题型09 阅读理解议论文
题型简介
议论文，是一种通过摆事实、讲道理来阐述作者观点、主张或立场的文体。它的核心目的不
是讲述一个故事（如记叙文），也不是描述一个事物（如说明文），而是为了说服读者，让读者
同意并接受自己的观点。
论点；论据；论证是议论文的“三要素”这是议论文的基石，缺一不可。
论点：文章的灵魂与核心。是什么：作者对所论述问题所持的观点、见解或主张。它必须是
一个明确的、表示判断的陈述句。要求：正确、鲜明、深刻。一篇文章只有一个中心论点，它像
一根红线，贯穿全文。
论据：文章的血肉与支撑。是什么：用来证明论点成立的理由和依据。类型：事实论据：确
凿的事例、统计数据、历史史实等。俗话说“事实胜于雄辩”。道理论据：经过实践检验的、公
认的道理，如科学原理、名言警句、格言谚语等。
论证：文章的骨架与脉络。是什么：运用论据来证明论点的过程和方法。它揭示了论点和论
据之间的逻辑联系。作用：就像用砖块（论据）盖房子（论点），论证就是盖房子的具体方法和
过程（如何打地基、如何砌墙）。
设题类型&命题方式
考向01 观点对比型议论文
目录
第一部分 题型解码 高屋建瓴，掌握全局
第二部分 考向破译
解
微观
剖，精细教学
典例引领
方法透视
变式演练
考向01 观点对比型议论文【常考】
考向02 问题解决型议论文【重难】
考向03 现象阐述型议论文【常考】
第三部分 综合巩固
合
整
应用，模拟实战
专题01 高考真题练
专题02 优秀模拟题
这类文章的核心是讨论关于某一话题的两种对立或不同的观点，并最终给出作者自己的看法。
设题核心： 考查辨别不同观点、理解论证逻辑和把握作者立场的能力。
常见设题类型与命题方式：
观点识别题
典型问法：What is the first/some people’ s opinion on...? （一些人对… … 持什么观
点？）/what do those who hold the opposite view believe? （持相反观点的人认为？）
考查重点：要求准确识别并区分文中呈现的双方观点，避免张冠李戴。
作者立场题
典型问法：What is the author’s attitude towards...? （作者对……的态度是什么？）/Which
opinion does the author agree with? （作者同意哪个观点？）
考查重点：考查是否能在双方观点的碰撞中，准确把握作者最终的倾向和个人立场。
论证目的题
典型问法：Why does the author mention “…” in paragraph X? （作者为什么在第X 段提
到“……”？）
典型问法：Why does the author cite the example of（……的例子被用来证明。）
考查重点：考查对论证过程的理解，即文中的事例、数据等论据是为支持哪一个观点（通常
是作者所倾向的观点）服务的。
主旨要义题
典型问法：What is the main purpose of the passage? （这篇文章的主要目的是什
么？）/What is the best title for the text? （文章最好的标题是什么？）
考查重点：此类文章的主旨往往不是简单介绍两种观点，而是“通过对比两种观点，来引出
并论证作者自己的结论”。
考向2 问题解决型议论文
这类文章通常围绕一个社会问题或现象展开，分析其成因、危害，并提出解决方案或建议。
设题核心： 考查对问题本质、成因、后果及解决方案的逻辑链条的理解。
常见设题类型与命题方式：
问题/原因识别题
典型问法：What is the serious problem discussed in the passage? （文章中讨论的严重问题是什
么？）/What is the root cause of... according to the text? （根据文章，……的根本原因是什么？）
考查重点：考查对文章所界定核心问题及其背后原因的准确理解。
后果/影响推断题
典型问法：What would be the negative effect of...? （……可能带来什么负面影响？）/The
author believes that the problem may lead to . （作者认为这个问题可能导致。）
考查重点：考查对问题所引发后果的推断和理解，这类信息有时是明确陈述的，有时需要根
据原因进行逻辑推导。
方案/措施细节题
典型问法：What measure/step is suggested to solve the problem? （建议采取什么措施/步骤来
解决这个问题？）/What is the key to tackling the issue . （解决这个问题的关键是。）
考查重点：直接考查对文中提出的具体解决方案的细节把握。
写作目的题
典型问法：The main purpose of the passage is to . （这篇文章的主要目的是。）/What does
the author call on people to do? （作者呼吁人们做什么？）
考查重点：此类文章的写作目的通常是“分析一个问题并呼吁采取行动（提出解决方案）”，
而不仅仅是描述问题本身。
考向3 现象阐述型议论文
这类文章针对某一社会现象、潮流或新生事物，阐述其表现、分析其影响（积极和/或消极），
并表达作者的看法。
设题核心： 考查对现象本身、其多方面影响以及作者评价的全面理解。
常见设题类型与命题方式：
现象特征题
典型问法：What do we know about the trend of...? （关于……的潮流，我们知道什
么？）/According to the text, Why is xxx.. becoming popular ？（根据文章，……变得流行是因
为。）
考查重点：考查对所述现象的基本特征、表现或流行原因的把握。
影响分析题
典型问法：What is the positive/negative impact of... mentioned in the passage? （文章中提到
的……的积极/消极影响是什么？）
典型问法：What is one of the challenges brought by... . （……带来的挑战之一是。）
考查重点：要求区分现象的积极影响与消极影响，并准确匹配文中提到的具体细节。
作者态度题
典型问法：What is the author’s attitude towards this phenomenon? （作者对这一现象的态度
是什么？）
典型问法：How does the author feel about...? （作者对……感觉如何？）
考查重点：考查对作者整体评价的判断。作者的态度可能是支持的、反对的、担忧的，或辩
证看待的（既看到好处也看到坏处）。
写作意图题
典型问法：What is the author’s purpose in writing this text? （作者写这篇文章的目的是什
么？）
典型问法：The text is written to . （写这篇文章是为了。）
考查重点：此类文章的写作意图通常是“向读者介绍并评价某一现象”，使其引起关注和思
考。
解题思路
考向01 观点对比型议论文解题技巧
核心思路：厘清观点归属，把握作者倾向。
1. 观点标记法：识别不同立场
技巧要点：阅读时，主动用笔或脑记标记出不同观点的“信号词”。如“ Some people
argue...”, “Others believe...”, “Critics claim...”，以及表达作者自己观点的“However, I
think...”, “From my perspective...”。这能帮你快速理清论证的阵营，避免在答题时混淆双方观
点。
2. 立场定位法：锁定作者最终态度
技巧要点：作者的态度往往在文章结尾处变得清晰。重点关注转折词（如But, However,
Nevertheless）之后和结论段的论述。作者通常会先客观陈述双方观点，再通过权衡或反驳，最终
亮明自己的立场。找到这个立场，是解答作者态度题和主旨题的关键。
3. 论据追踪法：理解论证服务对象
技巧要点：当题目问及某个例子或引用的目的时，不要孤立地看这个例子本身。要向前或向
后看一两句，这个例子通常是为了支持它前面的那个观点。问自己：“这个论据是在为谁说
话？” 答案就会一目了然。
考向02 问题解决型议论文解题技巧
核心思路：梳理逻辑链条，从问题追踪到方案。
1. 问题界定法：抓住核心议题
技巧要点：此类文章开篇通常会着力描述一个现象的严重性或普遍性，以此引出“核心问
题”。阅读开头时，要主动概括“文章到底在讨论什么问题？”，这是理解全文的逻辑起点。
2. 因果链条法：连接问题、原因与方案
技巧要点：在脑中或草稿上构建一个简单的逻辑图：“问题 → 原因 → 后果 → 解决方案”
解题时，尤其是面对询问原因、影响或措施的题目，迅速在逻辑链上定位，能帮你清晰地将选项
与文章信息对应起来，避免张冠李戴。
3. 目的导向法：判断写作意图
技巧要点：问题解决型文章的最终目的极少是“描述一个可怕的现状”，而必然是“分析和
解决一个问题”。因此，在判断写作目的或选择标题时，要优先选择那些包含“解决方案”、
“呼吁行动”或“探讨出路”含义的选项。
考向03 现象阐述型议论文解题技巧
核心思路：全面分析影响，辩证看待评价。
1. 现象特征概括法：明确讨论对象
技巧要点：在阅读开头部分后，尝试用一句话概括“文章讨论的是什么现象及其主要特征”。
这能确保你对讨论对象有清晰的认识，为后续分析其影响和评价打下坚实基础。
2. 利弊清单法：系统梳理影响
技巧要点：阅读时，有意识地将描述积极影响（advantages, benefits, positives）和消极影响
（disadvantages, drawbacks, challenges）的信息点进行分类。这能让你在回答影响分析题时，快速、
准确地找到对应内容，避免遗漏。
3. 情感词汇捕捉法：推断作者态度
技巧要点：作者的态度不仅通过直接陈述（I think...）来表达，更常常隐藏在所用的形容词和
副词中。关注诸如“wonderful”, “promising”, “alarming”, “worrying”, “overwhelming”等
带有感情色彩的词汇，它们是判断作者是“支持”、“反对”还是“谨慎看待”该现象的关键线
索。
4. 主旨聚焦法：把握文章重心
技巧要点：现象阐述型文章的主旨，通常是“介绍某一现象并引发思考或评论”。选择标题
或概括主旨时，要选择能覆盖现象本身且能体现文章分析性、评论性的选项，而非仅仅描述现象
或其中一个侧面。
考向01 观点对比型议论文
【例1-1】（25-26 高三·山东临沂·期中）
You may have seen this: As an event begins, somebody takes the microphone and lists off the Native American
tribes who once inhabited the place where the event is held. Such “land acknowledgments” have become common
practice over the past decade, at university ceremonies, rock concerts, and even the Academy Awards. The idea is
that recognizing these former inhabitants by name reminds us that they were here and helps to improve historical
injustice. But are they a useful practice for society, or just empty signals?
You can’t right a wrong until you admit it. Behind each land acknowledgement is a recognition that cities and
towns across the United States occupy land that was once inhabited by other peoples. The troubled history of how
this came to be so, and the often terrible implications for those who were here before, is implicit. Land
acknowledgements encourage us to look back with empathy and reflection, sharing a societal narrative that is honest
and bends toward justice.
This simple practice, which costs nothing and requires no special training, can challenge us to think more
critically about our own histories. It’s only fair that we practice seeing those events through the perspectives of all
participants and understanding their experiences as well. And naming them makes that history more visible.
However, land acknowledgements are as vain as they often feel. The lives we live today are built on the results
of decisions made, actions taken, successes achieved and losses suffered by those who came before us. Even for those
who don’t like the outcome, there is little we can do to change it. Furthermore, the practice offers no solutions. “A
land acknowledgement is what you give when you have no intention of giving land,” Graeme Wood writes in The
Atlantic. “It’s like a receipt provided by a highway robber, noting all the jewels and gold coins he has stolen.”
In reality, land acknowledgements are a performative act more for the benefit of the speaker than for the
peoples being spoken for. Specifically, land acknowledgements “become an excuse for folks to feel good and move
on with their lives,” notes the Native Governance Center, without actually contributing anything to the community.
1． Why does the author describe the scene at the beginning of Paragraph 1?
