高考英语语法专题复习
专题7 名词性从句
目 录
考点1 名词性从句的引导词...........................................................3
1. 连词..........................................................................................3
2. 连接代词..................................................................................4
3. 连接副词..................................................................................6
考点2 主语从句...............................................................................6
考点3 宾语从句...............................................................................8
1. 宾语从句的语序......................................................................8
2. 宾语从句的时态......................................................................8
3. 连接词that...............................................................................9
4. 连接词whether 和if..............................................................10
5. 形式宾语it.............................................................................10
考点4 表语从句.............................................................................11
考点5 同位语从句.........................................................................12
1. 同位语从句的用法................................................................12
2. that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别..........................13
六、专项练习..................................................................................14
七、答案解析..................................................................................18
在复合句中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(Nominal
Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中
能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等,因此名词性从句又可分
为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。所有的名词
性从句的语序都是陈述句语序。
考点1 名词性从句的引导词
名词性从句的引导词可分为三类:
1. 连词
此类连词包括that,whether(是否),if(是否), as if
(好像,似乎),as though(好像,似乎)等。其中that 只起
连接作用,没有任何实际语义,也不充当句子成分,在宾语从
句中可省略;whether 与if 均为“是否”的意思,在引导宾语
从句时if 和whether 可以互换,但在下列情况下,只能用
whether,不能用if:
(1)引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时。
Whether we will go to Shanghai has not been decided.
我们去不去上海还没有定。(whether 引导主语从句)
What concerns him most is whether he can meet Miss Elizabeth.
他最关心的是能否见到伊丽莎白小姐。(whether 引导表语
从句)
He must answer the question whether he agrees with it or not.
他必须回答关于他是否同意(这件事)的提问。(whether
引导同位语从句)
(2)从句作介词宾语时。
It depends on whether it will be fine tomorrow. 那得看明天是
不是晴天。
(3)直接与or not 连用时。
I don’t know whether or not he will come. 我不知道他是不是
会来。
(4)与不定式连用时。
I don’t know whether to go there at once. 我不知道是不是该立
刻去那里。
2. 连接代词
此类连接代词包括what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,
whose,which 等。除了whose 充当定语之外,其他在从句中充当
主语、宾语或表语。
(1)what 是一个十分重要的名词性从句引导词,它可引导
主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,但不用于引导同位语从句。
它引导的名词性从句有两个意思:一是表示“什么”,带有疑
问意味;二是表示“……所……的”,相当于一个先行词后接一
个关系代词。
People have heard what the President has said; they are waiting
to see what he will do.
人们已经听到了总统所说的;他们正等着看总统会做什么。
I don’t know what you want.(=I don’t know the thing that you
want.)
我不知道你要什么。
(2)whatever, whoever, whichever 也可引导名词性从句,其
含义分别为“所……的一切事或东西”、“任何……的人”、
“……的任何人或物”。
Whatever he said was always right.(=Anything that he said was
always right.)
他所说的往往都是对的。(引导主语从句)
Tell whoever you like—it makes no difference to me.
你愿意告诉谁就告诉谁吧,对我是无所谓的。
注意:whatever, whoever, whichever 除了用于引导名词性从
句外,还可用于引导状语从句,分别相当于no matter what, no
matter who,no matter which。
3. 连接副词
此类连接副词包括when, where, how, why 等,在从句中作状
语。Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever. 他为什么那么做
将永远是一个谜。
考点2 主语从句
(1)主语从句通常由that 和whether 或其他连接代词或连接
副词连接。主语从句作主语,主句谓语动词用单数。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。
Whether we’ll hold a meeting is not decided. 我们是否要开一
个会还未定。
what 引导的主语从句,表示“……所……的(东西)”,在
结构上等于一个名词加一个定语从句;whatever 表示“所……的
一切”;whoever 表示“一切……的人”。
What he says(=Anything that he says)is not important. 他说
的话并不重要。
Whatever was said here must be kept secret. 在这里说的一切必
须保密。
(2)主语从句通常用it 作形式主语。it 作形式主语的that-从
句有以下四种不同的搭配关系,其重要句型归纳如下:
It+be+
①
形容词+that -从句
It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that...
