1_专题八主旨要义（试题word）_2023版教学资源包_2023版新高考新教材版高考总复习英语5·3B版_2_第二部分阅读理解_2_专题八　主旨要义_3_试题WORD

曲一线 2023版《5年高考3年模拟》B版
专题八 主旨要义
五年高考
A组 新高考卷题组
Passage 1(2022新高考Ⅰ,D)
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and
“a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more
common than others?A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in
human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called
labiodentals, such as “f”and“v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate
softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Dami􀅡n Blasi at the University of Zurich,
Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned(对
齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip(嘴
唇)to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure, making it easier to
produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture
in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to
do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the
sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing
remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the
languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when
human beings evolved(进化) around 300,000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use
has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge
variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things
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like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research
team.
1.Which aspect of the human speech sound does Dami􀅡n Blasi's research focus on?
A.Its variety. B.Its distribution.
C.Its quantity. D.Its development.
2.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?
A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.
B.They could not open and close their lips easily.
C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured.
D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough.
3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about?
A.Supporting evidence for the research results.
B.Potential application of the research findings.
C.A further explanation of the research methods.
D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.
4.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?
A.It is key to effective communication.
B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.
C.It is a complex and dynamic system.
D.It drives the evolution of human beings.
答案
1.D 2.C 3.A 4.C
Passage 2(2022新高考Ⅱ,C)
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service
campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones
when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still
texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents,
which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
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That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted(分心) driving was “only increasing,
unfortunately.”
“Big change requires big ideas,” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need
to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and
public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted
driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the
Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for
the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent
activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done
anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws.
“We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz,
who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill
becomes law, he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell
phone.”
1.Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers' texting in the US?
A.Ineffective. B.Unnecessary.
C.Inconsistent. D.Unfair.
2.What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?
A.Where a driver came from.
B.Whether a driver used their phone.
C.How fast a driver was going.
D.When a driver arrived at the scene.
3.What does the underlined word “something” in the last paragraph refer to?
A.Advice. B.Data.
C.Tests. D.Laws.
4.What is a suitable title for the text?
A.To Drive or Not to Drive?Think Before You Start
B.Texting and Driving?Watch Out for the Textalyzer
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C.New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D.The Next Generation Cell Phone:The Textalyzer
答案
1.A 2.B 3.D 4.B
Passage 3(2021新高考Ⅰ,D)
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional(情感
的)intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything
desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character,
motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.”Research has shown
that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far
beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for
either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may
be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to
control potential victims.Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral
person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can
reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than
harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis
(重视) on emotion by employers,educators and others interested in promoting social well-
being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers
re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday
life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that
such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It
is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives(视
角)from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus
on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
1.What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
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A.It can be measured by an IQ test.
B.It helps to exercise a person's mind.
C.It includes a set of emotional skills.
D.It refers to a person's positive qualities.
2.Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A.To explain a rule.
B.To clarify a concept.
C.To present a fact.
D.To make a prediction.
3.What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A.Favorable. B.Intolerant.
C.Doubtful. D.Unclear.
4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A.Its appeal to the public.
B.Expectations for future studies.
C.Its practical application.
D.Scientists with new perspectives.
答案
1.D 2.B 3.A 4.B
Passage 4(2021新高考Ⅱ,C)
A British woman who won a $1 million prize after she was named the World's Best
Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.
Andria Zafirakou, a north London secondary school teacher, said she wanted to bring about a
classroom revolution(变革). “We are going to make a change,” she said. “I've started a
project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”
The project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sort—
whether an up-and-coming local musician or a major movie star—into schools to work with
and inspire children.
Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School, her place of work for the past
twelve years. “I've seen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are
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inspired by—their eyes are shining and their faces light up,” she said. “We need artists, more
than ever in our schools.”
Artist Michael Craig-Martin said, “Andria's brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into
direct contact with children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being
downgraded in schools.” It was a mistake to see the arts as unnecessary, he added.
Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project. He said that arts education in
schools was not just an add-on. “It is absolutely necessary. The future depends on creativity
and creativity depends on the young. What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes
over will be our creativity, and it is our creative spirit, our visionary sense of freshness, that
has been our strength for centuries.”