A．To illustrate the wide application of a practice.
B．To show the high popularity of a social activity.
C．To introduce the discussion about a social phenomenon.
D．To stress the necessity of correcting historical mistakes.
2． What does the underlined word “implicit” in Paragraph 2 mean?
A．Stated.
B．Forgetten.
C．Unspoken.
D．Complicated.
3． What is Graeme Wood’s attitude towards land acknowledges?
A．Ironic (讽刺的) and critical.
B．Supportive and approving.
C．Cautious and objective.
D．Doubtful and dismissive.
4． Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．A New Perspective on Native American Tribes
B．Land Acknowledgments: Meaningful or Meaningless?
C．The Historical Injustice behind Land Acknowledgments
D．The Rise of Land Acknowledgments: From Oscars to Campuses
【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要讨论了“土地致谢”在各类活动中日益普遍，有人认为其能促使人们反思
历史不公、彰显历史，也有人批评它空洞无实、无实际解决方案，仅为表演性行为。
1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Such “land acknowledgments” have become common practice over the past
decade, at university ceremonies, rock concerts, and even the Academy Awards. The idea is that recognizing these
former inhabitants by name reminds us that they were here and helps to improve historical injustice. But are they a
useful practice for society, or just empty signals?( 在过去的十年中，这样的“土地致谢”已经成为一种普遍的
做法，在大学典礼、摇滚音乐会，甚至是奥斯卡颁奖典礼上。我们的想法是，通过名字来认识这些前居民，
提醒我们他们曾经在这里，并有助于改善历史上的不公正。但它们对社会是有益的实践，还是只是空洞的
信号？)”可知，开篇描述“活动开场时提及原住民部落”的场景，随后点明这是“土地致谢”实践，紧接
着提出核心疑问 “这一做法对社会有用，还是仅为空洞信号”。由此可推知，作者描述第一段开头的场景
是为了引入关于一种社会现象的讨论。故选C 项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“You can’t right a wrong until you admit it. Behind each land acknowledgement
is a recognition that cities and towns across the United States occupy land that was once inhabited by other peoples.
( 除非你承认错误，否则你无法纠正错误。在每一个“土地致谢”的背后，都是承认美国各地的城镇占据
了曾经被其他民族居住的土地。)”以及划线单词句中“The troubled history of how this came to be so, and the
often terrible implications for those who were here before, is….( 关于这种情况如何发生的混乱历史，以及对之
前在这里的人的可怕影响，都是……。)”可知，虽然土地致谢背后表达了对“土地曾属于他人”的认可，
但并未承认错误，这段历史的“问题本质及对原住民的可怕影响”并未直接说出，是“隐含的”。由此可
知，划线单词implicit 为“隐含的”的意思，和C 选项Unspoken“不言而喻的”意思相近。故选C 项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段中““A land acknowledgement is what you give when you have no intention of
giving land,” Graeme Wood writes in The Atlantic. “It’s like a receipt provided by a highway robber, noting all the
jewels and gold coins he has stolen.”(格雷姆·伍德（Graeme Wood）在《大西洋月刊》（The Atlantic）上写道：
“当你无意出让土地时，你就会给予承认。”“这就像公路抢劫犯提供的收据，上面写着他偷了多少珠宝
和金币。”)”可推知，格雷姆·伍德将土地致谢比作“强盗提供的收据”，暗指其“只承认侵占，却不归还
土地”，用讽刺的比喻表达强烈批判态度。故选A 项。
4．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段中“The idea is that recognizing these former inhabitants by name
reminds us that they were here and helps to improve historical injustice. But are they a useful practice for society, or
just empty signals?( 我们的想法是，通过名字来认识这些前居民，提醒我们他们曾经在这里，并有助于改善
历史上的不公正。但它们对社会是有益的实践，还是只是空洞的信号？)”可知，文章开篇引入“土地致
谢”现象，随后分别阐述支持方（有意义，促进反思、承认历史）和反对方（无意义，空洞、无实际行
动）的观点，核心围绕“该做法是否有价值”展开。由此可知，文章的最佳标题是“土地致谢：有意义还
是没有意义？”。故选B 项。
解｜题｜技｜巧
1. 开篇定位法：识别讨论核心
技巧要点：文章开头（通常是第一段）的任务是引出争议性话题。作者会通过描述一个普遍现
象、场景或直接提问来呈现讨论的核心。
实战应用：当题目询问“作者为何描述某个场景”或“第一段的作用”时，答案通常是 “为
了引入对一个社会现象/话题的讨论” 。其目的不是单纯描述现象，而是为后文的观点交锋做
铺垫。
2. 观点标记法：厘清正反阵营
技巧要点：阅读时，必须有意识地将文中出现的不同观点“分门别类”。重点关注诸如“Some
people believe...”, “Others argue...”, “Critics claim...”, “However...”, “On the contrary...”等信号词。在
脑中或草稿上清晰区分出“支持方”和“反对方”的基本论据。
3. 立场推断法：把握作者倾向
技巧要点：作者的态度往往不会在开头明说，而是通过论证过程逐渐显露。重点关注：
转折词之后：如But, However, Nevertheless 后面的内容，通常是作者要强调的重点。
结论段：作者通常在文章结尾总结时，明确或含蓄地亮明自己的立场。
情感与评价性词汇：关注作者在描述不同观点时使用的形容词（如vain, empty, meaningful,
warm），这些词汇隐含其褒贬态度。
4. 论据服务法：理解论证目的
技巧要点：任何例子、数据或引言都是为证明某个论点服务的。当题目问及“某个例子/引言的
目的”时，不要孤立理解，要向前看一两句，找到这个论据所直接支撑的那个论点。
实战应用：例如，格雷姆·伍德的“强盗收据”比喻，其目的是为了形象地批判土地致谢的空洞
无物，服务于反方的论点。
5. 主旨聚焦法：概括文章灵魂
技巧要点：观点对比型文章的主旨，极少是简单地罗列双方观点，而是 “通过对比两种观点，
来深入探讨某一问题的本质” 。最佳标题或主旨应能抓住文章讨论的核心争议点（常以问句
形式出现或在首段提出）。
注｜意｜事｜项
1.
区分“作者观点”与“他人观点”：务必厘清文中提及的每一种观点是谁持有的。作者可能先
陈述他人观点再进行批驳，勿将他人的论点误认为是作者立场。
2.
答案根植于文本，而非个人看法：必须严格根据文章内容进行判断，即使你个人非常赞同某一
方的观点，也要以作者的态度和文中的论据为准。
3.
关注论述的平衡性：这类文章通常会用相近的篇幅来呈现双方论点。如果文章大部分篇幅在陈
述一方观点，仅用少量文字提及另一方，这本身就可能暗示了作者的倾向。
【变式1-1】（2025·浙江·天域全国名校协作体·一模）
Is text-messaging driving us apart? These days, we talk to each other a lot with our thumbs — sending six
billion text messages a day, and likely a few billion more on services like Whats App.
But some worry that so much messaging leads to less communication. For instance, when hanging out with
friends, we’d be texting secretively at the same time, pretending to maintain eye contact but mentally somewhere
else.
New technologies often upset the way we relate to one another, of course. But such division caused by texting
have a strong echo in the arguments we had over telephone a hundred years ago. The small device gave us a new way
to contact one another and quickly promote new forms of socializing. Callers arranged regular “visiting” calls, dialing
remote family to catch up on news.
Soon, though, social critics thought it would be so easy to talk that we’d never leave each other alone. Others
worried that the telephone sped up life, demanding instant reactions. The use of the telephone gave little room for
reflection. It produced a craziness in the ordinary concerns of life which didn’t make for domestic happiness. “We
shall soon be nothing but transparent piles of jelly (果冻) to each other,” a London writer moaned in 1897.
However, nowadays the telephone call seems like a throwback to a gentler era. When Jenna Birch, a
communication professor at the University of Iowa, started dating a man who insisted on calling her on the phone,
she found it warm and delightful. So she doesn’t think the shift to texting has degraded our interactions. According
to her study, teenagers who text the most are also those who spend the most time face to face with friends.
Communication, it seems, brings more communication, and — as she argues — just because talk happens in text
doesn’t mean it’s not meaningful.
Michéle Martin of Carleton University, thinks we’re living through a replay of the telephone, where the things
that made it valuable — instant communications — are the same that made it annoying. “People believe they are
liberated because they can bring the mobile phone everywhere,” Martin says. “But at the same time, they are slaves
to it.”
1． What’s the function of the first paragraph?
A．To introduce the topic.
B．To describe a scene.
C．To offer an argument.
D．To issue a warning.
2． According to paragraph 4, what does telephone use cause?
A．People experience very tight schedule.
B．People tend to lack individuality.
C．People become narrow and uninformed.
D．People lose the ability to reflect.
3． What can we learn from paragraph 5?
A．Telephone calls are particularly welcomed in dating.
B．Teenagers are addicted to communicating by texting.
C．The shift to texting is destructive to face-to-face time.
D．The meaning of communication goes beyond medium.
4． What’s the best title for the text?
A．Oh My God! We’ve Been Here Before!
B．Gone with the Wind, Dear Texting!
C．Life is Too Short for So Many Texting.
D．Oh, Telephone, a Tale of Two Sides.
【变式1-2】（25-26 高三上·安徽合肥七中·月考）
Climate experts are having a debate: they are asking whether the UK should focus more on adapting to climate
change or trying to prevent it.
David Frost holds that preventing climate change is no longer an option, given the extent to which the Earth
now appears certain to heat up. Despite the many policies which attempt to stop climate change, it now seems
unavoidable that the world will pass the 1.5℃ or 2℃ increases in average global temperature that are likely to induce
large changes in the climate.
Some activists claim that adaptation is not practicable. They say that climate change will end human civilization,
potentially leading to the entire extinction of the human race.
However, the mainstream view of many scientists and economists, who work on climate change, is that global
warming could lead to large changes in our environment. Significant parts of the world currently heavily populated
could become effectively uninhabitable while other parts currently unsuitable for high-density human habitation
would become more habitable. Meanwhile, at higher temperatures both climate and weather are likely to become
more volatile — including increased frequency of storms, flooding and other weather events.
These would be significant changes, but it would be perfectly practicable for humans to adapt to them. The
issue is not whether adapting would be technically practicable, but whether it would be desirable either in moral or
practical terms. Are we willing to accept a warmer world, with humans living in different parts of it? Are we willing to
accept the possible extinctions of certain species and the greater flourishing (兴旺) of those currently less successful
and of new species yet to evolve? Are we willing to accept the consequences of a large shift in the patterns of human
living across the world?
It is by no means clear on what basis we ought to morally prefer the plants and animals that flourish under
today’s climate to those that would flourish under a warmer, more changeable climate. However, adaptation will be
achievable and is a necessity considering warming is now unavoidable. Slower GDP growth and thus slower climate
change ought to make greater efforts at adaptation more attractive.
1． According to the passage, who hesitate(s) to adapt to the climate change?
A．Economists.
B．Climate experts.
C．David Frost.
D．The activists.
2． The underlined word “volatile” in Paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A．changeable
B．predictable
C．bearable
D．noticeable
3． The questions in Paragraph 5 are mainly aimed at ________.