……是必要的(重要的、自然而然的、奇怪的……)
It is necessary that... 有必要……
It is important that... 重要的是……
It is obvious that... 很明显……
It+be+-ed
②
分词+that-从句
It is suggested(requested, proposed, etc.)that... 据建议(要
求、提议等)……
It is believed that... 人们相信……
It is known to all that... 众所周知……
It has been decided that... 已决定……
It+be+
③
名词+that-从句
It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.)that... 很遗憾(羞愧、
难怪等)……
It is common knowledge that... ……是常识
It is a surprise that... 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that... 事实是……
It+
④
不及物动词+that-从句
It appears that... 似乎……
It happens that... 碰巧……
It occurred to me that... 我突然想起……
注意: 由what, whatever, whoever 引导的主语从句一般不用
形式主语it。
考点3 宾语从句
宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词结构的宾语。宾语
从句通常由连词that 和whether/if、连接代词或连接副词引导。
1. 宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即:连接代词/副词+主语
+谓语+其他成分。
Could you tell me when the train will leave? 你能告诉我火车何
时出发吗?
2. 宾语从句的时态
主句时态是一般现在时,从句时态根据实际情况使用。主句
是过去时态,从句须用过去时态的某种形式。当宾语从句表示
的是一个客观真理或者事实时,即使主句是过去时,从句也用
一般现在时态。
The headmaster hopes everything goes well. 校长希望一切进展
顺利。
She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
她为没有按时完成作业感到抱歉。
The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
那位老师告诉他的学生光比声音传播的速度快。
3. 连接词that
that 引导宾语从句在句中无实际语义,且不充当句子成分,
多数情况下可以省略。但如果从句是并列句时,第二个分句前
的that 不可省。
He has told me(that)he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.
他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
He said(that)you were too young to understand the matter and
that he was asked not to tell you.
他说你太小,还不懂这件事情,而且他也被要求不准告诉你。
注意:
①
在
demand, order, suggest, decide, insist, desire,
request,command, doubt 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等语义
的动词后,宾语从句要用虚拟语气,常用“(should)+动词原
形”的形式。
② 当主句谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect 等词,而
宾语从句是否定含义时,常把否定转移至主句来表示。
I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that. 我认为他如
此对你是不合适的。
4. 连接词whether 和if
在宾语从句中whether 与if 可以互换使用,但在下列情况下,
只能用whether:① 在带to 的不定式前;② 在介词的后面;③
直接与or not 连用时。
5. 形式宾语it
宾语从句太长,可以用形式宾语it 代替。
① 动词find, feel, consider, make, believe 等后面有宾语补足
语的时候,需要用it 作形式宾语,而将that 宾语从句后置。若
宾语从句是wh-类,则不可用it 代替。
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries every day. 我每天写日
记成了习惯。
We all find it important that we(should)make a quick decision
about this matter.
我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要。
enjoy, like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, appreciate
②
等动词后接
that 从句,if 从句或when 引导的从句,通常应先在动词后接it
作形式宾语。
You can put it that it was arranged before.
你可以说这是以前安排的。
He hates it when people use his bike.
他讨厌别人用他的自行车。
I would appreciate it very much if you would help me with it.
如果你能帮助我做这事,我会十分感激。
考点4 表语从句
表语从句在句中作表语,位于主句中的系动词之后。除
that,whether 和疑问词外,as if, as though, because 也可引导表语
从句。
The question is whether she can speak English. 问题在于她是
否会说英语。
That is what we need. 那正是我们所需要的。
It looked as if it was going to rain. 似乎要下雨了。
注意:
why
①
与because 均可引导表语从句,但前者强调结果,后
者强调原因。
I had a cold. That’s why I didn’t come. 我感冒了,所以我没有
来。
I didn’t come. That’s because I had a cold. 我没有来,因为我
感冒了。
② 主句的主语是reason 时,表语从句要用that,不能用
because。
The reason why we didn’t go was that we were notified too late.
我们没有去的原因是我们得到通知太晚了。
考点5 同位语从句
1. 同位语从句的用法
同位语从句用于对前面的名词做进一步解释,说明名词的具
体内容。同位语从句一般由that 引导,但也可以由whether 以及
连接代词和连接副词引导。一般跟在名词fact, hope, idea, news,
doubt, suggestion,information, opinion, decision, discovery, truth,
promise, statement, problem,rule 等名词后面。
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 我
们明天放假的消息不实。
The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.
这个问题是对还是错要看结果。
Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么时候开始吗?
注意:
① 引导同位语从句的连词that 通常不省略。
② 在某些名词demand, wish, suggestion, resolution 等后面的
同位语从句要用虚拟语气,谓语动词用“should+动词原形”的
形式,should 可省略。
The suggestion that the new rule (should )be adopted came
from the chairman.
采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。
③ 有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。
The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery.
他中彩得了一辆汽车的消息传开了。
2. that 引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别
在同位语从句中,that 只起连接主句和从句的作用,无意义,
在从句中不充当句子成分,一般不可省略。在定语从句中,that
指代先行词,在从句中不仅起连接作用,还充当某个句子成分,
在作宾语时通常可省略。
They were all shocked at the news that Germany had declared
war on Russia.
