺的未来是自然
的)”能概括文章主旨，适合做文章标题。故选A 项。
Passage 5
【2025 浙江1 月卷】As new technologies take on increasingly humanlike qualities, there’s been a push to
make them genderless. “People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very traditional ways,”
says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender from the picture
altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. Yet as Martin has found in her work, gender is one of the
fundamental ways people form connections with objects, particularly those designed with human characteristics.
In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male, female, and genderless versions of a
digital voice assistant and a self-driving car known as “Miuu.” It was found that gender increased users’ feelings of
attachment to these devices and their interest in purchasing them. For example, participants said they would be less
likely to buy a genderless voice assistant than versions with male or female voices.
While gendering a product may be good marketing, it may also strengthen outdated or harmful ideas about
power and identity. The stereotypes commonly associated with men, such as competitiveness and dominance, are
more valued than those associated with women. These qualities, in turn, are mapped onto products that have been
assigned a gender.
Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For instance, if an object’s name
was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it — they would assume Miuu
was a “he” or “she.”
Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism (拟人化) “provides an opportunity
to change stereotypes.” When women are put into positions of leadership like running companies, it reduces
negative stereotypes about women. Similarly, anthropomorphized products could be created to take on stereotype-
inconsistent roles — a male robot that assists with nursing or a female robot that helps do calculations, for instance.
32．What is the purpose of making new technologies genderless?
A．To reduce stereotypes.
B．To meet public demand.
C．To cut production costs.
D．To encourage competition.
33．What were the participants probably asked to do in the study?
A．Design a product.
B．Respond to a survey.
C．Work as assistants.
D．Take a language test.
34．Why is it difficult to create genderless objects?
A．They cannot be mass-produced.
B．Naming them is a challenging task.
C．People assume they are unreliable.
D．Gender is rooted in people’s mind.
35．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?
A．The quality of genderless products.
B．The upside of gendering a product.
C．The meaning of anthropomorphism.
D．The stereotypes of men and women.
【答案】32．A 33．B 34．D 35．B
【导语】本文为说明文。文章讲述了新技术呈现人类特质时人们试图使其去性别化，但性别是人们与物体
建立联系的基本方式，且创造无性别物体很难，拟人化或能改变刻板印象。
32．细节理解题。根据第一段中“‘People are stereotyping (形成刻板印象) their gendered objects in very
traditional ways,’ says Ashley Martin, a Stanford associate professor of organizational behavior. Removing gender
from the picture altogether seems like a simple way to fix this. (斯坦福大学组织行为学副教授阿什利·马丁说：
“人们以非常传统的方式对有性别的物品形成刻板印象。”完全去除物品的性别似乎是解决这个问题的简
单方法)”可知，人们对有性别的物品存在刻板印象，让新技术无性别化的目的是减少这种刻板印象。故选
A 项。
33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“In her study, Martin asked participants to rate their attachment to male,
female, and genderless versions of a digital voice assistant and a self driving car known as ‘Miuu.’ (在她的研究中，
马丁让参与者对数字语音助手和名为‘Miuu’的自动驾驶汽车的男性、女性和无性别版本的喜爱程度进行
评分)”可知，参与者被要求对不同版本的产品进行评价，这类似于对调查做出回应。故选B 项。
34．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Martin’s study also found that creating a genderless object was difficult. For
instance, if an object’s name was meant to sound genderless, like Miuu, participants would still assign a gender to it
— they would assume Miuu was a ‘he’ or ‘she.’ (马丁的研究还发现，创造无性别对象很困难。例如，如果一
个物品的名字听起来是无性别化的，比如Miuu，参与者仍然会给它赋予一个性别——他们会认为Miuu
是‘他’或‘她’)”可知，因为性别观念根深蒂固在人们的脑海中，所以即使物品本身试图设计成无性别，
人们还是会赋予其性别，这导致创造无性别对象很困难。故选D 项。
35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“Martin sees a silver lining, however: She believes that anthropomorphism
(拟人化) ‘provides an opportunity to change stereotypes.’ (然而，马丁看到了一线希望：她认为拟人化‘提供
了改变刻板印象的机会’)”以及后文所举的例子可知，最后一段主要讲了赋予产品性别有积极的一面，即
可以通过拟人化改变刻板印象。故选B 项。
Passage 6
【2025 北京卷】The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our sense of self doesn’t
always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us to change our minds
for better.
For many years psychologists saw identity as a combination of someone’s values, beliefs, goals and social
roles. Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go
through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we
understand our lives.
Our life story is something that starts coming together in our teenage years, when we begin to organise our
lives into chapters around key events or life changes, and begin to see ourselves as both the central character and, to
a varying extent, the story’s author. People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity,
and they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life
satisfaction, too.
Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. He discovered that
whether someone describes having had some control over events in their past is an important predictor of a person’s
mental health. Another key theme involves finding some kind of positive meaning after stressful events. “People
could talk about gaining knowledge or personal growth,” says Johnson. His research shows that this is often
missing for people with mental health conditions. The good news is that there is evidence we can learn to change
our own story.
Lisa Green, another researcher, sounds a few notes of caution (谨慎). For instance, hearing about the power of
redemptive (拯救性的) stories, many people may feel forced to find a positive angle on horrible events. She says
that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining behind every cloud.
If you want to turn over a new leaf, though, one top tip is that it helps to choose a significant date that signals
the start of a new “chapter”. Contrary to popular doubt, resolutions made on I January are more effective for this
reason. So, whether your goal is saving money or getting fit, there is no better time to become the author of our
own destiny (命运).
31. What can be inferred about personal stories?
A. They are unrelated to health.
B. Consistent ones lead to stress.
C They are relevant to happiness.
D. Thematic ones hold back change.
32. What can we learn from this passage?
A. Talking about gains from failure is negative.
B. New Year resolutions are well received.
C. The West tends to overvalue optimism.
D. Social roles fail to be highlighted.
33. What does the author mainly do in this passage?
A. Clarify a goal.
B. Analyse an event.
C. Make a comparison.
D. Illustrate an approach.
34. What is the passage mainly about?
A. How self-identity works.
B. How story-tellers are made.
C. How personal stories raise doubts.
D. How timing affects personal identity.
【答案】31. C 32. C 33. D 34. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了个人故事与自我认同、幸福感之间
关系及如何改变个人故
事。
【31 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中“People with more consistent stories tend to have a stronger sense of identity, and
they feel their life has more meaning, direction and sense of purpose. Such people show greater overall life
satisfaction, too. (拥有更一致故事的人往往有更强的身份认同感，他们觉得自己的生活更有意义、更有方向、
更有目标感。这样的人总体上对生活的满意度也更高。)”可知，个人故事与幸福感相关。故选C。
【32 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段中“She says that Western culture already pushes people to look for the silver lining
behind every cloud. (她说，西方文化已经促使人们在每一片乌云背后寻找一线希望。)”可知，西方倾向于
过度重视乐观主义。故选C。
【33 题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times,
but our sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can
help us to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与
他人对我们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想
法。)”和第二段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he
proposes that, as we go through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story
through which we understand our lives. (然后，在20 世纪80 年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，
他提出，在我们的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理
解我们的生活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story
themes. (约翰逊还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，文章主要阐述了个人故事与自我认
同、幸福感之间的关系，并举例说明了如何通过改变个人故事来影响自我认同和幸福感，因此作者主要是
在阐述一种方法。故选D。
【34 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据尤其是由文章第一段“The call to “know yourself” has been there since ancient times, but our
sense of self doesn’t always match what others perceive. Considering the stories we tell about ourselves can help us
to change our minds for better. (“认识你自己”这一呼吁自古便有，但我们对自己的认知并不总是与他人对我
们的看法相吻合。思考我们讲述的关于自己的故事，能帮助我们以更好的方式改变自己的想法。)”和第二
段中“Then, in the 1980s, Bob Johnson created the life story model of identity, in which he proposes that, as we go
through life, these core features are built in with our memories to create a personal story through which we
understand our lives. (然后，在20 世纪80 年代，鲍勃·约翰逊创造了身份的生活故事模型，他提出，在我们
的一生中，这些核心特征与我们的记忆一起构建了一个个人故事，我们通过这个故事来理解我们的生
活。)”和第四段中“Johnson has also investigated the link between well-being and certain story themes. (约翰逊
还研究了幸福感与某些故事主题之间的联系。)”可知，全文围绕“个人生活故事如何构建自我认知并影响
幸福感”展开，分析了其形成、作用及相关研究。“How self-identity works. (自我认同是如何运作的。)”符
合题意。故选A。
2024 年
Passage 1
【2024 全国甲卷】Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have
distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter.
But cats are special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations
with humans using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract
attention and find food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft
meows. Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess
their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place
to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.
Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future.
That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't
usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find
random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of
predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just
doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
4. What can be learned about cats' meowing from the first paragraph?
A. It's a survival skill.
B. It's taught by mother cats.
C. It's hard to interpret.
D. It's getting louder with age.
5. How does a pet cat assess different situations?
A. By listening for sounds.
B. By touching familiar objects.
C. By checking on smells.
D. By communicating with other cats.
6. Which best explains the phrase "take. . . up notch" in paragraph 3?
A. Perform appropriately.
B. Move faster.
C. Act strangely.
D. Do better.
7. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat
B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat
D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
【答案】4. A 5. C 6. D 7. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了猫通过叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物来表达需求、评估环境和展示
爱意。
【4 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals
have distinct vocals (声音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for
shelter. (动物可以用很多方式来表达他们的需求。例如，几乎所有的动物都有独特的声音，它们依靠这些
声音来寻求帮助，吓跑危险的动物或寻找庇护。)”和“Meowing starts as soon as a baby cat is brought to life
and uses it to get the mother’s attention and be fed. (猫宝宝一出生就开始喵喵叫，喵喵叫是为了引起妈妈的注
意和被喂食。)”可知，猫叫声是一种生存技能。故选A。
【5 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They
use their noses to assess their environment and look out for any signs of danger. (猫有许多敏锐的感官，但它们
的嗅觉令人印象深刻。它们用鼻子来评估周围的环境，寻找任何危险的迹象。)”可知，宠物猫通过检查气
味来评估不同情况。故选C。
【6 题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第三段划线词前半句“Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, (狗以其令人印
象深刻的抓取习惯而闻名)”和后句“Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners.
(许多猫会在外面随意找到一些东西，并把它们带给主人。)”可知，狗以取回东西而闻名，但猫可以从外边
找到东西带回来，因此在这一行为上更上一层楼。短语take ... up a notch 是用来形容猫在带回东西这一行
为上做得更好或更出色。故选D。
【7 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways.( 动物可以用很多方式来表达
他们的需求。)”及全文可知，文章都在介绍和解释猫的各种行为方式，包括叫声、嗅觉和带回礼物的习惯，
以及这些行为背后的原因和意义。所以“Understanding Your Cat’s Behavior(了解你的猫的行为)”作文文章
标题最为合适。故选B。
Passage 2
【2024 新课标Ⅰ卷】In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and
citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of
photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of
species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a
mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the
Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes
from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species
are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested
how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias ( 使有偏差) data, like
the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”
said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.
Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the
people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their
encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-
catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled
areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of
observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their
uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A. They are becoming outdated.
B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number.
D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on?
A. Threatened species.
B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data.
D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis.
B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling.
D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A. Review data from certain areas.
B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users.
D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，
建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。
【32 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other
digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在
收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
【33 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical
specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding
to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而
且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段
““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the
greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,”
said Daru. (Daru 说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍
摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru 的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记
录的物种观察数据。故选C。
【34 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to
bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead
of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru 说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，
比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense
because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording
their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的
人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方
式的不当。故选C。
【35 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas
and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational
data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded
image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不
足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们
上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
Passage 3
【2024 全国甲卷】The Saint Lukas train doesn’t accept passengers—it accepts only the sick. The Saint
Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel to remote towns in central and eastern Russia.
Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the doctors and nurses on board provide rural( 乡
村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
“People started queuing to make an appointment early in the morning,” says Emile Ducke, a German
photographer who traveled with the staff of the Saint Lukas for a two-week trip in November through the vast
regions(区域)of Krasnoyarsk and Khakassia.
Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The government has struggled
to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas east of the Volga River,
including arranging doctor’s appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid programs to motivate doctors
to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk.
The annual arrival of the Saint Lukas is another attempt to improve the situation. For 10 months every year,
the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks, before returning to the regional capital to refuel and
restock(补给). Then it starts all over again the next month. Most stations wait about a year between visits.
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very
impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and
very concerned,” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want. ”
8. How is the Saint Lukas different from other trains?
A. It runs across countries.
B. It reserves seats for the seniors.
C. It functions as a hospital.
D. It travels along a river.
9. What can we infer from paragraph 3 about Krasnoyarsk?
A. It is heavily populated.
B. It offers training for doctors.
C. It is a modern city.
D. It needs medical aid.
10. How long can the Saint Lukas work with one supply?
A. About a year.
B. About ten months.
C. About two months.
D. About two weeks.
11. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services?
A. Appreciative.
B. Doubtful
C. Ambiguous.
D. Cautious.
【答案】8. C 9. D 10. D 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述政府赞助了五辆名为圣卢卡斯的医疗列车为俄罗斯中部和东部偏远
地区每年提供为期10 个月的巡回医疗服务，为乡村居民提供基本医疗检查和治疗，改善当地医疗条件。
【8 题详解】
细节理解题，根据文章第一段“The Saint Lukas is one of five government-sponsored medical trains that travel
to remote towns in central and eastern Russia. Each stop lasts an average of two days, and during that time the
doctors and nurses on board provide rural(乡村)populations with basic medical care, X-ray scans and prescriptions.
(圣卢卡斯号是五列政府资助的医疗列车之一，前往俄罗斯中部和东部的偏远城镇。每一站平均停留两天，
在此期间，船上的医生和护士为农村人口提供基本医疗服务、X 光扫描和处方。)”可知，圣卢卡斯号与其
他火车的不同之处在于它是政府资助的医疗火车，充当医院。因此选C。
【9 题详解】
推理判断题，第三段提到“Russia’s public health care service has been in serious need of modernization. The
government has struggled to come up with measures to address the problem, particularly in the poorer, rural areas
east of the Volga River, including arranging doctor's appointments by video chat and expanding financial aid
programs to motivate doctors to practice medicine in remote parts of the country like Krasnoyarsk. (俄罗斯的公共
卫生保健服务迫切需要现代化。政府一直在努力提出解决这一问题的措施，特别是在伏尔加河以东较贫穷
的农村地区，包括通过视频聊天安排医生预约，扩大财政援助计划，激励医生到克拉斯诺亚尔斯克等偏远
地区行医。) ”可以推断，Krasnoyarsk 需要医疗援助，故选D。
【10 题详解】
细节理解题，根据第四段“For 10 months every year, the train stops at about eight stations over two weeks,
before returning to the regional capital to refuel and restock (补给). ”(每年有10 个月，火车在两周内停靠大约
八个车站，然后返回地区首府进行补给和重新装货。) ”可知，圣卢卡斯号一份补给可以工作大约两周，故
选D。
【11 题详解】
推断判断题。根据最后一段的““I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in
such little space but still staying focused and very concerned, ” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many
rural people to get the treatment they want. ”(“医生和他们的助手在这么小的空间里工作和生活，但仍然保持
专注和非常关注，这给我留下了深刻的印象，”Ducke 说。这是许多农村人获得他们想要的治疗的最好机
会。”)”可知，Ducke 对Saint Lukas 的服务持赞赏的态度，故选A。
Passage 4
【2024 新课标ⅠⅠ卷】We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store
went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are
a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience
such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly
supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely
monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is
automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil,
the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new
pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from
transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute
traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside
the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.
“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
8. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1?
A. It guarantees the variety of food.
B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance.
D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
9. What information does the convenient app offer?
A. Real-time weather changes.
B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil.
D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
10. What can be concluded about BMF employees?
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D They have a strong environmental awareness.
11. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. BMF’s major strengths.
B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence.
D. BMF’s technical standards.
【答案】8. C 9. B 10. D 11. A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输
距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。
【8 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm
(BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短
了旅程)”可知，巴比伦微型农场（BMF）进一步缩短了从农场到餐桌的距离。故选C。
【9 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. (此外，还有
一个便捷的应用程序，可以实时提供增长数据)”可知，这个便捷的应用程序提供了植物生长的实时数据。
故选B。
【10 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them
walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and
avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,”
said a BMF employee. (BMF 员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑自行车上班。在办
公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF 的一名员工表示：“我们热
衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，BMF 员工具有强烈的环保意识。故选D。
【11 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm
(BMF) shortens it even more. (虽然农贸市场是减少旅程的可靠选择，但巴比伦微型农场（BMF）甚至缩短
了旅程)”、第三段“By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient
app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of
water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each
plant. (通过云连接，对BMF 进行远程监控。此外，还有一个方便的应用程序可以实时提供不断增长的数据。
由于该系统是自动化的，因此大大减少了种植植物所需的水量。该系统不是给一排排土壤浇水，而是为每
株植物提供合适的水量)”以及最后一段“BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About
half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting
garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in
our environment,” said a BMF employee. (BMF 员工在日常生活中追求可持续发展。大约一半的人步行或骑
自行车上班。在办公室里，他们通过限制垃圾桶和避免一次性塑料来鼓励回收和减少浪费。BMF 的一名员
工表示：“我们热衷于减少环境中的废物、碳和化学品。”)”可知，文章主要介绍了巴比伦微农场
（BMF）的一些主要优势，包括减少食物运输距离、通过云技术远程监控、自动化系统节约水资源、减少
化学污染、以及员工的环保生活方式等。故选A。
Passage5
【2024 浙江1 月卷】On September 7, 1991, the costliest hailstorm (雹暴) in Canadian history hit Calgary’s
southern suburbs. As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million per year on
the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make small ice
crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones. But farmers in east-central Alberta —
downwind of the hail project flights — worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land
by the cloud seeding.
Norman Stienwand, who farms in that area, has been addressing public meetings on this issue for years
“Basically, the provincial government is letting the insurance companies protect the Calgary-Edmonton urban area
from hail,” Mr. Stienwan d says, “but they’re increasing drought risk as far east as Saskatchewan.”
The Alberta hail project is managed by Terry Krauss, a cloud physicist who works for Weather Modification
Inc. of Fargo, North Dakota. “We affect only a very small percentage of the total moisture in the air, so we cannot
be cousing drought.” Dr. Krauss says. “In fact, we may be helping increase the moisture downwind by creating
wetter ground.”
One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research scientist who just retired from the
University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷风) form from a seeded storm cell
in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce moisture downwind? No one
really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”
Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop cloud seeding.” In practice,
doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their impacts, no one has
succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate engineering can proceed
in relative legal safety.
8. What does the project aim to do?
A. Conserve moisture in the soil.
B. Prevent the formation of hailstones.
C. Forecast disastrous hailstorms.
D. Investigate chemical use in farming.
9. Who are opposed to the project?
A. Farmers in east-central Alberta.
B. Managers of insurance companies.
C. Provincial government officials.
D. Residents of Calgary and Edmonton
10. Why does Dr. Doswell mention the tornadoes he saw in 1999?
A. To compare different kinds of seeding methods.
B. To illustrate the development of big hailstorms.
C. To indicate a possible danger of cloud seeding.
D. To show the link between storms and moisture.
11. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Scientific studies have proved Stienwand right.
B. Private climate engineering is illegal in Canada.
C. The doubt about cloud seeding has disappeared.
D. Cloud-seeding companies will continue to exist.
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了1991 年9 月7 日，加拿大历史上损失最大的冰雹袭击了卡尔加
里的南郊。因此，自1996 年以来，一组保险公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200 万美元。飞机
在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下。但是，在艾伯
塔省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷
走。
【8 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“As a result, since 1996 a group of insurance companies have spent about $2million
per year on the Alberta Hail Suppression Project. Airplanes seed threatening storm cells with a chemical to make
small ice crystals fall as rain before they can grow into dangerous hailstones.(因此，自1996 年以来，一组保险
公司每年在艾伯塔省冰雹抑制项目上花费约200 万美元。飞机在有威胁的风暴中心中播撒一种化学物质，
使小冰晶在变成危险的冰雹之前像雨一样落下)”可知，这个项目的目标是防止冰雹的形成。故选B 项。
【9 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“But farmers in east-central Alberta — downwind of the hail project flights —
worry that precious moisture (水分) is being stolen from their thirsty land by the cloud seeding.(但是，在艾伯塔
省中东部的农民们担心，“冰雹计划”飞行的下风处，宝贵的水分正被人工降雨从他们干渴的土地上偷
走)”可知，艾伯塔省中东部的农民反对这个项目。故选A 项。
【10 题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One doubter about the safety of cloud seeding is Chuck Doswell, a research
scientist who just retired from the University of Oklahoma. “In 1999, I personally saw significant tornadoes (龙卷
风) form from a seeded storm cell in Kansas,” Dr. Doswell says. “Does cloud seeding create killer storms or reduce
moisture downwind? No one really knows, of course, but the seeding goes on.”(查克·多斯韦尔是一位刚刚从俄
克拉何马大学退休的研究科学家，他对人工降雨的安全性持怀疑态度。“1999 年，我在堪萨斯州亲眼目睹
了由种子风暴细胞形成的重大龙卷风，”多斯韦尔博士说。“人工降雨会制造致命风暴还是减少顺风处的
水分？当然，没有人真正知道，但是播种还在继续。”)”可推知，多斯韦尔博士提到他在1999 年看到的
龙卷风是为了提示人工降雨可能带来的危险。故选C 项。
【11 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Given the degree of doubt, Mr. Stienwand suggests, “it would be wise to stop
cloud seeding.” In practice, doubt has had the opposite effect. Due to the lack of scientific proof concerning their
impacts, no one has succeeded in winning a lawsuit against cloud-seeding companies. Hence, private climate
engineering can proceed in relative legal safety.(考虑到质疑的程度，斯廷旺德建议，“停止人工降雨是明智
的。”在实践中，怀疑产生了相反的效果。由于缺乏有关其影响的科学证据，没有人成功地赢得了对人工
降雨公司的诉讼。因此，私人气候工程可以在相对合法的安全条件下进行)”可推知，从最后一段我们能推
断出人工降雨公司将继续存在。故选D 项。
Passage 6
【2024 北京卷】Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable
moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well
understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and
interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles.
Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada
being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.
The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may
vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while
cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising
religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms
for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of
others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape
our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts
motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.
The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care.
Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and
dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar
in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is
inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.
Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence
self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-
solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for
language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.
32. What can be inferred about the forming of the Inuit’s moral code?
A. Living conditions were the drive.
B. Unwritten rules were the target.
C. Social tradition was the basis.
D. Honesty was the key.
33. What can we learn from this passage?
A. Inconveniences are the cause of telling lies.
B. Basic human needs lead to universal norms.
C. Language capacity is limited by self-control.
D. Written laws have great influence on virtues.
34. Which would be the best title for this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures
B. The Values of Self-discipline
C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos
D. The Roots of Morality
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过
程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中。
【32 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well
understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and
interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles.
Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada
being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. (在这里，规范是不成文的，很
少明确表达，但被很好地理解和铭记。不赞成不诚实和暴力行为；领导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受
到传统的松散控制。冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决。因为愤怒的争论会导致混乱，所以强烈反对。在无情
的加拿大北部，生活的要求如此之高，因纽特人对待道德的务实态度很有道理)”可知，因纽特人的生活中，
规范是不成文的，因纽特人的道德准则的形成是以社会传统为基础的。故选C 项。
【33 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written
law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and
problem solving.(这些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律的概念。相反，它们植根于人类基本需
求的相似性以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制)”可知，普遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以
及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制，即人类的基本需求导致普遍的道德规范形成。故选B 项。
【34 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the
probable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19 世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道
德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形
成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为
文章标题。故选D 项。
Passage 7
【2024 浙江1 月卷】The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist
Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single
sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before
eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with
the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and
various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but
by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various
types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed
a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve
reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have
the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to
resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was
information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has
greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more
thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to
manage our time most effectively.
12. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?
A. Take an examination alone.
B. Show respect for the researchers.
C. Share their treats with others.
D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.
13. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ___________.
A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetites
B. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs
C. the rich food supply and our unchanged brains
D. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit
14. What does the author suggest readers do?
A. Absorb new information readily.
B. Be selective information consumers.
C. Use diverse information sources.
D. Protect the information environment.
15. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Eat Less, Read More
B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later, the Better
D. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. B 15. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入
了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。
【12 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段第四句“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they
would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15 分钟，他们将得到第二次奖
励。)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15 分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选D。
【13 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost
and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this
mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但
是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前
一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因。)”可知，根据第三
段可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。
【14 题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric
consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of
the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的
热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地
管理我们的时间。)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选B。
【15 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted
(诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global
delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，
我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将
我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可
知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精
神“垃圾食品”。故选D。
2023 年
Passage 1
【2023 年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a
detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you
decide it’s right for you.
To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital
minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly
intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter.
This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days,
you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive
benefits to the things you value.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll
draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear
these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you
should avoid.
The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable
digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude ( 独处) and the
necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each
chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for
your particular circumstances.
8. What is the book aimed at?
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems.
D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Clear-up.
B. Add-on.
C. Check-in.
D. Take-over.
10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?
A. Theoretical models.
B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples.
D. Historical analyses.
11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?
A. Use them as needed.
B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects.
D. Identify the ideas behind them.
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。
【8 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a
detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you
decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后
如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选
B。
【9 题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty
days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that
you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30 天内远离可选的在线活
动。在30 天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活
动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。
【10 题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own
digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform
a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将
借鉴我在2018 年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600 多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后
一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。
【11 题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a
minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮
助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第
二部分中提及的实践。故选A。
Passage 2
【2023 年新高考全国Ⅰ卷】On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper
which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he
conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite
accurate.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some
people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together,
they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same
errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that
people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the
accuracy of the estimate will go down.
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The
key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a
discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent
individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was
significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group
members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did
they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant
response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow,
these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have
limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are
enormous.
12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?
A. The methods of estimation.
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors.
D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small
B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate
D. estimates were not fully independent
14. What did the follow-up study focus on?
A. The size of the groups.
B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process.
D. The individual estimates.
15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?
A. Unclear.
B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful.
D. Approving.
【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大
量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。
【12 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors
aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these
errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar
and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the
wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become
correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯
错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均
在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错
误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们
的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各
不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除
而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。
【13 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be
independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding
of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion,
the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.
For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more
accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步
划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个
五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20 个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独
立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提
高也是可以做到的。故选D。
【14 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a
better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most
confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? ( 在一项针对100 名大
学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对
自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试
图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论
过程。故选C。
【15 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions
remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas 领导的研
究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然
Navajas 领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于
Navajas 的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。
Passage 3
【2023 年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday object — the
book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. The image of the reader
appears throughout history, in art made long before books as we now know them came into being. In artists’
representations of books and reading, we see moments of shared humanity that go beyond culture and time.
In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections
between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book
as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —
absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted
hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
Books themselves may be used symbolically in paintings to demonstrate the intellect (才智), wealth or faith of
the subject. Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be works of art in
their own right. More recently, as books have become inexpensive or even throwaway, artists have used them as the
raw material for artworks — transforming covers, pages or even complete volumes into paintings and sculptures.
Continued developments in communication technologies were once believed to make the printed page
outdated. From a 21st-century point of view, the printed book is certainly ancient, but it remains as interactive as
any battery-powered e-reader. To serve its function, a book must be activated by a user: the cover opened, the pages
parted, the contents reviewed, perhaps notes written down or words underlined. And in contrast to our increasingly
networked lives where the information we consume is monitored and tracked, a printed book still offers the chance
of a wholly private, “off-line” activity.
8. Where is the text most probably taken from?
A. An introduction to a book.
B. An essay on the art of writing.
C. A guidebook to a museum.
D. A review of modern paintings.
9. What are the selected artworks about?
A. Wealth and intellect.
B. Home and school.
C. Books and reading.
D. Work and leisure.
10. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Understand.
B. Paint.
C. Seize.
D. Transform.
11. What does the author want to say by mentioning the e-reader?
A. The printed book is not totally out of date.
B. Technology has changed the way we read.
C. Our lives in the 21st century are networked.
D. People now rarely have the patience to read.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. A 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了印刷书籍和阅读对人类的重要意义。
【8 题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，再根据文章第一段“Reading Art: Art for Book Lovers is a celebration of an everyday
object — the book, represented here in almost three hundred artworks from museums around the world. (Reading
Art: Art for Book Lovers 这一活动是为书籍这一日常物品办的典礼，这里有来自世界各地博物馆的近三百件
艺术品)”以及倒数第二段“Before the wide use of the printing press, books were treasured objects and could be
works of art in their own right. (在印刷机广泛使用之前，书籍是珍贵的物品，它们本身就可以成为艺术品)”
可推知，本文最有可能出自一篇关于著作艺术的文章。故选B。
【9 题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第二段“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections
between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book
as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。
我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”可知，选定的艺术品是
关于书籍和阅读的。故选C。
【10 题详解】
词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections
between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book
as a focus for relations between the generations. (艺术品的选择和排列方式强调了不同时代和文化之间的联系。
我们看到孩子们在家里或学校学习阅读的场景，这本书是几代人之间关系的焦点)”以及“These scenes
may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments (这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的，但它
们记录了一些时刻)”可推知，此处指书籍是人类之间相互联系和理解的纽带，故与画线短语“relate to”
意思最相近的为A 项“理解、认识到”。故选A。
【11 题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“it remains as interactive as any battery-powered e-reader (它仍然像任何电池
供电的电子阅读器一样具有互动性)”以及“printed book still offers the chance of a wholly private, “off-line”
activity (印刷书籍仍然提供了完全私人的“离线”活动的机会)”可推知，本文作者提到电子阅读器想表达
的是印刷书籍并没有完全过时。故选A。
Passage 4
【2023 年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas
is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to
find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that
wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to
submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then
examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s
experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at
beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge.
After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These
include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the
activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge
of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a
workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives.
And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior
author of the study.
12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text?
A. Pocket parks are now popular.
B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated.
D. People enjoy living close to nature.
13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?
A. To compare different types of park-goers.
B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park.
D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5?
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn?
A. Language study.
B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education.
D. Intercultural communication.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. C 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然
对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互
动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中
的野生自然。
【12 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is
becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find
places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。
如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可
知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。
【13 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written
summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these
submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网
上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，
将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，
再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began
to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to
visitors. (在这320 份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提
交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。
故选A。
【14 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people
recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the
experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in
the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking
along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参
与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在
周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居
家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满
意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他
感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以
知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。
【15 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions
back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said
Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的
日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡
恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。
Passage 5
【2023 年全国乙卷】What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and chips,
or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting? Even though Britain has
a reputation for less-than-impressive cuisine, it is producing more top class chefs who appear frequently on our
television screens and whose recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are turning away from meat-
and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking habits. It is recently reported
that the number of those sticking to a traditional diet is slowly declining and around half of Britain’s consumers
would like to change or improve their cooking in some way. There has been a rise in the number of students
applying for food courses at UK universities and colleges. It seems that TV programmes have helped change what
people think about cooking.
According to a new study from market analysts, 1 in 5 Britons say that watching cookery programmes on TV
has encouraged them to try different food. Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料)
than they used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before. One in four adults
say that TV chefs have made them much more confident about expanding their cookery knowledge and skills, and
young people are also getting more interested in cooking. The UK’s obsession (痴迷) with food is reflected through
television scheduling. Cookery shows and documentaries about food are broadcast more often than before. With an
increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool” for boys to like cooking.