A．expressing doubts about people’s adaptability
B．presenting examples of future climate patterns
C．highlighting the consequences of human activities
D．helping people decide on their openness to adaptation
4． Which of the following might the author agree with?
A．Slowing climate change deserves great efforts.
B．Global warming is preventable to some extent.
C．Adaptation to climate change is beyond question.
D．Protection of the current species is a top priority.
考向02 问题解决型议论文
【例2-1】（25-26 高三·安徽部分学校·联考）
For a long time, being busy has become part of who we are. We associate being busy with being productive,
and being productive with being successful. We tend to think having an inundated itinerary and flying through life
at a fast speed are an effective marker of how well we are doing. However, many people who live this way are often
very tired and struggling. To change this, we need to slow down.
Recently, there has been a growing movement against busyness. More people are seeking time for themselves
and learning to say “no” to more invitations. Supporters of “slow living” argue that life is better when we move more
slowly. They believe that taking things one step at a time, without rushing or overloading your schedule, allows you
to enjoy the present moment. In my view, slow living is about being mindful of the here-and-now, making thoughtful
choices about how to use your time, and appreciating the simple joys of life. This approach is beneficial both
physically and mentally.
For those with chronic (慢性的) illnesses, slow living can be life-changing. Hannah Hoskins, who suffers from
severe muscle pain, sometimes only has the energy to sit up for ten minutes. She says, “Slow living saved my life. It
teaches us that productivity isn’t the ultimate goal, and that as humans, we need to live fully, not just work endlessly.
Realizing it’s impossible to ‘do everything’ frees you to decide whether you truly want to keep doing what you’re
doing.”
Hannah’s advice for those trying to practice slow living is to start small. She suggests, “Say ‘no’ to something
you feel obliged (有责任的) to do but are actually afraid of. Once you see that the world doesn’t end and people
don’t dislike you for saying no, keep practicing. The more you ask yourself, ‘Is this something I really want to do, or
am I doing it because I feel I should?’ the easier it becomes to stop doing things you don’t enjoy.”
1． What do the underlined words “an inundated itinerary” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．An exciting chance.
B．A flexible arrangement.
C．An overloaded calendar.
D．A well-planned journey.
2． What can we infer from people’s recent views on being busy?
A．They are beginning to question its value.
B．They consider it an essential part of life.
C．They think it is a barrier to happiness.
D．They believe staying busy leads to success.
3． What does the author try to show by mentioning Hannah Hoskins in Paragraph 3?
A．Productivity measurements should be revised.
B．Overworking is the root cause of chronic pain.
C．Chronic illness requires a complete lifestyle change.
D．A slower pace benefits people with long-term health issues.
4． What is Hannah Hoskins’s suggestion about?
A．Doing whatever one wants.
B．Avoiding challenges to feel safe.
C．Defeating fear to unlock greater potential.
D．Refusing tasks you fear but feel obliged to do.
【答案】1．C 2．A 3．D 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要探讨了现代社会中“忙碌文化”的弊端，并倡导通过“慢生活”（slow
living）理念来改善身心健康与生活品质。
1．词句猜测题。根据第一段中划线词上文“We associate being busy with being productive, and being productive
with being successful.(我们把忙碌和高效联系在一起，把高效和成功联系在一起。)”以及下文“flying through
life at a fast speed(生活节奏飞快)”可知，划线部分所在句子“We tend to think having an inundated itinerary and
flying through life at a fast speed are an effective marker of how well we are doing.( 我们倾向于认为，有an
inundated itinerary，生活节奏飞快，是我们做得有多好的有效标志。)”指人们往往认为行程很满、忙碌、节
奏快是工作高效、优秀的标志，an inundated itinerary 的意思是“排得满满的日程表，繁忙的日程安排”，
和“An overloaded calendar(超负荷的日程表)”意思相近。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“Recently, there has been a growing movement against busyness. More people are
seeking time for themselves and learning to say “no” to more invitations. Supporters of “slow living” argue that life
is better when we move more slowly. They believe that taking things one step at a time, without rushing or overloading
your schedule, allows you to enjoy the present moment.(最近，一场反对忙碌的运动正在兴起。越来越多的人在
为自己寻找时间，学会对更多的邀请说“不”。“慢生活”的支持者认为，当我们行动更慢时，生活就会
更好。他们认为，一步一步来，不匆忙或超载你的时间表，让你享受当下。)”可知，人们开始质疑忙的价
值，故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的第一句“For those with chronic (慢性的) illnesses, slow living can be life-
changing.(对于那些患有慢性疾病的人来说，慢生活可以改变他们的生活。)”以及下文“Hannah Hoskins,
who suffers from severe muscle pain, sometimes only has the energy to sit up for ten minutes. She says, “Slow living
saved my life. It teaches us that productivity isn’t the ultimate goal, and that as humans, we need to live fully, not just
work endlessly. Realizing it’s impossible to ‘do everything’ frees you to decide whether you truly want to keep doing
what you’re doing.”(汉娜·霍斯金斯（Hannah Hoskins）患有严重的肌肉疼痛，有时她只有精力坐起来十分钟。
她说：“慢生活救了我的命。它告诉我们，生产力不是最终目标，作为人类，我们需要充实地生活，而不
仅仅是无休止地工作。意识到
做所有事情’是不可能的，你就可以自由地决定自己是否真的想继续做你
‘
正在做的事情。”)”可知，作者在第三段提到Hannah Hoskins，是想要说明慢节奏对有长期健康问题的人有
益。故选D。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“She suggests(她建议)”和“Say ‘no’ to something you feel obliged (有责任的)
to do but are actually afraid of.(对你觉得有义务做但实际上害怕做的事情说
不’。
‘
)”可知，Hannah Hoskins
的建议是拒绝你害怕却不得不做的任务。故选D。
【例2-2】（25-26 高三上·重庆南开中学·期中）
The common fear that a friend secretly dislikes us often reflects internal insecurities rather than actual ill will.
People frequently interpret neutral or unclear behaviors — such as brief text replies or delayed responses — as signs
of rejection. Even well-meaning words of comfort like “no worries” may be perceived as mocking or insincere.
This tendency can be explained through what is known as the fawn response, a behavioral pattern less
recognized than the “fight or flight” reaction. The fawn response involves attempts to please others in order to feel
safe, a strategy often developed in childhood when facing critical or emotionally neglectful parents, or an unstable
home environment. While this strategy may ease conflict temporarily, it can also lead to a habitual cycle of approval-
seeking. We might intellectually understand that a friend isn’t upset with us — but those “old ways of being” bite
hard. Something was learned early on: “I need to try harder and do more to be loved.”
This pattern has several consequences. On the personal level, it fuels anxiety, as individuals repeatedly question
whether they have offended their peers. On the interpersonal level, it can strain relationships, since constant demands
for reassurance may frustrate friends and even create the very rejection that was worried about. In this way, assuming
everyone is annoyed with you can become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
The key is understanding that it is not the end of the world — or a friendship. Conflict is not only unavoidable; it
can even be healing, demonstrating that intimacy can survive difference. Learning to tolerate discomfort, rather than
avoiding it at all costs, can foster both toughness and closeness.
Social media, unfortunately, worsens social anxiety. The absence of nonverbal cues makes it easy to misinterpret
tone, while the constant visibility of online interactions can intensify feelings of exclusion or neglect. Managing these
anxieties requires conscious effort. Instead of seeking immediate reassurance, individuals can pause to ask: Am I
truly being rejected, or am I simply anxious? Developing tolerance for uncertainty can interrupt the cycle and reduce
dependence on others’ approval. Trust also plays a role. When friends say they are simply busy or distracted, accept
their words at face value. After all, no question or magic phrase can control another person’s perception. Even if it
could, you might be robbing yourself of opportunities to grow, learn or deepen a bond.
1． What can we learn about the fawn response?
A．It reflects the belief that approval requires effort.
B．It is a reaction aimed at avoiding danger.
C．It is a cycle of seeking constant approval.
D．It always prevents conflict from occurring.
2． What does “a self- fulfilling prophecy” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．A pattern that tries to entertain others.
B．An outcome that happens as feared.
C．A prediction that is certain to fail.
D．A belief that one is self-made.
3． According to the author, conflict in a relationship can be ________.
A．a sign of a growing disagreement
B．a chance to strengthen a friendship
C．a problem that should be avoided
D．a way to test its toughness
4． What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A．Where friendship problems lie.
B．Why magic words fail to do wonders.
C．How to handle anxiety caused by social media.
D．What leads people to seek constant reassurance.
【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨人们担心朋友暗中不喜欢自己的心理源于讨好型反应，分析其影响，
并给出应对社交媒体加剧的社交焦虑的方法。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The fawn response involves attempts to please others in order to feel safe, a
strategy often developed in childhood when facing critical or emotionally neglectful parents, or an unstable home
environment.(讨好型反应包括试图取悦他人以获得安全感，这种策略通常在童年时期面对挑剔或情感忽视
的父母，或不稳定的家庭环境时形成。)”以及“Something was learned early on: “I need to try harder and do
more to be loved.”(早年就学到的东西：“我需要更努力，做得更多才能被爱。”)”可知，讨好型反应体现了
“获得认可需要付出努力”这一观念。故选A 项。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“it can strain relationships, since constant demands for reassurance may frustrate
friends and even create the very rejection that was worried about.(它会使关系紧张，因为不断寻求安慰可能会
让朋友感到沮丧，甚至造成原本担心的拒绝。)”可知，原本担心被拒绝，最终因自身行为真的引发了拒绝，
即“预言应验”，所以“a self-fulfilling prophecy”指“如担忧般发生的结果”。故选B 项。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Conflict is not only unavoidable; it can even be healing, demonstrating that
intimacy can survive difference.(冲突不仅不可避免；它甚至可以是有治愈作用的，表明亲密关系可以经受住
分歧的考验。)”可知，作者认为关系中的冲突可能是巩固友谊的机会。故选B 项。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Social media, unfortunately, worsens social anxiety.(不幸的是，社交媒体
加剧了社交焦虑。)”以及“Managing these anxieties requires conscious effort.(管理这些焦虑需要有意识的努
力。)”可知，该段主要围绕“如何应对社交媒体引发的焦虑”展开。故选C 项。
【变式2-1】（25-26 高三·上海市曹杨中学·期中）
Recently, a friend celebrating a milestone birthday announced that her new goal was to stop feeling so anxious
解｜题｜技｜巧
1. 问题界定法：锁定文章核心议题
技巧要点：此类文章通常在开头部分（常伴有转折词如However）会明确揭示所要讨论的“核
心问题”。迅速定位并准确理解这个问题，是理解全文的逻辑起点。
实战应用：解答“文章讨论的主要问题是什么”或“作者旨在解决什么”这类题目时，答案就
是对文章开头所界定核心问题的同义转述。
2. 因果链条法：梳理问题逻辑脉络
技巧要点：在阅读时，有意识地在脑中或草稿上构建“问题 → (原因) → 后果 → 解决方案”
的逻辑链条。这能帮你清晰地理解文章脉络，并将具体信息对号入座。
实战应用：当题目询问“某现象的根源”或“某个问题导致的影响”时，能迅速在逻辑链的相
应位置找到对应信息，避免信息错位。
3. 方案定位法：聚焦解决之道
技巧要点：解决问题的具体方案或建议是此类文章的落脚点，通常出现在文章中后部。作者或
文中人物会提出明确的行动步骤、方法或心态调整建议。
实战应用：直接解答“作者建议如何做”或“文中人物提出的解决方案是什么”等细节理解题。
答案通常是对文中建议的直接引用或同义转述。
4. 主旨聚焦法：把握文章最终导向
技巧要点：问题解决型文章的写作目的，绝不仅仅是“描述一个严峻的问题”，其核心必然是
“分析和解决一个问题”。
实战应用：在判断写作目的或选择最佳标题时，要优先选择那些包含“解决方案”、“应对方
法”、“出路”或体现从问题到转变过程的选项。
注｜意｜事｜项
1.