他们都对德国向俄国宣战的消息感到震惊。
(同位语从句,that 只起引导作用,在句中不充当任何成
分。)
They were all shocked at the news that was announced on the
radio.听到收音机里宣布的消息,他们都很震惊。
(定语从句,that 在从句中作主语,若省略that,句子成分
不完整。)
The news(that)we heard spread all over the school campus.
我们听到的消息传遍了校园。(定语从句)
The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true.
李老师将成为我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。(同位语
从句)
六、专项练习
I. 单句改错。(仅限1 处)
1. The reason why he was late was because he had taken a wrong
bus.
2. He said that he couldn’t tell you right away and you wouldn’t
understand.
3. I hate if you say such things in public.
4. He was interested in all what he had seen at the exhibition.
5. It is a pity she has made such a mistake.
II. 在空白处填写1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
6. People were perhaps more honest a long time ago when life
was very different from ______ it is today.
7. Nobody knows ______ it will rain tomorrow. ______ it rains,
we’ll stay at home.
8. You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is
______ I agree.
9. ______ made the school proud was ______ more than 90% of
the students had been admitted to key universities.
10.
______ we know, the over-use of fossil fuels, such as coal
①
and oil, has caused serious environmental problems.
______ is known that the over-use of fossil fuels, such as coal
②
and oil, has caused serious environmental problems.
______ we know is that the over-use of fossil fuels, such as
③
coal and oil, has caused serious environmental problems.
11. It ______(report)that over 300 million people in China are
suffering from nearsightedness.
12.
The news ______ was told to me is that Tom would go
①
abroad next year.
The news ______ Tom would go abroad is told by him.
②
13. The suggestion that a new bridge ______ (build )was
accepted.
14.
Anyone ______ gains the most points wins the
①
competition.
______ gains the most points wins the competition.
②
15. It remains to be seen ______ it will do us harm or good.
III. 单项选择。
16. I just wonder ______ that makes him so excited.
A. why it does
B. what he does
C. how it is
D. what it is
17. With piles of work at hand, Jane doubts ______ she can pass
the coming driving test.
A. whether
B. that
C. how
D. why
18. The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is ______ one
can be entirely out of dust.
A. what
B. that
C. whether
D. why
19. The manager put forward a suggestion ______ we should
have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether
B. that
C. which
D. what
20. It is generally considered unwise to give a child ______ he or
she wants.
A. however
B. whatever
C. whichever
D. whenever
IV. 阅读下列短文,在空白处填写1 个适当的单词或括号内
单词的正确形式。
It was reported 21
there was an accident at a corner of the
Roman Street this morning. Fortunately, there was no person 22
got injured in the accident. However, no one saw 23
on earth
happened then. 24
the police would do is to figure out 25
will be responsible for the accident. They said it was difficult for
them 26
(judge)who exactly should be to blame.
Perhaps the reason was 27
the car driver was too tired to
stop the car in time. 28
was certain that the car driver stopped
the car immediately. But he didn’t admit the fact 29
he was
over-speed driving at the turning. The police doubted 30
what
he said was true and decided to make a further investigation.
七、答案解析
I.
1. because 改为that 考查连接代词。此处是句型The reason
why... is that... 的搭配。
2. and 后面加that 考查连接代词。当两个或多个that 引导的
宾语从句并列使用时,只有第一个从句的引导词that 可以省略,
后面的that 不可省略。
3. hate 后面加it 考查形式宾语it。句意:我讨厌你在大庭广
众之下说那样的事。此处是“动词+it+when/if-从句”,能用于
此结构的常见动词有enjoy, hate, love, like, dislike, appreciate,
prefer 等。
4. what 改为that 或划去all 或划去what 考查从句。若改为in
all he had seen at the exhibition,其中all 是先行词,后面是省略
that 的定语从句。
5. pity 后面加that 考查主语从句。此句中it 作形式主语,
she has made such a mistake 为真实主语,that 引导主语从句,不
能省略。
II.
6. what 考查宾语从句。句意:很久以前,人们的生活与现
在截然不同的时候,人们或许更诚实。what 引导介词from 的宾
语从句,在该从句中what 充当is 的表语。
7. whether/if; If 考查宾语从句和状语从句的连接词。句意:
没有人知道明天是否下雨。如果下雨,我们就待在家里。前者
whether/if 意为“是否”,引导宾语从句;后者if 意为“如果”,
引导条件状语从句。
8. where 考查表语从句。句意:你说应该人人平等,这是我
赞同的地方。系动词is 后面的内容应为表语从句,agree 表“赞
同”时属于不及物动词,I agree 本身是完整的主谓结构,因此
缺乏状语。表语从句where I agree 的意思是“我赞同之处,我
赞同的地方”。此处容易误填what。
9. What;that 考查主语从句和表语从句。句意:让这所学校
骄傲的是超过90%的学生都已经被重点大学录取了。第一个下
划线处的引导词引导主语从句并在该主语从句中充当主语,特
指令校方骄傲的事情,应填入关系代词型的引导词what;第二
个下划线处引导表语从句,表示原因、理由,应填入that,引
导对应的名词性从句。
10.