1.What will Zafirakou do with her prize money?
A.Make a movie. B.Build new schools.
C.Run a project. D.Help local musicians.
2.What does Craig-Martin think of the teaching of the arts in UK schools?
A.It is particularly difficult.
B.It increases artists' income.
C.It opens children's mind.
D.It deserves greater attention.
3.What should be stressed in school education according to Schama?
A.Moral principles.
B.Interpersonal skills.
C.Creative abilities.
D.Positive worldviews.
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.Bring Artists to Schools
B.When Historians Meet Artists
C.Arts Education in Britain
D.The World's Best Arts Teacher
答案
1.C 2.D 3.C 4.A
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B组 课标全国卷、省(区、市)卷题组
Passage 1(2022全国甲,B)
Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have
similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in
the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent
experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the
box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped
“keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it
will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical(对称的)
shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction
before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin's
cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition
alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests.
This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference
when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely
entirely on visual clues(线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
1.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?
A.By following instructions.
B.By using a tool.
C.By turning the box around.
D.By removing the lid.
2.Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?
A.Using a key to unlock a door.
B.Telling parrots from other birds.
C.Putting a ball into a round hole.
D.Grouping toys of different shapes.
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3.What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?
A.How far they are able to see.
B.How they track moving objects.
C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
4.Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Cockatoos:Quick Error Checkers
B.Cockatoos:Independent Learners
C.Cockatoos:Clever Signal-Readers
D.Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters
答案
1.B 2.C 3.D 4.D
Passage 2(2022全国甲,D)
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city
discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just
sort of there—broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the
harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I
spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run
Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways—he for a lunch break, I to
explore the city.
“I'll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean?” I asked.
“Oh, they're replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they're not so
elegant, and they're not fun to pilot. But that's progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords(口号), and
traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city's official historian, told me that in
its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its
finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can't seem to make up our
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minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It's a conflict that we aren't getting
any better at resolving(解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this
when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack
culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came
to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the
Chinese more still. We've got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and
dynamism of a young country. It's a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can't help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
1.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A.Sydney's striking architecture.
B.The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C.The key to Sydney's development.
D.Sydney's tourist attractions in the 1960s.
2.What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?
A.He goes to work by boat.
B.He looks forward to a new life.
C.He pilots catamarans well.
D.He is attached to the old ferries.
3.What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?
A.It is losing its traditions.
B.It should speed up its progress.
C.It should expand its population.
D.It is becoming more international.
4.Which statement will the author probably agree with?
A.A city can be young and old at the same time.
B.A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C.Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D.Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
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答案
1.C 2.D 3.A 4.A
Passage 3(2021全国乙,C)
You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes
enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a
difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive
sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-
use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,”a pair of 10-foot-
tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several
volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping
center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest
source(来源) of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people
don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be
recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that
someone used for only a few minutes.Once the drink is gone,the straw will take centuries to
disappear.
In a piece from 2018,Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic:Every 60
seconds,a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of
Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic,
which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped(倾倒)from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic
footprint.
1.What are Von Wong's artworks intended for?
A.Beautifying the city he lives in.
B.Introducing eco-friendly products.
C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.
D.Reducing garbage on the beach.
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2.Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B.To explain why they are useful.
C.To voice his views on modern art.
D.To find a substitute for them.
3.What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?
A.Calming. B.Disturbing.
C.Refreshing. D.Challenging.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B.Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C.Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
答案
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.D
Passage 4(2021浙江,C)
If you ever get the impression that your dog can “tell” whether you look content or
annoyed, you may be onto something. Dogs may indeed be able to distinguish between happy
and angry human faces, according to a new study.
Researchers trained a group of 11 dogs to distinguish between images(图像) of the same
person making either a happy or an angry face. During the training stage, each dog was
shown only the upper half or the lower half of the person's face. The researchers then tested
the dogs' ability to distinguish between human facial expressions by showing them the other
half of the person's face or images totally different from the ones used in training. The
researchers found that the dogs were able to pick the angry or happy face by touching a
picture of it with their noses more often than one would expect by random chance.