8. What do people usually think of British food?
A. It is simple and plain.
B. It is rich in nutrition.
C. It lacks authentic tastes.
D. It deserves a high reputation.
9. Which best describes cookery programme on British TV?
A. Authoritative.
B. Creative.
C. Profitable.
D. Influential.
10. Which is the percentage of the people using more diverse ingredients now?
A. 20%.
B. 24%.
C. 25%.
D. 33%.
11. What might the author continue talking about?
A. The art of cooking in other countries.
B. Male chefs on TV programmes.
C. Table manners in the UK.
D. Studies of big eaters.
【答案】8. A 9. D 10. D 11. B
【解析】
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文，介绍英国人在英国烹饪节目的影响下改变对烹饪的看法，并尝试新的烹饪习
惯。
【8 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段的“What comes into your mind when you think of British food? Probably fish and
chips, or a Sunday dinner of meat and two vegetables. But is British food really so uninteresting?”（当你想到英
国食物时，你会想到什么？你可能想到的是炸鱼薯条，或是一肉两菜的周日晚餐。但是，英国食物真的如
此无趣吗？）可知，提及英国食物，大家往往只是想到炸鱼薯条和周日烤肉，所以人们通常会觉得英国食
物平平无奇。故选A 项。
【9 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段的“It’s thanks to these TV chefs rather than any advertising campaign that Britons are
turning away from meat-and-two-veg and ready-made meals and becoming more adventurous in their cooking
habits.”（正是由于电视上的这些大厨，而不是凭借广告宣传活动，英国人正在远离“一肉两菜”和速食
餐，而变得更加愿意探索新的烹饪习惯。）和“It seems that TV programmes have helped change what people
think about cooking.”（似乎电视节目帮助改变了人们对烹饪的看法。）可知，英国的烹饪节目能够改变英
国人对烹饪的看法，尝试从传统的英式饮食走出来，尝试新的烹饪习惯，由此推知英国的烹饪节目具有很
大的影响力。故选D 项。
【10 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段的“Almost one third say they now use a wider variety of ingredients (配料) than they
used to, and just under 1 in 4 say they now buy better quality ingredients than before.”（几乎三分之一的人表示
他们现在使用的配料比以前更多，将近四分之一的人表示他们现在购买的配料质量比以前更好。）可知，
三分之一左右的人，也就是33%左右的人，使用的配料比以前更多。故选D 项。
【11 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句“With an increasing number of male chefs on TV, it’s no longer “uncool”
for boys to like cooking.”（随着电视上出现越来越多男性厨师，男孩子喜欢烹饪不再是一件“不酷”的事
了。）可知，接下来，文章应该具体介绍电视上的男性厨师，从而与上文形成语义连贯。故选B 项。
Passage 6
【2023 年全国甲卷】Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a
conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask
the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their
answer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
“Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As
grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly
being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or
more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by
settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975,
grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and
allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies
remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions ( 预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm
animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and
campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other
farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free
place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who
manages bears in and around Missoula.
32. How do Americans look at grizzlies?
A. They cause mixed feelings in people.
B. They should be kept in national parks.
C. They are of high scientific value.
D. They are a symbol of American culture.
33. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population?
A The European settlers’ behavior.
B. The expansion of bears’ range.
C. The protection by law since 1975.
D. The support of Native Americans.
34. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies?
A. The opposition of conservation groups.
B. The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C. The voice of the biologists.
D. The local farmers’ advocates.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C. A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【答案】12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000 多头，但也带来了一些问题。
【12 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg,
occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊
可以长到2.5 米长，体重超过400 公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带
来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A
项。
【13 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975 年，
灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S.
Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies,
which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000 只或更多的灰熊。
它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊
的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975 年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C 项。
【14 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has
been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would
loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from
conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000 只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复
非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，
允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保
组织的的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A 项。
【15 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome,
sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants
from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around
chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to
have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel,
longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. (显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻
烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，
灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望
有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管
理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防
措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B 项。
Passage 7
【2023 年北京卷】In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a
significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences
leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian
Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at
once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.
It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the
moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In
business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it
translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference
tomorrow. Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our
psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but
there are others.One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the
future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global
warming.”Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-
term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual
biodiversity decline.
As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they
would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of
collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of
the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long
drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.
28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________.
A. draw a comparison
B. introduce a topic
C. evaluate a statement
D. highlight a problem
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Climate change has been forgotten.
B. Lessons of history are highly valued.
C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.
D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.
30. What does the author intend to tell us?
A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.
B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.
C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.
D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
【答案】28. D 29. C 30. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是说明文。近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个
重大问题。事实证明，人们对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，专注于当下有吸引力的事物，而牺牲了未
来自己或社区的健康、幸福和财务稳定。
【28 题详解】
推理判断题。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now
a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，短期主义现在
是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，接着下文“The historian Francis Cole
argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the
cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.(历史学家弗朗西斯•科尔（Francis Cole）认为，
西方已经进入了一个“只有现在存在的时代，现在的特点是瞬间的残酷和无休止的现在的无聊”。)”引用
历史学家Francis Cole 的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害，由此可推知，文章引用Francis Col
的话是为了强调一个问题，故选D。
【29 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity,
they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental
transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the
state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.(一位心理学家曾经开玩笑说，如果外星人想削弱人
类，他们不会派出飞船；他们会发明气候变化。的确，在环境变化的问题上，我们可以形成一种集体的
“记忆不良”，每一代人都会认为他们所遇到的情况并没有什么不同寻常的)”可知，一位心理学家曾经开
玩笑说，如果外星人想要削弱人类，他们会发明气候变化，通过这种方式来削弱人类，因为人们对于气候
变化形成一种集体的“记忆不良”，认为他们所遇到的情况没什么异常的，由此可推知人们不擅长察觉出
缓慢的变化，故选C。
【30 题详解】
推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-
termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.(近年来，来自不同领域的研究人员一致认为，
短期主义现在是工业化社会的一个重大问题。)”提出一个问题——短期主义，和第二段“It has been
proved that people have a bias(偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the
expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias
surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the
unwillingness to make small sacrifices(牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.(事实证明人们
对现在有偏见，以牺牲健康为代价，只专注于当下引人注目的事物，而牺牲了未来自己或社区的健康、幸
福和稳定。在商业中，这种偏见表现为短视决策。在气候变化等缓慢燃烧的问题上，这意味着不愿意今天
做出小的牺牲，而这些牺牲可能会在明天产生重大影响。)”可知，文章主要讲述了短视决策的危害，呼吁
我们要做出有远见的思考。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类的重要性，故选
A。
Passage 8
【2023 年北京卷】What is life? Like most great questions this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer.
The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one.
The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental
principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to
really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism,
such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such
complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of
a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial
life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life
could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both
fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create
essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s
biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same
principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is
a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t
help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse,
ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the
evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may
be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all
acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps,
just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is .
A. supportive
B. puzzled
C. unconcerned
D. doubtful
32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?
A. Shocked.
B. Protected.
C. Attracted.
D. Challenged.
33. What can we learn from this passage?
A. ALife holds the key to human future.
B. ALife and AI share a common feature.
C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife.
D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage?
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out?
B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too?
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day?
D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too?
【答案】31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D
【解析】
【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife 是否也在不断地进化的问题。
【31 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the
attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer 讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创
造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二
段“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism,
such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such
complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of
a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial
life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造
出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学
家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife 的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统
的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan 说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，
‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学
成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith 的话
语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith 对ALife 的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。
【32 题详解】
词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in
both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife 的表
亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamored)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是
ALife 的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife 二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫
做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。
【33 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both
fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife 的表亲，因
为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife 和AI 有一个共同的特点。故
选B。
【34 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be
nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe,
the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife 可能没有什么特别
的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife 的崛起将被证
明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife 是否也在不断地进化。D 选项“生命在进化。创造ALife 的
尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。
Passage 9
【2023 年浙江1 月卷】According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels
installed(安装)has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of
that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few
like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought
to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control
weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation
and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE)project. “They need to be protectors of the land and
contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar
development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the
easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over
the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws
related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness
guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a
shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-
friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
32．What do solar developers often ignore?
A．The decline in the demand for solar energy.
B．The negative impact of installing solar panels.
C．The rising labor cost of building solar farms.
D．The most recent advances in solar technology.
33．What does InSPIRE aim to do?
A．Improve the productivity of local farms.
B．Invent new methods for controlling weeds.
C．Make solar projects environmentally friendly.
D．Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.
34．What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?
A．To conserve pollinators.
B．To restrict solar development.
C．To diversify the economy.
D．To ensure the supply of energy.
35．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay
B．Solar Energy: Hope for the Future
C．InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture
D．Solar Farms: A New Development
【答案】32．B 33．C 34．A 35．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍的是用一种更加友好的方式建立一种新型的太阳能农场，这种新型的农
场更有利于保护各种传粉昆虫，从而促进农业的发展。
32．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals
to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers
of the soil.(通常，他们最终会用小石头填满该地区，并使用化学物质来控制杂草。结果是，许多社区，特
别是在农业地区，将太阳能农场视为土壤的破坏者。)”可知，太阳能开发者采用不环保的方式处理太阳能
板安装后产生的问题，导致人们把太阳能农场看作是土壤的破坏者，由此可以推断，开发者在安装太阳能
板后忽略了其带来的负面影响。故选B 项。
33．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar
development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land.(InSPIRE
正在研究“低影响”太阳能开发的实用方法，其重点是以对土地更友好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场。)”
可知，InSPIRE 采用有好的方式建立和运营太阳能农场，也就是使得太阳能农场更加环保。故选C 项。
34．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and
pesticide use.(超过28 个州通过了与传粉媒介栖息地保护和农药使用有关的法律。)”可知，这些法律都是与
保护传粉者栖息地和农药使用相关，所以这些法律的目的是保护授粉者。故选A 项。
35．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed
the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and
carbon reduction.(在过去的几年里，许多太阳能农场开发商将太阳能电池板下的空间改造成各种传粉媒介的
庇护所，从而改善了土壤并减少了碳排放。)”可知，现在的太阳能农场在过去的几年里已经得到了很大的
发展，更重要的是太阳能农场也变得更加的环保，这将是未来发展农业的新趋势，再结合全文对太阳农场
的发展过程的介绍可以判断，本文主题是介绍太阳能农场。故选D 项.
2022 年阅读理解说明文
Passage 1
【2022 年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝
麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then
friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad.
Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as
Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away
— from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into
restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food
waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest
producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”
If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin
sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last
days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy
meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有
瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and
freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste,
whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not
include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.
4. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story?
A. We pay little attention to food waste.
B. We waste food unintentionally at times.
C. We waste more vegetables than meat.
D. We have good reasons for wasting food.
5. What is a consequence of food waste according to the test?
A. Moral decline.
B. Environmental harm.
C. Energy shortage.
D. Worldwide starvation.
6. What does Curtin’s company do?
A. It produces kitchen equipment.
B. It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel.
C. It helps local farmers grow fruits.
D. It makes meals out of unwanted food.
7. What does Curtin suggest people do?
A. Buy only what is needed.
B. Reduce food consumption.
C Go shopping once a week.
D. Eat in restaurants less often.
【答案】4. B 5. B 6. D 7. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC 中央厨房的首席
执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。
【4 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人
一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had
unthinkingly bought way too much; could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻
菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通
过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B。
【5 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to
grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it
would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物
的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一
个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，根据文中的说法，浪费食物的一个后果是对环
境的危害。故选B。
【6 题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers
food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations
and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries?
Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC 中央厨房的
首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，
收回了超过807500 磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻
或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D。
【7 题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more
food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,”
Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是
要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选
A。
Passage 2
C
【2022 年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to
look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people’s
wellbeing, It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care
homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: “I used to keep hens when I was
younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school. ”
“I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there
again at night to see they’ve gone to bed.”
“It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents
come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something
useful.”
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has
been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said:
“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits
and fun the project can bring to people here.”
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will
really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities.”
8. What is the purpose of the project?
A. To ensure harmony in care homes.
B. To provide part-time jobs for the aged.
C. To raise money for medical research.
D. To promote the elderly people’s welfare.
9. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier?
A. She has learned new life skills.
B. She has gained a sense of achievement.
C. She has recovered her memory.
D. She has developed a strong personality.
10. What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?
A. Improve.
B. Oppose.
C. Begin.
D. Evaluate.
11. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs?
A. It is well received.
B. It needs to be more creative.
C. It is highly profitable.
D. It takes ages to see the results.
【答案】8. D 9. B 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健康状况的项目。
【8 题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness
and improve elderly people’s wellbeing (该项目由当地一家慈善机构构想，旨在减少孤独，改善老年人的健
康状况)”可知，这个项目的目的是为了提高老年人的幸福。故选D。
【9 题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段““It’s good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in
to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I’m enjoying the creative activities, and it feels
great to have done something useful.” (有不同的关注点很好。人们把自己的孩子带进来看母鸡，居民们也来
外面坐着看它们。我喜欢创造性的活动，做一些有用的事情的感觉很好)”可推知，Ruth Xavier 通过该项
目获得了一种成就感。故选B。
【10 题详解】
词义猜测题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.
We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目的想
法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及划线处前的“one of the first (第
一批人之一)”可知Wendy Wilson 是着手这项工程的人之一，划线处的含义与C 项：“Begin (开始)”含义
相近。故选C。
【11 题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions.
We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here. (居民们非常欢迎该项目
想
法和创意会议。我们期待这个项目能给这里的人们带来好处和乐趣)”以及最后一段“Lynn Lewis, director
of Notting Hill Pathways, said: “We are happy to be taking part in the project. It will really help connect our
residents through a shared interest and creative activities.” (“诺丁山路径”的负责人林恩·刘易斯说:我们很高
兴能参与这个项目。它将通过共同的兴趣和创造性活动真正帮助我们的居民联系起来)”可知，该项目的反
响很好。故选A。
Passage 3
【2022 年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common
“m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than
others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds
that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f”
and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by
Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it
hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws
changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic
period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow
to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world
languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand
years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings
evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the
appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a
complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the
research team.
12. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on?
A. Its variety.
B. Its distribution.
C. Its quantity.
D. Its development.
13. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B. They could not open and close their lips easily.
C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
14. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
15. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A. It is key to effective communication.
B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C. It is a complex and dynamic system.
D. It drives the evolution of human beings.
【答案】12. D 13. C 14. A 15. C
【解析】
【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。
【12 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech
sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer
foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and
why this trend arose.（30 多年前，学者Charles Hockett 注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃
软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi 领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋
势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi 的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D 项。
【13 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults
were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper
teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古
人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，
我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很
难发出唇齿音。故选C 项。
【14 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change
in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during
the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年
里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五
段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A 项。
【15 题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable
since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the
product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a
member of the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Moran 说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定
保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，
Steven Moran 认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C 项。
Passage 4
【2022 年新高考全国Ⅱ卷】Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public
service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are
behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while
driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now
rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately. "
"Big change requires big ideas. " he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road
safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to
an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would
work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the
Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver
had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
"We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for
the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going
to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. "
8. Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?
A. Ineffective.
B. Unnecessary.
C. Inconsistent.
D. Unfair.
9. What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?
A. Where a driver came from.
B. Whether a driver used their phone.
C. How fast a driver was going.
D. When a driver arrived at the scene.
10. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. Advice.
B. Data.
C. Tests.
D. Laws.
11. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers.
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer-
【答案】8. A 9. B 10. D 11. B
【解析】
【导语】本文一篇说明文。为解决司机在开车时使用手机造成“分神”，引发交通事故的问题，纽约的一
名立法者提出使用Textalyzer（短信监控器）的技术来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。
【8 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段中“Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public
service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are
behind the wheel. ”（在过去的七年里，大多数州都禁止司机发短信，公共服务活动也尝试了各种各样的方
法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。）以及第二段中“Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be
getting worse. ”（然而，无论以何种标准衡量，这个问题似乎都在恶化。）可知，大多数州使用了各种各样
的方法说服司机们在开车的时候放下手机，可是情况却越来越糟糕。所以各种方法是无效的。A 选项
ineffective 意为“无效的”，与此相符。故选A。
【9 题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or
done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. ”（这项技术可以确定司机是否
发了短信、发了邮件，或者做了纽约免提驾驶法不允许的其他事情。）可知，Textalyzer 能够确定的是司
机是否使用了手机发短信、邮件以及其他驾驶法不允许的行为。B 选项意为“是否司机使用了手机。”与
此相符，故选B。
【10 题详解】
词义猜测题。根据句中的“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior. ”（我们需要一
些能改变人们行为的东西，）可知，something 是能够改变人们的行为的事情。根据下文的“If the
Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone. ”
（他说，如果Textalyzer 法案成为法律，“人们会更害怕拿起手机。）可知，人们的行为会改变的条件是
当Textalyzer 法案成为法律。收到法律的约束和惩罚，司机们才不会在开车的时候使用手机。故something
指代的是法律。故选D。
【11 题详解】
主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们
在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving more.
”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了
解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer 技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用
了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正的改变人们的行为。
故B 选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合
文章的标题。故选B。
Passage 5
【2022 年全国乙卷】Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways
and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of
applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and
infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing
to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks
and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail
don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They
will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with
advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see
ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
8. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
9. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety.
B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair.
D. Construction of infrastructure.
10. What function is expected of the rail drones?
A To provide early warning.
B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews.
D. To accelerate transportation.
11. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. A 11. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能
帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【8 题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical
lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure
such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全
可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可
知使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。
【9 题详解】词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20
billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the
rail infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200 亿欧元，其中包括经常在
夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance 上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the
rail infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance
costs and better protection of railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，
划线词和 C 项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
【10 题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can
cause any safety problems. they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
可知，无人机在铁路出现任何安全问题之前可以检测其故障，提前预警，以便高速行驶的火车能及时做出
反应。。故选A。
【11 题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the
safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year?
That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of
kilometers of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机
能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之
眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到
了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本
和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价
值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D 项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符
合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
Passage 6
D
【2022 年全国乙卷】The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as
Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per
100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）. It is believed that today's children and teenagers
are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six
months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year
ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制
造商）so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of
manufacturers' efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been
forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar
content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to
change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the
tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by
raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation
to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
12. Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A. To collect money for schools.
B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children’s health.
D. To encourage research in education.
13. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A. They turned to overseas markets.
B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production.
D. They reduced their products’ sugar content.
14. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A. Most alcoholic drinks.
B. Milk-based drinks.
C. Fruit juices.
D. Classic Coke.
15. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A. It is a short-sighted decision.
B. It is a success story.
C. It benefits manufacturers.
D. It upsets customers.
【答案】12. C 13. D 14. D 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康
问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
【12 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks
containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity .（该税于2016 年4
月首次宣布，适用于每100 毫升含糖超过5g 的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。）”可知，征收糖税的目
的是帮助儿童减少肥胖。故选C 项。
【13 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar
levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一
半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D 项。
【14 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the
sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most
alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，
一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶
为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100 万升的小公司也是免税的。）”可知，糖税
主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D 项。
【15 题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive
influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.
（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了
数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B 项。
Passage 7
【2022 年全国乙卷】Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways
and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of
applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and
infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing
to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks
and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time
performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.
That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is
calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including
sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work
that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts.
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting
faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail
don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They
will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with
advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see
ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.
8. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?
A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.
B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes.
C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.
D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas.
9. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Personnel safety.
B. Assistance from drones.
C. Inspection and repair.
D. Construction of infrastructure.
10. What function is expected of the rail drones?
A To provide early warning.
B. To make trains run automatically.
C. To earn profits for the crews.
D. To accelerate transportation.
11. Which is the most suitable title for the text?
A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. A 11. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能
帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。
【8 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They
could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the
correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样
的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可知使用无人
机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。
【9 题详解】
词义猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a
year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200 亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间
派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知花在maintenance 上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail
infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”，由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs
and better protection of railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词
和 C 项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。
【10 题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 “detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety
problems. they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.可知，无人机
在铁路出现任何安全问题之前可以检测其故障，提前预警，以便高速行驶的火车能及时做出反应。。故选
A。
【11 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and
reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the
very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to making sure that the millions of kilometers of
rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁
路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元?这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未
来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机
检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护
铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章
主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D 项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思
想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。
Passage 8
D
【2022 年全国乙卷】The Government's sugar tax on soft drinks has brought in half as much money as
Ministers first predicted it would generate, the first official data on the policy has shown.
First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks containing more than 5g of sugar per
100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity（肥胖）. It is believed that today's children and teenagers
are consuming three times the recommended level of sugar, putting them at a higher risk of the disease.
Initially the sugar tax was expected to make £520m a year for the Treasury. However, data of the first six
months showed it would make less than half this amount. At present it is expected to generate £240m for the year
ending in April 2019, which will go to school sports.
It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar levels cut by manufacturers（制
造商）so they can avoid paying the tax. Drinks now contain 45 million fewer kilos of sugar as a result of
manufacturers' efforts to avoid the charge, according to Treasury figures. Since April drinks companies have been
forced to pay between 18p and 24p for every litre of sugary drink they produce or import, depending on the sugar
content.
However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the sugar tax and are refusing to
change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most alcoholic drinks are free of the
tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.
Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by
raising millions of pounds for sports facilities（设施）and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation
to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
12. Why was the sugar tax introduced?
A. To collect money for schools.
B. To improve the quality of drinks.
C. To protect children’s health.
D. To encourage research in education.
13. How did some drinks companies respond to the sugar tax?
A. They turned to overseas markets.
B. They raised the prices of their products.
C. They cut down on their production.
D. They reduced their products’ sugar content.
14. From which of the following is the sugar tax collected?
A. Most alcoholic drinks.
B. Milk-based drinks.
C. Fruit juices.
D. Classic Coke.
15. What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy?
A. It is a short-sighted decision.
B. It is a success story.
C. It benefits manufacturers.
D. It upsets customers.
【答案】12. C 13. D 14. D 15. B
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国政府对软饮料征收的糖税来解决儿童以及青少年的健康
问题，同时该收入用于学校体育。
【12 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“First announced in April, 2016, the tax which applies to soft drinks
containing more than 5g of sugar per 100ml, was introduced to help reduce childhood obesity .（该税于2016 年4
月首次宣布，适用于每100 毫升含糖超过5g 的软饮料，旨在帮助减少儿童肥胖。）”可知，征收糖税的目
的是帮助儿童减少肥胖。故选C 项。
【13 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中的“It comes after more than half of soft drinks sold in shops have had their sugar
levels cut by manufacturers so they can avoid paying the tax.（此前，制造商已经降低了商店中销售的超过一
半的软饮料的含糖量，以避免纳税。）”可知，一些饮料公司通过降低了产品的含糖量来避税。故选D 项。
【14 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段中的“However, some high sugar brands, like Classic Coca Cola, have accepted the
sugar tax and are refusing to change for fear of upsetting consumers. Fruit juices, milk-based drinks and most
alcoholic drinks are free of the tax, as are small companies manufacturing fewer than 1m litres per year.（然而，
一些高糖品牌，如经典可口可乐，已经接受了糖税，并拒绝改变，因为担心会惹恼消费者。果汁、以牛奶
为原料的饮料和大多数酒精饮料是免税的，每年生产不到100 万升的小公司也是免税的。）”可知，糖税
主要来自经典可口可乐这些高糖品牌。故选D 项。
【15 题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Today’s figures, according to one government official, show the positive
influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities and healthier eating in schools.
（根据一位政府官员的说法，今天的数据显示了糖税的积极影响，它为学校的体育设施和健康饮食筹集了
数百万英镑）”可推断，糖税政策的实施是一个成功的政策。故选B 项。
Passage 9
【2022 年全国甲卷】Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to
have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the
birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a
box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given
five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another
year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a
shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In
the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition
alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that
Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to
two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual
clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
4. How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A. By following instructions.
B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around.
D. By removing the lid.
5. Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A. Using a key to unlock a door.
B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole.
D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
6. What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A. How far they are able to see.
B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
7. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers
D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
【答案】4. B 5. C 6. D 7. D
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。
【4 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool
use while kept in the cage. (虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就
能熟练地使用工具)”以及“the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting, the
correct “keys” would let out the nut. (研究人员给了这些鸟5 把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确
的“钥匙”会让坚果出来)”可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。
【5 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year
of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一
岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
【6 题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the
cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues, or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. (根据研究人
员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹦鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状)”可推
知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。
【7 题详解】
主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,
have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. (科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原
产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)”可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头
鹦鹉。D 项“Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters (凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工)”符合文意，最适合作为本文
标题。故选D。
Passage 10
C
【2022 年全国甲卷】As Ginni Bazlinton reached Antarctica, she found herself greeted by a group of little
Gentoo penguins(企鹅) longing to say hello. These gentle, lovely gatekeepers welcomed her and kick-started what
was to be a trip Ginni would never forget.
Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career(职业) as a
professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further When she retired from dancing and
her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.
After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually
getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute
cheap deals on ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tierra del Fuego, the southernmost tip of the South
American mainland. “I just decided wanted to go,” she says. “I had no idea about what I’d find there and I wasn’t
nervous, I just wanted to do it. And I wanted to do it alone as I always prefer it that way.”
In March 2008, Ginni boarded a ship with 48 passengers she’d never met before, to begin the journey towards
Antarctica. “From seeing the wildlife to witnessing sunrises, the whole experience was amazing. Antarctica left an
impression on me that no other place has,” Ginni says. “I remember the first time I saw a humpback whale; it just
rose out of the water like some prehistoric creature and I thought it was smiling at us. You could still hear the
operatic sounds it was making underwater.”
The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of the biggest things that hit
home to Ginni.
8. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Try challenging things.
B. Take a degree.
C. Bring back lost memories.
D. Stick to a promise.
9. What made Ginni decide on the trip to Antarctica?
A. Lovely penguins.
B. Beautiful scenery.
C. A discount fare.
D. A friend’s invitation.
10. What does Ginni think about Antarctica after the journey?
A. It could be a home for her.
B. It should be easily accessible.
C. It should be well preserved.
D. It needs to be fully introduced.
11 What is the text mainly about?
A. A childhood dream. B. An unforgettable experience.
C. Sailing around the world.
D. Meeting animals in Antarctica.
【答案】8. A 9. C 10. C 11. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了71 岁的Ginni Balinton 从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱，渴望
探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008 年开始了前往南极洲的旅程。
【8 题详解】
词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前文“Throughout her career(职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the
UK, but always longed to explore further. (在她的职业舞蹈演员生涯中，她曾在英国巡演，但一直渴望进一步
探索)”和“When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest,(当她不再跳舞，她的儿子们最
终独立生活)”可知，Ginni 在退休和儿子们成家立业之后，她决定尝试有挑战性的事情。由此推知，划线
词组take the plunge 与try challenging things“尝试有挑战性的事情”意思接近。故选A。
【9 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中的“And it was in Chile she discovered she could get last-minute cheap deals on
ships going to Antarctica from the islands off Tiera del Fuego.(正是在智利，她发现自己可以在最后一刻买到从
火地岛附近岛屿前往南极洲的廉价船只)”可知，是一张折扣票价让Ginni 决定去南极洲旅行的。故选C。
【10 题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“The realization that this is a precious land, to be respected by humans, was one of
the biggest things that hit home to Ginni.(意识到这是一块宝贵的土地，应该受到人类的尊重，这是Ginni 最
深刻的感受之一。)”可知，旅行结束后，Ginni 认为南极洲应该得到很好的保护。故选C。
【11 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第二段“Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71 has had a deep love for travel.(今年71 岁的
吉妮从小就对旅行有着深深的热爱)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了71 岁的Ginni Balinton 从小就对旅行有
着深深的热爱，渴望探险，不再跳舞和孩子们成家立业之后，她开始周游世界，并在2008 年开始了前往
南极洲的旅程。由此可知，A childhood dream.(童年的梦想)能够概括文章主旨。故选A。
Passage 11
【2022 年北京卷】“What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor Crystal
would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that isn’t part
of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but much less
often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—an approach
known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.
Systems thinking is crucial to achieving targets such as zero hunger and better nutrition because it requires
considering the way in which food is produced, processed, delivered and consumed, and looking at how those
things intersect ( 交叉 ) with human health, the environment, economics and society. According to systems
thinking, changing the food system—or any other network—requires three things to happen. First, researchers need
to identify all the players in that system; second, they must work out how they relate to each other; and third, they
need to understand and quantify the impact of those relationships on each other and on those outside the system.
Take nutrition. In the latest UN report on global food security, the number of undernourished ( 营养不良
)people in the world has been rising, despite great advances in nutrition science. Tracking of 150 biochemicals in
food has been important in revealing the relationships between calories, sugar, fat and the occurrence of common
diseases. But using machine learning and artificial intelligence, some scientists propose that human diets consist of
at least 26,000 biochemicals—and that the vast majority are not known.This shows that we have some way to travel
before achieving the first objective of systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent
parts of the nutrition system.
A systems approach to creating change is also built on the assumption that everyone in the system has equal
power. But as some researchers find, the food system is not an equal one. A good way to redress ( 修正 ) such
power imbalance is for more universities to do what Crystal did and teach students how to think using a systems
approach.
More researchers, policymakers and representatives from the food industry must learn to look beyond their
direct lines of responsibility and adopt a systems approach. Crystal knew that visions alone don’t produce results,
but concluded that “we’ll never produce results that we can’t envision”.
28. The author uses the question underlined in Paragraph 1 to ________.
A. illustrate an argument
B. highlight an opinion
C. introduce the topic
D. predict the ending
29. What can be inferred about the field of nutrition?
A. The first objective of systems thinking hasn’t been achieved.
B. The relationships among players have been clarified.
C. Machine learning can solve the nutrition problem.
D. The impact of nutrition cannot be quantified.
30. As for systems thinking, which would the author agree with?
A. It may be used to justify power imbalance.
B. It can be applied to tackle challenges.
C. It helps to prove why hunger exists.
D. It goes beyond human imagination.
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解决全球挑战的重要方法——系统思维。
28.【解析】
推理判断题。由文章第一段““What would the world be if there were no hunger?” It’s a question that Professor
Crystal would ask her students. They found it hard to answer, she wrote later, because imagining something that
isn’t part of real life—and learning how to make it real—is a rare skill. It is taught to artists and engineers, but
much less often to scientists. Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result—
an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges. (“如果没有饥饿，
世界会是什么样子？”这是 Crystal 教授会问学生的问题。她后来写道，他们发现很难回答这个问题，因
为想象一些不属于现实生活的东西，并学习如何将其变成现实是一项罕见的技能。它被教授给艺术家和工
程师，但很少教授给科学家。Crystal 着手改变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为
系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的关键。)”可知，文章开头提出问题是为了引出话题-系统思维
的方法被视为应对全球挑战的关键。故选C 项。
29.【解析】
细节理解题。由文章第三段“This shows that we have some way to travel before achieving the first objective of
systems t hinking - which,in this example, is to identify more constituent parts of the nutrition system.(这表明，在
实现系统思考的第一个目标之前，我们还有一段路要走——在本例中，这是为了确定营养系统的更多组成
部分。)”可知，实现系统思维的第一个目标还有一段路需要走，现尚未实现。故选A 项。
30.【解析】
推理判断题。由文章第一段“Crystal set out to change that, and helped to create a global movement. The result
—an approach known as systems thinking—is now seen as essential in meeting global challenges.(Crystal 着手改
变这种状况，并帮助创建了一个全球运动。结果，一种被称为系统思维的方法现在被视为应对全球挑战的
关键。)”可知，作者认为该系统能应用于解决挑战。故选B 项。
Passage 12
【2022 年浙江卷6 月】All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads,
behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the
size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally
have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really
do come in small packages.
Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went
on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching
Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the
process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban
areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing
disconnect between people and nature.”
In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and
without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种).
This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they
attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding,
remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those
living locally.
4. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement?
A. It has achieved notable success.
B. It is led by number of schools.
C. It began in Europe in the 1970s.
D. It will spread to the countryside.
5. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK?
A. To promote eco-tourism.
B. To improve forestry research.
C. To popularise gardening.
D. To get people close to nature.
6. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?
A. They are small in size.
B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are foreign species.
D. They are heavily fertilised.
【答案】4. A 5.D
6.B
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。
4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took
off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France,
Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，
最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故
选A。
5.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的““We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that
easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”( 哈
特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自
然之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley 在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。
6.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the
trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少
600 棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得
很密。故选B。
Passage 13
C
【2022 年浙江卷6 月】Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but
research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a
new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than
those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional
ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower
job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many
workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who
chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value
relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art
Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift
mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly
unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also,
there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So,
when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
7. What does Ellen Langer’s study show?
A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist
B. Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C. Simpler jobs require greater caution.
D. Moderate effort produces the best result.
8. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A. is good at handling pressure
B. works hard to become successful
C. a has a natural talent for his job.
D. gets on well with his co-workers
9. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
10. What does the text seem to advocate?
A. Middle-of-the-road work habits.
B. Balance between work and family.
C. Long-standing cultural traditions.
D. Harmony in the work environment.
【答案】7. D 8.B
9.C 10.A
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发
现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。
7.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to
success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是
成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer of
Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who
practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all.
(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer 领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些
事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提
出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer 的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，
Ellen Langer 的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
8.B【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room
meal get dirty looks from the corner office.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不
屑的目光。)”可知，while 前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即
被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，
由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
9.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads
to higher levels of productivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。
)”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
10.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on
the job.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High conscientiousness is related to lower job
performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，
尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，
所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
Passage 14
【2022 年浙江卷1 月】 The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the
lifeblood that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance communication and energy,
electricity created the modem world. Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in
the age of steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions.*' writes Maury
Klein in his book The Power Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Modem America. Klein, a noted
historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt perfected "the machine that
changed the world*'. Klein writes, "America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its passwords
they put it to more uses than anyone else."
Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity. Morse
invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison
perfected an incandescent bulls that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New
York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current, which soon
became the major forms of power delivery.
To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the
steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long
narrative into an interesting one.
4. What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity?
A. It is closely linked to the steam age.
B. It began earlier than proper thought.
C. It is a little-studied period of history.
D. It will come to an end sooner or later.
5. What can be inferred about Ned?
A. He was born in New York City.
C. He created an electricity company.
6. What is the text?
A.A biography B.A book review C.A short story D.A science report
【答案】4. A 5.D
6.B
【解析】
【分析】本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。
【4 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段 “It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric
revolutions."（我很好奇，竟然没有人把蒸汽和电力革命的历史放在一起。）可知，在Klein 看来，电力时
代 和蒸汽时代是有很紧密的联系的。故选A。
【5 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段 “To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the
progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. ’’（为了 编织
他 的故事，Klein 创造了一个人物Ned,它是对美国蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的整个人生中的进程的神奇的
见 证。）矛卩第四段 “Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a
basic necessity.（同时，在19 世纪，电力从好奇变成了根需。）可知，Ned 见证了蒸汽时代和电力革命，
所以他 应该是生活在19 世纪。故选D。
【6 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段 “To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the
progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It’s a
technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.”（为了构建他的故事，克莱因创造了奈德这个
角色，一 个虚构的人物，在一个人的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步。这是一种有助于
将长篇故事 变得有趣的技巧。）可知，这篇文章是一篇书评。故选B。
Passage 15
C
B. He wrote many increasing stories,
D. He lived mainly in the 19th century.
【2022 年浙江卷1 月】 The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there ?s a new bonus to
add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be
nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less
sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said : "These findings are
exciting because ifs possible that improving people's cardiovascular （'ll、血管 ）fitness in middle age could
delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. ”
For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to
measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103
watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were
in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80
watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other
cardiovascular problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of
the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent
of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
"However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only
shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of
dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. " She also admitted that a
relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be
applicable to other groups.
7.
What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph?
A. Positive effects of doing exercises.
B. Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.
C. Experimental studies on diseases.
D. Advantages of sporty woman over man
8.
Why did the researchers ask the woman to do bicycle exercise?
A. To predict their maximum heart rate.
B. To assess their cardiovascular capacity
C. To change their habits of working out
D. To detect their potential health problems
9.
What do we know about Dr Horder's study?
A. It aimed to find a cure for dementia.
B. Data collection was a lengthy process.
C. Some participants withdrew from it.
D. The results were far from satisfactory.
10.
Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D. Biking Improves Women*s Cardiovascular Fitness
【答案】7. A
8. B 9. B 10. C
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了经常锻炼的中年女性在老年时罹患失智症的几率会大大降低。 【7
题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段 “ New researchers found that middle-aged women who were
physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症）in later life, and as they did, it
came on a decade later than less sporty women."（新的研究人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症
的可能性要低近90%, 而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）可
知，第一段提到了健身锻 炼的好处。故选A 项。
【8 题详解】
会田节理解题。t 艮据上文 “ These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's
cardiovascular fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.r （这些发现令
人兴奋，因为在 中年时改善人们的心血管健康可能会延缓甚至防止他们患上痴呆症。）以及本段“For the
study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure
their peak cardiovascular capacity.”（在这项研究中，191 名平均年龄为50 岁的女性进行了自行车运动测试，
直到她们精疲力竭，以 测量她们的心血管峰值能力。）可知，做这项实验的目的是为了测试女性的心血
管峰值能力。故选B 项。
【9 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第五段 “These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four
decades."（这些女性在随后的四十年里测试了六次失智症状况。）可知，此次实验的数据收集是一个长期
的 过程。故选B 项。
【10 题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段 “New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could
be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia （失智症）in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade
later than less sporty women."（新的研宄人员发现，身体健康的中年女性在晚年患痴呆症的可能性要低近
90%, 而且确实如此，与不太喜欢运动的女性相比，她们患痴呆症的时间要晚十年。）以及文章后面几段
通过列举 实验目的、过程、方式、结果等，说明了身体健康的中年女性在老年时患失智症的几率会大大
降低。故选C 项。
Passage 16
【2022 年浙江卷6 月】All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads,
behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the
size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally
have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really
do come in small packages.
Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went
on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching
Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the
process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban
areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing
disconnect between people and nature.”
In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and
without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种).
This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they
attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding,
remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those
living locally.
4. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement?
A. It has achieved notable success.
B. It is led by number of schools.
C. It began in Europe in the 1970s.
D. It will spread to the countryside.
5. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK?
A. To promote eco-tourism.
B. To improve forestry research.
C. To popularise gardening.
D. To get people close to nature.
6. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?
A. They are small in size.
B. They are thickly planted.
C. They are foreign species.
D. They are heavily fertilised.
【答案】4. A 5.D
6.B
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。
4.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took
off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France,
Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，
最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故
选A。
5.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的““We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that
easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”( 哈
特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然
之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley 在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。
6.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the
trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少
600 棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得
很密。故选B。
Passage 17
C
【2022 年浙江卷6 月】Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but
research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a
new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than
those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional
ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower
job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many
workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who
chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value
relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art
Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift
mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly
unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also,
there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So,
when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
7. What does Ellen Langer’s study show?
A. It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist
B. Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C. Simpler jobs require greater caution.
D. Moderate effort produces the best result.
8. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A. is good at handling pressure
B. works hard to become successful
C. a has a natural talent for his job.
D. gets on well with his co-workers
9. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B. Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C. A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D. Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
10. What does the text seem to advocate?
A. Middle-of-the-road work habits.
B. Balance between work and family.
C. Long-standing cultural traditions.
D. Harmony in the work environment.
【答案】7.D
8. B 9. C 10. A
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发
现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。
7.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“ Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to
success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是
成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer of
Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who
practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all.
(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer 领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些
事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提
出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer 的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，
Ellen Langer 的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
8.B【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room
meal get dirty looks from the corner office.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不
屑的目光。)”可知，while 前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被
认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，
由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
9.C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads
to higher levels of productivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。
)”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
10.A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on
the job.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High conscientiousness is related to lower job
performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，
尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，
所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
Passage 18
【2022 年天津卷第二次】Is it true that our brain alone is responsible fo human cognition(认知)? What about
our body? Is it possible for thought and behavior to originate from somewhere other than our brain? Psychologists
who study Embodied Cognition(EC) ask similar questions. The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for
thinking or problem-solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal
measure.
If you think about it for a moment, it makes total sense. When you smell something good or hear amusing
sounds, certain emotions are awakened. Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around
them. They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just hungry and need food. Even
unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the real world ，they cry when
they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with being loved.
Understandably, theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve
centre that operates the rest of the body. Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe
this is fact, while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer,
processing everything and forming your reactions.
Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction. In one ex-periment, test subjects(实验对象) were
asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their
fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness. And it works the other way too; in another study, subjects’
fingertip temperatures were measured after being“included” in or “rejected” from a group task. Those who were
included felt physically warmer.
For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we use without even thinking. A kind and
sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in
difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock. And this kind of metaphorical use is common across
languages.
Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it? If you’re having a bad day,a
warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up before making any
interpersonal decisions.
46. According to the author, the significance of the EC theory lies in ________.
A. facilitating our understanding of the origin of psychology
B. revealing the major role of the mind in human cognition
C. offering a clearer picture of the shape of human brain
D. bringing us closer to the truth in human cognition
47. Where does the new borns’ understanding of their surroundings start from?
A. Their personal looks.
B. Their mental needs.
C. Their inner emotions.
D. Their physical feelings.
48. The experiments mentioned in Paragraph 4 further prove________.
A. environment impacts how we judge others
B. how body temperature is related to health
C. the mind and the body influence each other
D. how humans interact with their surroundings
49. What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5?
A. Human speech is alive with metaphors.
B. Human senses have effects on thinking.
C. Human language is shaped by visual images.
D. Human emotions are often compared to natural materials.
50. What is the author’s purpose in writing the last paragraph?
A. To share with the reader ways to release their emotions.
B. To guide the reader onto the path to career success.
C. To encourage the reader to put EC into practice.
D. To deepen the reader’s understanding of EC.
【答案】46. D 47. D 48. C 49. B 50. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了心理学家的一项EC 理论表明，我们不是只有大脑负责人类的认知，
我们的身体也负责思考或者解决问题。更准确的说思想塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思想。
【46 题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-
solving. More precisely, the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.(EC 理论表明，
我们的身体也负责思考或解决问题。更准确地说，思维塑造身体，身体同等程度地塑造思维。)”可知，EC
理论认为我们身体就像大脑一样塑造我们的认知，因此推断EC 理论的意义在于让我们更接近人类认知的
真理。故选D 项。
【47 题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“They don’t have emotions so much as needs—they don’t feel sad, they’re just
hungry and need food. Even unborn babies can feel their mothers’ heartbeats and this has a calming effect. In the
real world，they cry when they’re cold and then get hugged. That way, they start to as-sociate being warm with
being loved.(他们没有如同需要那么多的情感——他们不会感到悲伤，他们只是饿，需要食物。即使是未出
生的婴儿也能感觉到母亲的心跳，这具有镇静作用。在现实世界中，他们冷了就哭，然后被拥抱。这样，
他们开始将温暖与被爱联系起来。)”可知，新生儿对周围环境的理解依靠的是身体感觉。故选D 项。
【48 题详解】
推理判断题。文章首句“Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction.(进一步的研究支持了思想
与身体的相互作用。)”接下来列举了两个实验“In one experiment, test subjects(实验对象) were asked to judge
people after being handed a hot or a cold drink. They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived
warmth rather than coolness. (在一项实验中，测试对象被要求在递给热饮或冷饮后判断人。当他们的指尖感
知到温暖而不是凉爽时，他们都做出了温暖的评价。)”表明，身体会影响到思想，以及“And it works the
other way too;in another study, subjects’ fingertip temperatures were measured after being “included” in or
“rejected” from a group task. Those who were included felt physically warmer.(相反，也是如此；在另一项研究
中，受试者的指尖温度是在被“纳入”或“拒绝”小组任务后测量的。那些被纳入在内的人感到身体温
暖。)”表明身体会受到思想的影响，因此推断实验进一步证明了身体与思想间的相互作用。故选C 项。
【49 题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第五段中的主题句“For further proof, we can look at the metaphors(比喻说法) that we
use without even thinking.(为了进一步证明，我们可以看看我们不假思索就使用的比喻说法）。)”以及下文
的陈述“A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very
strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock.(一个善良和富有同情心的人经常被称
为心软的人，而在困难的情况下非常坚强和冷静的人通常被描述为坚如磐石。)”说明人们使用身体触感比
喻人可推断，作者通过陈述比喻手法是为了进一步证明我们人类的感觉对思维有影响。故选B 项。
【50 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction, why not use it?(既然
您已经掌握了身心互动的知识，为什么不使用它呢？)”以及下文中列举的两种现实生活中的情况“If you’re
having a bad day, a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure. If you know you’re physically cold, warm up
before making any interpersonal decisions.(如果你今天过得很糟糕，一杯温暖的茶会给你带来一瞬间的快乐。
如果你知道自己身体很冷，在做出任何人际关系决定之前先热身。)”可知，理论知识已经知道，且在现实
生活中有一定的运用价值，所以作者最后一段是在鼓励读者把EC 理论运用于现实生活中。故选C 项。
2021 年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2021 年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the
skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these
precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few
decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl ( 水 禽 ) were killed at the hands of
market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and
house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation
took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory ( 迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their
survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal
Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by J.N. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from
Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of
Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to
purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System — a fact that ensures
this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934 better than half a billion dollars
has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp
Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America?
A. Loss of wetlands.
B. Popularity of water sports.
C. Pollution of rivers.
D. Arrival of other wild animals.
29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph?
A. Acquire.
B. Export.
C. Destroy.
D. Distribute.
30. What is a direct result of the Act passed in 1934?
A. The stamp price has gone down.
B. The migratory birds have flown away.
C. The hunters have stopped hunting.
D. The government has collected money.
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
【答案】28. A 29. C 30. D 31. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了美国鸭票的故事，由于美国移民的大量流入，对于农地和住房的
急需大量的水禽栖息地被破坏导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，
而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽。
【28 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing
populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat.”可知，上百万公顷的湿地被抽干用作农地或者修建住房，极
大地减少了水禽的栖息地，故可知，栖息地的减少导致了水禽数量的下降，故选A。
【29 题详解】
词义猜测题。根据前一句“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely.”可知，
北美的土著人把这些珍贵的自然资源保护的很合理，本句中的“Unfortunately”可知，本句与上一句形成了
转折，前一句陈述北美土著人做的好的地方，故可知，本句阐述移民者做的不好的地方，即移民者破坏了
这些自然资源，故画线词意思是“破坏”。A. Acquire 获得；B. Export 出口；C. Destroy 破坏；D.
Distribute 分配。故选C。
【30 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase
more than 5 million acres of habitat.”可知，自1934 年起，超过5 亿美元进入到了这个基金会，购买了超过
500 万公顷的水禽栖息地，故可以推出，通过发行鸭票，美国政府获得了大量的资金，故选D。
【31 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据全文可知，由于之前不恰当的发展导致美国水禽骤减，因此美国发行了鸭票，狩猎者只
有购买了鸭票才能狩猎，而鸭票的部分收入进入到了用于购买水禽栖息地的基金，从而保护了水禽，故可
知，本文讲述美国鸭票的故事，故选A。
Passage2
D
【2021 年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷】 Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional
(情感的) intellingence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a
person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability,
optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities,
but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad
purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to
help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not
necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably
support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this
popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others
interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public
and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will
excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades,
advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.
Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A. It can be measured by an IQ test.
B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C. It includes a set of emotional skills.
D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A. To explain a rule.
B. To clarify a concept.
C. To present a fact.
D. To make a prediction.
34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A. Favorable.
B. Intolerant.
C. Doubtful.
D. Unclear.
35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A. Its appeal to the public.
B. Expectations for future studies.
C. Its practical application.
D. Scientists with new perspectives.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。
【32 题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these
qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故
选D 项。
【33 题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a
doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. (医生可能利
用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受
害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不
一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B 项。
【34 题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …
The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是
利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、
迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选
A 项。
【35 题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and
scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives
from which to study how people manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更
大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推
知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B 项。
Passage3
【2021 年新高考全国Ⅱ 卷】An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing
cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for
decades but is facing a labor shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are
aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors
to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags
(标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring
the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their
cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the
monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But
Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use
technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his
first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that
an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma
Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend
to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
12. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?
A. Soil pollution.
B. Lack of workers.
C. Aging machines.
D. Low profitability.
13. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?
A. Monitor the quality of grass.
B. Cure the diseased cattle.
C. Move cattle to another field.
D. Predict weather changes.
14. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?
A. He wants to help them earn a living.
B. He thinks men can do the job better.
C. He is inexperienced in using robots.
D. He enjoys the traditional way of life.
15. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?
A. Increase the value of cattle.
B. Bring down the cost of labor.
C. Make the job more appealing.
D. Keep cattle from being stolen.
【答案】12. B 13. A 14. B 15. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛
健康状
况。
【12 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing
cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for
decades but is facing a labor shortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，
这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短
缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。
【13 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and
texture (质地) of grass.（通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh 的机
器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。
【14 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the
industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a
man on a horse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——
使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他
认为人能做得更好。故选B。
【15 题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“ Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's
Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛
人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有
用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。
Passage4
【2021 年全国甲卷】Port Lympne Reserve, which runs a breeding (繁育) programme, has welcomed the
arrival of a rare black rhino calf (犀牛幼崽). When the tiny creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th
black rhino to be born at the reserve. And officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially
as black rhinos are known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈养).
Paul Beer, head of rhino section at Port Lympne, said: “Obviously we're all absolutely delighted to welcome
another calf to our black rhino family. She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. Her mother,
Solio, is a first-time mum and she is doing a fantastic job. It's still a little too cold for them to go out into the open,
but as soon as the weather warms up, I have no doubt that the little one will be out and about exploring and playing
every day.”
The adorable female calf is the second black rhino born this year at the reserve, but it is too early to tell if the
calves will make good candidates to be returned to protected areas of the wild. The first rhino to be born at Port
Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother Kisima and weighed about 32kg. His mother, grandmother and
great grandmother were all born at the reserve and still live there.
According to the World Wildlife Fund, the global black rhino population has dropped as low as 5500, giving
the rhinos a “critically endangered” status.
4. Which of the following best describes the breeding programme?
A. Costly.
B. Controversial.
C. Ambitious.
D. Successful.
5. What does Paul Beer say about the new-born rhino?
A. She loves staying with her mother.
B. She dislikes outdoor activities.
C. She is in good condition
D. She is sensitive to heat.
6. What similar experience do Solio and Kisima have?
A. They had their first born in January.
B. They enjoyed exploring new places
C. They lived with their grandmothers.
D. They were brought to the reserve young
7. What can be inferred about Porn Lympne Reserve?
A. The rhino section will be open to the public.
B. It aims to control the number of the animals.
C. It will continue to work with the World Wildlife Fund.
D. Some of its rhinos may be sent to the protected wild areas.
【答案】4. D 5. C 6. A 7. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在Port Lympne 保护区的部分黑犀牛现状。
【4 题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章第一段“she became the 40th black rhino to be born at the reserve (她成为该保护区出生
的第40 头黑犀牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“His mother, grandmother and great grandmother were all born at the
reserve and still live there. (他的母亲、祖母和曾祖母都出生在保护区，至今仍住在那里)”可知，保护区的繁
育计划使很多黑犀牛成功存活，可推知，这计划是成功的。故选D 项。
【5 题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第二段“She's healthy, strong and already eager to play and explore. (她很健康，很强壮，
已经渴望玩耍和探索了)”可知，Paul Beer 认为新生的犀牛身体状况很好。故选C 项。
【6 题详解】
细节理解题。通过文章第一段“When the tinv creature arrived on January 31, she became the 40th black rhino
to be born at the reserve. (1 月31 日，当这头小犀牛来到保护区时，她成为了第40 头在保护区出生的黑犀
牛)”以及文章倒数第二段“The first rhino to be born at Port Lympne arrived on January 5 to first-time mother
Kisima and weighed about 32kg. (1 月5 日，犀牛妈妈Kisima 分娩的第一头小犀牛，同时也是第一个出生在
Port Lympne，体重约为32 公斤)”可知，Solio 和Kisima 的第一个孩子都是在一月份出生的。故选A 项。
【7 题详解】
推理判断题。通过文章倒数第二段“it is too early to tell if the calves will make good candidates to be returned
to protected areas of the wild (要判断这些小犀牛是否会成为返回野生保护区的好的候选者还为时过早)”可推
知，Pon Lympne 保护区的一些犀牛可能会被送到野生保护区。故选D 项。
Passage5
【2021 年全国乙卷】You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million
tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist
Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing
viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic
waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the
sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of
plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and,
because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork
likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take
centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a
truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of
volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been
dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
28. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?
A. Beautifying the city he lives in.
B. Introducing eco-friendly products.
C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D. Reducing garbage on the beach.
29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A. To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B. To explain why they are useful.
C. To voice his views on modern art.
D. To find a substitute for them.
30. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?
A. Calming.
B. Disturbing.
C. Refreshing.
D. Challenging.
31 Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B. Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C. Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D. Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
【答案】28. C 29. A 30. B 31. D
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong 用塑料垃圾制作了一个巨大的雕塑作
品，让人们通过这个雕塑重新审视自己与一次性塑料制品的关系。此外他在2018 的一件作品“Truckload
of Plastic”说明了每60 秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。Von Wong 通过用塑料垃圾制造巨型雕塑来唤醒和提
高人们的环保意识。
【28 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von
Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-
examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真
有什么区别吗？艺
术家本杰明·冯·王（Benjamin Von Wong）想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使
观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”可知，Von Wong 用塑料垃圾制作的雕塑想让人们重新审视
与一次性塑料制品的关系，由此可知他做这个雕塑的目的是为了引起公众对塑料垃圾的关注。故选C 项。
【29 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest
source(来源) of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to
drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von
Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the
straw will take centuries to disappear.(全球只有9%的塑料垃圾被回收。塑料吸管绝不是最大的塑料污染源，
但它们最近却受到了抨击，因为大多数人不需要吸管喝饮料，而且由于它们体积小、重量轻，无法回收利
用。冯·王作品中的每一根吸管都很可能来自只喝了几分钟的饮料。一旦饮料消失了，吸管也要几个世纪才
能消失。)”可知，吸管由于体积小，重量轻，无法回收利用，由此可推知，作者在第三段讨论吸管是为了
展示它们回收的困难。故选A 项。
【30 题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic:
Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von
Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look
like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.(在2018 年的一个作品中，冯·王(Von Wong)想要说明一
个具体的统计数字：每60 秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组
志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知，
这个作品以创新的方式让人们了解到塑料垃圾以很快的速度和很大的量倾入海洋，刷新了观众对海洋塑料
污染的认知，由此可推断，这个作品会让观众对塑料垃圾进入海洋造成污染这件事感到不安。故选B 项。
【31 题详解】
标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“ But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist
Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing
viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什
么区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Von Wong)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的
雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”和倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong
wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For
this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of
plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped( 倾倒) from a truck all at once.(在
2018 年的一个作品中，冯·王(Von Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60 秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海
洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让
它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Von Wong)通过利用塑料
垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们重新思考与一次性塑料的关系，唤醒和提高人们循环利用的意识，促
进环保的发展。由此可知，D 项“海洋塑料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选D 项。
Passage6
【2021 年全国乙卷】During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think
about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a
membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After
all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that
shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking.
They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total
silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were
statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise
similar to background chatter in a coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects
were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85
decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background
noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level
of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to
wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for
working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop
ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found
that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee
shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
32. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A. It helps him concentrate.
B. It blocks out background noise.
C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.
D. It encourages face-to-face interactions.
33. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A. Total silence.
B. 50 decibels
C. 70 decibels.
D. 8 5 decibels.
34. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A. Personal privacy unprotected.
B. Limited working space.
C. Restrictions on group discussion.
D. Constant interruptions.
35. What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He’s a news reporter.
B. He’s an office manager.
C. He’s a professional designer.
D. He’s a published writer.
【答案】32. A 33. C 34. D 35. D
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。作者通过自身经历讲述人们为什么不喜欢开放性办公室以及有关多少分贝的噪
音最有利于人们的创造性思维的研究。
【32 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street - so I can
focus.（这就是为什么我在街对面的公用办公空间有会员资格——这样我就可以集中精力了。）”可知，
采访者喜欢共享办公空间的原因是那里可以帮助他集中精力。故选A 项。
【33 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however,
the participants in the 70 decibels group - those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee
shop - significantly outperformed the other groups.（大多数组之间的差异在统计学上是不显著的；然而，音
量为70 分贝的那组参与者（置身于类似于咖啡店背景噪音的环境中）的表现明显好于其他组。）”和第
三段“ But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of
background noise - not too loud and not total silence - may actually improve one's creative thinking ability.（但由
于70 分贝的结果很显著，该研究还表明，适当的背景噪音——不要太大声，也不要完全安静——实际上
可能会提高一个人的创造性思维能力。）”可知，70 分贝的那组参与者表现好于其他组，所以70 分贝的
噪音背景环境更有可能促进创造性思维能力。故选C 项。
【34 题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段“So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our
offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others' conversations while we're trying to focus. Indeed,
the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a
coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
（那么，为什么我们中有那么多人讨厌开放式办公室呢？问题可能是，在我们的办公室里，当我们试图集
中注意力时，我们无法阻止自己卷入别人的谈话中。的确，研究人员发现，面对面的互动和对话会影响创
作过程，然而，共同工作空间或咖啡馆在提供一定程度的噪音的同时，也提供不受干扰的自由。）”可知，
开放式办公室不受人们欢迎的原因是让我们不断地卷入别人的谈话中，受到很多干扰。故选D 项。
【35 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think
about often.（在一次采访我的一本书时，我的采访者说了一些我至今还经常想起的话。）”可知，作者提
到有人采访自己的书，所以可以推断，作者是一位作家。故选D 项。
Passage7
【2021 年北京卷】Hundreds of scientists, writers and academics sounded a warning to humanity in an open
letter published last December: Policymakers and the rest of us must engage openly with the risk of global collapse.
Researchers in many areas have projected the widespread collapse as “a credible scenario(情景) this century”.
A survey of scientists found that extreme weather events, food insecurity, and freshwater shortages might
create global collapse. Of course, if you are a non-human species, collapse is well underway.
The call for public engagement with the unthinkable is especially germane in this moment of still-
uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most technologically advanced nations. Not very long
ago, it was also unthinkable that a virus would shut down nations and that safety nets would be proven so
disastrously lacking in flexibility.
The international scholars’ warning letter doesn't say exactly what collapse will look like or when it might
happen. Collapseology, the study of collapse, is more concerned with identifying trends and with them the dangers
of everyday civilization. Among the signatories(签署者) of the warning was Bob Johnson, the originator of the
“ecological footprint” concept, which measures the total amount of environmental input needed to maintain a given
lifestyle. With the current footprint of humanity, “it seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form,
possibly within a decade, certainly within this century,” Johnson said in an email.
“Only if we discuss the consequences of our biophysical limits,” the December warning letter says, “can we
have the hope to reduce their speed, severity and harm”. And yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely
to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine. As a poet wrote,
Man is a victim of dope(麻醉品)
In the incurable form of hope.
The hundreds of scholars who signed the letter are intent(执着) on quieting hope that ignores preparedness.
“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see
there to make the best of a troubling future.”
28. What does the underlined word “germane” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Scientific.
B. Credible.
C. Original.
D. Relevant.
29. As for the public awareness of global collapse, the author is________.
A. worried
B. puzzled
C. surprised
D. scared
30. What can we learn from this passage?
A. The signatories may change the biophysical limits.
B. The author agrees with the message of the poem.
C. The issue of collapse is being prioritized.
D. The global collapse is well underway.
【答案】28. D 29. A 30. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌（global collapse）的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在
去年12 月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的
风险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。
【28 题详解】
词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句“The call for public engagement with the unthinkable
is especially germane in this moment of still-uncontrolled pandemic and economic crises in the world's most
technologically advanced nations.”（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：此
时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一场
病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想象，
不可思议（unthinkable）的，即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable 加以关注，
正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A. Scientific 科学的；B. Credible 可信的，可靠的；C. Original 原来
的，原创的；D. Relevant 相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D 符合语境，故选D。
【29 题详解】
推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are
likely to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，
我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,”
they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we see there to make the best of a troubling future.” （他
们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么
糟。”）可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌”的重视意识不够，比较担心，A. worried 担忧的；B. puzzled
困惑的，茫然的；C. surprised 惊讶的；D. scared 害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的”，
故选A。
【30 题详解】
推理判断题。原文诗歌“Man is a victim of dope; In the incurable form of hope.”（人类是麻醉品的受害者；
沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，
充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yet messengers of the coming disturbance are likely
to be ignored. We all want to hope things will turn out fine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都
希望事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则
提到执着于“quieting hope that ignores preparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，
提到“Let's look directly into the issue of collapse,” they say, “and deal with the terrible possibilities of what we
see there to make the best of a troubling future.”（他们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看
到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。”）可见，上下文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另
一方的观点有任何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，
故选B。
Passage8
【2021 年浙江卷6 月】If you ever get the impression that your dog can "tell" whether you look content or
annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy and angry human
faces, according to a new study
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images(图像)of the same person making either
a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower half of the
person's face. The researchers then tested the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by
showing them the other half of the person's face on images totally different from the ones used in training. The
researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a picture of it with their
noses more often than one would expect by random chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during
training to new faces in the testing stage. "We can rule out that the dogs simply distinguish between the pictures
based on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth," said study author Corsin Muller. "Instead, our results suggest that
the successful dogs realized that a smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies
to an angry mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes."
"With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can distinguish human
facial expressions," Muller told Live Science.
At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize different facial
expressions in humans. "To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their living with
humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions," and this exposure has provided them
with many chances to learn to distinguish between them, Muller said.
8. The new study focused on whether dogs can_________.
A. distinguish shapes
B. make sense of human faces
C. feel happy or angry
D. communicate with each other
9. What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?
A. Researchers tested the dogs in random order.
B. Diverse methods were adopted during training.
C. Pictures used in the two stages were different
D. The dogs were photographed before the lest.
10. What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A. A suggestion for future studies.
B. A possible reason for the study findings.
C. A major limitation of the study
D. An explanation of the research method.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. B
【解析】
【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项研究证明狗能够识别人类
面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种
能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与人类共同生活。
【8 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images of the same
person making either a happy or an angry face.(研究人员训练了11 只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高兴还
是愤怒)”可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情。故选B。
【9 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段的“During the training stage, each dog was shown only the upper half or the lower
half of the person’s face. The researchers then tested the dogs’ ability to distinguish between human facial
expressions by showing them the other half of the person’s face or images totally different from the ones used in
training.(在训练阶段，每只狗只看到人脸的上半部分或下半部分。研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表
情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像)”可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗
看的照片是不一样的。故选C。
【10 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段的““To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that the basis lies in their
living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial expressions, and this exposure has
provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish between them” Muller said.(Muller 说：“对我们来说，
最可能的解释似乎是，基于他们与人类生活在一起，这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表情，而这种接
触为他们提供了很多机会，让他们学会区分他们。”)”可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表
情的可能原因。故选B。
Passage9
【2021 年浙江卷1 月】 At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins
made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing
height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.
Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2, 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid
being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15
per cent.
The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for time, many with both parents
working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods
with limited public transport.
The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as well as lost opportunities（机
会）for children to get to know their local surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and
talk with their young scholar about their day.
Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet with a “good”, quickly followed
by "I'm hungry". This is also my experience as a mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son's
day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental
opportunity to hear more.
Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes（路线）, with days of regular, parent-
accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and
takes a little planning-running shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and
hats on hot ones-but it's certainly worth trying.
4．Why does the author mention Watkins' predictions in the first paragraph?
A．To make comparisons.
B．To introduce the topic.
C．To support her argument.
D．To provide examples.
5．What has caused the decrease in Australian children's physical activity?
A．Plain laziness.
B．Health problems.
C．Lack of time.
D．Security concerns.
6．Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile?
A．She can get relaxed after work.
B．She can keep physically fit.
C．She can help with her son's study.
D．She can know her son better.
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章通过否定沃特金斯的预言，进而提出现在人们时间的紧缺和陪伴的重要性。
4．B 推理判断题。通过文章第二段“Today: in Australia: most children on average fall 2: 000 steps short of the
physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 percent of children walked to school
while in 2010, it was as low as15 percent.(今天：在澳大利亚：大多数孩子平均比避免超重所需的体力活动少
了2000 步。在上世纪70 年代初，40%的孩子步行上学，而在2010 年，这一比例降至15%)”说明作者根据
沃特金斯的预言做了相关调查，并且写下了这篇文章。通读全文得知作者在第一段提到沃特金斯的预言，
是为了介绍文章主题。故选B 项。
5．C 细节理解题。通过文章第三段中“Families are pressed for time: many with both parents working to pay
for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited
public transport.(家庭时间紧迫：许多家庭的父母都在为房子买单而工作，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择
的，他们住在公共交通有限的依赖汽车的社区)”可知，导致澳大利亚儿童体育活动的减少的原因是时间不
够。故选C 项。
6．D 细节理解题。通过文章倒数第二段中“But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son’s day
comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental
opportunity to hear more.(但是，在每天散步的某个地方，更多关于我儿子日常的事情出现了。我听到他在
理解友谊及其局限性。这是一个意想不到的难得的机会，家长听到更多)”说明作者觉得和儿子一起散步能
让她更了解她的儿子。故选D 项。
Passage10
【2021 年浙江卷1 月】 Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees
(黑猩猩) use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a
"vocabulary" of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda,
and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to
be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they
deliberately sent a message to another group member.
"That's what's so amazing about chimp gestures," she said. "They're the only thing that looks like human
language in that respect. ”
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from
another animal's call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This
was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one
case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling:" Climb on me. " The youngster immediately jumps
on to its mothers back and they travel off together. "The big message from this study is that there is another species
(物种) out there. that is meaningful in its communication, so that's not unique to humans," said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was
praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results
were "a little disappointing".
"The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are
still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions," she said. "Moreover, the meanings
seem to not go beyond what other animal convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains. "
7．What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter?
A．Memorizing specific words.
B．Understanding complex information.
C．Using voices to communicate.
D．Communicating messages on purpose.
8．What did Dr Shultz think of the study?
A．It was well designed but poorly conducted.
B．It was a good try but the findings were limited.
C．It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D．It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.
9．What does the underlined word "gulf" in the last paragraph mean?
A．Difference.
B．Conflict.
C．Balance.
D．Connection.
10．Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B．Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C．Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D．Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们通过跟踪和拍摄乌干达的黑猩猩群，翻译出了黑猩猩用来
交流的手势含义。
7．D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where
they deliberately sent a message to another group member.（她说，只有人类和黑猩猩有一个交流系统，他们
故意向其他成员发送信息）”可知，根据Dr Hobaiter，黑猩猩和人类的共同点在于故意传递信息，故选
D。
8．B 推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of
Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human
language. But, she added, the results were“a little disappointing”（曼彻斯特大学的进化生物学家苏珊娜·舒尔茨
博士说，这项研究是值得称赞的，它试图丰富我们对人类语言进化的知识。但是，她补充说，结果“有点
令人失望”）”可知，这项研究是一个好的尝试，但是发现的结果是有限的。故选B。
9．A 词义猜测题。首先根据第三段中的“They’re the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.
（在这方面，它们是唯一看起来像人类语言的东西）”可知，黑猩猩的手势交流很像我们人类语言的交流
方式。但是根据最后一段中的“Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with
non-verbal communications.（此外，这些含义似乎并不超越其他动物通过非语言交流所传达的信息）”可
知，黑猩猩手势的交流方式还是和我们语言的交流方式存在不同的，也就是“So, it seems the gulf remains.
（所以，看来差异依然存在）”，故gulf 的意思是difference，故选A。
10．D 主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild
chimpanzees use to communicate.（研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含
义）”以及文章对这方面的讨论可知，文章主要讲科学家们对黑猩猩手势的研究及一些成果，所以D 项：
黑猩猩语言：翻译出来的交流手势，这一题目涵盖文章的内容。故选D。
Passage11
【2021 年天津卷第二次】In the fictional worlds of film and TV, artificial intelligence （Al） has been
described as so advanced that it is indistinguishable from humans. But what if we're actually getting closer to a
world where Al is capable of thinking and feeling?
Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in
terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod. They look close to
a human, but not quite.
What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are modeled on actual human features. Speech
recognition enables them to understand what a person is saying, and natural language processing is used to work
out a response. Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a
"digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and "expressed" by its "digital
people".
Shiwali Mohan, an Al scientist at the Palo Research Center, is skeptical of these digital beings. "They're
humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human," she says. "Human qualities
also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of
algorithmic (算 法)design. Designing for human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images
that behave like humans." She then continues, “If something looks like a human, we have high expectations of
them, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans
react.
Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health
care, and commercial sectors （行业）. "Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient
digitally, they might be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO.
Some other companies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling organizations and individuals to
create digital humans themselves using free-access platforms they provide. "The biggest motivation for such
platforms is to popularize Al," Dube says.
Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is
optimistic about where they are headed. "As we develop more advanced Al technology, we would then have to use
new ways of communicating with that technology,she says. "'Hopefully, all of that is designed to support humans in
their goals."
46. According to Para. 2, in what respect（s
）do UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings?
A. In the way they move around.
B. In the way they act and react.
C. In observation and analysis.
D. In speech and facial expressions.
47. Soul Machines’digital brain is a technological breakthrough because it .
A. leams to make proper emotional responses
B. tends to imitate human beings' tone vividly
C. recognizes the speech sounds it receives
D. processes the natural language it hears
48. In Mohan's opinion, what human quality is lacking in digital beings?
A. Calculating brain.
B Language skills.
C. Instinctive judgements.
D. Problem-solving ability.
49. What makes many sectors employ digital humans?
A. The fear of falling behind in efficiency.
B. The urgency to promote e-commerce.
C. The wish to spread digital technology.
D. The need to upgrade the health care system.
50. What does Mohan think of the future of digital beings?
A. It's well planned.
B. It is promising.
C. It is uncertain.
D. It's quite hopeless.
【答案】46. D 47. A 48. C 49. A 50. B
【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人类”，并被很多部门使用。但
一些科学家对此表示怀疑，并指出了“数字人类”并不是真正的人类，有很多缺陷。但前景还是很有希望
的。
【46 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on
the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a
nod.”（科技公司UneeQ 正在研发一种“数字人”，这种人在屏幕上看起来栩栩如生，不仅因为语言，还
因为面部动作:眉毛扬起、微笑，甚至点头。）由此可知，根据第2 段，UneeQ9s 的“数字人”在言语和面
部表情上方面与人类相似。故选D 项。
【47 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“ Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological
approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and
"expressed" by its “digital people”.”（与此同时，另一家Al 公司，灵魂机器公司，正在采取一种更具生物
性的方法，拥有一个“数字大脑”，它模仿人脑的各个方面来调节其“数字人”的“ fblt”和“表达”的
情绪。）由此可知，灵魂机器的数字大脑是一项技术突破，因为它倾向于做出适当的情绪反应。故选A 项。
【48 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“"They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not
being human," she says. "Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you
break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算 法)design, but they might behave differently in ways that
humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react.”（“他们的外表和声音都像人类，但这本身
不是人类，”她说。“人类的品质还包括你如何思考、如何处理问题以及如何分解问题；这需要大量的算
法设计。但他们的行为方式可能不同，人类只是本能地知道其他人的反应。”）由此判断出，在Mohan 看
来，数字人缺少本能的判断。故选C 项。
【49 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees
across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行业）.Unless these sectors make their business
models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ 的数字员工在金融、
医疗和商业行业的使用率很高。除非这些行业将它们的商业模式数字化得更高效，否则它们可能会被甩在
后面）由此可知，害怕效率落后让许多行业使用“数字人类”。故选A 项。
【50 题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these
digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed.”（ Mohan 对这种方法持谨慎态度，但她支持这
些数字生物背后的目的，并对他们的未来持乐观态度）由此判断出，Mohan 数字人的未来是有希望的。故
选B 项。
Passage12
【2021 年天津卷第二次】Art is everywhere. Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic
mind to be both functional and beautiful. Why, then, is art still so widely considered to be "the easy subject" at
school, insignificant to wider society, a waste of time and effort?
Art can connect culture with commercial products in a way that not many other things can; art generates
money and holds significant emotional and cultural value within communities. When people attend a concert, they
are paying for music, sure, maybe even hotel rooms, meals, and transport, but they also gain an incredible
experience, a unique atmosphere and a memory that will go through the rest of their lives. People don't just want
material things anymore, they want to experience life 一the arts are a perfect crossover （交迭）between culture
and commerce.
Furthermore, the arts can bring communities together, reducing loneliness and making people feel safer. Social
bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences through reflection and discussion, and
their expression of common values through artworks in honour of events significant to a nation's experience.
The arts clearly have a pretty positive impact on physical and psychological health. It is found that people who
frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are more likely to gain good health compared to those who
do not; more engagement with the arts is linked to a higher level of people's wellbeing. The Royal Society of Public
Health discovered that music and art, when used in hospitals, help to improve the conditions of patients by reducing
stress, anxiety and blood pressure.
Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their education: those engaged with
drama have greater literary ability while others taking part in musical practice exhibit greater skills in math and
languages. Kids with preference fbr the arts have a greater chance of finding employment in the future.
Participating in the arts is essential fbr child development; encouraging children to express themselves in
constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.
Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various purposes. Life without
art would be boring and dead still, fbr art is a part of what makes us human.
51. Art products differ from most other commercial products because .
A. most people purchase them for collection
B. they are more expensive and less accessible
C. they have both commercial and cultural values
D. their prices may climb up as time passes
52. By sharing their arts experiences, community members can .
A. keep the community safe from illnesses
B. develop a stronger tie between them
C. learn to appreciate their own works of art
D. offer honourable solutions to their problems
53. What can we learn about people who are involved in artistic activities?
A. They enjoy better living conditions.
B. They like to compare themselves with others.
C. They are particularly good at both music and art.
D. They tend to be healthier physically and mentally.
54. How does kids' engagement with the arts benefit them?
A. It promotes their academic performance and emotional growth.
B. It gives them more confidence in exhibiting their learning skills.
C. It inspires their creativity in designing their future career.
D. It helps to make responsible people out of them.
55. What is the best title for this passage?
A. How Art Cures Our Hearts
B. Art: A Blessing to Humankind
C. How Art Benefits Communities
D. Art: A Bridge Between Cultures
【答案】51. C 52. B 53. D 54. A 55. B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了艺术这一活动对人类的重要意义，是我们不可或缺的社会生活之一。
从赋予商品的商业价值，人类的身心健康和青少年的学术和情感发展等方面论述了艺术的重要意义。
【51 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段“Any public space has been carefully designed by an artistic mind to be both functional
and beautiful.”（任何公共空间都是由艺术家精心设计的，既实用又美观。）以及“Art can connect culture
with commercial products in a way that not many other things can”（艺术可以将文化与商业产品联系起来，这
是其他很多东西都做不到的。）可以看出，可见艺术参与的作品兼具文化价值和商业价值。故选择C。
【52 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段“Social bonds are created among individuals when they share their arts experiences
through reflection and discussion,, and their expression of common values through artworks in honor of events
significant to a nation's experience.”（当个人通过反思和讨论分享他们的艺术经验，并通过艺术作品表达共
同的价值观，以纪念对一个国家的经验有重要意义的事件时，社会纽带就在他们之间建立起来。），可见
通过分享经历，可以建立一种特殊的联系和纽带。故选择B。
【53 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“It is found that people who frequent cultural places or participate in artistic events are
more likely to gain good health compared to those who do not”（研究发现，经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动
的人比不经常出入文化场所或参加艺术活动的人更容易获得健康;），可见参加艺术活动的人们在身心上都
相对更加健康。故选择D。
【54 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段“ Children who are involved with the arts make greater achievements in their
education”（参与艺术的孩子在他们的教育中取得更大的成就）以及“encouraging children to express
themselves in constructive ways could help to form healthy emotional responses in later life.”（有助于在以后的
生活中形成健康的情感反应。）可见艺术活动促进了孩子们的学业表现和情感成长。故选择A。
【55 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Vital to human life, art is celebrated and used by nations across the world for various
purposes. Life without art would be boring and dead still, fbr art is a part of what makes us human.”（艺术对人类
的生命至关重要，世界各国为各种目的庆祝和使用艺术。没有艺术的生活将是无聊和死气沉沉的，因为艺
术是我们人类的一部分。）可见艺术是人类重要的部分，文章中也详细描述了艺术对不同人群的好处。所
以短文的最佳标题为“艺术:人类的福祉”。故选择B。
Passage13
【2021 年天津卷第一次】 A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of
medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the
amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.
“During the examination children don't move. It works perfectly. It's amazing,“ said Johanne L'Ecuyer, a
medical-imaging technologist at the hospital.
The project was inspired by a French team from Rouen University Hospital Centre where examinations are
done under hypnosis instead of general anesthesia(麻醉）.
A French medical-imaging technologist-also a hypnotist — was invited to train a few members in the medical-
imaging department of the children's hospital. In all, 80 examinations were conducted for the project between
January and September, 2019, focusing on the imaging procedures that would cause anxiety.
Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified(改变的)state of consciousness. The technologist will
guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will disassociate itself more and more from the
procedure that follows.
“The technologist must build up a story with the patient," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "The patient is left with the
power to choose what he wants to talk about. Do you play sports? Do you like going to the beach? We establish a
subject that we will discuss throughout the procedure."
Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this story — an injection （注射）
becomes the bite of an insect; the heat on the skin becomes the sensation of the sun and a machine that rings
becomes a police car passing nearby.
“The important thing is that the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what
the patient sees in his head," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. "It requires creativity on the part of the technologist, imagination, a
lot of patience and kindness."
The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in January. It spread like wildfire that
someone from France was here to train the technologists," Ms. L'Ecuyer said. She added that she had a line of
staff at her door wanting to take the training.
45．One of the results produced by the trial project is ________ .
A．a better understanding of children
B．less use of certain medicines
C．new medical-imaging technology
D．an improved reputation of the hospital
46．The French technologist came to the children's hospital to ________.
A．assist in treating a patient
B．carry out hypnosis training
C．start up a new department
D．learn about the procedure
47．According to Paragraph 5, hypnosis works by ________.
A．creating a perfect world for patients
B．forcing patients into a state of deep sleep
C．putting patients into an unconscious state
D．leading patients' consciousness away from reality
48．What can we learn about the story used in the procedure?
A．It should keep pace with the procedure.
B．It reflects the patient's creativity.
C．It is selected by the technologist.
D．It tells what doctors are doing to the patient.
49．The procedure was received among the staff with ________.
A．uncertainty
B．enthusiasm
C．worry
D．criticism
50．What is the passage mainly about?
A．An easy way to communicate with patients.
B．The standard method of conducting hypnosis.
C．An introduction of medical-imaging technology.
D．The use of hypnosis in medical-imaging procedures.
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了蒙特利尔儿童医院的一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以
减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部
门培训几位员工。
45．细节理解题。根据第一段“The project also resulted in a reduction in the amount of medicines used to
perform medical-imaging(医学影像)procedures.”（该项目还导致用于医学影像程序的药品数量减少。）可知，
实验的结果之一就是减少某些药物的使用。故选B。
46．细节理解题。根据第三段“A French medical-imaging technologist--also a hypnotist -- was invited to train a
few members in the medical-imaging department of the children's hospital.”（一位法国医学影像技术专家——
也是一位催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，法国技术专家来儿童医院是做催
眠培训来的。故选B。
47．细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Hypnosis is not a state of sleep: It is rather a modified （改变的）
state of consciousness. The technologist will guide the patient to this modified state—an imaginary world that will
disassociate itself more and more from the procedure that follows.”（催眠状态不是一种睡眠的状态：而是一种
被改变的意识状态。技术专家会引导病人进入这种改变的状态——一个想象中的世界，它会越来越脱离接
下来的程序）可知，催眠是引导病人的意识远离现实，进入一个想象中的世界。故选D。
48．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Everything that happens next during the procedure must be related to this
story”（催眠过程中接下来发生的一切都必须和这个故事有关）以及倒数第二段“The important thing is that
the technologist associates what is happening outside the patient's body with what the patient sees in his head”（重
要的是技术专家把病人身体外发生的事情和他在大脑里看到的联系起来）可知，故事必须跟整个催眠过程
同步。故选A。
49．细节理解题。根据倒数第一段“The procedure appealed to the staff a lot when it was introduced in
January.”（这个程序在一月份开始引进的时候，吸引了很多员工）以及最后一句“She added that she had a
line of staff at her door wanting to take the training.”（她补充说，有一队员工在她门口等着接受培训）可知，
这个催眠程序受到了员工的欢迎。A. uncertainty 不确定；B. enthusiasm 热情；C. worry 担心；D. criticism
批评。故选B。
50．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“A trial project by the Montreal Children's Hospital suggested that the use of
medical hypnosis(催眠)can reduce pain and anxiety in patients. The project also resulted in a reduction in the
amount of medicines used to perform medical-imaging imaging(医学影像) procedures.”（蒙特利尔儿童医院的
一个试验项目表明催眠技术的使用可以减轻病人的痛苦和焦虑。一位法国医学影像技术专家——也是一位
催眠师被邀请到儿童医院的医学影像部门培训几位员工）可知，全文主要讲述催眠技术在医学影像程序中
的应用。故选D。
2020 年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2020 年新课标Ⅰ】 Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend.
There’s a welcome familiarity - but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the
relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and
transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s
true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now
and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull
their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually .The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest
Hemningway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is
almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is
Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is
Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I
attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is
the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But
remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24. Why does the author like rereading?
A. It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B. It’s a window to a whole new world.
C. It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D. It extends the understanding of oneself.
25. What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?
A. It’s a brief account of a trip.
B. It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C. It’s a record of a historic event.
D. It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26. What does the underlined word ＂currency＂ in paragraph 4 refer to?
A. Debt
B. Reward.
C. Allowance.
D. Face value.
27. What can we infer about the author from the text?
A. He loves poetry.
B. He’s an editor.
C. He’s very ambitious.
D. He teaches reading.
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作
者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
24. 推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of
rereading so rich and transformative.(但是书没变，人变了。那就是使重新阅读行为如此丰富和富于变化之
处)”和第二段“The beauty of rereading lies in that our bond with the work is based on our present register. It is
true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings.(重新阅读的美妙之处在于我们与作品的联系是基于我们现
在的心理状态。真的，我年纪越大，就越觉得时光飞逝。)”可推知，作者喜欢重新阅读是因为重新阅读可
以扩展对自己的理解。故选D 项。
25. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris.”及“an aging
writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time”可知，这本书出版于1964 年，这是他关于20 世纪20 年
代在巴黎的经典回忆录，是他老年时对那些野心勃勃却更简单的日子的回顾。由此可判断出A Movable
Feast 是关于海明威年轻时的生活。故选B 项。
26. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段中“while money is indeed wonderful and necessary,(虽然金钱确实是美妙而
必要的)”可知，前后句为转折关系，根据上下文的语境可推知，“rereading an author’s work is the highest
currency a reader can pay them.”意为“但是但重新阅读作品是读者能支付给他们的最高回报”，由此判断
出划线词的意思是“回报”。故选B 项。
27. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The third book is Julio Cortázar’s Save Twilight: selected poems, because
poetry.(第三本书是胡里奥·科塔扎的《拯救暮光之城: 诗歌精选》，因为诗歌)”可知，作者是由于喜欢诗歌
而喜欢这本书。故选A 项。
Passage2
【2020 年新课标Ⅰ】Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most
likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-
kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race
walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at
all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg,
an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers
moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately
twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000
or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her
research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do
not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon
among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people
with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race
walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes
some practice.
28. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances.
B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
29. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building.
D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ opinions.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach.
D. Doing regular exercises.
31. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical.
B. Objective.
C. Tolerant.
D. Conservative.
【解析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样
运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。
28. 细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most
of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走
者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某
些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C 项。
29. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as
runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞
走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D 项。
30. 细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Norberg 说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should
probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应
该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Norberg 建议想尝试竞走的人征询
专家的建议。故选A 项。
31. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while
most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步
一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态
度是客观的。故选B 项。
Passage3
D
【2020 年新课标Ⅰ】 The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific
research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown ，Ohio ，for example,
discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another ，employees were shown to be 15%
more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the
actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse，even unusual functions. These include plants
that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful
chemicals in groundwater. ＂We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things
that we use every day,＂explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables.
Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light，about one-thousandth
of the amount needed to read by，is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the
rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.
In the future，the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a
one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off ＂
switch＂where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed
from the power source(电源)-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of
energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. A new study of different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces.
D. Benefits from green plants.
33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?
A. To detect plants’ lack of water
B. To change compositions of plants
C. To make the life of plants longer.
D. To test chemicals in plants.
34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A. They will speed up energy production.
B. They may transmit electricity to the home.
C. They might help reduce energy consumption.
D. They could take the place of power plants.
35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A. Can we grow more glowing plants?
B. How do we live with glowing plants?
C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了
一种发光植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有
可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的作用。
32. 主旨大意题。根据第一段中A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example ,discovered that greener
areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their
workplaces were decorated with houseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的一项研究发现，城市绿化较
好的地区犯罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高
15%。由此可知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。
33. 细节理解题。根据第二段中These include plants that have sensors printed on their leaves to show when
they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.可知这就包括叶子上印有传感
器来显示植物缺水的情况的植物，还有一种植物可以检测到地下水中的有害化学物质。由此可知，麻省理
工学院工程师植物叶片上印上传感器的作用是检测植物缺水的情况。故选A。
34. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知
发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。由此可知，这种发光的植物在未来可能有助于减少能
源消耗。故选C。
35. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lighting accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US.
Since lighting is often far removed from the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps
on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and
therefore help save energy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻
公路上路灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。
结合文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介
绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节
约能源的作用。由此可知，C 选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。
Passage4
【2020 年新课标Ⅱ】 Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but
researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of
Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play
was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income,
education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and
found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at
54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that assessed their
ability to rotate(旋转)and translate shapes,” Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half of children in the
study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more
frequently, and both boys and girls who played with puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play
with more complex puzzles than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more
active during puzzle play than parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
24. In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A. Building confidence.
B. Developing spatial skills.
C. Learning self-control.
D. Gaining high-tech knowledge.
25. What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment？
A. Parents’ age.
B. Children’s imagination.
C. Parents’ education.
D. Child-parent relationship.
26. How do boy differ from girls in puzzle play?
A. They play with puzzles more often.
B. They tend to talk less during the game.
C. They prefer to use more spatial language.
D. They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. A mathematical method.
B. A scientific study.
C. A woman psychologist
D. A teaching program.
【解析】本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。
24. 细节理解题。根据第二段中…found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 develop better
spatial skill(在2 岁到4 岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好)可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展
更好的空间技能。B. Developing spatial skills(发展空间能力)符合以上说法，故选B 项。
25. 细节理解题。根据第二段中Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition after controlling
for difference in parents' income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.( Levine 说，在父母的收入、
教育和父母谈话次数方面控制差异性之后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测)可知Levine 在设计这
个试验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。C. Parents' education.(父母的教育)符合以上说法，
故选C 项。
26. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,可知
男孩比女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。D. They are likely to play with tougher
puzzles.(他们有可能玩更复杂的谜题)符合以上说法，故选D 项。
27. 主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以
是关于科学研究的。B. A scientific study(一项科学研究)符合以上说法，故选B 项。
Passage5
【2020 年新课标Ⅱ】When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your
holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are trying to
bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).
Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have(showcased)nutria fur made into clothes in
different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying
vast wetlands every year”, says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.
Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in
the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.
Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there
can’t handle this non-native species(物种).It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us.” says Michael Massimi,
an expert in this field.
The fur trade kept nutria check for decades，but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s，the
cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.
Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says it’s not easy to convince
people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year,
so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.
Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Model Paige Morgan says，”To give people a guilt-free
option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-1 think that’s going to be a massive thing, at
least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that
using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria
fashions to show it is eco-friendly.
28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?
A. To promote guilt-free fur.
B. To expand the fashion market.
C. To introduce a new brand.
D. To celebrate a winter holiday.
29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?
A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.
B. Nutria are an endangered species.
C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.
D. Nutria are illegally hunted.
30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Boomed.
B. Became mature.
C. Remained stable.
D. Crashed.
31. What can we infer abouf wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?
A. It’s formal.
B. It’s risky.
C. It’s harmful.
D. It’s traditional.
【解析】本文是说明文。介绍了美国新奥良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀。展出海狸鼠制成的皮衣。
海狸鼠们每年都在破坏大片的湿地，因此设计师称这是一种环保的举措，科学家们也对海狸鼠损坏生态平
衡表示了担忧。
28. 推理判断题。根据第二段Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur
made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the
nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year,”says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.得知，美国新
奥尔良和布鲁克林举办了不同寻常的时装秀，时装秀上展出海狸鼠皮制成的不同风格的衣服，项目总监
Cree McCree 说：“除非了解海狸鼠正每年破坏大片湿地，否则谈论无罪感皮衣是很疯狂的事情”，可以
判断出由于海狸鼠对生态造成了巨大的破坏，这场海狸鼠皮衣时装秀销售的是无罪恶感皮衣。故选A。
29. 推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a
tail.得知，科学家们如此担心以至于他们决定按照一条海狸鼠尾巴付给猎人们5 美元，可以推断出科学家
们担忧海狸鼠们严重破坏生态平衡，。故选A。
30. 词义猜测题。根据第五段The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria
collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy. 得知，毛皮贸易使海狸鼠受到了几十年
的控制，但是当海狸鼠市场在20 世纪80 年代末崩溃时，这种猫大小的动物数量疯长，根据but 判断，这
是转折关系，以前由于皮毛交易，海狸鼠处于控制，现在这种海狸鼠之所以能够数量激增，是由于市场不
再销售海狸鼠皮毛导致的，可以推断出划线词collapsed 是和D.crashed 倒闭的意思最相近。故选D。
31. 推理判断题。根据第二段Model Paige Morgan says, “To give people a guilt –free option that they can wear
without someone throwing paint on them-I think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least in New York. ” 得知，
为了给人们一种无罪的选择，人们可以穿皮衣而不被人们泼油漆，我认为在纽约将是一件巨大的事情，根
据模特摩根所说得知，在纽约穿皮质衣服是有风险的。故选B。
Passage6
【2020 年新课标Ⅲ】We are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of years
ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes (基因), they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past
few thousand years. People in Ethiopian highlands have adapted to living at high altitudes. Cattle -raising people in
East Africa and northern Europe have gained a mutation (突变) that helps them digest milk as adults.
On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation - not to
air or to food, but to the ocean. A group of sea-dwelling people in Southeast Asia have evolved into better divers.
The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the
Philippines. They have traditionally lived on houseboats; in recent times, they’ve also built houses on stilts (支柱)
in coastal waters. “They are simply a stranger to the land,” said Redney C. Jubilado, a University of Hawaii
researcher who studies the Bajau.
Dr. Jubilado first met the Bajau while growing up on Samal Island in the Philippines. They made a living as
divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish. “We were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than
us local islanders,” Dr. Jubilado said. “I could see them actually walking under the sea.”
In2015, Melissa Ilardo, then a graduate student in genetics at the University of Copenhagen, heard about the
Bajau. She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics that made the
task easier for them. “it seemed like the perfect chance for natural selection to act on a population,” said Dr. Ilardo.
She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.
32. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 1?
A. Environmental adaptation of cattle raisers.
B. New knowledge of human evolution.
C. Recent findings of human origin.
D. Significance of food selection.
33. Where do the Bajau build their houses?
A. In valleys.
B. Near rivers.
C. On the beach.
D. Off the coast.
34. Why was the young Jubilado astonished at the Bajau?
A. They could walk on stilts all day.
B. They had a superb way of fishing.
C. They could stay long underwater.
D. They lived on both land and water.
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea
B. Highlanders’ Survival Skills
C. Basic Methods of Genetic Research
D. The World’s Best Divers
【解析】这是一篇说明文。最近一项对人类基因的研究发现，人类的进化不仅仅发生在数十亿年前，而且
最近几千年也有。Bajau 人因为靠海为生，他们的身体已经进化成更能适应海洋生活。
32. 推理判断题。根据第一段的we are the products of evolution, and not just evolution that occurred billions of
years ago. As scientists look deeper into our genes, they are finding examples of human evolution in just the past
few thousand years.(我们是进化的产物，而且不仅仅是数十亿年前的产物。当科学家更深入的研究我们的基
因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年进化的例子)可知，作者列举第一段的例子是为了告诉我们关于人类进
化的一个新信息，那就是人类在最近几千年也在进化。B. New knowledge of human evolution.(人类进化的新
知识)符合以上说法，故选B 项。
33. 细节理解题。根据第二段的The Bajau, as these people are known, number in hundreds of thousands in
Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. They have traditionally live on houseboats; in recent times, they've also
built houses on stilts in coastal waters.(这些人被称为Bajau，在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和菲律宾有数十万人。
他们一直住在船屋上；最近他们也把房子建在沿海水域的吊脚楼上)可知，Bajau 把房子建在沿海区域。D.
Off the coast.(沿海)符合以上说法，故选D 项。
34. 细节理解题。根据第三段的we were so amazed that they could stay underwater much longer than us local
islanders.(我们很惊讶，他们在水下待的时间比我们当地的岛民要长的多)可知，让Jubilado 感到吃惊的是
Bajau 人能在水下待更长的时间。C. They could stay long underwater. (他们能在水下待很长时间)符合以上说
法，故选C 项。
35. 主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第二段的On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team
of researchers reported a new kind of adaption-not to air or to food, but to the ocean.(周四，在《细胞》杂志上发
表的一篇文章中，一群研究人员报道了一种新的适应——不是空气也不是食物，而是海洋)可知，本文主要
讲述了一种新的进化，即长期生活在海边，靠海为生的生活方式，让Bajau 人的身体进化成更适应海洋生
活。A. Bodies Remodeled for a Life at Sea.(身体为适应海洋生活而重塑)可以作为本文标题，故选A 项。
Passage7
【2020 年新高考全国Ⅰ 卷（山东卷）】According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer
Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And
contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份),
it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first,
95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about
movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the
researchers grabbed her food first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore
a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds.
Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking
more food than they normally would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin.
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other
case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took
significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces.
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow
participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect. However, we'll adjust the
influence. If an overweight person is having a large portion, I'll hold back a bit because I see the results of his
eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I'll follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why can't I?
12. What is the recent study mainly about?
A. Food safety.
B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand.
D. Eating behavior.
13. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?
A. Big eaters.
B. Overweight persons.
C. Picky eaters.
D. Tall thin persons.
14. Why did the researchers hire the actor?
A. To see how she would affect the participants.
B. To test if the participants could recognize her.
C. To find out what she would do in the two tests.
D. To study why she could keep her weight down.
15. On what basis do we “adjust the influence” according to the last paragraph?
A. How hungry we are.
B. How slim we want to be.
C. How we perceive others.
D. How we feel about the food.
【解析】本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。
文章详述了这个实验的过程。
12. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the
size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake”可知，根据消费者研究杂志
最近的一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮
食行为的。故选D。
13. 词义猜测题。根据前半句“And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier
people who order large portions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人
一起吃饭。后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是the beanpoles with big appetites。由contrary to 可推断出，画
线词和heavier people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D 选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavier people 正好相
反。故选D。
14. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers
conducted two experiments”可知， 为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据
倒数第三段的内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比
平常多。 然而，当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看
看她如何影响参与者。故选A。
15. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If an overweight person is having a large portion, I’ll hold back a bit
because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, I’ll follow suit. If he can eat much and
keep slim, why can’t I? ”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的
结果。但如果一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？ 因此推断我
们是根据我们对他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。
Passage8
【2020 年新高考全国Ⅱ 卷（海南卷）】Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food,
birds and animals. Can you believe that a single bush（灌木丛）in the Amazon may have more species of ants
than the whole of Britain! About 480 varieties of trees may be found in just one hectare of rainforest.
Rainforests are the lungs of the planet-storing vast quantities of carbon dioxide and producing a significant
amount of the world's oxygen. Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall
trees make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest
animals from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.
Amazingly, the trees grow in such a way that their leaves and branches, although close together, never actually
touch those of another tree. Scientists think this is the plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and
make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars. To survive in the forest, animals must climb, jump
or fly across the gaps. The ground floor of the forest is not all tangled leaves and bushes, like in films, but is
actually fairly clear. It is where dead leaves turn into food for the trees and other forest life.
They are not called rainforests for nothing! Rainforests can generate 75%of their own rain. At least 80 inches
of rain a year is normal-and in some areas there may be as much as 430 inches of rain annually. This is real rain-
your umbrella may protect you in a shower, but it won't keep you dry if there is a full rainstorm. In just two hours,
streams can rise ten to twenty feet. The humidity（湿气）of large rainforests contributes to the formation of
rainclouds that may travel to other countries in need of rain.
12. What can we learn about rainforests from the first paragraph?
A. They produce oxygen.
B. They cover a vast area.
C. They are well managed.
D. They are rich in wildlife.
13. Which of the following contributes most to the survival of rainforests?
A. Heavy rains
B. Big trees.
C. Small plants.
D. Forest animals.
14. Why do the leaves and branches of different trees avoid touching each other?
A. For more sunlight.
B. For more growing space.
C. For self-protection.
D. For the detection of insects.
15. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Life-Giving Rainforests
B. The Law of the Jungle
C. Animals in the Amazon
D. Weather in Rainforests
【答案】12. D 13. B 14. C 15. A
【解析】
【分析】本文是说明文。热带雨林被称为“世界上最大的药房”，因为超过25%的现代药物是由其植物提
炼。热带雨林也享有“地球之肺”的美誉，因其植物的光合作用净化地球空气的能力尤为强大。仅亚马逊
热带雨林产生的氧气就占全球氧气总量的1/3。
【12 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段Rainforests are home to a rich variety of medicinal plants, food, birds and animals.得知，
热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。可知，热带雨林有丰富的野生动物，故选D。
【13 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段Rainforests have their own perfect system for ensuring their own survival; the tall trees
make a canopy（树冠层）of branches and leaves which protect themselves, smaller plants, and the forest animals
from heavy rain, intense dry heat from the sun and strong winds.得知，热带雨林有自己完美的生
存体系，高大的树木有枝干，树叶的树冠层保护树木本身、小植物、动物们免受大雨和太阳强风带来的干
燥热浪的伤害。可知，大树有助于热带雨林生存，故选B。
【14 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段Scientists think this is the plants' way to prevent the spread of any tree diseases and
make life more difficult for leaf-eating insects like caterpillars.得知，科学家们认为这是植物阻止任何树木疾病
扩散和让比如毛毛虫这种食用树叶的昆虫难以生存。可以判断出不同树木的树叶和树枝避免彼此触碰是为
了自我保护，故选C。
【15 题详解】
主旨大意题。本文首先讲述了热带雨林蕴藏了丰富多彩的药用植物、食物以及鸟禽猛兽。其次，热带雨林
就是地球的肺——它吸纳了大量的二氧化碳，并制造了全球氧气的很大部分。然后，雨林可以自我形成所
需降雨的75%，而庞大的热带雨林湿气则可以形成雨云，这些雨云则可以飘往那些缺雨水的国家。可以判
断出本文最佳标题是“给予生命的热带雨林”，故选A。
Passage9
【2020 年北京卷】Baggy has become the first dog in the UK—and potentially the world—to join the fight
against air pollution by recording pollutant levels near the ground.
Baggy wears a pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Her
monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns
that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems.
Conventional air pollution monitors are normally fixed on lampposts at about nine feet in the air. However,
since Baggy stands at about the same height as a child in a pushchair（婴儿车）, she frequently records pollution
levels which are much higher than the data gathered by the Environment A gency.
The doggy data research was the idea of Baggy's 13-year-old owner Tom Hunt and his dad Matt. The English
youngster noticed that pollution levels are around two-thirds higher close to the ground than they are in the air at
the height where they are recorded by the agency. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government
in an attempt to emphasise that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma（哮喘）.
Matt Hunt said he was "very proud" of his son because “when the boy gets an idea, he keeps his head down
and gets on with it, and he really does want to do some good and stop young kids from getting asthma."
“Tom built up a passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very
interested in gadgets（小装置）. About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One
Sunday afternoon, we went out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let
her monitor the pollution？'So we did it."
Tom said, "Most of the time, Baggy is just like any other dog. But for the rest of the time she is a super dog,
and we are all really proud of her."
34. With a monitor on her collar, Baggy can ____________.
A. take pollutant readings
B. record pollutant levels
C. process collected data
D. reduce air pollution
35. What can we learn from the Baggy data?
A. High places are free of air pollution.
B. Higher pushchairs are more risky for kids.
C. Conventional monitors are more reliable.
D. Air is more polluted closer to the ground.
36. What is Tom's purpose of doing the research?
A. To warn of a health risk.
B. To find out pollution sources.
C. To test his new monitor.
D. To prove Baggy's abilities.
37. According to the passage, which word can best describe Tom Hunt?
A. Modest.
B. Generous.
C. Creative.
D. Outgoing.
【答案】34. B 35. D 36. A 37. C
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了13 岁的孩子Tom Hunt 和他的爸爸通过在自己的宠物狗的脖子上
戴污染监测器来记录地面附近的污染物水平；监测仪显示，接近地面的空气污染水平更高，这有助于强调
婴儿和幼儿可能面临更高风险发展肺部问题的担忧。
【34 题详解】
细节理解题。本题题干意为：她的衣领上戴着监视器，Baggy 可以…。根据文章第二段Baggy wears a
pollution monitor on her collar so she can take data measurements close to the ground. Baggy 在她的衣领上戴着
污染监测器，这样她就可以在接近地面的地方进行数据测量。可知戴着污染监测器可以记录污染物的水平。
故答案为B 项。
【35 题详解】
推理判断题。本题题干意为：我们从Baggy 收集到的数据中可以了解到什么？根据文章第二段 Her
monitor has shown that air pollution levels are higher closer to ground level, which has helped highlight concerns
that babies and young kids may be at higher risk of developing lung problems.她的监测仪显示，接近地面的空气
污染水平更高，这有助于突显婴儿和幼童罹患肺部疾病的风险更高的担忧。可知接近地面的空气污染水平
更高。故答案为D 项。
【36 题详解】
推理判断题。本题题干意为：进行这项研究Tom 的意图是？根据文章第四段Tom has since reported the
shocking findings to the government in an attempt to emphasize that babies are at higher risk of developing asthma
（哮喘）.汤姆已经令人震惊的发现报告给政府,试图强调,婴儿患哮喘的风险更高。可知Tom 研究的目的是
对健康风险提出警告。故答案为A 项。
【37 题详解】
推理判断题。本题题干意为：根据文章，哪个词最能描述汤姆·亨特?根据文章倒数第二段“Tom built up a
passion for environmental protection at a very early age," Matt added. “He became very interested in gadgets（小
装置）.About one year ago, he got this new piece of tech which is like a test tube. One Sunday afternoon, we went
out to do some monitoring, and he said, why don't we put it on Baggy's collar and let her monitor the
pollution？'So we did it."汤姆在很小的时候就对环境保护产生了热情，马特补充说。他非常感兴趣的产品
(小装置)。大约一年前，他得到了一个类似试管的新技术。一个星期天的下午，我们出去做一些监测，他
说，为什么我们不把它戴在Baggy 的衣领上，让她监测污染?于是我们就这么做了。可知Tom 是非常的有
创造力的。故答案为C 项。
Passage10
【2020 年浙江卷1 月】Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice-free – by
spreading on them cheese brine, the salty liquid used to make soft cheese, like mozzarella.
Wisconsin, also called "America's Dairyland," is famous for its cheese. The state produced 2.8 billion pounds
of cheese last year! a result, there was a lot of leftover cheese brine. Disposing of(处置)the brine can be expensive.
So what should cheese makers do with the waste?
Normally, towns use rock salt to de-ice streets. The salt lowers waters' freezing point, causing ice to melt(融
化). But using cheese brine could help both cheese producers and cities save money, while keeping roads safe.
Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point.
In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more environment-friendly option. Many people
suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment.
Rock salt is made of sodium chloride, the sane con-pound (化合物)in ordinary table salt. Sounds harmless,
right? But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food, road crews spread about 20 million
tons of salt on U.S. Roads every year!
The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground. There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants. and
eat away soil. By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt, Milwaukee may be able to cut
its rock salt use by 30 percent.
Cheese brine has a downside too – a shell similar to that of bad milk. "I don't really mind it," Emil Norby told
Modern Farmer magazine. He works for one of Wisconsin's county highway commissions and came up with the
idea of using cheese brine. "Our roads smell like Wisconsin!" he said.
24. Why can cheese brine help keep winter roads ice-free?
A. It is soft.
B. It contains salt.
C. It is warm.
D. It has milk in it.
25. What is a benefit of using cheese urine on roads?
A. Improving air quality.
B. Increasing sales of rock salt.
C. Reducing water pollution.
D. Saving the cheese industry.
26. Milwaukee's new way to de-ice streets may be an example of_______________.
A. barking up the wrong tree
B. putting the cart before the horse
C. robbing Peter to pay Paul
D. killing two birds with one stone
【答案】24. B 25. C 26. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。主要说明了威斯康辛州的密尔沃基市正在试验一种新的路面防冻方法——在路面上涂上
奶酪盐水。文章说明了这种新方法的好处是，相比于常用的岩盐，奶酪盐水既可以帮助道路不结冰，同时
又很省钱环保。
【24 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's
freezing point.（奶酪盐水中含有盐，就像岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点）可知因为奶酪盐水含有盐，所
以能帮助冬季道路不结冰。故选B。
【25 题详解】
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants. and eat away soil. By
spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt, Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use
by 30 percent.（在那里它可以污染饮用水，伤害植物，侵蚀土壤。通过在街道上撒上奶酪盐水，然后再撒
上一层岩盐，密尔沃基或许可以将岩盐的使用量减少30%）可知岩盐会污染饮用水，而在道路上使用奶酪
盐水可以减少水污染。故选C。
【26 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's
freezing point.（奶酪盐水中含有盐，就像岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点）以及第四段第一句In addition
to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more environment-friendly option.（除了省钱，奶酪盐水也是一
个更环保的选择）可知相比于常用的岩盐，奶酪盐水既可以帮助道路不结冰，同时又很省钱环保，可知密
尔沃基市的街道除冰新方法是一个“一石二鸟”的成功例子。故选D。
Passage11
C
【2020 年浙江卷1 月】Today's world is not an easy adjustment for young adults. Key skill set for success is
persistence (毅力), a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers from Brigham
Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.
BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American
families over several years. And over time，the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in
school.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers，"Padilla-Walker said. "This research
also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence-which can be taught-are key to a child's life success.”
Researchers determined that dads need to practice an "authoritative" parenting style. Authoritative parenting is
not authoritarian:rigid，demanding or controlling. Rather，an authoritative parenting style includes some of the
following characteristics:children feel warmth and love from their father；responsibility and the reasons behind
rules are stressed children are given an appropriate level of autonomy(自主权).
In the study，about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting. A key
finding is that over time，children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop
persistence，which leads to better outcomes in school.
This particular study examined 11 to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. Yet the researchers suggest that
single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence，which is an avenue of future research.
27. What is special about the BYU professors' study?
A. It centered on fathers' role in parenting.
B. It was based on a number of large families.
C. It analyzed different kinds of parenting styles.
D. It aimed to improve kids' achievement in school.
28. What would an authoritative father do when raising his children?
A. Ignore their demands.
B. Make decisions for them.
C. Control their behaviors.
D. Explain the rules to them.
29. Which group can be a focus of future studies according to the researchers?
A. Single parents.
B. Children aged from 11 to 14.
C. Authoritarian fathers.
D. Mothers in two-parent homes.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A. Three Characteristics of Authoritative Fathers.
B. Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in Future.
C. Children Tend to Learn Determination from Father.
D. Family Relationship Influences School Performance.
【答案】27. A 28. D 29. A 30. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位。研究人员认为，
父亲们需要采用一种“权威”的养育方式，且一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大
的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩。
【27 题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a
unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.（杨百翰大学的研究人员发现，父亲在帮助
青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位）可知杨百翰大学研究的特别之处在于，它关注的是父亲在养
育子女中的角色。故选A。
【28 题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段中Rather ，an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following
characteristics: children feel warmth and love from their father ；responsibility and the reasons behind rules are
stressed children are given an appropriate level of autonomy.（相反，权威的养育方式包括以下一些特征:孩子
们感受到来自父亲的温暖和爱；强调责任和规则背后的原因；孩子们被给予适当的自主权）可知一个有权
威的父亲在抚养孩子时会向他们解释规则。故选D。
【29 题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in
teaching the benefits of persistence，which is an avenue of future research.（然而，研究人员认为，单亲父母仍
然可能在教授坚持不懈的好处方面发挥作用，这是未来研究的一个方向）可知根据研究人员的说法，单亲
父母是未来研究的重点。故选A。
【30 题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章倒数第二段中A key finding is that over time，children raised by an authoritative father
were significantly more likely to develop persistence，which leads to better outcomes in school.（一项重要的发
现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更
好的成绩）和文章主要内容为说明父亲在养育子女中的角色，故选C 选项“孩子们倾向于向父亲学习决
心”最符合文章标题。故选C。
Passage12
【2020 年江苏卷】 Sometimes it’s hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to institutions and
objects that represent their country’s past-age-old castles, splendid homes… and red phone boxes.
Beaten first by the march of technology and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards (废品场), the phone
boxes representative of an age are now making something of a comeback. Adapted in imaginative ways, many have
reappeared on city streets and village greens housing tiny cafes, cellphone repair shops or even defibrillator
machines (除颤器).
The original iron boxes with the round roofs first appeared in 1926. They were designed by Giles Gilbert
Scott, the architect of the Battersea Power Station in London. After becoming an important part of many British
streets, the phone boxes began disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them
away to the junkyards.
About that time, Tony Inglis’ engineering and transport company got the job to remove phone boxes from the
streets and sell them out. But Inglis ended up buying hundreds of them himself, with the idea of repairing and
selling them. He said that he had heard the calls to preserve the boxes and had seen how some of them were listed
as historic buildings.
As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began reappearing in cities and
villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a familiar sight, playing roles that are often
just as important for the community as their original purpose.
In rural areas, where ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a
lifesaving role. Local organizations can adopt them for l pound, and install defibrillators to help in emergencies.
Others also looked at the phone boxes and saw business opportunities. LoveFone, a company that advocates
repairing cellphones rather than abandoning them, opened a mini workshop in a London phone box in 2016.
The tiny shops made economic sense, according to Robert Kerr, a founder of LoveFone. He said that one of
the boxes generated around $13,500 in revenue a month and cost only about $400 to rent.
Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were built to last. I “like what they are to people,
and I enjoy bringing things back,” he said.
58. The phone boxes are making a comeback ______.
A. to form a beautiful sight of the city
B. to improve telecommunications services
C. to remind people of a historical period
D. to meet the requirement of green economy
59. Why did the phone boxes begin to go out of service in the 1980s?
A. They were not well-designed.
B. They provided bad services.
C. They had too short a history.
D. They lost to new technologies.
60. The phone boxes are becoming popular mainly because of ______.
A. their new appearance and lower prices
B. the push of the local organizations
C. their changed roles and functions
D. the big funding of the businessmen
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了在英国，电话亭在20 世纪80 年代开始停止使用。后来，一些
商人使电话亭的角色和功能发生了变化，电话亭又变得流行起来。
58. 细节理解题。根据第一段Sometimes it’s hard to let go. For many British people, that can apply to
institutions and objects that represent their country’s past-age-old castles, splendid homes.. and red phone boxes.(有
时候真的很难放手。对许多英国人来说，这可以适用于代表他们国家过去历史的机构和物品--古老的城堡、
辉煌的住宅……还有红色的电话亭)和最后一段Inglis said phone boxes called to mind an age when things were
built to last.(英格利斯说，电话亭让人想起了一个东西经久耐用的时代)可知，电话亭正在卷土重来，以提
醒人们一个历史时期。故选C。
59. 细节理解题。根据第三段After becoming an important part of many British streets, the phone boxes began
disappearing in the 1980s, with the rise of the mobile phone sending most of them away to the junkyards.( 在成为
英国许多街道的重要组成部分后，电话亭在20 世纪80 年代开始消失，随着移动电话的兴起，大部分电话
亭被扔到了垃圾场)可知，电话亭在20 世纪80 年代开始停止使用是因为它们输给了新技术。故选D。
60. 推理判断题。根据第五段As Inglis and, later other businessmen, got to work, repurposed phone boxes began
reappearing in cities and villages as people found new uses for them. Today, they are once again a familiar sight,
playing roles that are often just as important for the community as their original purpose.(随着英格利斯和后来的
其他商人开始工作，改装后的电话亭开始在城市和乡村重新出现，人们发现了它们的新用途。今天，它们
再次成为人们熟悉的景象，扮演着与它们最初的目的同样重要的角色)和第六段In rural areas, where
ambulances can take a relatively long time to arrive, the phone boxes have taken on a lifesaving role.( 在农村地区，
救护车要花相当长的时间才能到达，电话亭就起到了拯救生命的作用)以及第七段Others also looked at the
phone boxes and saw business opportunities.(其他人也在电话亭寻找商机)可推断出，电话亭之所以变得流行，
主要是因为它们的角色和功能发生了变化。故选C。
Passage13
C
【2020 年江苏卷】 For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for
health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.
Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been
known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general health.
To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise
healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the
men’s fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates and took samples (样品) of their blood and fat tissue.
Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists’ lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed
that, in theory should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped
breakfast, meaning that they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the
other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking.
Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the men’s blood and fat
tissue.
Then they compared the samples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed
lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten.
As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the other
hand, they burned slightly more calories (卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting.
But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found.
Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had eaten or not before walking. Many of these
genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin (胰岛素) levels throughout
the body and so are associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men
had fasted before exercise than when they had breakfasted.
The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip
eating first.
61. The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “______”.
A. digest the meal easily
B. manage without breakfast
C. decide wisely what to eat
D. eat whatever is offered
62. Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?
A. Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.
B. Their lack of exercise led to overweight.
C. They could walk at an average speed.
D. They had slow metabolic rates.
63. What happened to those who ate breakfast before exercise?
A. They successfully lost weight.
B. They consumed a bit more calories.
C. They burned more fat on average.
D. They displayed higher insulin levels.
64. What could be learned from the research?
A. A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.
B. Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.
C. Lifestyle is not as important as morning exercise.
D. Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.
【文章大意】本文是说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，结果表明对于那些能忍受的人来说，不吃早餐锻炼可
能对健康更有益。
61. 词句猜测题。根据下文working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first 可知，
早餐前锻炼可能比先吃饭再锻炼对健康更有益，因此推断这里说的是那些不吃早饭先锻炼的人，因此推断
划线词与B 项“不吃早饭能应付”意思相近。故选B。
62. 细节理解题。根据第三段的They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men,
whose lifestyles are far better and worse, representative of those of most of us.可知，他们首先找到了10 个超重
的，不活跃但健康的年轻人，他们的生活方式可以说更好，也可以说更糟，代表了我们大多数人。因此可
知，实验时选择的10 个人的生活方式代表了普通人。故选A。
63. 细节理解题。根据第六段的As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when
they had eaten first. On the other hand. they burned slightly more calories(卡路里), on average, during the workout
after breakfast than after fasting.可知，结果，他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比他们首先吃东西时所燃烧的脂肪
要多。 另一方面。平均而言，他们在早餐后锻炼时燃烧的卡路里略多于禁食后。因此可知，锻炼前吃早
饭消耗更多一点的热量。故选B。
64. 推理判断题。根据最后一段The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from
exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.可知，这些结果的暗示，为了从运动中获得最大的健康益处，先不
吃东西可能更明智。因此推断早饭前的体育锻炼对健康更有益。故选D。
2019 年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2019
Ⅰ
年全国卷
】As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for
biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these
technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this
problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏)with which one types and
the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like
the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the
keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer
it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a
keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch”four times
using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on
how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to
commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the
near future.
28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A. To reduce pressure on keys.
B. To improve accuracy in typing
C. To replace the password system.
D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.
29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible？
A. Computers are much easier to operate.
B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D. Data security measures are guaranteed.
30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard？all 1o soisgitieoco oll.
A. It'll be environment-friendly.
B. It'll reach consumers soon.
C. It'll be made of plastics.
D. It'll help speed up typing.
31. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary.
B. A guidebook
C. A novel.
D. A magazine.
【答案】28. D 29. C 30. B 31. D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，目前，向指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂
贵的。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space 用户带来安全，而且这项技术也不贵。
28. 细节理解题。根据第一段的At present, these technologies are still expensive, though. 和第二段的
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a
smart key board.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space 保护的成本。故选D。
29. 细节理解题。根据第二段的The key board could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the
force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus ，the
keyboard can determine people’s identities 可知，因为每个人的打字方式不同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。
故选C。
30. 细节理解题。根据最后一段的The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知，研究者们希望
智能键盘能早日面世。故选B。
31. 推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，它能给e-space 用户带来安全，由此可知，本文
是关于科技，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本杂志。故选D。
Passage 2
【2019
Ⅰ
年全国卷
】During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and
jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens
and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes,
breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology
sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others
qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed
ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power
and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who
were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to
engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the
most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens
had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly
showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing,
kindness, openness — carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to
positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for
learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind.
B. Lonely.
C. Generous.
D. Cool.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice-You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Beer
C. Be the Best-You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
【答案】32. C 33. A 34. B 35. A
【语篇解读】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲到研究表明，对别人好，讨人喜欢对人生活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。
32. 推理判断题。根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,
which allowed me to keep my high social status（在美好的小学时光里，我喜欢分享我的娃娃和笑话，这让我
保持了高高的社会地位。）由此推断出，作者在小学早期时，是一个慷慨的女孩。unkind 不友善的；
lonely 寂寞的；generous 慷慨的；cool 冷静的，故选C。
33. 主旨大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories:
the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein 将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追
求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers 做了解释，所以本段主要
介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。
34. 推理判断题。根据第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地
表明，可爱可以促使健全的调整），由此推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein 的研究表明，最有人望的孩
子适应性更强，故选B。
35. 主旨大意题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎，讨人喜欢对人生
活的各个方面有深远的有益影响。与选项A“对别人好——最终，你的收获无穷无尽”一致，故选A。
Passage 3
【2019
Ⅱ
年全国卷】Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading
her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s “me” time.
And like more Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast
alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，
74 percent，according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book.
Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of
us，too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on
the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.
Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that
he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants
to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said.
“It's a chance for self-reflection, You return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have
felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us
company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before al the advances in technology,” said Laurie
Demerit， whose company provided the statistics for the report.
28. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?
A. Food variety
B. Eating habits.
C. Table manners.
D. Restaurant service.
29. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?
A. To meet with her coworkers.
B. To catch up with her work.
C. To have some time on her own.
D. To collect data for her report.
30. What do we know about Mazoleny?
A. He makes videos for the bar.
B. He’s fond of the food at the bar.
C. He interviews customers at the bar.
D. He’s familiar with the barkeeper.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. The trend of having meals alone.
B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime.
D. The advantage of wireless technology.
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. D 31. A
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，
比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势。
28.B【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段可知，在美国，约有46%的人们独自用餐，53%的人们独自吃早餐
46%的人们独自吃午餐，只有74%的人们晚餐不是独自享用，故可知本段的数据是关于用餐习惯，故
选B。
29.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the
shoulder. Today, I just wanted some time to myself.可知，Bechtel 一个人吃午饭可以让她逃离老板的关
注，给自己留一些自由时间，故选C。
30.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段he likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the
barkeeper with whom he’s on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction.可知Mazoleny 喜
欢这样的气氛，因为可以坐在那里，查看手机信息，或者想聊天了，可以直呼吧台服务员名字和他
聊天，故可知，他与服务员很熟悉，可以直呼对方名字，故选D。
31.A 【解析】主旨大意题。本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如
逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。
Passage 4
【2019
Ⅱ
年全国卷】Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms(微生物) from our
bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them
up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to a bunch of high school kids.
But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school class, like the one science teachers Gene
Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past two years,
Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they’re close to a
solution(解决方案). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says
Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other
than‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the
end of year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and…it’s not a very nice
thing at time. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响) on college admissions and practical life skills. “These
kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that annoying bacteria? Gordon says his
students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of.
B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear different forms.
D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships.
B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D. To link space technology with school education
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product.
B. Guide project designs
C. Adjust work schedules.
D. Grade their homework.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts.
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier.
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom.
D. HUNCH:A College Admission Reform.
【答案】32. A 33. D 34. A 35. B
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH 项目就是通过Gordon 的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细
菌这一技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。
32.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段中的“ Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts. The
microorganisms form our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts
spend hours cleaning them up each week.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身
体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很
难去掉。其中的“the microorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知， A 项符合题意。
33.D【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的 “HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with
NASA engineers. Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity,...”可知，Hunch
旨在把高中教室和NASA 的工程师联系起来。Gordon 的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌, ...”。
结合最后一段中的“Gordon students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem,...”可知，学
生每天都给NASA 的工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可推
断出HUNCH program 的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。分析选项可知D 项符合题意。
34.A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“I’ve got to produce this product and then, at the end of the
year ,present it to NASA, ”“Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and ...It’s not a very nice
thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA 的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。
分析选项可知A 项符合题意，故选A。
35.B【解析】标题归纳题。根据全文内容以及最后一段中的Gordon says his students are emailing daily with
NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space 可知课文的最佳标题是空间站：
前沿的终极作业；故选B。
Passage 5
【2019 年全国卷III】For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for
Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers," says Amanda Hill, chief
creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚)shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-
inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese
aesthetics( 美学)on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The
exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns
that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion —
they are central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China-
some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason
Wu are taking on Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The most
famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just
another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about
China-its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally
acknowledging that in many ways."
24. What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?
A. It promoted the sales of artworks.
B. It attracted a large number of visitors.
C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes.
D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models.
25. What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A. They are setting the fashion.
B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models.
D. They do business all over the world.
26. What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning from
B. looking down on
C. working with
D. competing against
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. D 27. D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了中国文化对世界时尚届的影响，中国年轻的设计师和模特如
何最终在许多方面被认可。中国成了世界时尚的风向标。
24.B【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第三段The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge
interest in Chinese influences.（此次展览吸引的参观者人数创下了记录，显示出人们对中国影响的浓厚兴
趣。）由此可知，纽约的展览吸引了许多参观者，故选B。
25.A【解析】细节理解题。答案定位在第四段Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns
that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion-they
are central to its movement . （中国模特是向全世界女性推销梦想的美和时尚活动的代言人，这意味着中国
女性不仅仅是时尚的消费者——她们是这场运动的核心。）由此可知，Hill 说中国女性开创了新时尚，故
选A。
26.D【解析】词义猜测题。下文and beating them hands down in design and sales 说并在设计和销售上击败他
们。由此推断出上文Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galliano, Albaz, Mare Jacobs 的意思
是Vera Wang、Alexander Wang 和Jason Wu 正在与Galliano、Albaz 和 Mare Jacobs 竞争。taking on 意思是
“竞争”，故选D。
27.D【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段china and its culture have long been an inspiration for western
creations.以及最后一段If you talk about fashion today , you are talking about China - its influences , its direction,
its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."（如
果你今天谈论时尚，你谈论的是中国——它的影响，它的方向，它令人惊叹的服装，以及年轻的设计师和
模特如何最终在许多方面被认可。），结合全文内容，可知这篇文章最恰当的题目是“中国文化助力国际
时尚潮流”，故选D。
Passage 6
【2019 年全国卷III】Before the 1830s most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America,
usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were
forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades.
In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually
forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public.
It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single
copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of
newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy.
Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace
in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and
some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's
fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企
业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little
desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
28. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?
A. Academic.
B. Unattractive.
C. Inexpensive.
D. Confidential.
29. What did street sales mean to newspapers?
A. They would be priced higher.
B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers.
D. They could regain public trust.
30. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?
A. Local politicians.
B. Common people.
C. Young publishers.
D. Rich businessmen.
31. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult process.
B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor.
D. It was a disaster for printers.
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. B 31. A
【语篇解读】本文属于说明文阅读，作者通过这篇文章主要向我们描述了19 世纪报纸的改革发展之路。
28.细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Before1830s，... Accordingly newspapers were read almost only by rich
people. In addition ,most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to mass audience. They were dull and
visually forbidding.”可知，在19 世纪30 年代之前,只有富人才能读报纸，而且大多数报纸中几乎没有能吸
引大众的内容，让人感觉无聊，，视觉上令人望而却步。由此可得出那时的报纸没有什么吸引力。分析选
项，A . Academic 学术的；B. Unattractive 没有吸引力， 无魅力的； C. Inexpensive 廉价的，不贵的； D.
Confidential 机密的，保密的。可知 A、C 和D 是错误的，只有B 符合题意，故选B。
29.推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，在街上可以买的到报纸。
结合第三段中间的“streets sales of newspapers would be commonplaced in eastern cities”可知，报纸的街头
销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味读报纸的多了。分析选项可知C 符合题，故选C。
30.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’—a term referring to papers made
widely available to the public. perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies
on the street.”可知，这种“便士报纸”针对大众的，在街上可以买的到报纸。分析选项可知，选项B 符合
题意，故选B。
31.推理判断题。第二段“The trend, then, was ‘penny paper’”及最后一段“The new trend of newspapers
for ‘the man on the street’ did not begin well. Some of the early ventures were immediately failures. Publishers
already in business, people who owners of successful papers, had little desires to change the tradition. It took a few
youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期
的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商
人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A 项符
合题意，故选A。
Passage 7
【2019 年全国卷III】Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of
numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the
monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the
experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol
would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would
flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the
screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be
rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more
than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each
combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to
underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing,
for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the
monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller
number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. “But
in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them.