As
①
考查as 引导的非限制性定语从句。as 作know 的
宾语,指代后面整个句子。②It 考查it 作形式主语。此处it 充
当形式主语,指代后面that 引导的真实主语。③ What 考查主
语从句。此处what 引导主语从句,在从句中,what 作know 的
宾语。
11. is reported 考查主语从句。句意:据报道,3 亿多中国人
眼睛近视。此处是It is/was reported that... 的主语从句,意为
“据报道……”。
12.
that/which
①
考查定语从句。句意:我知道的消息是汤
姆明年将出国。that/which 引导定语从句,修饰先行词news,
在定语从句中作主语。 ② that 考查同位语从句。句意:汤姆
将出国的消息是他讲的。that 在句中不作任何成分,只是起到
引导作用,不能省略。
13. (should)be built 考查同位语从句和虚拟语气。句意:
在这里修建一座新桥的建议被采纳了。在某些名词后的同位语
从句中,其谓语动词应用虚拟语气形式:(should)+动词原形。
14.
who
Whoever
①
②
考查定语从句和主语从句。两个句子
均意为:谁得分最多,谁就赢得比赛。whoever 引导主语从句
时,意义相当于anyone who,即表示“任何人……都”,“不
管是谁……都……”。
15. whether 考查主语从句。句意:它对我们有利还是有害,
还得看看再说。此处it 为形式主语,真实主语由whether 引导。
III.
16. D 考查强调句型的特殊疑问句形式。句意:我只是在想
是什么让他那么兴奋。wonder 后的宾语从句含it is... that... 的强
调句型,且强调主语,应该用陈述语序,故选择what it is。
17. A 考查宾语从句。句意:手头上有一堆堆的工作,简怀
疑她是否能通过即将到来的驾驶证考试。从句中不缺少成分,
根据句意可知答案是whether/if。doubt 接宾语从句有两种形式:
I don’t doubt that...我不怀疑……;I doubt whether/if... 我怀疑……
18. B 考查表语从句。句意:雨季最令人愉悦的就是人们可
以完全摆脱沙尘的困扰。is 后跟表语从句,表语从句不缺少主
语、谓语和宾语,因此用that,只起引导作用。
19. B 考查同位语从句。句意:经理提出一个建议,我们应
当配个助手。因为有太多的工作要做。a suggestion 和we should
have an assistant 之间是同位语关系,由于是陈述句,因此用that
引导。
20. B 考查宾语从句。whatever 引导一个宾语从句,并且作
wants 的宾语。这里的whatever 不能改成what,因为题意想表
达的显然是“无论孩子要什么就给他(她)什么是不明智的”,
表示泛指的概念。同时要注意,这里whatever 也不能改用no
matter what,因为后者只能引导状语从句。
IV.
语篇解读:文章报道了一起真相有待调查的交通事故。
21. that 考查主语从句。“It be+过去分词+that...”为固定句式,
其中it 为形式主语,that 从句是真正的主语,此处that 不能省
略。
22. who 考查定语从句。此处先行词为person,后面定语从
句中缺少主语。
23. what 考查宾语从句。句意:没有人看见当时究竟发生了
什么。what 引导宾语从句,在该从句中作主语。
24. What 考查主语从句。what 引导主语从句,作do 的宾语。
25. who 考查宾语从句。从句中缺少主语且表示“人”,故
用who 引导。
26. to judge 考查非谓语动词。此处前文中it 为形式主语,
真实主语为后面动词不定式。
27. that 考查表语从句。句意:也许是因为司机疲劳驾驶没
能及时刹住车。The reason was that... 为固定句式,意思是“原
因是……”。
28. It 考查形式主语。此处it 为形式主语,真实主语为that
the car driver stopped the car immediately,因此构成了It is/was
certain that... 的固定句型。
29. that 考查同位语从句。句意:司机不承认他在拐角处超
速驾驶。that 引导同位语从句,解释fact 的具体内容,that 不
能省略。
30. whether 考查宾语从句。句意:警察怀疑他所说的话的真
实性,决定做进一步的调查。doubted(肯定式)后面的宾语从
句常用whether 引导。doubt 在否定句或疑问句中时,后面常用
that 来引导从句。