The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human
faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. “We can rule out that the dogs simply
distinguish between the pictures based on a simple cue, such as the sight of teeth,”said study
author Corsin Müller. “Instead, our results suggest that the successful dogs realized that a
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smiling mouth means the same thing as smiling eyes, and the same rule applies to an angry
mouth having the same meaning as angry eyes.”
“With our study, we think we can now confidently conclude that at least some dogs can
distinguish human facial expressions,”Müller told Live Science.
At this point, it is not clear why dogs seem to be equipped with the ability to recognize
different facial expressions in humans. “To us, the most likely explanation appears to be that
the basis lies in their living with humans, which gives them a lot of exposure to human facial
expressions,” and this exposure has provided them with many chances to learn to distinguish
between them, Müller said.
1.The new study focused on whether dogs can .
A.distinguish shapes
B.make sense of human faces
C.feel happy or angry
D.communicate with each other
2.What can we learn about the study from paragraph 2?
A.Researchers tested the dogs in random order.
B.Diverse methods were adopted during training.
C.Pictures used in the two stages were different.
D.The dogs were photographed before the test.
3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?
A.A suggestion for future studies.
B.A possible reason for the study findings.
C.A major limitation of the study.
D.An explanation of the research method.
答案
1.B 2.C 3.B
Passage 5(2020课标全国Ⅰ,D)
The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific
research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown,
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Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In
another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were
decorated with houseplants.
The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further
—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even
unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show
when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.
“We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we
use every day,”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some
common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-
half hours. The light, about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start.
The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees
into self-powered street lamps.
In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto
plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also
trying to develop an on and off “switch”where the glow would fade when exposed to
daylight.
Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is
often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to
street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输). Glowing
plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
1.What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A.A new study of different plants.
B.A big fall in crime rates.
C.Employees from various workplaces.
D.Benefits from green plants.
2.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers?
A.To detect plants' lack of water.
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B.To change compositions of plants.
C.To make the life of plants longer.
D.To test chemicals in plants.
3.What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?
A.They will speed up energy production.
B.They may transmit electricity to the home.
C.They might help reduce energy consumption.
D.They could take the place of power plants.
4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A.Can we grow more glowing plants?
B.How do we live with glowing plants?
C.Could glowing plants replace lamps?
D.How are glowing plants made pollution-free?
答案
1.D 2.A 3.C 4.C
Passage 6(2020课标全国Ⅱ,B)
Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but
researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.
Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children at the
University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later
develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of
cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents' income, education and the amount
of parent talk, Levine said.
The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities
at home and found children who play with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have
better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.
“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not, on tasks that
assessed their ability to rotate(旋转) and translate shapes,”Levine said in a statement.
The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would, and about half
of the children in the study played with puzzles at one time. Higher-income parents tended to
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have children play with puzzles more frequently, and both boys and girls who played with
puzzles had better spatial skills. However, boys tended to play with more complex puzzles
than girls, and the parents of boys provided more spatial language and were more active
during puzzle play than the parents of girls.
The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.
1.In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?
A.Building confidence.
B.Developing spatial skills.
C.Learning self-control.
D.Gaining high-tech knowledge.
2.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?
A.Parents' age.
B.Children's imagination.
C.Parents' education.
D.Child-parent relationship.
3.How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play?
A.They play with puzzles more often.
B.They tend to talk less during the game.
C.They prefer to use more spatial language.
D.They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.A mathematical method.
B.A scientific study.
C.A woman psychologist.
D.A teaching program.
答案
1.B 2.C 3.D 4.B
Passage 7(2020浙江,C)
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Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial
skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the
journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired
workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers' memory and thinking skills
through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come
back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激),demanding jobs before retirement tended to
do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知)function at a much slower
rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the
scientists accounted for the participants' overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise,”says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long
run, you may feel like you're in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long
day at work—sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy.”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points
out. A waiter's job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making
could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household
requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调),”she says. “You have to organize the
activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries.”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons—including other
environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally
and keeping your mind busy can only help.