区分“问题表征”与“问题本质”：文章开头描述的现象（如“人人都很忙”）可能是问题的表现，
但要抓住作者深入剖析后指出的核心问题（如“忙碌文化对身心健康的危害”）。
2.
答案源于文本，具体为上：对于询问“解决方案”的题目，要选择文中明确提出的、具体的建议
（如“对害怕但又觉得有义务做的事说
不’”），而非自己推断的、笼统的答案（如“放松自
‘
己”）。
3.
警惕因果颠倒：注意选项在因果关系上设置的陷阱。确保选项中的“原因”和“结果”与文章中的
逻辑关系一致。
4.
理解关键词的语境义：问题解决型文章中常会出现一些概括性的关键词（如“fawn response”），其
具体内涵必须根据上下文的定义和解释来理解，不能凭常识臆断。
about everything, and instead to have fun. She asked for my advice on how to do that. I told her about something that
the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard identified back in the 19th century as a challenge each person must face
to keep from falling into despair. He regarded this as “the most important thing” in life. Kierkegaard was referring to
anxiety itself. He believed that understanding and using one’s anxiety was the great opportunity and adventure of
life.
Modern research supports this idea. In 2014, scholars writing in the Journal of Experimental Social
Psychology published a study on how a person’s anxiety while performing a task affected “flow,” the intensely
rewarding state of focus originally identified in the 1970s by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. The researchers found that
flow states were highest when subjects felt some anxiety but were not overpowered by it. Perhaps you can relate to
feeling fully alive when you’re working within your abilities but are just on the edge of them.
Instead of treating anxiety as something purely negative, we can see it as a useful signal. It is protective insofar
as it alerts you to potential threats. If you remove all anxiety when you’re driving, for example, you may not be alert
enough to the dangers of traffic. Even people who experience what is generally regarded as a severe level have noted
that they gain some emotional benefits from their anxiety. As Scott Stossel, author of My Age of Anxiety: Fear, Hope,
Dread, and the Search for Peace of Mind, notes, anxiety can raise one’s awareness of others, promote understanding,
and bring one greater self-knowledge.
While severe, dysregulated anxiety should rightly be treated as a medical concern, ordinary anxiety need not
be seen as harmful. If understood and managed properly, it can even be a friend. The first step is to accept anxiety as
a normal occurrence, not try to mold it back. Experiments have found that people who tried to control their anxious
behaviors felt even more anxious, compared with those who accepted these feelings.
The next step is to reframe anxiety, not as dread but as evidence of an exciting opportunity. The Harvard
psychiatrist Kevin Majeres has defined anxiety as “adrenaline with a negative frame.” The right goal is not to get rid
of adrenaline but to change how we interpret it. This can be as simple as saying, when something is stressing you out,
“This is exciting.”
1． What does “this idea” (paragraph 2) refer to?
A．Anxiety leads people to despair.
B．Anxiety can play a positive role.
C．Anxiety is what adults must live with.
D．Adventure begins with feelings of anxiety.
2． What can be inferred about the public attitude toward anxiety from the passage?
A．Many people hold a mistaken view of anxiety.
B．Most people view anxiety simply as a part of life.
C．Public understanding of anxiety has recently improved.
D．People’s understanding of anxiety differs across cultures.
3． Which of the following is a suggested way to deal with anxiety?
A．Take medication whenever you begin to feel anxious.
B．Avoid activities that might cause nervousness or stress.
C．Try to block anxious thoughts and control every reaction.
D．Accept the feeling and see it as a sign of new possibilities.
4． Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?
A．Turning Anxiety into Strength `
B．The Hidden Dangers of Anxiety
C．Living Without Feeling Anxious
D．Why Anxiety Is a Modern Disease
【变式2-2】（25-26 高三上·江西·仿真一模）
Given the popularity of inexpensive food that promotes overeating, it makes sense that we try to guard against
“cheap and unhealthy” food in an effort to be healthy. But we may be overcorrecting, forgetting that “cheap and
healthy” food exists, too.
According to a recent study, many people believe that healthy food must be more expensive than unhealthy
food, and that healthy food just needs to be expensive. In fact, the study’s researchers found that a high-price tag will
even convince consumers that a certain food is healthful. “It’s concerning. The findings suggest that price of food
alone can affect our understanding of what is healthy,” Rebecca Reczek, a co-author of the study, said in a
statement.
According to Reczek, the purpose of the study was to examine the popular belief that eating healthy food
means spending more money. And sometimes that’s the truth: Organic products, wild-caught seafood and food that
accommodates chronic (慢性的) diseases, all typically cost more money. But other times, the nutritional value of
food ranks all the same.
In one experiment, Reczek gave participants a new food product. Some participants were told the product was
very healthy. Others were told the product had little nutritional value. Participants who were told the product was
good for them rated the food as pricier (更高价的) than those who thought it was unhealthy. And here’s what usually
happened: People tended to read more reviews about the product when it was offered at a lower price in order to trust
that it was healthy.
The idea that we all believe healthy food needs to be more expensive works against us. “We don’t have to be
misled,” Reczek said. “We can compare nutrition labels and do more research before we go to the grocery store. We
can use facts rather than our intuition (直觉).”
1． Which of the following statements reflects the author’s opinion?
A．People’s health awareness needs improving.
B．The cheaper food is, the less people will eat.
C．The price of food can’t reflect its health degree.
D．It is wrong of people to seek health at all costs.
2． Which of the following food is often regarded as more expensive?
A．Farmed seafood. B．Organic food.
C．Wild mushrooms.
D．Fresh vegetables.
3． What does Reczek suggest we do in the last paragraph?
A．Ignore nutrition labels.
B．Believe intuition.
C．Compare the price tag.
D．Shop smartly.
4． What can be the best title for the text?
A．How to eat cheaply and healthily?
B．Don’t be misled by price tags any more.
C．People falsely believe pricier food is healthier.
D．What influences our choices when we buy food?
考向03 现象阐述型议论文
【例3-1】（25-26 高三·江苏南京中华中学·期中）
After Alexander Pushkin was shot in a duel (决斗) in 1837, crowds of mourners formed in Saint Petersburg.
When the wagon carrying the much loved poet’s body reached Pskov province, where he was to be buried, admirers
tried to pull the vehicle themselves.
Today’s celebrity funerals tend to involve the public largely digitally rather than in person. But people are
passionate all the same. In the past few months, grief has coursed around the Internet for Milan Kundera, and most
recently, Michael Gambon. If you stop to think about it, such expressions of strong feelings for writers and actors are
odd, even irrational.
Unlike other kinds of grief, this one is not rooted in personal intimacy. If you ever interacted with a cherished
author, it was probably during a book tour when she signed your copy of her novel. Maybe you once locked eyes
with a musician during a live concert and he smiled at you, but actually he did not even know you.
Objectively, sorrow makes sense when a star dies young or violently. Had she not died at 27, who knows what
music Amy Winehouse would have added to her already impressive collections of work? The death of a long-lived
and fulfilled artist, however, is far from the saddest item in an average day’s headlines. And while most ordinary
people sink into oblivion, these celebrities live on in their output. Why, then, are these losses felt so widely and
keenly?
One interpretation is that departed celebrities are merely the messengers. Part of your past — the years in
which the musician was the soundtrack, the writer your ally — can seem to fade away with them. The grief can be
seen as a form of gratitude for the harmony and joy they supplied.
More importantly, the passing of an artist is an occasion for exchanges of ideas. In an atomized age, in which
the default tone is critical, a beloved figure’s death is a chance to share positive feelings and memories with fellow
admirers. These sad occasions are the parting gifts of these artists.
1． Why does the author mention Milan Kundera and Michael Gambon in paragraph 2?
A．To prove that celebrities’ funerals tend to attract wider public attention.
B．To illustrate why people express their sadness at the loss of those celebrities.
C．To show that people’s grief over celebrities’ death is ridiculous and impractical.
D．To demonstrate that people’s mourning for celebrities seems strange and unreasonable.
2． The underlined phrase “sink into oblivion” in paragraph 4 probably means ________.
A．are upset
B．are desperate
C．are helpless
D．are forgotten
3． What can we learn from the passage?
A．People won’t mourn for celebrities unless they have intimate relationships with celebrities.
B．It’s natural that people mourn for celebrities dying young but not for those long-lived ones.
C．People feel sad for the passing of celebrities because of the mental nourishment received.
D．People attend celebrities’ funerals, either in person or on the Internet, to express their loyalty.
4． What’s the author’s attitude towards public mourning for the celebrities?
A．Neutral.
B．Supportive.
C．Skeptical.
D．Concerned.
【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨公众哀悼名人的现象，指出尽管缺乏私人交集，人们因名人的精神
滋养而真的感到悲伤，并认为这种集体哀悼是原子化时代的情感连接契机。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“In the past few months, grief has coursed around the Internet for Milan Kundera,
and most recently, Michael Gambon. If you stop to think about it, such expressions of strong feelings for writers and
actors are odd, even irrational. (在过去的几个月里，米兰·昆德拉和迈克尔·甘本的悲痛传遍了互联网。如果你
停下来想一想，这种对作家和演员的强烈感情的表达是奇怪的，甚至是非理性的。)”可知，作者以昆德拉
和甘本为例，引出后面的观点：公众对名人的哀悼看似奇怪且不合理。故选D 项。
2．词句猜测题。根据画线短语前面的“most ordinary people (大多数普通人)”和后面的“these celebrities live
on in their output (这些名人在他们的作品中活了下来)”可知，sink into oblivion 与live on“长存”形成对比，
表明普通人死后易被遗忘，而名人因作品不朽，画线短语的意思是“被遗忘”。故选D 项。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Part of your past — the years in which the musician was the soundtrack, the
writer your ally — can seem to fade away with them. The grief can be seen as a form of gratitude for the harmony
and joy they supplied. (你过去的一部分
音乐家是你的配乐，作家是你的盟友的那些年
似乎会随着他
——
——
们一起消逝。悲伤可以被看作是对他们提供的和谐与快乐的一种感激。)”可知，人们因获得精神滋养而为
名人的离世感到悲伤。故选C 项。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“More importantly, the passing of an artist is an occasion for exchanges of ideas.