B. They named them.
C. They trained them.
D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle.
B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos.
D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition.
B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily.
D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment.
B. Health.
C. Education.
D. Science.
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. A 35. D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。研究发现：猴子可以进行基本的加法运算。文章对研究的经过和结论做了
介绍和分析。
32.细节理解题。根据第二段中的“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys…The researches then
tested how…”可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究者们对它们进行了培训。故C 选项正确。
33.细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screen…If the monkeys
touched the left side of the screen, they would be rewarded with seven drops…; if they went for the circle, they
would be rewarded with…”可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到7 滴水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触
摸屏幕的另一端（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到17 滴水或果汁的奖励。由此可知，猴子是通过触
摸屏幕得到奖励的。B 选项正确。
34.细节理解题。根据第四段“The monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating
that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination”和第五段中的
“When adding two numbers…”可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计
算，而不仅仅是记住每一个组合的值。由此可知，A 选项正确：猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。由此亦可
以排除C 选项。
35.推理判断题。通读整篇文章可知，该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家Margaret Livingstone 领导的一个研
究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果。这属于“科学研究”范畴，故该文应出现在报纸的“科学”板块。
故D 选项正确。
Passage 8
【2019 年浙江卷6 月】California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be
published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles
of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the
Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big
trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the
study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has
left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001
and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in
wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers
figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison
with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the
timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been rising
temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply
available to trees during the dry season.
27. What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B. The increasing variety of California big trees.
C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.
28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?
A. Ecological studies of forests.
B. Banning woodcutting.
C. Limiting housing development.
D. Fire control measures.
29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?
A. Inadequate snowmelt.
B. A longer dry season.
C. A warmer climate.
D. Dampness of the air.
30. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B. Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
【语篇解读】本文为说明文，根据一项研究表明，自20 世纪30 年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，
气候变化似乎是其主要因素。
27.A 主旨大意题。在第二段中，作者用具体数据说明了大树损失在各个地区的严重程度，没有任何地区
幸免或不受影响，故选A。
28. D【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests
crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources（资源）.可知，野火控制在控制了森林大火
的同时，使得加利福尼亚的森林里挤满了小树，它们与大树争夺资源，这对大树产生了不利的影响，故选
D。
29.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have been
rising temperatures, …, and earlier snowmelt, …可知，造成加州水资源短缺的最大因素是气温的上升，以及
较早的融雪，故选C。
30.A 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，自20 世纪30 年代以来，加州已经失去了一半的大树，文章分
析了引起该现象的几个主要因素。全文围绕“加州森林的大树都去哪儿了”话题展开，故选项A 符合题意。
Passage 9
【2019 年北京卷】The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls
from numbers they don't know. By next year，half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈).We are finally
waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches
intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately，it's too little，too late. By the time these
“solutions"(解决方案)become widely available，scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near
future，it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also
question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation ( 处理 ) and automation technologies that
are about to become widely available for anyone to use .At this year's I/O Conference ,a company showed a new
voice technology able to produce such a convincing human –sounding voice that it was able to speak to a
receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that
robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision A decade of data breaches(数据侵入)of personal
information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother 's name ，and far more. Armed
with this knowledge. they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means. for
example，that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that
sounds exactly like your bank teller 's，ricking you into "confirming " your address，mother's name，and card
number. Scammers follow money，so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the
phone，and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken
that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work
together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform
way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by. or abandoning phone calls altogether
and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like Face Time or WhatsApp, which can be tied to
your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to harder from here on out.
38. How does the author feel about the solutions to problem of robecalls?
A. Panicked.
B. Confused.
C. Embarrassed.
D. Disappointed.
39. taking advantage of the new technologies，scammer can______.
A. aim at victims precisely
B. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidly
D. spread information widely
40. What does the passage imply?
A. Honesty is the best policy.
B. Technologies can be double-edited.
C. There are more solutions than problems.
D. Credibility holds the key to development.
41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A. Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B. Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Roboealls
C. Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D. How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
【答案】38. D 39. A 40. B 41. C
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自助语音电话给人们带来的危险的状况.。
38. D 【解析】观点态度题。根据第一段中的“We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by
supporting and developing a group of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from
getting through. Unfortunately, it’s too little, too late. By the time these “solutions” become widely
available, scammers will have moved onto clever means”可知，最后，我们通过支持和开发一组旨在
防止欺诈者通过的工具、应用程序和方法，认识到了问题的严重性。不幸的是，我们的努力太少了，
也太晚了。在这些“解决方案”被广泛使用的时候，骗子将转移到更巧妙的手段上。由此推知，作
者认为这些“解决办法”对于解决问题起不了什么作用，因此作者感到很“失望”。故D 选项正确。
39.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with
amount than precision. A decade of data breaches of personal information has led to a situation where
scammers can easily learn your mother’s name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they’re able
to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a scammer could
call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your
bank teller’s, tricking you into “confirming” your address, mother’s name, and card number”可知，
机器人通话之所以令人头痛，与其说与数量有关，不如说与精确度有关。长达十年的个人信息泄露
已经导致了这样一种情况：骗子可以轻易地知道你母亲的名字，甚至更多。有了这些知识，他们就
能够开展有针对性的运动来欺骗人们。根据这些可知，利用这种新的技术，欺诈者们可以精确的确
定他们行骗的目标。故A 选项正确。
40.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句可知，这项语音技术可以产生一个听起来和人类非常相
似的声音，它可以和接待员进行交谈，进行预订。由此可知，这项新技术有其好的方面。根据第三
段的叙述可知，欺诈者们可以利用这项新技术来进行欺诈行为。由此推知，这项新技术既可以发挥
好的作用，也可能为坏人所利用，产生不好的作用，因此可以说它是一把双刃剑。故B 选项正确。
41.C 【解析】主旨大意题。第一段提到：robocalls（机器人电话: 自动拨号播放录音信息的推销电话）在
未来变得会越来越严重，不仅仅是出现在你的手机屏幕上的电话号码令人怀疑，而且你会质疑听到
的声音是否是真的。第二段介绍原因：语音操作与自动化技术的出现使得机器人电话可以以假乱真。
第三段介绍了语音操作和自动化技术发展会使得机器人电话产生的问题更加严重。最后两段提出我
们该如何应对这些问题。综上，文章第一段点明文章中心：机器人电话问题在未来会变得越来越严
重。下文都是围绕这一话题展开的。故C 选项适合作标题。
Passage 10
【2019 年北京卷】By the end of the century，if not sooner，the world's oceans will be bluer and greener
thanks to a warming climate，according to a new study.
At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because
of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface.
Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentration of phytoplankton. Climate
change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes
in the ocean's appearance.
Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while
giving off oxygen. When these organisms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that
helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean's warming trend. Warming
changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight
and carbon dioxide to grow，but also nutrients.
Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MIT's Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that
projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3℃，it found that multiple
changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model projects that currently blue areas with little
phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make
conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton
in the ocean changing. ”she said，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”
42. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?
A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.
B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.
C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.
D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.
43. What does the underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Sensitive.
B. Beneficial
C. Significant
D. Unnoticeable
44. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystem.
B. Dutkiewicz's model aims to project phytoplankton changes
C. Phytoplankton have been used to control global climate
D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.
45. What is the main purpose of the passage？
A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes
B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain
C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans
D. To introduce a new method to study phytoplankton
【答案】42. B 43. A 44. D 45. C
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。一项最新研究表明，由于气候变暖，世界海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。这
一现象是因为一种叫做浮游植物的微小海洋微生物，因为光线反射的作用，它们在海洋表面形成了五颜六
色的图案。但是浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋势的影响。气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并影响浮游
植物的生长。
42. B 【解析】段落大意题。第一段“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's oceans will be bluer
and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知，到本世纪末，一项新的研究
表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。结合第二段“At the
heart phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms called phytoplankton. Becaust of the way light reflects
off the organisms ,these phytoplanktons create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies
from green to blue, depending on the type and concentration”可知，这种现象的核心是一种叫做浮游植
物的微小海洋微生物，在光线的作用下在海洋表面形成了五颜六色的图案。海洋的颜色从绿色到蓝
色不等，这取决于海洋的类型和浮游植物浓度。由此可推断出这两段主要叙述了海洋生物是海洋颜
色变化的原因。分析选项可知B 符合题意，故选B。
43. A【解析】词义猜测题。根据划线词后的“Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect
phytoplankton growth, since they need not only sunshine and carbon dioxide to grow, but also nutrients.”
可知，气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征，并会影响浮游植物的生长。由此可判断“ But
phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s wamning trend”可知，浮游植物很容易受到海洋变暖趋
势的影响。可知A 项正确。
44. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段“ The model projects that currently blue areas with little
phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters ,such as those of the Arctic, a warming will
make conditions riper for phytoplankton, and these areas will turn greener”,可知Dutkiewicz 的模型预测，
目前只有少量浮游植物的蓝色区域可能会变得更蓝。但是在一些水域，比如北极，气候变暖会使浮
游植物的生长条件更加成熟，而这些水域会变得更绿了”。由此可推断，浮游植物的生长条件更加
成熟，浮游动植物就更多了，这些水域会变得更绿了。分析选项可知D 项符合题意。
45. C【解析】目的意图题。第一段提出文章的主旨“By the end of the century. If not sooner, the world's
oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate, according to a new study.”可知到本世纪末。
一项新的研究表明，由于气候变暖，如果不尽快的话，世界上的海洋将会变得更蓝、更绿。再结合
第三段“ But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the ocean’s warning trendWarming changes key
characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth, …”可知，“浮游植物很容易受到海
洋警告趋势的影响，变暖改变了海洋的关键特征，并能影响浮游植物的生长”。可知本文主要解释
气候变化对海洋的影响。故选C。
Passage 11
【2019 年江苏卷】In the 1960s，while studying the volcanic history of Yellowstone National Park，Bob
Christiansen became puzzled about something that，oddly，had not troubled anyone before:he couldn't find the
park's volcano. It had been known for a long time that Yellowstone was volcanic in nature — that's what
accounted for all its hot springs and other steamy features. But Christiansen couldn't find the Yellowstone volcano
anywhere.
Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or
Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma(岩浆)piles up. These can form remarkably quickly. In
1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land. In one week he was the
confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high. Within two years it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred
feet and was more than half a mile across. Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all
but a few hundred of them extinct. There is，however，a second les known type of volcano that doesn't involve
mountain building. These are volcanoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a
vast hole，the caldera. Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldn't find the caldera
anywhere.
Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone.
A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park authorities on the assumption that they might make a
nice blow-up for one of the visitors' centers. As soon as Christiansen saw the photos，he realized why he had failed
to spot the caldera; almost the whole park-2.2 million acres—was caldera. The explosion had left a hole more than
forty miles across—much too huge to be seen from anywhere at ground level. At some time in the past Yellowstone
must have blown up with a violence far beyond the scale of anything known to humans.
58. What puzzled Christiansen when he was studying Yellowstone？
A. Its complicated geographical features.
B. Its ever-lasting influence on tourism.
C. The mysterious history of the park.
D. The exact location of the volcano.
59. What does the second-paragraph mainly talk about？
A. The shapes of volcanoes.
B. The impacts of volcanoes.
C. The activities of volcanoes.
D. The heights of volcanoes.
60. What does the underlined word "blow-up" in the last paragraph most probably mean？
A. Hot-air balloon.
B. Digital camera.
C. Big photograph.
D. Bird's view.
[答案】58. D 59. A 60. C
【语篇解读】本文为说明文。讲述了二十世纪六十年代Bob Christiansen 在研究黄石公园的火山历史时，
奇怪地发现到处看不到火山的影子，原来，这儿的火山并不是像我们大部分人想象的那种圆锥体形状的高
耸的样子，而是一个巨大的洞，这个洞太大了以至于从地面上的任何地方都看不见。
58.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句But Christiansen couldn’t find the Yellowstone volcano
anywhere.可知，他困惑的是到处看不到火山。故选D。
59.A 【解析】主旨大意题。本段讲述了两种形状的火山，一种是通常人们所理解的由火山岩浆堆积形成
的圆锥体，还有一种极具爆发力的火山，它们会在一个大裂缝中爆裂，留下一个巨大的洞，故选
A。
60.C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句Just at this time NASA decided to test some new high-altitude
cameras by taking photographs of Yellowstone. A thoughtful official passed on some of the copies to the park
authorities on the assumption that they might make a nice blow-up for one of the visitors’ centers.可知，美
国国家航空和宇宙航行局为测试一些新的高海拔照相机而拍摄了黄石公园的照片。一位深思熟虑的官
员把其中的一些照片副本转交给了公园管理部门，认为他们可能会将其放大以供一个游客中心展示。
故可知，此处意为将照片放大，选C。
Passage 12
【2018 年浙江卷11 月】The most welcome sight on a cold, wet winter night in London is the familiar shape
of a London taxi cab approaching with its yellow “for hire” sign shining brightly. That shows it is ready to pick you
up. Travelling by taxi in London is not just a way of going from one place to another. It is an experience to be
enjoyed and remembered.
The main reason for this is the drivers, who are called "cabbies." Many of them are true Cockneys. This means
they were born in the heart of London and speak their own special dialect(方言) of English. All of them know
every street and famous building in the city, and all of them love to talk. A simple twenty-minute Journey across
town can become very interesting. You may have a discussion about the government and its leaders or a friendly
talk about the driver’s Aunty Nellie! One thing is for sure, it will never be boring. Cabbies know all the latest news
about film stars, the Royal Family, government leaders, and popular singers or actors and actresses.
They also know the best places to eat, shop and relax. And they can take you straight to any large hotel,
department store, theatre or museum. They know the shortest way possible without even looking at a map, because
everyone who wants to become a taxi driver must pass a very difficult examination in order to get a license to drive
a taxi. The exam is called “The Knowledge.” It is a written test, and in it drivers are asked the shortest way from
one place to another. They must take into account the time of day—in rush hour, a longer route(路线) may be
quicker—and describe the best way. Moreover they must never forget the one-way streets!
21．From what can we tell that someone is a Cockney?
A．Their interest.
B．Their manners.
C．Their speech.
D．Their appearance.
22．What does the author suggest by mentioning "Aunty Nellie" in paragraph 2?
A．Passengers are full of curiosity.
B．Cabbies’ topics are wide-ranging.
C．Aunty Nellie is popular in London.
D．Londoners are friendly to each other.
23．What is the purpose of "The Knowledge"?
A．To qualify one to drive a taxi.
B．To assess one’s driving skills.
C．To test drivers’ ability to write.
D．To check taxi drivers memory.
【答案】21．C 22．B 23．A
【分析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了在伦敦坐出租车是一种值得享受和铭记的经历，伦敦出租车司机们友
好健谈，对伦敦非常熟悉，都是通过考试的合格司机。
21．推理判断题。根据第二段Many of them are true Cockneys. This means they were born in the heart of
London and speak their own special dialect(方言) of English. All of them know every street and famous building in
the city, and all of them love to talk.可知，真正的Cockneys 出生在伦敦，说伦敦特殊的方言，对伦敦地理熟
悉且喜欢交谈。所以通过一个人的说话就能判断是不是Cockney。故选C。
22．推理判断题。根据第二段中A simple twenty-minute Journey across town can become very interesting. You
may have a discussion about the government and its leaders or a friendly talk about the driver’s Aunty Nellie!可知，
伦敦出租车司机能够让乘客旅途很有趣，可能会谈论政府和领导，也可能会谈论司机的家人。作者提
到"Aunty Nellie"是为了说明出租车司机的话题很广泛，他们很健谈。故选B。
23．推理判断题。根据第三段everyone who wants to become a taxi driver must pass a very difficult
examination in order to get a license to drive a taxi. The exam is called “The Knowledge.” It is a written test, and in
it drivers are asked the shortest way from one place to another.可知，The Knowledge 是出租车司机的资格考试，
通过笔试测试司机对路线的熟悉程度，应变能力等。故选A。
Passage 13
【2018 年浙江卷11 月】This month millions of American kids can forget about classroom bells and set off
for grandparents’ homes, sleep-away camps and life guard stands. But summer vacation hasn’t always been a birth
right of U.S. school children. Before the Civil War, schools operated on one of two calendars(日历), neither of
which included a summer vacation. Rural(农村的) schooling was divided into summer and winter terms, leaving
kids free to help with the farm work in the spring planting and fall harvest seasons. Urban students, meanwhile,
regularly had as many as 48 weeks of study a year, with one break per quarter.
In the 1840s, however, educational reformers like Horace Mann moved to combine the two calendars out of
concern that rural schooling was not enough and that overusing of young minds could lead to nervous disorders.
Summer appeared as the obvious time for a break：it offered a rest for teachers, fit in the farming calendar and
reduced doctors’ concern that packing students into hot classrooms would promote the spread of disease.
But people’s opinion about the modern U.S. school year, which averages 180 days, is still divided. Some
experts say its pleasant but lazy summer break, which took hold in the early 20th century, is one of the reasons
math skills and graduation rates of U.S. high schoolers ranked well below average in two international education
reports published in 2007. Others insist that with children under increasing pressure to devote their downtime to
internships(实习) or study, there’s still room for an institution that protects the lazy days of childhood.
24．What did the rural school calendar before the Civil War allow children to do?
A．Enjoy a summer vacation.
B．Take a break each quarter.
C．Have 48 weeks of study a year.
D．Assist their parents with farm work.
25．What did the educational reformers do in the 1840s?
A．They introduced summer vacation.
B．They shortened rural school terms.
C．They promoted the study of farming.
D．They advocated higher pay for teachers.
26．Why are some people unhappy about the modern U.S. school year?
A．It pushes the teachers too hard.
B．It reduces the quality of education.
C．It ignores science instruction.
D．It includes no time for internships.
【答案】24．D 25．A 26．B
【分析】本文是说明文，介绍了美国学校假期的设置，变化，暑假的设立过程及优缺点。
24．细节理解题。根据第一段Rural(农村的) schooling was divided into summer and winter terms, leaving kids
free to help with the farm work in the spring planting and fall harvest seasons.可知，内战前的农村校历包括夏季
学期和冬季学期，让孩子们在春天播种和秋天收获时过假期帮助父母干农活。故选D。
25．细节理解题。根据第二段In the 1840s, however, educational reformers like Horace Mann moved to
combine the two calendars out of concern……Summer appeared as the obvious time for a break.可知，1840 年代
的教育改革提出了暑假休息的说法及各方面的原因，故选A。
26．推理判断题。根据第三段Some experts say its pleasant but lazy summer break, which took hold in the early
20th century, is one of the reasons math skills and graduation rates of U.S. high schoolers ranked well below
average in two international education reports published in 2007.可知，针对现在的美国学年，根据2007 年发
表的两份国际教育报告，美国高中学生的数学能力和毕业率远低于平均水平的现状，一些专家认为慵懒的
暑假降低了教育质量。故选B。
Passage 14
【2019 年天津卷】How does an ecosystem（生态系统）work？What makes the populations of different
species the way they are？Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists have
built mathematical models of food webs，noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.
With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs，
for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator（掠食动物）always eats
huge numbers of a single prey（猎物），the two species are strongly linked；when a predator lives on various
species，they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is
more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species，it can survive the extinction（灭绝）of one
of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，
the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to
extinction.
Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top
predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at
the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species---including
species they did not directly attack.
And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the
ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale，while on land，we killed off large
predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.
Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally，the system would tell
us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to
pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key，scientists says because once ecosystems pass their
tipping point（临界点），it is remarkably difficult for them to return.
46. What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs？
A. The living habits of species in food webs.
B. The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.
C. The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.
D. The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.
47. A strong link is found between two species when a predator______
A. has a wide food choice
B. can easily find new prey
C. sticks to one prey species
D. can quickly move to another place
48. What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline？
A. The prey species they directly attack will die out.
B. The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.
C. The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.
D. The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.
49. What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4？
A. Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.
B. Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.
C. Species of commercial value dominate other species.
D. Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.
50. How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance？
A. By getting illegal practices under control.
B. By stopping us from killing large predators.
C. By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.
D. By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.
【答案】46. B 47. C 48. D 49. A 50. D
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了一些在食物网运
营的关键原则。科学家们说;因为一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，它们很难再回来。该系统将告诉我们何
时适应人类活动，这些活动正将生态系统推向崩溃，或者甚至允许我们将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是
关键。
46.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的With such models, scientists have found out some key principles
operating in food webs.可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。
故选B。
47. C【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段的When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single
prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked 可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种
是紧密相连的。故选C。
48. D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food
web had, a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species they did not directly
attack 可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对它们没有直接攻击的其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控
制，由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的
变化。故选D。
49.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段的Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that
are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the
borderline 可知，人类过度的活动会将生态系统推向崩溃，由此可推断出，不受控制的人类活动极大
地破坏了生态系统。故选A。
50. D 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一段的Scientists have built an early-warming system based on
mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an
ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline.可知，
早期变暖系统发出紧急需要采取预防行动的信号帮助我们维持生态平衡。故选D。
2018 年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2018 年全国Ⅰ卷】Good Morning Britain’s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every
morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role – showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious
meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt
offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. And the Good
Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home,
preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.
“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant,” she
explains. “I pay £5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar
and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food
ourselves.”
The eight-part series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money:
Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each
week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget.
The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
24. What do we know about Susanna Reid?
A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests.
B. She has started a new programme.
C. She dislikes working early in the morning.
D. She has had a tight budget for her family.
25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A. He buys cooking materials for her.
B. He prepares food for her kids.
C. He assists her in cooking matters.
D. He invites guest families for her.
26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?
A. Summarize the previous paragraphs.
B. Provide some advice for the readers.
C. Add some background information.
D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B. Balancing Our Daily Diet
C. Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
D. Cooking Well for Less
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一档英国系列电视节目，给观众介绍如何减少食物浪费以及
如何以较少的预算做出美味佳肴。
24. B
细节理解题。
根据文章第一段知道Good Morning Britain’s Susanna
Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role 可知，她
开辟了一个新的节目。故选B。
25. C 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week
and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for
under £5 per family a day.可知， Susanna 在Matt Tebbutt 的帮助下，提供如何减少食物浪费同时给每日生活
费低于5 英镑的每个家庭准备食谱。故选C。解题关键词：同义词表达with the help of 和help。
26. C 写作意图题。根据文章第四段中的which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of
health products on the market.可知，Save Money: Good Food 节目是Save Money: Good Health 节目之后，给
观众一些建议：如何从众多的市场上的健康产品中获取价值。故选C。
27. D 标题归纳题。根据文章的整体内容可知，文章作者一直在讲如何用较少的钱做出好的食物。根据文
章中的prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget. 在资金紧张的情况下，准备可口且有营养的饭
菜； how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under £5 per family a day. 如何减少食物浪费同时给
每日生活费低于5 英镑的每个家庭准备食谱； how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. 我们自己做这
种食物有多便宜； less expensive but still tasty recipes.不贵可仍然可口的食谱。可以推知D 正确。
【点睛】本篇文章学生感到比较难的是26 题，很多学生不知道作者在说什么，不明白作者的意图，感到
很茫然。根据文章中的Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's Save Money: Good Health,…
可知作者是为读者介绍了Save Money 这个节目是怎么来的，即是背景信息。
Passage 2
【2018 年全国Ⅰ卷】Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there
has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly
knit ( 联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts
believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000
languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too
became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the
nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications
in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English,
Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The
general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones
have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa
2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The
median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by
fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly
speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan
Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these
seems to have much chance of survival.
28. What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?
A. They developed very fast.
B. They were large in number.
C. They had similar patterns.
D. They were closely connected.
29. Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Complex.
B. Advanced.
C. Powerful.
D. Modern.
30. How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?
A. About 6,800.
B. About 3,400.
C. About 2,400.
D. About 1,200.
31. What is the main idea of the text?
A. New languages will be created.
B. People’s lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C. Human development results in fewer languages.
D. Geography determines language evolution.
【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讲述了随着社会的发展人类语言越来越少及其原因。
28. B 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly
knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other... when the world had just five
to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.可知，当世界以依靠狩猎为生的人居
住的时候，小而联系紧密的群落形成了他们彼此之间独立的讲话模式。当世界上的人口数量不到一千万时，
语言种类达到了12000 种。由此推知，当时的语言种类很多。故选B。
29. C 猜测词义题。根据文章第二段中的dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are
increasingly taking over.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominant languages 意
为：强有力的语言。故选C。
30. B 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的At present, the world has about 6,800 languages.和The median number
(中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world’s languages are spoken by fewer people than
that. 可知，目前世界上大约有6800 种语言，但是讲的人数少于6000 人的占一半即3400.故选B。
31. C 主旨要义题。根据文章第一段中的主题句Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years,
but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.可知，语言的产生和消失进行了几千年，但
最近时代语言产生的少，消失的太多。故选C。
Passage 3
【2018
Ⅰ
年全国卷】We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of
something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out
of style. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more
energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester
Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from
when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home
energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic
mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players,
smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is
replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said
one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007.
We’re not just keeping these old devices – we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team,
old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and
contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what’s the solution (解决方案)? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored
what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function,
such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on
tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.
32. What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly.
B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home.
D. They go out of style quickly.
33. Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research?
A. To reduce the cost of minerals.
B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology.
D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
34. Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV.
B. The tablet.
C. The LCD TV.
D. The desktop computer.
35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?
A. Stop using them.
B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them.
D. Recycle them.
【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高、不环保。所
以作者主张使用新电子设备。
32. A 观点态度题。根据文章第一段中的That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these
outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.可知，使用旧的电
子设备对环境和我们的钱包都是坏消息。这些过时的设备做相同的事情要消耗比新设备更多的能量。由此
推知作者认为新电子设备环保、节能。故选A。
33. D 细节理解题。
根据文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie
Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs
for each product throughout its life
可知，Babbitt’s team 研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用
了多少电。故选D。
34. B 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets
instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子
设备，可以降低44%的耗能。
故选B。
35. A 推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用
旧的电子设备。故选A。
Passage 4
【2018 年全国Ⅱ卷】Many of us love July because it’s the month when nature’s berries and stone fruits are
in abundance. These colourful and sweet jewels form British Columbia’s fields are little powerhouses of nutritional
protection.
Of the common berries, strawberries are highest in vitamin C, although, because of their seeds, raspberries
contain a little more protein (蛋白质), iron and zinc (not that fruits have much protein). Blueberries are particularly
high in antioxidants (抗氧化物质). The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids
we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants. As for cherries (樱桃), they are so delicious who cares?
However, they are rich in vitamin C.
When combined with berries of slices of other fruits, frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick, cooling
fruit shakes and low fat “ice cream”. For this purpose, select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.
Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze. If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice
on the bananas will prevent them turning brown. Frozen bananas will last several weeks, depending on their
ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.zx.x.k
If you have a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a
“soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a children’s party; they love
feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.
24. What does the author seem to like about cherries?
A. They contain protein. B. They are high in vitamin A.
C. They have a pleasant taste. D. They are rich in antioxidants.
25. Why is fresh lemon juice used in freezing bananas?
A. To make them smell better. B. To keep their colour.
C. To speed up their ripening. D. To improve their nutrition.
26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink.
C. A container. D. A machine.
27. From which is the text probably taken?
A. A biology textbook. B. A health magazine.
C. A research paper. D. A travel brochure.
【答案】24. C 25. B 26. D 27. B
【解析】本文是一篇日常生活类说明文。文中讲述了人们热爱水果丰盛的7 月，这时候各种水果营养丰富
且含有对人体有益的微量元素，尤其是香蕉。我们可以利用它做一些孩子喜欢的甜点或冰淇淋。
24. 细节理解题。题干问的是，作者喜欢樱桃什么。根据第二段中As for cherries (樱桃), they are so
delicious who cares?（至于樱桃，因为它们很好吃谁在乎呢?）可知，作者在乎的是它的美味。故选C。
25. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的If you like, a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them
turning brown.可知，往香蕉上滴新鲜的柠檬汁是为了防止香蕉变成褐色，故新鲜的柠檬汁是被用来保持香
蕉的颜色的。故选B。
26. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段中they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and
watching the ice cream come out below 可知，孩子们喜欢把一些水果和冷冻的香蕉放入到这台机器的上部，
然后看到冰激凌从下面出来。故可以推出a juicer 就是一台机器。故选D。
27. 文章出处题。文章首先指出七月是水果盛产的季节，并指出各种水果富含的营养，最后一段指出我们
可以用a juicer 为孩子们做一些甜点和冰激凌，故最可能是从健康杂志上摘取的文章。A 项意为：生物教科
书；B 项意为：一本健康杂志；C 项意为：一篇研究论文；D 项意为：一本旅游手册。故选B。
Passage 5
【2018 年全国Ⅱ卷】Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense
Media report published Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading
remains a big part of many children’s lives, and indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.
According to the report’s key findings, “the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has
gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent
respectively today.”
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2—8, remain largely the same.
But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half
hour per session.
When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents looking for data
about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading,
mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as examples and
important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently,
compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read
more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents might take this
chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.
28. What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A. Children’s reading habits.
B. Quality of children’s books.
C. Children’s after-class activities.
D. Parent-child relationships.
29. Where can you find the data that best supports "children are reading a lot less for fun"?
A. In paragraph 2. B. In paragraph 3.
C. In paragraph 4. D. In paragraph 5.
30. Why do many parents limit electronic reading?
A. E-books are of poor quality.
B. It could be a waste of time.
C. It may harm children’s health.
D. E-readers are expensive.
31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?
A. Act as role models for them.
B. Ask then to write book reports.
C. Set up reading groups for them.
D. Talk with their reading class teachers.
【答案】28. A 29. B 30. C 31. A
【文章大意】据本周一公布的a Common Sense Media report 报告显示，青少年和年幼的孩子们读书的
乐趣大大减少。文中从阅读的乐趣，阅读的时间，阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响等角度展示了该报告
的内容。
28.A 【解析】推理判断题。题干问的是这篇报道可能是关于什么内容。根据整篇文章，我们可以看出这
篇报道讲述了孩子们阅读的乐趣，孩子们阅读的时间，孩子们阅读方式和父母对孩子阅读的影响。
A 项意为：孩子们的阅读习惯；B 项意为：孩子们所读书籍的质量；C 项意为：孩子们的课后活动；
D 项意为：父母与孩子的关系。故选A。
29.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中的the proportion (比例) who say they ‘hardly ever’ read for fun has
gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent
respectively today.可知，很少为乐趣而阅读的人的比例已经分别从1984 年的13 岁的8%和17 岁的
9%上升到现在的22%和27%。也就是说，为乐趣而读书的人越来越少了。故选B。
30.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段最后一句many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due
to concerns about increased screen time 可知，许多家长仍然限制电子阅读，主要是由于担心看一些电
子屏幕的时间越来越多，也即是担心会伤害孩子们的健康。故选C。
31.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据倒数第二段The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence
of parents serving as examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading.可知，有明显
的证据表明，父母为孩子们做榜样并为孩子们作重要指导能培养孩子的阅读习惯。也即是说，父母
可以通过给孩子们作榜样来鼓励孩子们阅读的。故选A。
Passage 6
【2018 年全国Ⅲ卷】Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby port or river.