1.Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests?
A.To assess their health status.
B.To evaluate their work habits.
C.To analyze their personality.
D.To measure their mental ability.
2.How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4?
A.By using an expert's words.
B.By making a comparison.
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C.By referring to another study.
D.By introducing a concept.
3.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B.Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
答案
1.D 2.B 3.C
Passage 8(2019课标全国Ⅰ,D)
During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,
which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then
came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being
friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I
soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of
clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.
The likables' plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start
interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then
there's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even
dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein's studies show unpleasant
consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in
elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring
the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研
究).“We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward
their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while
likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
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Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date
—sharing, kindness, openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate
and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion:Not only is
likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too.
“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help
somebody gain an advantage,”he said.
1.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A.Unkind. B.Lonely.
C.Generous. D.Cool.
2.What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A.The classification of the popular.
B.The characteristics of adolescents.
C.The importance of interpersonal skills.
D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.
3.What did Dr. Prinstein's study find about the most liked kids?
A.They appeared to be aggressive.
B.They tended to be more adaptable.
C.They enjoyed the highest status.
D.They performed well academically.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Be Nice—You Won't Finish Last
B.The Higher the Status, the Better
C.Be the Best—You Can Make It
D.More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
答案
1.C 2.A 3.B 4.A
Passage 9(2019课标全国Ⅱ,C)
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Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach's Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading
her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading?None of your business!Lunch is
Bechtel's “me” time. And like more Americans, she's not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53
percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at
dinnertime are we eating together anymore, 74 percent, according to statistics from the report.
“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone, but together, you know?”Bechtel said, looking up from
her book. Bechtel, who works in downtown West Palm Beach, has lunch with coworkers
sometimes, but like many of us, too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime
escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling
energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself,”she said.
Just two seats over, Andrew Mazoleny, a local videographer, is finishing his lunch at the bar.
He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's
on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my day's
gone and think about the rest of the week,”he said. “It's a chance for self-reflection. You
return to work recharged and with a plan.”
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when
people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now,
we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesn't feel as alone as it may
have before all the advances in technology,”said Laurie Demeritt, whose company provided
the statistics for the report.
1.What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?
A.Food variety. B.Eating habits.
C.Table manners. D.Restaurant service.
2.Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?
A.To meet with her coworkers.
B.To catch up with her work.
C.To have some time on her own.
D.To collect data for her report.
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3.What do we know about Mazoleny?
A.He makes videos for the bar.
B.He's fond of the food at the bar.
C.He interviews customers at the bar.
D.He's familiar with the barkeeper.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.The trend of having meals alone.
B.The importance of self-reflection.
C.The stress from working overtime.
D.The advantage of wireless technology.
答案
1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A
Passage 10(2019浙江,C)
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published
Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor(因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than
46,000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or
unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels
above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more
than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead
author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the
woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that
compete with big trees for resources(资源).
But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one
between 2001 and 2010,McIntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big
trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water
shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a computer model that calculated how
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much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account
such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).
Since the 1930s, McIntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the state have
been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier
snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
1.What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A.The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.
B.The increasing variety of California big trees.
C.The distribution of big trees in California forests.
D.The influence of farming on big trees in California.
2.Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?
A.Ecological studies of forests.
B.Banning woodcutting.
C.Limiting housing development.
D.Fire control measures.
3.What is a major cause of the water shortage according to McIntyre?
A.Inadequate snowmelt.
B.A longer dry season.
C.A warmer climate.
D.Dampness of the air.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.California's Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?
B.Cutting of Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California Soon
C.Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?
D.Patrick McIntyre: Grow More Big Trees in California
答案
1.A 2.D 3.C 4.A
Passage 11(2019北京,C)
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The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls
from numbers they don't know. By next year, half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈).
We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group
of tools, apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through.