In an atomized age, in which the default tone is critical, a beloved figure’s death is a chance to share positive feelings
and memories with fellow admirers. These sad occasions are the parting gifts of these artists. (更重要的是，艺术
家的逝去成为了思想交流的契机。在这个原子化时代，当批判成为默认基调时，一位深受爱戴的人物离世，
恰恰为同好们提供了分享美好情感与珍贵回忆的机会。这些悲伤的时刻，正是艺术家们留给世人的最后礼
物。)”可知，作者肯定哀悼的合理性，认为这是精神联结的体现，态度偏向支持。故选B 项。
【例3-2】（25-26 高三·福建厦门双十中学·期中）
After earning a bachelor’s degree, I was determined to do what I love, so I headed straight to graduate school
to investigate social problems. For almost a decade, I told everyone I encountered that they should do the same.
“Follow your passion,” I suggested. “You can figure out the employment stuff later.”
It wasn’t until I began to research this widely accepted career advice that I understood how problematic it
really was. As a sociologist, I interviewed college students and professional workers to learn what it really meant to
pursue their dreams, which I will refer to here as the passion principle. I was stunned by what I found out about it.
Surveys show the American public has long held the passion principle as a career decision-making priority.
And its popularity is even stronger among those facing job instability. Advocates believe following one’s passion can
provide workers with both the motivation necessary to work hard and a place to find fulfillment.
Yet, what I found is that this path does not necessarily lead to fulfillment, but is one of the most powerful
cultural forces that aggravate overwork. I also found that promoting the pursuit of one’s passion helps aggravate
social inequalities. While the passion principle is broadly popular, not everyone has the necessary resources to turn
their passion into a stable, good-paying job. Passion-seekers from wealthy families are better able to wait until a job
they are passionate about comes along without worrying about student loans. And they often have access to parents’
social networks to help them find jobs. Surveys revealed that working-class and first-generation college graduates,
regardless of their career field, are more likely than their wealthier peers to end up in low-paying unskilled jobs when
they pursue their passion.
It’s not just well-off passion-seekers who benefit from the passion principle. Employers of passionate workers
do, too. They showed greater interest in passionate applicants in part because they believed the applicants would
work hard at their jobs without expecting an increase in pay. They even sacrifice a good salary, job stability and
leisure time to work in a job they love.
1． What did the author advise people do for almost a decade?
A．Pursue their careers with passion.
B．Do whatever that fascinates them.
C．Follow widely accepted career advice.
D．Study social problems in graduate school.
2． How did the author feel about the passion principle through his research?
A．He was right to have followed it.
B．He was struck by its broad popularity.
C．He was astonished by its consequences.
D．He was further convinced of its soundness.
3． What does the underlined word “aggravate” in Paragraph 4 most probably mean?
A．Intensify.
B．Prevent.
C．Address.
D．Deserve.
4． What does the author say about employers of passionate workers?
A．They sacrifice stability to work in their job.
B．They help passion-seekers become well-off.
C．They let their workers benefit from the principle.
D．They take advantage of the passionate workers.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．A 4．D
【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了作者对“追随热情”这一职业建议的看法转变，作者原本坚信
并建议他人追随热情，但通过研究发现这一原则存在问题，不仅不一定带来满足感，还会加剧过度工作和
社会不平等，同时雇主也会利用热情的求职者。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段“For almost a decade, I told everyone I encountered that they should do the same.
“Follow your passion,” I suggested. “You can figure out the employment stuff later.”(近十年来，我对遇到的每个
人都说他们也该这么做。“追随你的热情，”我建议道，“工作相关的事之后再想办法就行。” )”可知，
作者在近十年的时间里建议人们用热情追求事业。故选A。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段“It wasn’t until I began to research this widely accepted career advice that I understood
how problematic it really was. As a sociologist, I interviewed college students and professional workers to learn what
it really meant to pursue their dreams, which I will refer to here as the passion principle. I was stunned by what I
found out about it.(直到我开始研究这条被广泛认可的职业建议，才明白它实际上存在诸多问题。作为社会学
家，我采访了大学生和职场人士，想了解追逐梦想的真正含义
在此我将其称为“热情原则”。而我从
——
中发现的真相，让我大为震惊。)”可知，作者对热情原则的后果感到惊讶。故选C。
3．词句猜测题。根据上文“Yet, what I found is that this path does not necessarily lead to fulfillment, (然而，我
发现这条道路未必能让人获得满足感)”和下文“I also found that promoting the pursuit of one’s passion helps
aggravate social inequalities.(我还发现，宣扬追逐热爱会进一步加剧社会不平等。)”可知，作者发现这条道路
反而会成为加剧过度工作的最强大文化力量之一。由此可推测出“ aggravate”的意思是“加剧”，与
Intensify 意思相近。故选A。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段“ They showed greater interest in passionate applicants in part because they
believed the applicants would work hard at their jobs without expecting an increase in pay. They even sacrifice a
good salary, job stability and leisure time to work in a job they love.(雇主们对有热情的求职者表现出更高的兴
趣，部分原因是他们认为这些求职者会努力工作，却不会期待加薪。为了从事自己热爱的工作，这些求职
者甚至会牺牲高薪、工作稳定性和闲暇时间。)”可知，热情的求职者会为了从事一份热爱的工作而牺牲高
薪、工作稳定和休闲时间，而雇主对热情的求职者表现出更大的兴趣，所以作者认为热情员工的雇主利用
了热情的员工。故选D。
解｜题｜技｜巧
1. 现象特征概括法：锁定讨论对象
技巧要点：在阅读开头部分后，迅速概括出文章讨论的核心现象是什么。这个现象通常由具体
事例或流行趋势引出。
实战应用：解答“文章主要讨论什么”或“某段提到某事的目的是什么”时，答案往往指向引
入或说明某一社会现象。
2. 多维影响分析法：理清现象后果
技巧要点：现象阐述型文章通常会分析该现象带来的多方面影响，包括积极和消极两方面。阅
读时要有意识地将相关信息归类。
实战应用：当题目询问“该现象导致的结果”或“作者提到的某个影响”时，能快速定位到文
中对应的积极或消极影响描述。
3. 深层原因探究法：理解现象本质
技巧要点：除了描述现象本身，此类文章往往会深入探讨现象背后的深层原因或本质。
实战应用：当题目询问“人们这样做的原因”或“现象的本质是什么”时，需要超越表面描述，
抓住作者提供的深层解释。
4. 主旨聚焦法：把握文章重心
技巧要点：现象阐述型文章的主旨通常不是简单描述现象，而是“介绍并深入分析/评价某一社
会现象”。
实战应用：选择标题或概括主旨时，要选择能覆盖现象本身且能体现文章分析深度和独特视角
的选项。
注｜意｜事｜项
1. 区分现象描述与现象评价：准确区分文中哪些是客观描述现象的部分，哪些是作者或他人对现象的
主观评价，这对理解作者立场至关重要。
2. 警惕以偏概全的选项：错误选项常常将文中提到的某个具体方面或个别案例夸大为普遍现象，或将
对部分群体的影响说成是对所有人的影响。
3. 注意现象的时代背景：理解现象产生的特定社会背景或时代特征（如“原子化时代”），有助于更
深入地把握作者的论证逻辑。
4. 辨析不同群体的差异：当文章涉及不同社会群体（如贫富差异、教育背景差异）时，要注意作者是
如何分析同一现象对不同群体的不同影响的。
5. 作者态度可能复杂辩证：作者对某个现象的态度未必是非黑即白的简单支持或反对，可能是辩证看
待，既承认其合理性又指出其问题所在。
【变式3-1】（25-26 高三·重庆巴蜀中学·10 月月考）
For some readers, a dictionary opens up a world. Dictionaries contain multiple pleasures, such as settling word-
game wars by turning actual pages. For the rest, a dictionary is either outdated or strictly online. In 2012, Encyclopaedia
Britannica stopped printing new editions, going digital-only.
In his book, Unabridged: The Thrill of (and Threat to) the Modern Dictionary, American journalist Stefan
Fatsis writes of the shift brought about by our decade-old dependence on search engines: “Definitions, good and bad,
were a click away, and most people didn’t care or couldn’t tell which was which: expert research, scraped data,
zombie (僵尸) websites, whatever popped up in a search.”
When I was a child, I loved dictionaries, and so did every sensible parent in Calcutta. If your child was literate,
one of the 20 volumes of the Oxford English Dictionary or an illustratedCollins was the surest way to keep them
happily occupied, setting them off on hunts for lost or forgotten words.
Fatsis sees dictionary-making as “a human endeavor (努力) stretching back to the third millennium BCE”.
From the Akkadians to Sanskrit scholars, what dictionary makers hoped to do went far beyond the already tricky task
of writing definitions: their job was to explain and track “the endless shifts in language”.
Change is inevitable, though Fatsis also asks what we lose in the name of convenience. He writes, “the job of
the dictionary was firmly established… By the time I finished this book, it wasn’t clear how much longer flesh-
bone-and-blood lexicographers would be needed to document the march of the English language. Between traditional
search engines and AI-enhanced search through LLMs (large language models), the way we look up words, and find
meaning in language itself, has changed.”
We can’t claim that humanity still needs physical dictionaries. Like encyclopedias and atlases, the best of them
have long moved online. Indeed, the starting points of most search engines were the encyclopedias and dictionaries
compiled (编纂) by experts. But I plan to hold on to my beloved, dog-eared physical dictionaries — such priceless
time capsules, one of the last paradises of freedom from the endless scroll of digital content.
1． What has reduced people’s reliance on physical dictionaries?
A．The decline of the print media.
B．The convenience of online lookup.
C．People’s indifference to accuracy.
D．Publishers’ insistence on going digital.
2． What can we infer about the future of real-life lexicographers?
A．Their workload will double.
B．They will remain in demand.
C．Their existence is threatened.
D．They need to upgrade their skills.
3． Why does the author stick to physical dictionaries?
A．They boost long-term memory.
B．They last longer than digital files.
C．They offer an escape from screens.
D．They give more authoritative definitions.
4． What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．A Word in Favor of Dictionaries
B．My Love for Looking up Words
C．A Best-seller on the Theme of Change
D．Human Endeavors in Dictionary-making
【变式3-2】（25-26 高三·湖南长沙雅礼中学·月考）
The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late
1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the
child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be
given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed
a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but
by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various
types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a
response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve
reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have
the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to
resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was
information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has
greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information.
Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful
about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time
most effectively.
1． What was the key for children to get a second treat in the Stanford test?
A．Selecting their favorite sugary snack.
B．Remaining alone in the room for 15 minutes.
C．Resisting the immediate desire to eat the first one.
D．Following the instructions given by the psychologist.
2． What does the author imply by “a version of the marshmallow test” for adults?
A．Adults are tested with digital devices instead of treats.
B．Adults face more complex temptations than children.
C．Adults must also delay contentment in the digital age.
D．Adults are assessed on the ability to share information.
3． According to the text, what is the root cause of people’s struggle against temptation?
A．The lack of self-discipline in our contemporary society.
B．The mismatch between our ancient brains and modern environment.
C．The overabundance of calorie-rich foods in the market.
D．The constant bombardment of new information from digital devices.
4． Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A．The Marshmallow Test: Lessons for Modern Life
B．Delaying Satisfaction: A Key to Success
C．Why Our Brains Struggle in the Modern World
D．How to Manage Information Consumption
专题01 高考真题练
A
（2025·全国·高考一卷）
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show
declines in pedestrian (行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there’s too much traffic
on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Brömmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new
book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and
the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for
new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian
journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her
local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor (市长)
to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia
in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely
redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia
we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty-six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership
in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really
recognise what it costs us as a society when children can’t move safely around our communities? The authors of
Movement have it right: it’s time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
1． What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1?
A．Cars often get stuck on the road.
B．Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C．People walk less and drive more.
D．Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
2． What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do?
A．Keep their cities livable.
B．Promote cultural diversity.
C．Help the needy families.
D．Make expressways accessible.
3． What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s?
A．They boosted the sales of cars.
B．They turned out largely ineffective.
C．They won government support.
D．They advocated building new parks.
4． What can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Why the Rush?
B．What’s Next?
C．Where to Stay?
D．Who to Blame?
B
（2024·新高考
卷
Ⅰ
·高考）
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and
viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both
questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment
mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper
than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine
through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage
— to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With
paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their
memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing
hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media,
which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these
technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have
demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view
identical pieces.
Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in
print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume
all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.
1． What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Seem unlikely to last.
B．Seem hard to explain.
C．Become ready to use.
D．Become easy to notice.
2． What does the shallowing hypothesis assume?
A．Readers treat digital texts lightly.
B．Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C．People select digital texts randomly.
D．Digital texts are suitable for social media.
3． Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers?
A．They can hold students' attention.
B．They are more convenient to prepare.
C．They help develop advanced skills.
D．They are more informative than text.
4． What does the author imply in the last paragraph?
A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
C
(2024·全国甲卷·高考)
“I didn’t like the ending,” I said to my favorite college professor. It was my junior year of undergraduate, and
I was doing an independent study on Victorian literature. I had just finished reading The Mill on the Floss by George
Eliot, and I was heartbroken with the ending. Prof. Gracie, with all his patience, asked me to think about it beyond
whether I liked it or not. He suggested I think about the difference between endings that I wanted for the characters
and endings that were right for the characters, endings that satisfied the story even if they didn’t have a traditionally
positive outcome. Of course, I would have preferred a different ending for Tom and Maggie Tulliver, but the ending
they got did make the most sense for them.
This was an aha moment for me, and I never thought about endings the same way again. From then on, if I
wanted to read an ending guaranteed to be happy, I’d pick up a love romance. If I wanted an ending I couldn’t guess,
I’d pick up a mystery (悬疑小说). One where I kind of knew what was going to happen, historical fiction. Choosing
what to read became easier.
But writing the end — that’s hard. It’s hard for writers because endings carry so much weight with readers.
You have to balance creating an ending that's unpredictable, but doesn’t seem to come from nowhere, one that fits
what’s right for the characters.
That’s why this issue (期) of Writer’s Digest aims to help you figure out how to write the best ending for
whatever kind of writing you’re doing. If it’s short stories, Peter Mountford breaks down six techniques you can try
to see which one helps you stick the landing. Elizabeth Sims analyzes the final chapters of five great novels to see
what key points they include and how you can adapt them for your work.
This issue won’t tell you what your ending should be — that’s up to you and the story you’re telling — but it
might provide what you need to get there.
1． Why did the author go to Prof. Gracie?
A．To discuss a novel.
B．To submit a book report.
C．To argue for a writer.
D．To ask for a reading list.
2． What did the author realize after seeing Gracie?
A．Writing is a matter of personal preferences.
B．Readers are often carried away by character.
C．Each type of literature has its unique end.
D．A story which begins well will end well.
3． What is expected of a good ending?
A．It satisfies readers’ taste.
B．It fits with the story development.
C．It is usually positive.
D．It is open for imagination.
4． Why does the author mention Peter Mountford and Elizabeth Sims?
A．To give examples of great novelists.
B．To stress the theme of this issue.
C．To encourage writing for the magazine. D．To recommend their new books.
专题02 优秀模拟题
A
（25-26 高三·山东泰安·期中）
In an age of endless scrolling and bite-sized information, the practice of “deep reading” — the immersive(沉
浸式的), focused engagement with a complex text — is facing an undeniable challenge. Nicholas Carr, in his famous
work The Shallows, argues that the Internet is reshaping our brains, promoting quick scanning over sustained
concentration. This shift, he warns, comes at a cost to our capacity for deep thought and comprehension.
Neurological studies support this concern. When we read deeply, specific brain regions associated with
language, memory, and perspective-taking show significant activity. It’s a slow, demanding process that builds rich
mental models and fosters critical thinking. In contrast, the scattered (零散的), hyperlinked nature of online reading
often keeps us at a surface level, training the brain for rapid decision-making about what to click next rather than for
thoughtful analysis.
However, it’s not all doom and gloom. The question isn’t necessarily about rejecting digital tools, but about
cultivating a balanced “diet” of reading habits. Educational technologists point out that digital platforms can also
support deep reading when used intentionally. Features like annotation (注释) tools, keyword search, and access to
vast online libraries can enhance understanding, provided we consciously resist the pull of distraction.
The key lies in mindfulness. Just as we schedule time for physical exercise, we must intentionally carve out
periods for uninterrupted reading. This might mean setting aside the smartphone and picking up a physical book, or
using app blockers to create a distraction-free digital space for engaging with longer articles. The goal is to regain
control over our attention, training our minds to settle into a text without the urge to constantly switch tasks.
Ultimately, deep reading is not merely a skill for academics; it’s a vital exercise for the mind in a fragmented (支离
破碎的) world. It strengthens our ability to think critically, empathize with others, and engage with complex ideas
— capacities more crucial than ever in navigating the complexities of the 21st century.
1． What is the main concern raised in the first paragraph?
A．The rising cost of deep thought.
B．The negative influence of social media.
C．The poor quality of online information.
D．The decline of the deep reading ability.
2． What does the neurological research mentioned in paragraph 2 show?
A．Different reading styles activate the brain differently.
B．Online reading can improve all decision-making skills.
C．Deep reading is a slow and effortless process.
D．Hyperlinks are essential for building memory.
3． What does the underlined word “mindfulness” in paragraph 4 probably mean?
A．The ability to remember details.
B．The conscious practice to focus.
C．The technique of reading faster.
D．The method of using digital tools.
4． What is the main purpose of the text?
A．To introduce the latest digital reading platforms.
B．To advocate the value and practice of deep reading.
C．To criticize the shallowness of online information.
D．To compare the effects of reading on paper and on screen.
B
（25-26 高三·陕西镇安中学·期中）
The piles of envelopes on the floor, almost entirely, have been replaced by the ping of electronic communication.
The number of letters sent or received in the UK has fallen by 46% over the past decade alone.
I am a devoted believer in letter writing who, like most people, hardly ever actually writes a letter. Instead, I
communicate with friends and family by text or email, and with businesses via maddeningly circular conversations
with online bots. It’s not satisfying, but this is how the world works now.
Yet I suspect letter writing — like other analogue skills (非数字化技能) — will not die out completely. It may
even have something of a revival, as the downside of electronic communication becomes more evident. This week,
for example, the National Cyber Security Centre warned that criminals are using AI to make email scams (欺诈)
more effective. AI writing tools can produce phishing emails that sound more convincing.
Analogue communication, like letters, is desirable partly for its simplicity. A letter only does one thing. You
open it and read it without being distracted. Your brain can move more slowly, concentrating, which minimizes the
likelihood of making regrettable judgments. This is true in financial transactions, but also personal ones. You are
more likely to misjudge your tone or casually cause offence in a quick text than in a carefully written letter.
Being able to concentrate on one thing at a time, without distractions, is an elusive (难以捉摸的) feeling now.
You have to actively create the right conditions for it. This may explain the surprising resurgence — especially
among the young — of activities such as baking bread, reading paper books, playing board games or listening to
vinyl records. Technology has never completely succeeded in killing them off, because it cannot copy the state of
absorbed concentration they provide.
1． What is the author’s view on digital communication?
A．It has totally replaced traditional letters.
B．It is efficient but lacks depth and safety.
C．It should be banned for email scams.
D．It gains popularity among the elderly.
2． Why does the author say letters reduce bad decisions?
A．They require more focus and time.
B．They are simpler to read than emails.
C．They cannot be understood by criminals.
D．They require labor for handwriting.
3． What does the underlined word “resurgence” in the last paragraph most likely mean?
A．Decline.
B．Criticism.
C．Invention.
D．Recovery.
4． What’s the best title of the text?
A．The Pitying Decline of Letter Writing.
B．Why People Prefer Emails to Letters.
C．The Value of Analogue Activities Today.
D．How Al Changes Daily Communication.
C
（25-26 高三上·宁夏育才中学·月考二）
I heard some good news recently. My 91-year-old grandfather called me to test his new hearing aid. For the
first time in a long time, he could hear my voice. It thrilled us both.
I soon found out there was another reason why my grandparents were so happy — their new audiologist (听
觉病矫治专家), Anna. Unlike the previous providers they’d been dealing with, Anna gave time and attention. Anna
not only ensured the new hearing aid worked as it should, but also offered to go to my grandparents’ apartment to
show them how to use it.
Such kindness might sound rare, but I’ve since started wondering: what if it’s more common than we think?
It started with some research that showed people often underestimate the willingness of strangers to engage
with, or even befriend them. Then I came across a study that suggested news coverage of current affairs tends to be
more negative than positive because humans tend to give negative events more attention.
Negative stories can attract our attention and prepare us for disappointment. But if we don’t engage with
positive ones, they might lead us to be more critical of the world, more defensive (防御的) and less hopeful than we
need to be.
So I think sometimes what we hear, see or even know might not be the whole picture. The truth might be
hidden from us, requiring us to notice and discover it. We should start by asking ourselves whether we are focusing
more on negative or positive stories, and whether we are letting negative news surround us. Maybe even paying more
attention to good news, or paying more attention to sharing good news will help.
Anna’s attitude was remarkable. She went beyond the call of duty and, upon leaving, refused to accept anything
but words as thanks.
Why not remind ourselves that, for all of the bad that’s in the world and in the news, behind the scenes, in
people’s ordinary lives, lie untold stories of extraordinary good.
1． How was Anna different from previous audiologists?
A．She displayed more patience and honesty.
B．She offered her patients personal assistance.
C．She paid little attention to her patients’ needs.
D．She refused to accept payment for the hearing aid.
2． Why are news reports on current events usually more negative than positive?
A．To reveal the hard life in reality.
B．To warn people of potential risks.
C．To attract audiences more effectively.
D．To encourage people to seek out the truth.
3． What does the author suggest people do?
A．Share only positive news stories.
B．Pay no attention to negative news.
C．Take advantage of others’ kindness.
D．Maintain a positive attitude toward the world.
4． Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A．Avoid the bad.
B．Display your kindness.
C．Uncover the good.
D．Prepare ourselves for the negative.