People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade. New
York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River. Over 300 years its population
grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million. But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time. Boom
towns grow from nothing almost overnight. In 1896, Dawson, Canada, was unmapped wilderness(荒野). But gold
was discovered there in 1897, and two years later, it was one of the largest cities in the West, with a population of
30,000.
Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris. People went there for
gold. They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers. The path to Dawson
was covered with thirty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming. An avalanche(雪崩) once closed the
path, killing 63 people. For many who made it to Dawson, however, the rewards were worth the difficult trip. Of
the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their
lives.
But no matter how rich they were, Dawson was never comfortable. Necessities like food and wood were very
expensive. But soon, the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found. The city was crowded with
disappointed people with no interest in settling down, and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in
Alaska, they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come. Today, people still come and go — to see where the
Canadian gold rush happened. Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City — its present population is 762.
24. What attracted the early settlers to New York City?
A. Its business culture.
B. Its small population.
C. Its geographical position.
D. Its favourable climate.
25. What do we know about those who first dug for gold in Dawson?
A. Two-thirds of them stayed there.
B. One out of five people got rich.
C. Almost everyone gave up.
D. Half of them died.
26. What was the main reason for many people to leave Dawson?
A. They found the city too crowded.
B. They wanted to try their luck elsewhere.
C. They were unable to stand the winter.
D. They were short of food.
27. What is the text mainly about?
A. The rise and fall of a city.
B. The gold rush in Canada.
C. Journeys into the wilderness.
D. Tourism in Dawson.
【答案】24. C 25. B 26. B 27. A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Dawson 这座城市的发展原因、过程与现状。
24. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are, like a nearby
port or river. People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications
and trade. New York City, for example, is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson River.可知，人们选择
在河边或港口设城是因为交通方便，便于做生意。而纽约就是在哈德森河口附近的一个大港口，故纽约吸
引早期移民的原因是它的地理位置，故C 正确。
25. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段最后一句Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold, 4,000 got rich. About
100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of their lives.可知，在最初挖黄金的两万人中有4000 人变富有，所以
是五分之一的人变富了，故B 正确。
26. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中and when they heard there were new gold discoveries in Alaska, they left
Dawson City as quickly as they had come.可知，人们离开Dawson 的主要原因是听说在Alaska 发现了黄金，
也就是他们要去别的地方寻找发财的机会。故B 正确。
27. 主旨大意题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，引出Dawson 这一城市的兴起，第二段介绍了该城市
兴起的原因，第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文围绕Dawson 这个城市的发
展起伏。故A 正确。
Passage 7
【2018 年浙江卷6 月】Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when
you consider that he’s an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things that
fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that one of Stein's jobs is
defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bags.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree branches or along
highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台) . The bags are prohibited
in some 90 cities in California, including Los Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are
hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers' argument: many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase paper bags, which are
easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And while plastic bags may be ugly to look at,
they represent a small percentage of all garbage on the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement: reusable shopping bags. The
stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use it cancels out. However, longer-lasting
reusable bags often require more energy to make. One study found that a cotton bag must be used at least
131 times to be better for the planet than plastic.
Environmentalists don't dispute（质疑） these points. They hope paper bags will be banned someday too and
want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
24. What has Steven Stein been hired to do?
A. Help increase grocery sales.B. Recycle the waste material.
C. Stop things falling off trucks.D. Argue for the use of plastic bags.
25. What does the word “headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. Bans on plastic bags.B. Effects of city development.
C. Headaches caused by garbage.D. Plastic bags hung in trees.
26. What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?
A. They are quite expensive.
B. Replacing them can be difficult.
C. They are less strong than plastic bags.D. Producing them requires more energy.
27. What is the best title for the text?
A. Plastic, Paper or Neither
B. Industry, Pollution and Environment
C. Recycle or Throw Away
D. Garbage Collection and Waste Control
【答案】24.D 25.A 26.D 27.A
【文章大意】文章分析了几种购物袋的使用情况，塑料袋造成了环境问题，尽管纸袋容易回收，但生
产和运输需要更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。
24.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic
shopping bags.和第二段plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their
products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.可知塑料袋生产商雇用Steven Stein 是为
了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害，是对塑料袋被禁用的解释和争论。故
选D。
25.A 【解析】词义猜测题。上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇
用Steven Stein 等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。
h eadwinds
“逆风”，此处指塑料袋被禁用的现状，即Bans on plastic bags，故选A。
26.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more
energy to make.可知塑料袋生产商认为生产耐用且能重复使用的袋子需要更多的能量，故选D。
27.A 【解析】标题归纳题。文章讲述了使用塑料袋造成的环境问题，纸袋容易回收，但生产和运输需要
更多的能源，希望消费者使用耐用可重复使用的袋子。对这三种方式进行了对比，Plastic, Paper or
Neither 既能概括全文，又能吸引读者，最适合作为标题。故选A。
Passage 8
【2018 年浙江卷6 月】As cultural symbols go, the American car is quite young. The Model T Ford
was built at the Piquette Plant in Michigan a century ago, with the first rolling off the assembly line（装
配线）on September 27, 1908. Only eleven cars were produced the next month. But eventually Henry
Ford would build fifteen million of them.
Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The car shaped some of the most lasting
aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard, the motel, even the hamburger. For most of
the last century, the car represented what it meant to be American—going forward at high speed to find
new worlds. The road novel, the road movie, these are the most typical American ideas, born of
abundant petrol, cheap cars and a never-ending interstate highway system, the largest public works project
in history.
In 1928 Herbert Hoover imagined an America with “a chicken in every pot and a car in every
garage.” Since then, this society has moved onward, never looking back, as the car transformed America
from a farm-based society into an industrial power.
The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create a global ecological disaster. In
America the demand for oil has grown by 22 percent since 1990.
The problems of excessive（过度的）energy consumption, climate change and population growth have
been described in a book by the American writer Thomas L. Friedman. He fears the worst, but hopes for
the best.
Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to keep American strength. “The
ability to design, build and export green technologies for producing clean water, clean air and healthy and
abundant food is going to be the currency of power in the new century.”
28. Why is hamburger mentioned in paragraph 2?
A. To explain Americans’ love for travelling by car.
B. To show the influence of cars on American culture.
C. To stress the popularity of fast food with Americans.
D. To praise the effectiveness of America’s road system.
29. What has the use of cars in America led to?
A. Decline of economy. B. Environmental problems.
C. A shortage of oil supply. D. A farm-based society.
30. What is Friedman’s attitude towards America’s future?
A. Ambiguous. B. Doubtful. C. Hopeful. D. Tolerant.
【解析】28.B 29.B 30.C
【文章大意】文章讲述了汽车在美国经济和文化上的重要作用，也指出了汽车带来的环境问题。
28.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段Modern America was born on the road, behind a wheel. The
car shaped some of the most lasting aspects of American culture: the roadside diner, the billboard,
the motel, even the hamburger.可知现代美国诞生于公路和汽车，汽车塑造了美国文化最持久的一些
方面。Hamburger 就是汽车塑造的美国文化的一个方面。用这个例子是在说明汽车对美国文化的影
响，故选B。
29.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段The cars that drove the American Dream have helped to create
a global ecological disaster.可知美国汽车的迅速发展，导致生态灾难。故选B。
30.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的He fears the worst, but hopes for the best. 和最后一段
中的Friedman points out that the green economy（经济）is a chance to keep American strength.可
见Friedman 虽然对未来担心，但抱有最好的希望，他指出了发展绿色积极的想法。可见Friedman
对未来是充满希望的，故选C。
Passage 9
【2018 年北京卷】 Find Your Adventure at the Space and Aviation(航空) Center
If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation Center (SAC) is the place to be. The Center
offers programs designed to challenge and inspire with hands-on tasks and lots of fun.
More than 750,000 have graduated from SAC, with many seeking employment in engineering, aviation,
education, medicine and a wide variety of other professions. They come to camp, wanting to know what it is like
to be an astronaut or a pilot, and they leave with real-world applications for what they’re studying in the classroom.
For the trainees, the programs also offer a great way to earn merit badges(荣誉徽章). At Space Camp,
trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try
simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all over the world. The Aviation Challenge program gives
trainees the chance to earn their Aviation badge. They learn the principles of flight and test their operating skills
in the cockpit(驾驶舱) of a variety of flight simulators. Trainees also get a good start on their Wilderness
Survival badge as they learn about water- and land-survival through designed tasks and their search and rescue of
＂downed＂ pilot.
With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of leadership and being part of a
bigger task. zxx. k
All this fun is available for ages 9 to 18. Families can enjoy the experience together, too, with Family Camp
programs for families with children as young as 7.
Stay an hour or stay a week — there is something here for everyone!
For more details, please visit us online at www. oursac. com.
40. Why do people come to SAC?
A. To experience adventures.
B. To look for jobs in aviation.
C. To get a degree in engineering.
D. To learn more about medicine.
41. To earn a Space Exploration badge, a trainee needs to .
A. fly to space
B. get an Aviation badge first
C. study the principles of flight
D. build and fire model rockets
42. What is the most important for trainees?
A. Leadership. B. Team spirit.
C. Task planning. D. Survival skills.
【答案】40. A 41. D 42. B
【解析】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了宇航中心培训项目简介，命题时从读者的真实需求出发，着重考
查培训项目的相关内容和特点。激发考生的航天梦想，探险精神和团队合作精神。。
40. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句If you’re looking for a unique adventure, the Space and Aviation
Center (SAC) is the place to be. 可知，人们来SAC 是为了寻找与众不同的冒险体验，故选A。
41. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段At Space Camp, trainees can earn their Space Exploration badge as they
build and fire model rockets, learn about space tasks and try simulated(模拟) flying to space with the crew from all
over the world. 可知，要想获得太空探险徽章需要建造和发射火箭模型，学习空间任务，尝试与飞行员模
拟太空飞行等，故选D。
42. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段With all the programs, teamwork is key as trainees learn the importance of
leadership and being part of a bigger task. 可知，对于受训者来说，团队合作是关键，故团队精神是最重要的，
故选B。
Passage 10
【2018 年北京卷】 Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost
half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute
the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study
suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the
greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of
plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping
bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm
that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some
worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass —
apparently broken down by enzymes (酶) from the worms’ stomachs. Their findings were published in Current
Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food —
beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. ＂Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in
polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ＂she explains, ＂The wax worm evolved a method or
system to break this bond. ＂
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it
is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the
speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the
breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down
plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process — not simply ＂millions
of worms thrown on top of the plastic.＂
43. What can we learn about the worms in the study?
A. They take plastics as their everyday food.
B. They are newly evolved creatures.
C. They can consume plastics.
D. They wind up in landfills.
44. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .
A. identify other means of the breakdown
B. find out the source of the enzyme
C. confirm the research findings
D. increase the breakdown speed
45. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A. help to raise worms
B. help make plastic bags
C. be used to clean the oceans
D. be produced in factories in future
46. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. To explain a study method on worms.
B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C. To present a way to break down plastics.
D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
【答案】43. C 44. B 45. D 46. C
【解析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料
污染提供了新的途径。
43.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms’
ability to break down their everyday food — beeswax — also allows them to break down plastic. 可知，研
究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选
C。
44.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第四段The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the
breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?可知，下一
步研究是辨清分解的原因，查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生
的。故选B。
45.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial
process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. ＂可以推断出，Bertocchini 希
望这种化学物质将来能在工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。
46.C 【解析】写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a
new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms. 可知，有一种新的方法被用
于分解塑料。再根据最后一段最后一句But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial
process — not simply ＂millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. ＂可知，Bertocchini 希望将这种
方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。
Passage 11
【2018 年江苏卷】If you want to disturb the car industry, you'd better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-
pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of
the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as
well as in the ecosystems(生态系统), small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys. As the co-founder of
the National Young Farmers Coalition (NYFC, 美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself. I have a front-row
seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry.
For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young
farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale
farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen
pounds by hand—suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before
the tool came out, small farmers couldn't touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the
combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business.
The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won't happen without fundamental changes to the industry.
One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers
makes owning one's own land unattainable for many new farmers.
From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions.
Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent
path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65
outnumbering(多于）farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with two-thirds of the nation's farmland in need
of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation's food.
There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy, but farmers can't
clumsily put them together before us. We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase
farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a
diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in
Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers.
61. The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce .
A. the progress made in car industry
B. a special feature of agriculture
C. a trend of development in agriculture
D. the importance of investing in car industry
62. What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2?
A. Loans to small local farmers are necessary.
B. Technology is vital for agricultural development.
C. Competition between small and big farms is fierce
D. Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones.
63. What is the difficulty for those new famers?
A. To gain more financial aid.
B. To hire good farm managers.
C. To have farms of their own.
D. To win old farmers’ support.
64. What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy?
A. Seek support beyond NYFC.
B. Expand farmland conservation.
C. Become members of NYFC.
D. Invest more to improve technology.
【答案】61. B 62. D 63. C 64. A
【解析】本文为说明文，文章主要分析了美国小农场的特点及目前美国农业所面临的问题。
61. 推理判断题。根据文章第一句话If you want to disturb the car industry, you'd better have a few billion
dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies.可知一般人不可能影响到汽车工
业，而根据第二句话的but 可知农业和工业是不同的，接下来就介绍了农业不同于工业的地方，故B 正确。
62. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段第三句It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green
vegetables per hour—a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand—suddenly making it
possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California.可以看出新农具的发明使得工作效率提高，
使得小农民可以跟大农场竞争，再根据第二段最后一句可知他们的价格更优惠，产品更新鲜使得农民更有
优势，故选D。
63. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一句话Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified
farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their
own.可知，新农民面临的最大挑战是无法获得公民身份，因此不能建设自己的农场，故选C。
64. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段第二句We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to
increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the
success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds.可知NYFC 需要广泛的支持，
包括要求议会增加农田保护，推动移民改革，探寻政策确保不同背景的新农民的成功等，所以为了保证农
业经济的可持续发展农民需要寻求NYFC 以外的很多方面的支持。故选A。
Passage 12
【2018 年天津卷】There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent
development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t
stopping there.
Food production
With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a
wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in
Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete
other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm to table.
Sustainability(可持续性）
The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food
production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity.
3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids
(水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D
printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end,
freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.
Nutrition
Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University,
said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So
instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on
demand.”
Challenges
Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently,
most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is
quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of
the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad.
Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than
homes and high-end restaurants.
46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?
A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.
B. It saves time and effort in cooking.
C. It improves the cooking conditions.
D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.
47. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?
A. It solves food shortages easily.
B. It quickens the transportation of food.
C. It needs no space for the storage of food.
D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.
48. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________.
A. is more available to consumers
B. can meet individual nutritional needs
C. is more tasty than food in supermarkets
D. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials
49. What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?
A. The printing process is complicated.
B. 3D food printers are too expensive.
C. Food materials have to be dry.
D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.
50. What could be the best title of the passage?
A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology
B. A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing
C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production
D. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table
【答案】46. B 47. D 48. B 49. C 50. A
【解析】本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了3D 打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前
仍面临着许多方面的挑战。
46. 推理判断题。根据文章Food production 中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D 打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕
塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D 打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D 打印的优势是节
省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。
47. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from
plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).可知，3D 打印机可
以使用可再生材料作为食物来源。故选D。
48. 推理判断题。根据文章第四段Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized
nutritional content, like vitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出3D 打印
出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。
49. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because
meat and milk products may easily go bad.可知，阻止3D 打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，
含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D 打印因为很容易坏。故选C。
50. 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D 打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑
战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。
2017 年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2017 年新课标Ⅰ卷】A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain
drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S.
Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary
equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components
required, though, are a 5＇
5＇ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a
container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat
little pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet
deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the
water
catcher
’ s productivity. Place your cup in
the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and
the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting
the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled
sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above,
the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates(蒸发) and
collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup.
When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break
down the still every time you need a drink.
32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?
A. It’s delicate. B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s complex. D. It’s portable.
33. What does the underlined phrase ＂the water catcher＂ in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The tube. B. The still.
C. The hole. D. The cup.
34. What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?
A. Dig a hole of a certain size. B. Put the cup in place.
C. Weight the sheet’s center down. D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.
35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from .
A. the plastic tube B. outside the hole
C. the open air D. beneath the sheet
【文章大意】本文主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的简单易行的太阳能蒸馏器的方法，并介绍了它
的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。
32. D
【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句话These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on
your belt.可知制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放在一个小包里，系在腰间，这说明制作蒸馏器的设备很轻便，
portable 表示＂轻便的；手提的＂，故选D。
33. B
【解析】词义猜测题。根据Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity 可知
最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。＂接水器＂指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放
一个杯子，杯子上方用膜覆盖，整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D，但是就算
在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围环境的变化而变化，杯子的工作效
率是不变的。故选B。
34. C
【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic
with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.可知最后一步是weighting the sheet’s center down
with a rock(放一块石头在覆盖膜的中间，把它压下去)，故选C。
35. D
【解析】推理判断题。结合第四段中的Ground water evaporates(蒸发) and collects on the sheet until
small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup 可知地下水蒸发，在覆盖膜上
聚集起来，直到形成小水滴落在杯子里，覆盖膜是在杯子上面的，水滴落入杯子里，所以水滴是聚在覆盖
膜的下面。故选D。
Passage 2
【2017 年新课标Ⅱ卷】Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing
the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition —
has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400
feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a
23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those
numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York
Auto Show. But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000. And it won’t
help if you’re stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry
expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government
has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is
now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration’s decision five years ago to create a
separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia
says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a
requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.
28. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition.
B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars.
D. The designers of the Transition.
29. Why is the Transition unlikely to show up in too many driveways?
A. It causes traffic jams.
B. It is difficult to operate.
C. It is very expensive.
D. It burns too much fuel.
30. What is the government’s attitude to the development of the flying car?
A. Cautious.
B. Favorable.
C. Ambiguous.D. Disapproving.
31. What is the best title for the text?
A. Flying Car at Auto ShowB. The Transition’s First Flight
C. Pilots’ Dream Coming TrueD. Flying Car Closer to Reality
【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普说明文。Terrafugia 公司研制出飞行汽车并成功进行了第一次飞行,使飞行汽
车成为现实更进一步。
28. A【解析】考查段落大意。第一段的第二句"The vehicle...like a car"介绍了飞行汽车Transition 的构造,
第一段的后半部分介绍了它的空中飞行速度、陆地行驶速度和油耗情况,这些都是飞行汽车的基本数据。故
选A 项。
29. C【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"But don’t expect it to show up in too many driveways.
It’s expected to cost $ 279,000"可知,该飞行汽车是非常贵的,所以不太可能大量出现在车道上。故选C 项。
30. B【解析】考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"The government has already permitted the company to use
special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly"可推知,政府对该项目是支持的。故选B 项。
31. D【解析】考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的"Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has
completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next
year"可知,Terrafugia 公司的飞行汽车成功进行了第一次飞行,从而使飞行汽车更加接近现实。所以选D 项。
主旨大意题的解答要注意文章的首段和尾段,同时要结合文章中大部分内容所讲述的观点。文章中只提及
Transition 会出现在New York Auto Show,但这不是文章主要内容,故排除A 项;B 项只是飞行汽车的第一
次飞行,过于片面;C 项中的"Pilots’ Dream"未在文中提及。
Passage 3
【2017 年新课标Ⅱ卷】When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack
Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that
neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.
What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for
short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s way of crying out.
But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes
designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are
turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more
serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew
what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or
was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just
happened to "overhear" the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world
we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.
32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A. It makes noises.
B. It gets help from other plants.
C. It stands quietly.
D. It sends out certain chemicals.
33. What does the author mean by "the tables are turned" in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready to fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34. Scientists find from their studies that plants can .
A. predict natural disasters B. protect themselves against insects
C. talk to one another intentionally D. help their neighbors when necessary
35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. The world is changing faster than ever.
B. People have stronger senses than before.
C. The world is more complex than it seems.
D. People in Darwin’s time were more imaginative.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了植物在受到昆虫的攻击时是如何进行自我保护的,同时引出世界比
我们人类想象的要复杂得多这一观点。
32. D【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段的"young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular
smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant"可知,当植物受到
攻击时,它会产生一些化学物质。故选D 项。
33. A【解析】考查句意理解。根据第三段中的"The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch"可知,正吃
午餐的袭击者变成了午餐,也就是袭击者被攻击了。故选A 项。
34. B【解析】考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.
But others do double duty"可知,植物能保护自己抵抗昆虫。故选B 项。
35. C【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密
的) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak"可推知,世界比它显现出来的更加复杂。故选C 项。
Passage 4
【2017 年新课标Ⅲ卷】After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National
Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf
population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States,
but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from
the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans
around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food
sources (来源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which
reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes
killed a large percentage of the park’s red foxes, and completely drove away the park’s beavers.
As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park.
They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan
because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolvers. The U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over
how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers
and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help
biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
28. What is the text mainly about?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.
C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.
D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.
29. What does the underlined word ＂displaced＂ in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Tested.B. Separated.C. Forced out.
D. Tracked down.
30. What did the disappearance of gray wolves bring about?
A. Damage to local ecology.
B. A decline in the park’s income.
C. Preservation of vegetation. D. An increase in the variety of animals.
31. What is the author’s attitude towards the Yellowstone wolf project?
A. Doubtful.
B. Positive. C. Disapproving. D. Uncaring.
【答案】
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼的故事。
28. D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章开门见山地提出黄石公园引进灰狼的举措，然后在下文中详细介绍其原
因以及带来的良好的转机，由此判断本文的中心话题是美国黄石公园重新引进灰狼。
29. C 【解析】词义猜测题。根据本段后两句可知，因为人类的发展，侵占了灰狼的领域，灰狼逐渐向北
迁徙，由此推断灰狼被人类排挤走了。
30. A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段的内容可知，灰狼的减少造成了鹿群的增多，从而植被遭到了破
坏；土狼的数量快速增加，它们猎杀了大量的赤狐，赶走了海狸，由此可推断出灰狼的消失导致了当地生
态平衡被破坏。
31. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章末段的最后一句可知，作者认为引进灰狼的项目是很有价值的实验，
因此可推知作者对这一举措持肯定的态度。
Passage 5
【2017 年新课标Ⅲ卷】The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car
into a mobile laboratory named ＂DriveLAB＂ in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to
discover where the key stress points are.
Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older
people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive.
Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers
which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life.
These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations.
Phil Blythe explains: ＂For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is
important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely
on others.＂
＂But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people
avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is
that people stop driving before they really need to.＂
Dr Amy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: ＂The DriveLAB is helping us to
understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address
these problems.
＂For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly,
we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed
limit and be at risk of getting fined. We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of
preventing that.
＂We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay
safer behind the wheel.＂
32. What is the purpose of the DriveLAB?
A. To explore new means of transport.
B. To design new types of cars.
C. To find out older driver’s problems.
D. To teach people traffic rules.
33. Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?
A. It keeps them independent.
B. It helps them save time.
C. It builds up their strength.
D. It cures their mental illnesses.
34. What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?
A. Improve their driving skills.
B. Develop driver-assist technologies.
C. Provide tips on repairing their cars.
D. Organize regular physical checkups.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. A new Model Electric Car
B. A Solution to Traffic Problems
C. Driving Services for Elders
D. Keeping Older Drivers on the Road
【答案】
【文章大意】为了了解老年司机所面临的问题，科研人员研制出DriveLAB，目的是能够帮助他们延长驾
龄，从而保持积极、健康的生活方式。
32. C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章首段的内容可知，研制DriveLAB 的目的是为了更好地了解老年司
机所面临的挑战。
33. A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中 Phil Blythe 所说的＂...driving is important for preserving their
independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others＂可知，在
Phil Blythe 看来，能够开车是老年人能够保持独立生活和自由外出的重要条件。
What is so special about TOKNOW magazine?
Well, it has no ads or
promotions inside—
instead it is jam-packed with serious ideas.
TOKNOW makes complex ideas attractive and
accessible to children, who can become involved
in advanced concepts and even philosophy（哲
学）—and they will soon discover that TOKNOW
feels more like a club than just a magazine.
What’s inside?
Every month the magazine introduces a
fresh new topic with articles, experiments
and creative things to make — the magazine
also explores philosophy and wellbeing to
make sure young readers have a balanced take
on life.
34. B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后三段的内容可知，研究人员希望能够通过研制一些司机辅助技
术来帮助老年司机延长驾龄、享受更多的独立生活。
35. D 【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了科研人员通过把电动车改装成一款＂DriveLAB＂来研究如何
帮助解决老年司机在开车时遇到的问题，以便延长他们独立生活的时间，提高他们的生活质量。
Passage 6
【2017 年北京卷】Inspiring young minds!
TOKNOW Magazine is a big hit in the world of children’s publishing, bringing a
unique combination of challenging ideas and good fun to young fans every month.
Sounds too good to be true?
Take a look online— evidence shows that thousands of teachers and parents
know a good thing when they see it and recommend TOKNOW to their friends.
Happy Birthday All Year!
What could be more fun than a gift that keeps coming through the letterbox
every month? The first magazine with your gift message will arrive in time for the special day.
SUBSCRIBE NOW
□Annual Subscription
Europe £55 Rest of World £65
□Annual Subscription with Gift Pack
Includes a Mammoth Map, a Passport Puzzle Booklet, and Subscription
Europe £60 Rest of World £70
Refund Policy—the subscription can be cancelled within 28 days and you can get your money back.
59. Why is TOKNOW a special magazine?
A. It entertains young parents.
B. It provides serious advertisements.
C. It publishes popular science fictions.
D. It combines fun with complex concepts.
60. What does TOKNOW offer its readers?
A. Online courses.
B. Articles on new topics.
C. Lectures on a balanced life.
D. Reports on scientific discoveries.
61. How much should you pay if you make a 12-mouth subscription to TOKNOW with gift pack from China?
A. £55.
B. £60. C. £65. D.
£70.
62. Subscribers of TOKNOW would get .
A. free birthday presents
B. full refund within 28 days
C. membership of the TOKNOW club
D. chances to meet the experts in person
【文章大意】文章介绍了一本杂志TOKNOW Magazine。
59.D 【解析】数字计算题。根据第一个方框内TOKNOW makes complex ideas attractive and accessible to
children 可知TOKNOW 杂志让那些复杂的观点变得非常的有吸引力并且孩子们可以接受，有吸引
力的东西肯定有趣，故可知答案为D。
60.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二个方框内Every month the magazine introduces a fresh new topic with
articles, experiments and creative things to make 可知杂志每个月都会引入一个新观点，并配有文章、
实验等，所以答案为B。
61.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据Annual Subscription with Gift Pack 中的Includes a Mammoth Map,
a passport Puzzle Booklet, and Subscription Europe £60 Rest of World £70，中国属于
Rest of World，故答案为D。
62.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据最后一句话Refund Policy—the subscription can be cancelled within 28
days and you can get your money back.可知订阅可在28 天内取消，且全额退款，故答案为B。
Passage 7
【2017 年北京卷】Measles(麻疹), which once killed 450 children each year and disabled even more,
was nearly wiped out in the United States 14 years ago by the universal use of the MMR vaccine(疫苗).
But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement and misinformation
that is spreading quickly. Already this year, 115 measles cases have been reported in the USA, compared
with 189 for all of last year.
The numbers might sound small, but they are the leading edge of a dangerous trend. When
vaccination rates are very high, as they still are in the nation as a whole, everyone is protected. This is
called ＂herd immunity＂, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can’t be
vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine
doesn’t work.
But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in. When some refuse vaccination
and seek a free ride, immunity breaks down and everyone is in even bigger danger.
That’s exactly what is happening in small neighborhoods around the country from Orange County,
California, where 22 measles cases were reported this month, to Brooklyn, N.Y., where a 17-year-old
caused an outbreak last year.
The resistance to vaccine has continued for decades, and it is driven by a real but very small risk.
Those who refuse to take that risk selfishly make others suffer.
Making things worse are state laws that make it too easy to opt out( 决定不参加) of what are
supposed to be required vaccines for all children entering kindergarten. Seventeen states allow parents to
get an exemption（豁免）, sometimes just by signing a paper saying they personally object to a vaccine.
Now, several states are moving to tighten laws by adding new regulations for opting out. But no one
does enough to limit exemptions.
Parents ought to be able to opt out only for limited medical or religious reasons. But personal
opinions? Not good enough. Everyone enjoys the life-saving benefits vaccines provide, but they’ll exist
only as long as everyone shares in the risks.
63. The first two paragraphs suggest that ____________.
A. a small number of measles cases can start a dangerous trend
B. the outbreak of measles attracts the public attention
C. anti-vaccine movement has its medical reasons
D. information about measles spreads quickly
64. Herd immunity works well when ____________.
A. exemptions are allowed
B. several vaccines are used together
C. the whole neighborhood is involved in
D. new regulations are added to the state laws
65. What is the main reason for the comeback of measles?
A. The overuse of vaccine.
B. The lack of medical care.
C. The features of measles itself.
D. The vaccine opt-outs of some people.
66. What is the purpose of the passage?
A. To introduce the idea of exemption.
B. To discuss methods to cure measles.
C. To stress the importance of vaccination.
D. To appeal for equal rights in medical treatment.
【答案】63 A 64 C 65 D 66 C
【文章大意】本文主要是介绍了麻疹在历史上带来的危害，以及为什么会发生这样的情况。
63.A 【解析】文章第二段的首句既是对第一段的总结，又是第二段的中心句，由此可知答案为A。
64.C 【解析】根据第三段But herd immunity works only when nearly the whole herd joins in.可知只有所有人
都参与了才会有用，故选C。
65.D 【解析】根据第一段But the disease is making a comeback, caused by a growing anti-vaccine movement
and
misinformation that is spreading quickly.可知，那些反对疫苗的人导致的麻疹的复发，故选D。
66.C 【解析】本文主要是介绍了麻疹在历史上带来的危害，以及为什么会有这样的情况，最根本原因还
是那些不注射疫苗的人导致的，故本文的目的是强调疫苗的作用，故选C。
Passage 8
【2017 年江苏卷】Before birth, babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can
even distinguish their mother’s voice from that of a female stranger. But
when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教),birds could rule the roost.
As recently reported in The Auk: Ornithological Advances, some
mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵
化). New-born chicks can then imitate their mom’s call within a few
days of entering the world.
This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia
Kleindorfer, a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia, and her colleagues. Female Australian superb
fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were
hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers — a sound that served as their regular "feed me!"
call.
To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds, the researchers sought the red-backed fairy
wren, another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in
Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of
notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks, ranking them by similarity.
It turns out that baby red-backed fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their moms. And the more frequently
mothers had called to their eggs, the more similar were the babies’ begging calls. In addition, the team set up a
separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded
with the most food.
This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的) strengths of
children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. "As a parent, do you invest in quality children, or
do you invest in children that are in need?"Kleindorfer asks. "Our results suggest that they might be going for
quality."
58. The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means " ".
A.be the worst
B.be the best
C.be just as bad
D.be just as good
59. What are Kleindorfer’s findings based on?
A. Similarities between the calls of moms and chicks.
B. The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.
C. The data collected from Queensland’s locals.
D. Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.
60. Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which .