Unfortunately, it's too little, too late. By the time these “solutions”(解决方案)become widely
available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future, it's not just
going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also
question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation(处理) and automation
technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use. At this year's I/O
Conference, a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing
human-sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation
without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The
reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision. A decade of
data breaches(数据侵入) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can
easily learn your mother's name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they're able to
carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means, for example, that a
scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice
that sounds exactly like your bank teller's, tricking you into “confirming” your address,
mother's name, and card number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst
hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing
relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and
consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is
real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing
when and who they were made by, or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards
data-based communications—using apps like FaceTime or WhatsApp, which can be tied to
your identity.
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Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to get harder from
here on out.
1.How does the author feel about the solutions to the problem of robocalls?
A.Panicked. B.Confused.
C.Embarrassed. D.Disappointed.
2.Taking advantage of the new technologies, scammers can .
A.aim at victims precisely B.damage databases easily
C.start campaigns rapidly D.spread information widely
3.What does the passage imply?
A.Honesty is the best policy.
B.Technologies can be double-edged.
C.There are more solutions than problems.
D.Credibility holds the key to development.
4.Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
A.Where the Problem of Robocalls Is Rooted
B.Who Is to Blame for the Problem of Robocalls
C.Why Robocalls Are About to Get More Dangerous
D.How Robocalls Are Affecting the World of Technology
答案
1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C
Passage 12(2018课标全国Ⅰ,B)
Good Morning Britain's Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every
morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role—showing families how to prepare
delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.
In Save Money:Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef
Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under
￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she's been able to put a
lot of what she's learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14,
Finn, 13, and Jack,11.
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“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway
restaurant,”she explains.“I pay ￡5 for a portion(一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a
portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but
sometimes we're not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”
The eight-part series(系列节目), Save Money:Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV's
Save Money:Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast
range of health products on the market.
With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a
different family each week. In tonight's Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need
of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family's long weekend of
celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.
1.What do we know about Susanna Reid?
A.She enjoys embarrassing her guests.
B.She has started a new programme.
C.She dislikes working early in the morning.
D.She has had a tight budget for her family.
2.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?
A.He buys cooking materials for her.
B.He prepares food for her kids.
C.He assists her in cooking matters.
D.He invites guest families for her.
3.What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?
A.Summarize the previous paragraphs.
B.Provide some advice for the readers.
C.Add some background information.
D.Introduce a new topic for discussion.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Keeping Fit by Eating Smart
B.Balancing Our Daily Diet
C.Making Yourself a Perfect Chef
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D.Cooking Well for Less
答案
1.B 2.C 3.C 4.D
Passage 13(2018课标全国Ⅱ,C)
Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense
Media report published Monday.
While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows
that reading remains a big part of many children's lives, and indicates how parents might help
encourage more reading.
According to the report's key findings, “the proportion(比例)who say they ‘hardly ever’read
for fun has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22
percent and 27 percent respectively today.”
The report data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children, ages 2—8, remain
largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from
closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.
When it comes to technology and reading, the report does little to counsel(建议) parents
looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that
many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen
time.
The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as
examples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading. Data shows that kids
and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the
home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set
aside time for them to read.
As the end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom(逼近) ahead, parents
might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family
trip to the library or bookstore.
1.What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?
A.Children's reading habits.
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B.Quality of children's books.
C.Children's after-class activities.
D.Parent-child relationships.
2.Where can you find the data that best supports “children are reading a lot less for fun”?
A.In paragraph 2.
B.In paragraph 3.
C.In paragraph 4.
D.In paragraph 5.
3.Why do many parents limit electronic reading?
A.E-books are of poor quality.
B.It could be a waste of time.
C.It may harm children's health.
D.E-readers are expensive.
4.How should parents encourage their children to read more?
A.Act as role models for them.
B.Ask them to write book reports.
C.Set up reading groups for them.
D.Talk with their reading class teachers.
答案
1.A 2.B 3.C 4.A
Passage 14(2018课标全国Ⅱ,D)
We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people
who are, like us, deeply focused on their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the
uncomfortable silence.
What's the problem?It's possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence.
It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and challenging, or
we think it's annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers,
consider that small talk is worth the trouble. Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that
results in big benefits.
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Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget that deep relationships
wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease(润滑剂)for
social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at
Indiana University Southeast.“Almost every great love story and each big business deal
begins with small talk,”he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to
connect with others, not just communicate with them.”