D
（25-26 高三上·江苏连云港·期中）
For the past year, I’ve managed CRM with a workmate who never sleeps, never rests, and has read more than I
could in 100 lifetimes. In daily meetings, I ask it to analyze competitors, improve speeches, or find hidden strategic
blind spots. This workmate is my AI agent, and we work together constantly.
We are entering the agentic age, the biggest transformation in work history. For the first time, machines can
perform not only repetitive tasks but also mental work once reserved for humans. These AI agents — able to think,
adapt, and act on their own — are already changing thousands of companies and will ultimately affect every job and
person.
As a tech company CEO, I believe this technology can bring huge economic growth and new businesses. It
can also improve healthcare, education, and daily life. Yet some experts predict AI will soon reach“artificial general
intelligence (AGI)”, matching or being smarter than humans and making people’s skills useless. There I disagree. AI
like large language models (LLMs) is powerful but has limits. The biggest advances will come from AI agents that
use LLMs and data to understand businesses and drive outcomes.
However, there will always be frontiers only humans can cross. AI has no childhood, no heart. It does not love
or feel loss. Because of that, it’s incapable of expressing true empathy or understanding human connection. Those
are our superpowers: the forces that spark great inventions, that inspire artistic masterpieces, and that enable us to
read a room, earn trust, and build lasting bonds.
The critical question for leaders is not just what AI can do, but what role we choose for it.
At CRM, we’ve made our choice. We are building a new operating system for businesses. It is designed for
humans and AI to work together effectively. This is fundamentally changing the way we work. Since the end of last
year, for example, customer-service agents managed by our employees have carried out more than 1.3 million
conversations, resolving 85% of incoming queries. That’s giving our teams more time to deepen relationships with
customers to ensure they’ re getting the most from our products.
This is what it means to weave AI into the fabric of business. It’s not about overlaying a new technology on
old workflows. It’s about empowering people, restoring time and energy for what matters most.
1． Why is the agentic age the biggest transformation in work history?
A．AI becomes smarter than humans.
B．AI has replaced most human workers.
C．AI can now handle physical tasks efficiently.
D．AI is performing once human-only mental tasks.
2． What are “our superpowers” in Paragraph 4?
A．Skills that AI can learn from data.
B．Human abilities to create and lead.
C．Qualities AI gained through training.
D．Talents for understanding businesses.
3． What is the primary function of the example provided in Paragraph 6?
A．To predict the future of the company.
B．To illustrate the effect of human-AI cooperation.
C．To highlight the challenges in trying new technology.
D．To explain the technical process of building an AI system.
4． Which of the following best serves as the title of the text?
A．The AI Agent: A Growing Threat.
B．The AI Agent: A Powerful Workforce.
C．The Agentic Age: A Future Run by AI.
D．The Agentic Age: A Human-AI Partnership.
E
（25-26 高三上·湖南名校联盟·月考）
“Being shouted at by their parents reshapes children’s brains and makes them more likely to have mental ill-
health and struggle to maintain friendships,” members of Parliament (议会) were told by experts. Verbal (言语的)
abuse by adults can leave children unable to enjoy pleasure and seeing the world as threatening, experts in child
development and mental health told a meeting at Westminster.
“As children we believe what we are told, deeply folding the words of adults into our understanding of ourselves
and the world around us. When those words are mean, disrespectful, or make someone feel bad, they can affect a
person for their whole life,” said Prof Eamon McCrory, a clinical psychologist.
Scans (扫描) of children’s brains have shown that “sustained exposure to abuse, including verbal abuse, leads
to significant biological alterations in the brain’s structure and function”, McCrory said. It can change both the
“threats” and “rewards” circuits in a child’s brain, which play a key role in helping them to understand and deal with
the world and also in building and maintaining relationships.
McCrory and other leading experts will warn people from various political parties that verbal abuse of children
by parents, teachers and activity leaders during their early years is widespread and “the most common form of child
maltreatment”. The World Health Organisation views emotional abuse, including verbal abuse, as a key form of
maltreatment of and violence against children. Two in five children (41%) in the UK are subjected to verbal abuse
some of the time or regularly, according to a research study in 2023.
The meeting with parliamentarians, organised by the charity Words Matter, is part of an effort to “bring verbal
abuse out of the shadows and give it the same attention as other forms of maltreatment”, said Prof Peter Fonagy, the
head of the division of psychology and language sciences at UCL.
Jessica Bondy, the founder of Words Matter, urged ministers to act. “If the government truly wants the healthiest
generation in history, tackling verbal abuse must become a core part of the national mental health strategy,” she
said.
1． What effect does verbal abuse have on children?
A．It improves their social skills.
B．It makes them more violent.
C．It causes potential mental health problems.
D．It helps them understand the world better.
2． What does the underlined word “alterations” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Repairs.
B．Changes.
C．Improvements.
D．Discoveries.
3． What is the main purpose of the meeting organised by the charity Words Matter?
A．To raise awareness of verbal abuse.
B．To encourage the use of proper language.
C．To address the drawbacks of verbal abuse.
D．To tackle the issue of mental maltreatment.
4． What is the experts’ collective attitude to verbal abuse?
A．It has no link to long-term growth.
B．It is unavoidable in child development.
C．It is a minor issue compared to other maltreatment.
D．It should be prioritized in mental health problems.
F
（25-26 高三·福建宁德五校联合·期中）
Today, the widespread use of English in science, technology, business, diplomacy, and entertainment has
motivated millions to learn the language—and these learners are also shaping its development.
Speakers of global English varieties adapt vocabulary to better express their identities, cultures, and daily
realities. In the Philippines, many homes have a “dirt kitchen”—not a dirty space, but an outdoor area for most
cooking, essential in tropical climates to avoid trapping heat and smells indoors. In Nigeria, a mama put is a street
food stall(货摊). The term comes from the way its customers usually order food. They say “Mama, put…” to the
woman running the stall and point to the dish they want.
Oxford University Press’s Gift of Words campaign asked people who speak more than one language to “gift”
a word from their first to their second language (or vice versa) when no direct English equivalent existed.
Calling these borrowed words as “gifts” is a key shift in perspective. While some prioritize linguistic purity
over diversity, seeing external influences as threats to a language’s integrity, this contradicts how language works.
Borrowing is part of the natural evolution of all living languages, and English is especially skilled at absorbing
elements from others — historically drawing numerous terms from languages like Old Norse, Norman French, Latin,
and Ancient Greek.
Contrary to popular belief, multilingualism(not monolingualism) is the norm, with 60%—75% of the global
population estimated to speak multiple languages. In this multilingual, digitally connected world, word exchange
between languages and cultures has sped up.
Changing attitudes toward multilingualism and linguistic(语言的) variation is crucial to fighting prejudice that
discriminate against “wrong” words or accents. Only when we share ownership of English and embrace its diversity
can it be a gift for all.
1． Why does the author cite “dirt kitchen” and “mama put” in paragraph 2?
A．To explain functions of outdoor kitchens and street food stalls.
B．To provide a clear explanation of how these words come about.
C．To prove English lacks daily alternatives in most non-English countries.
D．To show global English speakers adjust vocabulary for culture and daily life.
2． What can we learn from paragraph 4?
A．Borrowing words poses a threat to English.
B．Linguistic purity is less important than diversity.
C．All living languages are influenced by each other.
D．English rarely borrows words from other languages.
3． What is key to reducing linguistic prejudice and discrimination?
A．Embracing English in its all diversity.
B．Promoting the use of standard English.
C．Including borrowed words in dictionaries.
D．Encouraging people to learn foreign languages.
4． What can be a suitable title for this text?
A．A Gift for English
B．A New Shift in Perspective
C．Multilingualism: A Global Trend
D．The History of English Words Borrowing
G
（25-26 高三上·山东德州·10 月月考）
As cities expand at an unprecedented pace, green spaces — parks, community gardens, and tree-lined streets
— are disappearing silently, squeezed by endless skyscrapers and busy roads. The once-common sight of children
playing on lawns or elders chatting under trees is becoming rare, replaced by the hum of traffic and the shadow of
high-rises.
A survey by the World Urban Parks Association shows that 72% of city dwellers rarely engage with nature in
their daily lives: they rush between offices and homes, seeing more concrete than grass. Experts link this disconnection
to rising cases of anxiety and social isolation, noting that even short walks in green areas can ease stress — a simple
comfort modern urban life often lacks.
For decades, urban planners often treated greenery as a luxury rather than a necessity, prioritizing economic
growth over ecological balance. Yet visionaries like Japanese landscape designer Isamu Noguchi fought to change
this. In the 1970s, he designed a series of rooftop gardens in Tokyo, turning empty building tops into lush oases and
arguing that “nature is not a decoration but the soul of a city.”
His belief sparked movements worldwide. Copenhagen’s “Green Lungs” project, for example, transformed
abandoned industrial sites into public parks, showing how nature can revitalize dull urban areas and bring communities
closer. Unfortunately, many cities still fail to learn: in fast-growing Asian megacities, new skyscrapers frequently
replace old parks, and residents now regard a walk in the park as a rare treat.
Ecologists caution that this trend brings severe consequences — worsened air quality, reduced pollinator
populations that harm crop growth, and a decline in citizens’ happiness. We invest heavily in urban development, but
seldom calculate the true price of losing green spaces. Can a city thrive without birdsong outside windows? Noguchi’s
words remain urgent: cities without nature are cities without a heart — we must reset priorities and let greenery grow
with urban progress.
1． What issue is emphasized in the first paragraph?
A．Insufficient urban expansion.
B．Rising urban population.
C．Decreasing park construction.
D．Lost connection to nature.
2． What did Isamu Noguchi believe about nature?
A．It is essential to urban life.
B．It should be separate from cities.
C．It is optional in cities.
D．It distracts from city development.
3． What can be inferred about Asian megacities?
A．They value green spaces highly.
B．Nature is being pushed out.
C．Residents dislike urban parks.
D．Pollinators thrive there.
4． Which fits as the text’s title?
A．Cities Without Soul
B．Parks: A Luxury
C．Urban Growth Harms
D．Nature: City’s Heart
H
（25-26 高三·辽宁沈阳东北育才&等校·联考）
"Regrets, I've had a few. But then again, too few to mention,” Frank Sinatra chanted in his 1969 hit "My Way”.
The song's idea is attractive: that anyone can just declare what's done is done and move on. Some take the declaration a
step further and claim they have no regrets at all. Whether a boast or an actual attitude, "no regrets” suggests that life
can and should be lived without looking through the rear-view mirror.
Easier said than done, though.Author Daniel H. Pink launched the World Regret Survey, the largest ever survey
on the topic. With his research team, Pink asked more than 15,000 people in 105 countries, "How often do you look
back on your life and wish you had done things differently?” 82% said regret is at least an occasional part of their
life; roughly 21% said they feel regret "all the time.” Only 1% said they never feel regret.
If you are of the "no regrets” type, you might think that all this regret is a recipe for unhappiness. But that isn't
the case. True, being overwhelmed by regret is indeed bad for you. But going to the other extreme may be even worse.
To rid yourself of regrets doesn't free you from shame or sorrow; it leads you to make the same mistakes again and
again. To truly get over our guilt requires that we put regret in its proper place.