A. can receive quality signals B. are in need of training
C. fit the environment better D. make the loudest call
【答案】58. B 59. A 60. C
【解析】文章大意：文章介绍了鸟类在胎教方面的超凡本领。实验发现鸟儿在孵化时不停地鸣叫是为了教
会以后出生的雏鸟歌唱的本领，从而挑选出能够适应环境的雏鸟。
58. B【解析】根据第二段＂when the errs were hatched, the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers
＂可知，鸟儿在孵化小鸟的时候，鸣叫对未出生的小鸟有很大影响，它们被孵化后也能发出类似的
声音，说明鸟儿很擅长胎教。
59. A【解析】根据第三段＂the researchers sought the red-backed fairy wren, another species of Australian
songbird.＂可知，研究人员并未在全澳洲范围展开调查，排除B 项；未对其它鸟类进行记录研究，排
除D 项。根据倒数第三段中的＂A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and
chicks, ranking them by similarity.＂可知，A 项正确。
60. C【解析】根据倒数第二段中的＂the baby birds that most closely imitated their mom’s voice were rewarded
with the most food＂和最后一段＂Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.＂可知，模仿母
鸟模仿得最好的雏鸟得到最多的食物，研究结果表明，母亲会选择质量好的雏鸟。由此可知，胎教
帮助母鸟辨别出那些适应环境较好的孩子。
Passage 9
【2017 年江苏卷】A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fast-growing industry, urging
antitrust(反垄断) regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question
was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨头) that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The
most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look unstoppable.
Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants’
success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging
consumers high prices, many of these services are free (users pay, in effect, by handing over yet more data). And
the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.
But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abundant, all-present and far more valuable,
changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target
advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services: translation and visual
recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power. So they
have a "God’s eye view" of activities in their own markets and beyond.
This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into
five small ones would not stop remaking themselves: in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is
required — and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.
The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century. When
considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now
need to take into account the extent of firms’ data assets(资产) when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase
price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place,
especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.
The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of on-line services have over data and give more to
those who supply them. Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how
much money they make from it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users’ consent.
Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy. But if governments don’t want a data economy
controlled by a few giants, they must act soon.
61. Why is there a call to break up giants?
A. They have controlled the data market.
B. They collect enormous private data.
C. They no longer provide free services.
D. They dismissed some new-born giants.
62. What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?
A. Data giants’ technology is very expensive.
B. Google’s idea is popular among data firms.
C. Data can strengthen giants’ controlling position.
D. Data can be turned into new services or products.
63. By paying attention to firms’ data assets, antitrust regulators could .
A. kill a new threat B. avoid the size trap
C. favour bigger firms D. charge higher prices
64. What is the purpose of loosening the giants’ control of data?
A. Big companies could relieve data security pressure.
B. Governments could relieve their financial pressure.
C. Consumers could better protect their privacy.
D. Small companies could get more opportunities.
【答案】61. A 62. C 63. B 64. D
【解析】文章大意：本文主要讲的是信息时代的信息数据的垄断现象。一些科技巨头Google, Amazon,
Facebook, Microsoft 等对数据的垄断引来了有关部门的反垄断调查。
61. A【解析】第二段＂Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up.＂中的such 指代上
文介绍的公司现状，根据第一段中的＂urging antitrust（反垄断）regulators to step in to check those
who control its flow＂可知，督促反垄断管理者介入来调查控制数据市场的大公司。
62. C【解析】根据第三段中的＂Internet companies’ control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a
＂God’s eye view＂ of activities in their own markets and beyond.＂可知，互联网公司对数据的掌控使
得它们拥有了很大的权力，说明数据会加强大公司的统治地位。
63. B【解析】根据倒数第三段＂The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into
the 21st century. When considering a merger( 兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to
determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms’ data assets(资产) when
assessing the impact of deals.＂可知，在考虑公司数据资产的基础上，反垄断监管机构会避免陷于规模
陷阱。
64. D【解析】根据倒数第二段Companies could be forced to consumers what information they hold and
how many money they make from it. Governments... with users’ consent.＂可知，由于大公司垄断数
据信息，不利于小公司更好地服务消费者，也不利于政府开展工作。弱化这种垄断将会给小公司带去
更多的发展机会。
Passage 10
【2017 年天津卷】 Suppose you’re in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and
you send an email that could get you in trouble.
Realisation will probably set in seconds after you’ve clicked “send”. You freeze in horror and burn
with shame.
What to do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover.
Clicking “send” too soon
Don’t waste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Write another email as
swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explaining that this is the correct version and the
previous version should be ignored.
Writing the wrong time
The sooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologising for your mistake. Keep
the tone measured: don’t handle it too lightly, as people can be offended, especially if your error suggests
a misunderstanding of their culture(i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names).
Clicking “reply all” unintentionally
You accidentally reveal(透露)to the entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff
Christmas dinner, or what holiday you’d like to take. In this instance, the best solution is to send a
quick, light-hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But it can quickly rise to something worse,
when everyone starts hitting “reply all” to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance,
step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.
Sending an offensive message to its subject
The most awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkind message about
someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally send it to the person you’re discussing. In that
case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible and say sorry. Explain your frustrations calmly and
sensibly — see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with this person.
36. After realising an email accident, you are likely to feel ____________.
A. curious B. tired C. awful
D. funny
37. If you have written the wrong name in an email, it is best to ____________.
A. apologise in a serious manner
B. tell the receiver to ignore the error
C. learn to write the name correctly
D. send a short notice to everyone
38. What should you do when an unpleasant conversation is started by your “reply all” email?
A. Try offering other choices.
B. Avoid further involvement.
C. Meet other staff members.
D. Make a light-hearted apology.
39. How should you deal with the problem caused by an offensive email?
A. By promising not to offend the receiver again.
B. By seeking support from the receiver’s friends.
C. By asking the receiver to control his anger.
D. By talking to the receiver face to face.
40. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Defining email errors.
B. Reducing email mistakes.
C. Handling email accidents.
D. Improving email writing.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文，介绍了因为失误而发错信息的补救方法。
36.C【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段第二句You freeze in horror and burn with shame.可知选C。
37.A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第二个标题句Writing the wrong time 后面的内容Respond quickly
and briefly, apologising for your mistake. Keep the tone measured: don’t handle it too lightly, as
people can be offended, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of their culture (i.e.
incorrect ordering of Chinese names). 可知选A。
38.B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据In this instance, step away from your keyboard to allow everyone to
calm down 可知选B。
39.D 【解析】考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的In that case, ask to speak in person as soon as possible
and say sorry 可知选D。
40.C 【解析】考查主旨大意。前三段内容通过问问题和说明情况，并介绍处理邮件问题的具体方法，由
此可以判断出本文主要讲的是处理邮件问题。故选C。
2016 年阅读理解说明文
Passage1
【2016 年新课标Ⅰ卷】Grandparents Answer a Call
As a third-generation native of Brownsville, Texas, Mildred Garza never planned to move away. Even when
her daughter and son asked her to move to San Antonio to help with their children, she politely refused. Only after
a year of friendly discussion did Ms. Garza finally say yes. That was four years ago. Today all three generations
regard the move as a success, giving them a closer relationship than they would have had in separate cities.
No statistics show the number of grandparents like Garza who are moving closer to adult children and
grandchildren. Yet there is evidence suggesting that the trend is growing. Even President Obama’s mother-in-law,
Marian Robinson, has agreed to leave Chicago and move into the White House to help care for her granddaughters.
According to a study by grandparents. Com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs. Robinson’s decision will influence
grandparents in the American family. Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s family.
＂In the 1960s we were all a little wild and couldn’t get away from home far enough for fast enough to prove
we could do it on our own,＂says Christine Crosby, publisher of Grand , a magazine for grandparents.＂We now
realize how important family is and how important it is＂to be near them, especially when you’re raising children.
＂
Moving is not for everyone. Almost every grandparent wants to be with his or her grandchildren and is willing to
make sacrifices, but sometimes it is wiser to say no and visit frequently instead. Having your grandchildren far
away is hard, especially knowing your adult child is struggling, but giving up the life you know may be harder.
25. Why was Garza’s move a success?
A. It strengthened her family ties. B. It improved her living conditions.
C. It enabled her to make more friends.D. It helped her know more new places.
26. What was the reaction of the public to Mrs. Robinson’s decision?
A. 17% expressed their support for it.B. Few people responded sympathetically.
C. 83% believed it had a bad influence.D. The majority thought it was a trend.
27. What did Crosby say about people in the 1960s?
A. They were unsure of themselves.B. They were eager to raise more children.
C. They wanted to live away from their parents.
D. They had little respect for their grandparents.
28. What does the author suggest the grandparents do in the last paragraph?
A. Make decisions in the best interests of their own. B. Ask their children to pay more visits to them.
C. Sacrifice for their struggling children.D. Get to know themselves better.
【答案】25. A26. D
27. C28. A
【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了社会上很多老年人搬到离子女近的地方居住的一种趋
势。同时也建议老人们要做出适合自己的选择。
25. A 细节理解题。根据首段末句可知，Mildred Garza 搬到离孩子近的地方居住让他们的关系更密切，一
家人认为这是一个成功的事情。故选A。
26. D 细节理解题。根据第二段末句Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of Obama’s
family 可知，很多人会受Marian Robinson 的影响，所以这会形成一种潮流。故选D。
27. C 细节理解题。根据第三段首句可知，在20 世纪60 年代人们都希望离开家，以此来证明自己的独立。
故选 C。
28. A 推理判断题。根据末段推知，作者建议人们要明智，不要为了孩子而做出牺牲。故选A 。
考点：社会生活类短文阅读
Passage 2
【2016 年新课标Ⅰ卷】
The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when
a person has nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, uneasiness,or worry. Silence
may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every
gap( 间隙) with conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for
understanding a person’s needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of communicating among people, just as some
traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and
suddenly stops, what may be implied( 暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said
before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.
Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in
relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may
use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use
silence when instructions are given by a person in authority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him
or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder
or a person in authority.
Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the
personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural
construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A
nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients
from their own and from other cultures.
32. What does the author say about silence in conversations?
A. It implies anger.
B. It promotes friendship.
C. It is culture-specific.
D. It is content-based.
33. Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?
A. The Chinese.
B. The French.
C. The Mexicans.
D. The Russians.
34. What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?
A. Let it continue as the patient pleases.
B. Break it while treating patients.
C. Evaluate its harm to patients.
D. Make use of its healing effects.
35. What may be the best title for the text?
A. Sound and Silence
B. What It Means to Be Silent
C. Silence to Native Americans
D. Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold
【答案】32. C33. A34. D35. B
【解析】试题分析：本文是一篇说明文， 主要介绍了沉默在不同文化背景下的不同内涵。
32. C 细节理解题。根据文章首段首句The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups 可知，作者认
为沉默是有文化特性的。
33. A 细节理解题。根据第二段中 what may be implied is that the person wants the listener to consider what
has been said before continuing 可知中国人认为谈话时人们沉默是在思考。
34. D 细节理解题。根据末段末句A nurse who understands the healing value of silence can use this
understanding to assist in the care of patients 可知，作者建议护士要用沉默来治疗病人。故选D 。
35. B 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了在不同文化背景下谈话期间的沉默的不同含义，由此判断B 选项可以
概括文章内容。故选B 。
考点：社会生活类短文阅读
Passage 3
【2016 年新课标Ⅱ卷】Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They
choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the
traditional idea of a book group.
Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an
identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will
have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.
Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, "The two things that change your life are the people
you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both."
Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will
go to the site and record where they found it.
People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.E-mails are then sent to the
BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for
people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.
BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the "real" and not the virtual(虚拟). The site
now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.
9. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?
A. To explain what they are.
B. To introduce BookCrossing.
C. To stress the importance of reading.
D. To encourage readers to share their ideas.
10. What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The book.B. An adventure.C. A public place.D. The identification number.
11. What will a BookCrosser do with a book after reading it?
A. Meet other readers to discuss it.
B. Keep it safe in his bookcase.
C. Pass it on to another reader.
D. Mail it back to its owner.
12. What is the best title for the text?
A. Online Reading: A Virtual Tour
B. Electronic Books: A New Trend
C. A Book Group Brings Tradition Back
D.A Website Links People through Books
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文,介绍了BookCrossing.com 网站帮助喜爱读书的人们互相交流和传递图书的
内容。
9. B【解析】考查推理判断。根据第一段的"Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the
traditional idea of a book group"可知,作者提到book groups 是为了引出BookCrossing。故选B 项。
10. A【解析】考查代词指代。根据第二段中的"hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and
wide..."可知,此处的"it"指的是"the book"。故选A 项。
11. C【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段中的"BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside
the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and
wide with each new reader who finds it"可知,读完书之后,BookCrossers 将会把它继续传递给其他的读者。故
选C 项。
12. D【解析】考查主旨大意。根据第一段的最后一句"Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on
the traditional idea of a book group"以及其余的内容可知,本篇文章主要介绍了BookCrossing.com 网站的功能
及其创建的意义。故选D 项。
Passage 4
【2016 年新课标Ⅲ卷】If you are a fruit grower — or would like to become one — take advantage of Apple
Day to see what’ around. It’ called Apple Day but in practice it’ more like Apple Month. The Day itself is on
October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.
Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are
used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an
eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.
Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的) Cat’ Head which is
more of a curiosity than anything else.
There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating
quality is Orleans Reinette, but you’ll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it’ a pipe dream
for most apple lovers who fall for it.
At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because
these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games.
Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and
commercial orchards(果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection
at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.
28. What can people do at the apple events?
A. Attend experts’ lectures.
B. Visit fruit-loving families.
C. Plant fruit trees in an orchard.
D. Taste many kinds of apples.
29. What can we learn about Decio?
A. It is a new variety.
B. It has a strange look.
C. It is rarely seen now.
D. It has a special taste.
30. What does the underlined phrase ＂a pipe dream＂ in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. A practical idea.
B. A vain hope.
C. A brilliant plan.
D. A selfish desire.
31. What is the author’ purpose in writing the text?
A. To show how to grow apples.
B. To introduce an apple festival.
C. To help people select apples.
D. To promote apple research.
【答案】28. D
29. C30. B
31. B
【解析】试题分析：作者向人们介绍了一个节日——Apple Day。由于这个节日非常受欢迎，现在已经演变
成苹果月了。在英国，人们在十月份庆祝该节日，持续大约一个月的时间。
28. D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的＂Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide
variety of apples.＂可知，参加相关庆祝活动的人们可以品尝各种各样的苹果，故选D。
29. C 推理判断题。A 选项＂Decio 是一种新品种＂与第二段中的＂it can be...still in existence＂不一致，且
由这句话可知Decio 现在比较罕见，故C 项正确；文中并未提及Decio 的外形奇异，故B 选项错误；
D 选项＂It has a special taste.＂与第二段中的原文＂Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still
worth a try＂表述相反。
30. B 猜测词义题。根据第三段可知，Orleans Reinette 品种虽然口感好，但对种植环境和土壤要求高，因
此对于大多数喜欢它的人来说，大饱口福只是一种脱离实际的愿望，这与B 项＂A vain hope＂ (徒
劳的希望)一致。
31. B 写作意图题。综合全文可知，作者向读者介绍了一个节日——Apple Day，并推荐人们参加这个节
日，故选B。
Passage 5
【2016 年浙江卷】A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-month-old baby playing with his food
might seem to have little in common. After all, the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very
nature of the physical world,and the baby is, well, just playing...right? Perhaps, but some developmental
psychologists (心理学家)have argued that this "play" is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.
Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge, it
falls to the ground — and, in the process, it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互
作用):bowls of rice do not float in mid-air, but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born
knowing this basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead, babies may form an
understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more
about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s
experiment appear to share the same aim (to learn about the natural world), overall approach (gathering direct
evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?).
Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way —
that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means. For example, it may only be
through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept
the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the
child, Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.
Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn, but it also
offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike?
Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort — the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world
— is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution( 进化) provided human babies with
curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that
served them as children. The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring
something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, "It is not that children are
little scientists but that scientists are big children."
50.According to some developmental psychologists, .
A. a baby’s play is nothing more than a game
B. scientific research into babies’ games is possible
C. the nature of babies’ play has been thoroughly investigated
D. a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment
51.We learn from Paragraph 2 that .
A. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently
B. scientists and babies often interact with each other
C. babies are born with the knowledge of object support
D. babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do
52.Children may learn the rules of language by .
A. exploring the physical world B. investigating human psychology
C. repeating their own experiments D. observing their parents’ behaviors
53.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.
B. Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science.
C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.
D. One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.
54.What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’ research and babies’ play?
A. Convincing.
B. Confused. C. Confident.
D. Cautious.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处。
50. 【答案】D
【解析】根据文章第一段的but some developmental psychologists (心理学家) have argued that this “play” is
more like a scientific investigation than one might think 可知，心理学家觉得孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有些
相似，故选D。
51. 【答案】D
【解析】根据文章第二段的overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world)可知孩子也会像科学家
一样收集证据，故选D。
52. 【答案】C
【解析】根据文章第三段的 “For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering,
and finally overturning a theory” 可知，孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选C。
53. 【答案】B
【解析】根据最后一段的 “Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how
children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.” 可知，研究孩子可以让人们更好地
了解科学，故选B。
54. 【答案】D
【解析】根据作者在文中的用词appear to、用may 来弱化绝对性的表达及通过引用其他人的观点some
psychologist suggest that 可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选D。
Passage 6
【2016 年北京卷】California Condor’s Shocking Recovery
California condors are North America’s largest birds, with wind-length
of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒)
nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical
treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.
In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖). Since 1992, there have been
multiple reintroductions to the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona,
Utah and Baja in Mexico.
Electrical lines have been killing them off. ＂As they go in to rest for the night, they just don’t see the power
lines, ＂ says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in
electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.
So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to
stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was
introduced, 66% of set-freed birds died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.
Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals
containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby
birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles
Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days.
This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in
2011.
Rideout’s team thinks that the California condors’ average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years.
＂Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now, ＂ he says. ＂They are truly good
birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them. ＂
63. California condors attract researchers’ interest because they _________.
A. are active at night
B. had to be bred in the wild
C. are found only in California
D. almost died out in the 1980s
64. Researchers have found electrical lines are _________.
A. blocking condors’ journey home
B. big killers of California condors
C. rest places for condors at night
D. used to keep condors away
65. According to Paragraph 5, lead poisoning _________.
A. makes condors too nervous to fly
B. has little effect on condors’ kidneys
C. can hardly be gotten rid of from condors’ blood
D. makes it difficult for condors to produce baby birds
66. This passage shows that _________.
A. the average survival time of condors is satisfactory
B. Rideout’s research interest lies in electric engineering
C. the efforts to protect condors have brought good results
D. researchers have found the final answers to the problem
【答案】63. D 64. B 65. D 66. C
【解析】试题分析：加州兀鹰是北美最大的鸟类，翼展可达3 米。20 世纪80 年代，由于触电和铅中毒，
加州兀鹰几乎绝迹。现在，正通过电击和药物治疗拯救加州兀鹰。
63. D 推理判断题。根据第三段＂As they go in to rest for the night＂排除A；根据第二段＂In the late 1980s,
the last few condors were taken from the wild to be bred(繁殖)＂可知，condors 一直生活在野外，排除
B；根据第二段＂more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico＂可
知，不止加利福尼亚州有condors，排除C，故选D。
64. B 细节理解题。根据第三段＂Electrical lines have been killing them off...Their wings can bridge the gap
between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.＂可知，兀鹰不知道停在电
线上翅膀同时触到两根及两根以上电线会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多兀鹰被
电死了，故选B。
65. D 推理判断题。根据＂This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to
kidney(肾) failures and death＂可知，摄入大量铅会刺激兀鹰的神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致
肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。
66. C 推理判断题。根据＂just under eight years＂可知，在野外生存的兀鹰的平均寿命太短，排除A；根据
＂Although these measures are not effective forever＂可知，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除D；
根据第六段＂They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.＂可知，
Ride out 团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种，排除B。故选C。
考点：环保类短文阅读
Passage 7
【2016 年江苏卷】Chimps (黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect
their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one
another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with
their children, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one
plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, he
will pull at random — he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, on the other hand, are naturally cooperative. From the earliest ages, they desire to help
others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has
studied this cooperativeness in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18
months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally
possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started
to train their children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are
rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive ( 认知的)
skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than
the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part
of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children
want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a "we", a group that intends to work toward a
shared goal.
58.What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?
A. Chimps seldom care about others’ interests.
B. Chimps tend to provide food for their children.
C. Chimps like to take in their neighbors’ food.
D. Chimps naturally share food with each other.
59.Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they _______.
A. have the instinct to help others B. know how to offer help to adults
C. know the world better than chimps D. trust adults with their hands full
60.The passage is mainly about _________.
A. the helping behaviors of young children
B. ways to train children’s shared intentionality
C. cooperation as a distinctive human nature
D. the development of intelligence in children
【答案】58.A 59.A 60.C
【解析】试题分析：本文从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类愿意帮助他人、
愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。
58.A 推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的＂If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for
himself or... Chimps are truly selfish＂可知A 项正确。
59.A 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands
full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.和第四段第一句There are several reasons to
believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in young children.可知A 项
正确。
60.C 主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文，作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分
析了人类愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。A、B、D 项都属于文章的部分内容，并非中心思
想。故C 项正确。
Passage 8
【2016 年江苏卷】El Niño, a Spanish term for "the Christ child," was named by South American fishermen
who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes
caught around Christmas. El Niño sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back
eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.
The weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful
Niños, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Niño in 1997-98 helped America’s economy grow by
$15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests: farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total
rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.
But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought ( 干旱) in south-east Brazil is
becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Niño may relieve the drought in California, they are
likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.
The most recent powerful Niño, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth $36 billion
around the globe. But such Niños come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen
that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of
disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and
rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on
reconstruction.
Simple improvements to infrastructure (基础设施) can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers (下水道)
make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean
villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr
Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Niño’s harmful effects — and the poorer the country, the
stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters
would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest
are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Niño, reducing their losses needs to be the
priority.
61.What can we learn about El Niño in Paragraph 1?
A. It is named after a South American fisherman.
B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.
C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.
D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.
62.What may El Niños bring about to the countries affected?
A. Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.
B. Droughts become more harmful than floods.
C. Rich countries’ gains are greater than their losses.
D. Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.
63.The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that .
A. more investment should go to risk reduction
B. governments of poor countries need more aid
C. victims of El Niño deserve more compensation
D. recovery and reconstruction should come first
64.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?
A. To introduce El Niño and its origin.
B. To explain the consequences of El Niño.
C. To show ways of fighting against El Niño.
D. To urge people to prepare for El Niño.
【答案】61.D 62.C 63.A 64.D
【解析】试题分析：本文介绍了厄尔尼诺现象对地球的影响，并告诉我们政府应该做更多的投资预防
厄尔尼诺的危害而不是在出现问题以后进行重新补救和恢复。
61.D 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western
Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way
round.可知厄尔尼诺现象见证了海洋中水流方向的变化。故D 正确。
62.C 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句Rich countries gain more from powerful Nino, on balance, than they lose.
可知富有国家从厄尔尼诺现象中得到的好处多于它带来的损失。C 项正确。
63.A 推理判断题。根据第四段第三句According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just
12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than
recovery and rebuilding afterwards.故A 项正确。
64.D 目的意图题。根据最后一句＂Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters
linked to El Nino, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.＂各国政府要把减少损失放在优先的位置。也
就是说我们要事先做好准备。故D 项正确。
Passage 9
【2016 年上海卷】Enough ＂meaningless drivel＂. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK
government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.
The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for
making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark
(认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.
＂The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,＂ says
Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their
terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate
reflection of the original.
It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a
voluntary basis. ＂we need to think through how we make that work in practice,＂ says Miller.
Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? ＂I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to
think they would,＂ says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. ＂We do
know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.＂ But what would happen in practice is
another matter, he says.
Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but
Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. ＂We still don’t know how significant
the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in
20 years’ time,＂ he says.
Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will use
our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal
information have become valuable only recently, he says.
The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users
have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on
terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to
actually read them.
73. What does the phrase ＂ meaningless drivel＂ in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?
A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.
B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.
C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.
D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms.
74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______.
A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark scheme
B. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think
C. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scale
D. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models
75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______.
A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years old
B. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understand
C. the information they collected could become more valuable in future
D. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of
76. The writer advises users of social media to _______.
A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websites
B. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemark
C. take no further action if they can find a kitemark
D. avoid providing too much personal information
77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A. Say no to social media?
B. New security rules in operation?
C. Accept without reading?
D. Administration matters!
【答案】73. A
74. B 75. D
76. B
77. C
【解析】试题分析：当我们在社交媒体上注册登记的时候，总会签署一些无意义的法律合同，文章就此现
象展开了讨论，并列举了多人的不同观点。
73.A 词义猜测题。根据第三段第一句可知很多社交媒体公司和用户签订了没有意义的法律合同。而这些
合同是没有意义的废话，也起不到任何作用，很多用户根本没有仔细阅读合同的具体内容。故A 正确。
74.B 推理判断题。根据第五段前二句＂Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? ＂I think if you went
and did the survey, people would like to think they would,＂及本段最后一句可知Nigel Shadbolt 认为如果我们
去做相关调查，人们会认为他们会很注意这些认证标记的，但在实际操作中又是另一回事。故B 项正确。
75.D 推理判断题。根据第六段最后一句＂We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to
be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,＂ he says.可知我
们现在还不知道所签署的这些长期的无意义的合同未来会给他们带来什么样的影响。也不知道未来人们会
怎么利用这样的信息。故D 项正确。
76.B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help
people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.可知文章建
议我们即使有认证标志，我们也应该认真阅读那些无意义的合同中的条款和内容，我们要知道我们所签署
的协议的具体内容。故B 正确。
77.C 标题概括题。现在的网站中或者社交媒体软件中，我们在注册用户名或安装的时候，总会有一些合
同或条约让我们签署。很多人从来都没有详细阅读这些合同条款就签名了。文章就此话题展开讨论，作者
提出我们应该仔细阅读条款内容，然后再签名。故C 项＂Accept without reading?未阅读就接受?＂符合文章
中心思想。其余三项与文章内容不贴切。
Passage 10
【2016 年四川卷】In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain unusual groups of
indigenous (土著的) people. Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs.
And yet, people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony ( 殖民地) of the French
Republic since 1946. In theory, they should live by the French law. However, their remote locations mean that the
French law is often ignored or unknown, thus making them into an interesting area of "lawlessness" in the world.
The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the efforts of a Frenchman from Paris called
Gin. Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote corners of this area, which sits on the edge of
the Amazon rainforest, with half its population of only 250,000 living in its capital, Cayenne.
"I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years,"
says Gin. "I’ve been able to keep firm friendships with them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their
living environment. I don’t see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom."
"I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life," continues Gin. "I
prefer to work in black and white, which allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly."
His black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time. These pictures show people seemingly
pushed into a world that they were unprepared for. These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-
supporting hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only
necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.
28.Why does the author feel surprised about the indigenous people in French Guiana?
A. They seldom follow the French law.
B. They often ignore the Guianese law.
C. They are separated from the modern world.
D. They are both Guianese and French citizens.
29.Gin introduces the special world of the indigenous Guianese as________.
A. a tour guide
B. a geographer
C. a film director
D. a photographer
30.What is Gin’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?
A. Cautious. B. Doubtful. C. Uninterested.
D. Appreciative.
31.What does the underlined word "it" in the last paragraph refer to?
A. The modern French lifestyle.B. The self-supporting hunting.
C. The uncivilized world.D. The French Republic.
【答案】28.A 29.D 30.D 31.A
【解析】试题分析：本文通过一个摄影记者向人们展示了法国的圭亚那人，和现代法国的生活风格给他们
带来的影响。
28. A 推理判断题。根据第一段第二句Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own
social customs.（令人吃惊的是，这些人主要遵守他们自己的法律和社会风俗生活。）可知A 项符合题意。
29. D 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon
the uncivilized life,” （我想展示给观众一个摄影记录，让他们触摸到不文明的生活。）和第五段第一句His
black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time. （他的黑白照片呈现了一个几乎失去的世界。）
可知他是一个摄影师，故选D。
30. D 推理判断题。根据第三段第一、二句“I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have
worked there on and off for almost ten years,” （我对法国圭亚那人有一个特殊的爱。我在那里工作了将近十
年了。）可知他对圭亚那人是心存感激的，故选D。
31.A 词义猜测题。根据最后一段最后一句中the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic 可知后面的
定语从句中it 指现代法国的生活风格。故选A。
考点：考查风土人情类阅读
Passage 11
【2016 年四川卷】A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good
night’s sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that "night milk" contains more melatonin (褪黑激素),which has been proven to
help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made
from cows milked both during the day and at night.
Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious
than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published
in The Journal of Medicinal Food.
Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.
While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking
melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content,
which helps people to relax.
Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice
before bed as it is the least fattening. The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on
your body at night.
1.According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk .
A. started sleep more easily B. were more anxious
C. were less active
D. woke up later
2.Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?
A. It’s been tested on mice for ten times.
B. It can make people more energetic.
C. It exists in milk in great amount.
D. It’s used in sleeping drugs.
3.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Night Milk and Sleep
B. Fat, Sugar and Health
C. An Experiment on Mice
D. Milk Drinking and Health
4.How does the author support the theme of the text?
A. By giving examples.
B. By stating arguments.
C. By explaining statistical data.D. By providing research results.
【文章大意】本文介绍了晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之间的关系。
32.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段第一句Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount
of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime 白天
喝牛奶的老鼠会更焦虑一些。故选B。
33.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第六段中的“taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are
struggling to fall asleep at night”可知D 项符合题意。
34.A 【解析】主旨大意题。综合全文可知，本文讲的是晚上喝牛奶和睡眠之间的关系。故A 项符合题意。
35.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据前三段中的But now a study, Researchers have discovered that 和The study,
by researchers from Seoul, South Korea 可知作者是通过提供研究结果来支持文章主题的。故选D。
考点：考查健康类阅读
Passage 12
【2016 年天津卷】 When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had
him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached
adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage
and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier.
These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston.
The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than
those who had not. “Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力) and came
to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who
made the discovery. “And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.”
Vaillant’s study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47.
Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores.
Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems.
The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was
surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm
relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to
have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no
real difference in how the boys turned out.
Working — at any age — is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence,
confidence and competence — the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that
people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how
to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this world if
one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.”
46. What do we know about John?
A. He enjoyed his career and marriage.B. He had few childhood playmates.
C. He received little love from his family.
D. He was envied by others in his childhood.
47. Vaillant’s words in Paragraph 2 serve as _____________.
A. a description of personal values and social values
B. an analysis of how work was related to competence
C. an example for parents’ expectations of their children
D. an explanation why some boys grew into happy men
48. Vaillant’s team obtained their findings by _____________.
A. recording the boys’ effort in schoolB. evaluating the men’s mental health
C. comparing different sets of scoresD. measuring the men’s problem solving ability
49. What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4?
A. Quick to react.B. Having a thin edge.
C. Clear and definite.
D. sudden and rapid.
50. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?
A. Competent adults know more about love than work.
B. Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.
C. Love brings more joy to people than work does.
D. Independence is the key to one’s success.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章通过John 的例子结合一个研究发现说明童年时期帮助做一些家
务的孩子长大后会更快乐，更成功。
46.A 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第一段的句子He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and
was healthier.可知，John 享受他的事业和婚姻。故选A。
47.D 【解析】考查推理判断。根据第二段的句子Boys who worked in the home or community gained
competence(能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society 可知，第二段Vaillant
的话是解释为什么一些男孩成长为快乐的人。故选D。
48.C 【解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段的句子the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores
with their boyhood-activity scores 可知，Vaillant 的团队获得他们的发现是通过对比不同的得分。故
选C。
49.C 【解析】考查词义猜测。根据第四段的句子The link between what the men had done as boys and
how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp 和下面一句可知，这里sharp 的意思是“明确
的，一定的”。故选C。
50.B 【解析】考查推理判断。根据最后一段的句子One can live magnificently in this world if one knows
how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work 可知，情感健康对
于好的成年人生活非常重要。故选B。