As uncomfortable as it is, regret is an amazing cognitive (认知) achievement. If today your relationship with
your partner has soured, your regret might mentally take you back to last year. You would remember your being mean
and sensitive, and then imagine yourself showing more patience, being kind instead of hurtful at key moments. Then
you would fast-forward to today and see how your relationship could be progressing instead of languishing.
But regret doesn't have to be left unmanaged. The trick is to acknowledge it and use it for learning and
improvement. You can be honest with yourself about what went wrong and use that knowledge to enjoy better
relationships in the future.
1． What should we do if we have had a bitter quarrel with a close friend according to Frank Sinatra?
A．Attract more people to your argument.
B．Send him/her a letter of apology.
C．Boast about being more reasonable.
D．Forget about it and just let it go.
2． Why did the author mention the World Regret Survey?
A．To introduce the work of author Daniel H. Pink.
B．To provide statistical evidence that regret is widespread.
C．To show that the "no regrets” attitude is rare and unrealistic.
D．To compare different people's attitudes towards regret.
3． What does the underlined word "languishing” in paragraph 4 most probably mean?
A．Improving.
B．Healing.
C．Showing up.
D．Breaking up.
4． What does the author intend to tell us in this passage?
A．"No regrets” is a realistic and healthy attitude towards life.
B．It is better to feel overwhelming regret than to feel none at all.
C．Regret can be beneficial if people know how to handle it properly.
D．It is impossible and unwise for people to live a life without any regrets.
I
（24-25 高三·广东·二模）
Distraction is often said to be the major cognitive (认知的) crisis of our time. In a recent article in The Atlantic,
Rose Horowitch noted that “university students have trouble staying focused on even a poem”, and many American
middle and high schools have shifted from literary texts to shorter passages.
Actually, accusations of declining attention are nothing new in modernity. Even in the early 20th century,
Ezra Pound observed a shift from poetry to prose (散文), explaining it as a result of readers’ inability to engage with
the linguistic complexity of poetry. Over the decades, similar complaints about attention have continued.
Yet, Horowitch suggests that rather than a loss of reading ability, we may be witnessing a shift in consumption
habits. Students now view reading books much like listening to old record albums — outdated. Meanwhile, the
popularity of audiobooks continues to grow. This suggests that the issue is not an inability to read long novels but
rather a shift in what people value. “Students can still read books,” Horowitch wrote. “They’re just choosing not
to.”
This raises a deeper question: What kind of attention do we truly need, and why? Psychologists distinguish
between focused attention and broader attention. In the famous Invisible Gorilla Experiment, participants counting
basketball passes failed to notice a person in a gorilla suit dancing in the background. A wider focus, in contrast, may
engage different cognitive skills and offer unique benefits.
Could the younger generation be developing valuable attention modes we fail to recognize? What of the rapid,
quick-fire, written exchanges of instant messaging? The art of making short and clever statements in 140 or 280
characters? What about the skills and quick reactions needed in video games? These new ways of engaging with
content challenge us to rethink — with history as our guide — how we might approach long-form culture in fresh
and flexible ways.
1． What does the underlined word “accusations” in paragraph 2 mean?
A．Criticisms.
B．Origins.
C．Trends.
D．Indicators.
2． What does the increase of audiobook listeners imply according to Horowitch?
A．Printed books are less accessible.
B．Reading preferences have changed.
C．Digital reading devices are more popular.
D．Modern people have limited reading time.
3． Why does the author mention the Invisible Gorilla Experiment in paragraph 4?
A．To display the difficulty of multitasking.
B．To illustrate the limitation of focused attention.
C．To prove the wide presence of distraction in daily life.
D．To stress the importance of cognitive flexibility in sports.
4． What will probably be discussed next?
A．More valuable lessons taught by history.
B．Challenges facing the young generation.
C．The impact of technology on literacy skills.
D．Strategies for book reading in the digital age.
J
（2025·江苏·一模）
When planning my wedding, I was determined not to get caught up in the “perfect day”, but to have a relaxed,
informal celebration. My husband and I ended up having a lovely time.
“Pursuit of perfection is a prison,” says Moya Sarner, an NHS psychotherapist. Many of us are driven by the
unconscious (下意识的) wish that if we could just have the perfect body, the perfect job and the perfect family, then
we would be happy. For that reason, it can be one of the most significant barriers to happiness in life.
The psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott wrote about the importance of the “good enough mother” who meets her
baby’s needs timely, but is not perfect. He said perfect is harmful. To meet every desire immediately, to pass the toy
straight away whenever it is demanded slows down a baby’s growth, robbing them of the opportunity to feel
frustrated (沮丧的) and learn to crawl to get the toy for themselves.
Winnicott believed that while perfection is not a virtue, tolerance of imperfection is. If we cannot develop the
capacity to tolerate imperfection in ourselves and in those around us, we can have no self-confidence, no sustainable
relationships and no fulfilling career. If we’re always trying to build something called a perfect life, we aren’t really
living the one we’re in.
How do I know all this? I am a perfectionist in recovery. I’ve started to recognize my intolerance of imperfection
— my need for certain things to be exactly as I would like them to be, from the way my husband chops his onions to
my terror of being late — and it has made a huge difference to my relationship and my parenting. How can you be
a good partner if you expect everyone else to fit your own narrow expectations? How can your child grow if they
sense that they always need to color precisely inside the lines you’ve drawn out for them?
We need to go further than tolerating imperfections. We need to learn to appreciate their humanity and beauty.
Imperfections are why people will pay a calligrapher to handwrite invitations when a computer can produce a
flawless (完美的) version of the same script for less money and in less time. So for a more delicious life, and
ultimately a better one, I choose imperfectionism.
1． How does the author introduce the topic?
A．By presenting a successful ceremony.
B．By showing her firm determination.
C．By describing her personal experience.
D．By introducing her perfect marriage.
2． What can we learn from the example of the “good enough mother”?
A．Raising a child brings a mother much joy.
B．Pursuing perfection is the duty of mothers.
C．Meeting babies’ demands is very challenging.
D．Responding instantly impacts babies’ growth.
3． What is the function of the two questions at the end of Paragraph 5?
A．To shift topics.
B．To make assumptions.
C．To arouse interest.
D．To encourage thinking.
4． Which of the following might the author approve of?
A．A miss is as good as a mile.
B．Haste makes waste.
C．Close enough is good enough.
D．Practice makes perfect.
K
（2025·广西贵港&等2 地·三模）
Growing up, my older brother, a science enthusiast, shared fascinating facts with me, like how our cells are
completely new every seven years. This idea highlighted the concept of constant change in our selves, meaning I'm
a physically different person from the one I was years ago.
Today, I often wonder: Am I a story that's constantly being written? people have debated this for a long time,
with ancient Greeks arguing whether a thing's true essence lies in its unchanging nature or its ongoing
development.
Plato believed that natural science focuses on the changing physical world, while philosophy, using intelligence
and reason, explored the change less eternal (永恒). For instance, veterinary science studies growing dogs, but
philosophers question the idea of “Dog” itself.
Aristotle agreed that science explains what we see but argued that the material universe is in constant change.
He believed change is part of the true nature of things and your virtue is about who you're turning into, not a fixed
identity. As such, becoming was his focus, rather than some perfect invisible being.
So, which is your view, and how does that guide the way you live? None of this is to say the choice between
Platonism and Aristotelianism is absolute. We all have some unchanging characteristics, and we also change in many
ways. The philosophical perspective you adopt will depend on how you principally define yourself and what you
choose to pay attention to as you move through the world.
Are you more like a Platonist or an Aristotelian? It depends on whether you see yourself as having a fixed
identity or a changing story. Today’s culture often pushes you to be a Platonist, defining yourself as a certain type of
person. This can make you a repeat customer and give you a sense of belonging. But it might also keep you in
situations you don't like. Being more like an Aristotelian can set you free.
1． What did the author tell us about our cells in Paragraph 1?
A．The unchanging nature of our souls.
B．The ongoing transformation of our bodies.
C．The belief that our science and nature do not change.
D．The idea that we are the same person through our lives.
2． According to Aristotle, what is the focus of understanding a dog?
A．Its unchanging nature.
B．Its determined essence.
C．Its stable identity.
D．Its continuous development.
3． How does modem culture tend to influence personal identity, according to the text?
A．By pushing people to de fin c themselves into fix cd identities.
B．By suggesting that personal identity will be a mystery forever.
C．By encouraging individuals to accept constant change and growth.
D．By promoting that individual identity is deter min cd by belongings.
4． Which of the following could be the most suitable title for the passage?
A．Plate v. s. Aristotle: the Battle of Ideas.
B．The Philosophical Outlook: A Defined Personality.
C．Becoming v. s. Being: Viewpoint on Personal Identity.
D．The Unchanging Universe: A Philosophical Dilemma.
L
(2025·江苏南通如皋·二模)
In my last recent job, I taught academic writing to doctoral students at a technical college. My graduate
students, many of whom were computer scientists, understood the mechanisms of generative AI better than I do. They
recognized large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT as unreliable research tools. They knew that models are
trained on existing data and therefore cannot produce novel research. However, that knowledge did not stop my
students from relying heavily on generative AI. Several students admitted to drafting their research in note form and
asking ChatGPT to write their articles.
As an experienced teacher, I reminded students that ChatGPT may change the meaning of a text when asked
to revise, that it can produce biased and inaccurate information, that it does not generate stylistically strong writing
and, for those grade-oriented students, that it does not result in A-level work. It did not matter. The students still used it.
Students who outsource their writing to AI lose an opportunity to think more deeply about their research.
Using ChatGPT to complete assignments is bringing a forklift (
叉车
) into the weight room.
Generative AI is, in some ways, a democratizing (民主化的) tool. Many of my students were non-native
speakers of English. Their writing frequently contained grammatical errors. Generative AI is effective at correcting
grammar. However, the technology often changes vocabulary and changes meaning even when the only prompt is
“fix the grammar.” As a result, I found myself spending many hours grading writing that I knew was generated by
AI. That is, I found myself spending more time giving feedback to AI than to my students. So I quit.
The best educators will adapt to AI. Teachers will find ways to encourage students to think critically and know
what is writing. However, those lessons require that students be willing to leave their comfort zone. Students must
learn to move forward with faith in their own cognitive abilities as they write and revise their way into clarity. With
few exceptions, my students were not willing to enter those uncomfortable spaces or remain there long enough to
discover the power of writing.
1． What’s the problem with the writer’s students?
A．Unfamiliarity with LLMs.
B．Heavy dependence on ChatGPT.
C．Failure to use existing novel research.
D．Unawareness of the technology drawbacks.
2． What does the underlined sentence mean?
A．The students should refuse to use ChatGPT.
B．The students can use a forklift to improve their writing.
C．The students balance the development of body and mind.
D．The students will never improve their cognitive fitness that way.
3． What do we know about the author’s experience with grading AI-generated writing?
A．The author enjoyed it as it was error-free.
B．The author found it a quick and easy task.
C．The author spent more time responding to AI.
D．The author preferred it over students’ original work.
4． What is a best solution according to the writer?
A．Students learn to push through the discomfort.
B．Educators find ways to adapt to the technology.
C．Teachers move away from mechanical activities.
D．Students regain their faith in the technology change.