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on
their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction(互动)with its
waiter;the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted
with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop
experience.“It's not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to your husband,”says
Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral(边缘的)members of our social network matter for our
well-being also.”
Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of
belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts
with small talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners,”he says.
1.What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A.Addiction to smartphones.
B.Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C.Absence of communication between strangers.
D.Impatience with slow service.
2.What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A.Showing good manners.
B.Relating to other people.
C.Focusing on a topic.
D.Making business deals.
3.What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A.It improves family relationships.
B.It raises people's confidence.
C.It matters as much as a formal talk.
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D.It makes people feel good.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Conversation Counts
B.Ways of Making Small Talk
C.Benefits of Small Talk
D.Uncomfortable Silence
答案
1.C 2.B 3.D 4.C
Passage 15(2018浙江,B)
Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks. His strange habit makes sense when you
consider that he's an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter, including things
that fall off garbage trucks as they drive down the road. What is even more interesting is that
one of Stein's jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.
Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year. So many end up in tree
branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at
checkouts(收银台). The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in California, including Los
Angeles. Eyeing these headwinds, plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make
the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.
Among the bag makers' arguments:many cities with bans still allow shoppers to purchase
paper bags, which are easily recycled but require more energy to produce and transport. And
while plastic bags may be ugly to look at, they represent a small percentage of all garbage on
the ground today.
The industry has also taken aim at the product that has appeared as its replacement:reusable
shopping bags. The stronger a reusable bag is, the longer its life and the more plastic-bag use
it cancels out. However, longer-lasting reusable bags often require more energy to make. One
study found that a cotton bag must be used at least 131 times to be better for the planet than
plastic.
Environmentalists don't dispute(质疑)these points. They hope paper bags will be banned
someday too and want shoppers to use the same reusable bags for years.
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1.What has Steven Stein been hired to do?
A.Help increase grocery sales.
B.Recycle the waste material.
C.Stop things falling off trucks.
D.Argue for the use of plastic bags.
2.What does the word“headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?
A.Bans on plastic bags.
B.Effects of city development.
C.Headaches caused by garbage.
D.Plastic bags hung in trees.
3.What is a disadvantage of reusable bags according to plastic-bag makers?
A.They are quite expensive.
B.Replacing them can be difficult.
C.They are less strong than plastic bags.
D.Producing them requires more energy.
4.What is the best title for the text?
A.Plastic, Paper or Neither
B.Industry, Pollution and Environment
C.Recycle or Throw Away
D.Garbage Collection and Waste Control
答案
1.D 2.A 3.D 4.A
Passage 16(2018北京,C)
Plastic-Eating Worms
Humans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almost half of that winds
up in landfills(垃圾填埋场), and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no
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effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of
some hungry worms.
Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can
break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms
on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke
down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was
not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into
paste(糊状物)and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their
mass—apparently broken down by enzymes(酶)from the worms' stomachs. Their findings
were published in Current Biology in 2017.
Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their
everyday food—beeswax—also allows them to break down plastic. “Wax is a complex
mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well,”she
explains. “The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond.”
Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not
involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene.
But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one
exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an
enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?
Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to
break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial
process—not simply“millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”
1.What can we learn about the worms in the study?
A.They take plastics as their everyday food.
B.They are newly evolved creatures.
C.They can consume plastics.
D.They wind up in landfills.
2.According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to .
A.identify other means of the breakdown
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B.find out the source of the enzyme
C.confirm the research findings
D.increase the breakdown speed
3.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that the chemical might .
A.help to raise worms
B.help make plastic bags
C.be used to clean the oceans
D.be produced in factories in future
4.What is the main purpose of the passage?
A.To explain a study method on worms.
B.To introduce the diet of a special worm.
C.To present a way to break down plastics.
D.To propose new means to keep eco-balance.
答案
1.C 2.B 3.D 4.C
三年模拟
A组 考点基础题组
Passage 1(2022福建厦门二检,B)
I live in Xizhou in Yunnan Province, on the Ancient Tea Horse Road. I have to admit
that when I first heard that Paul Salopek was going to walk the entire globe on his own two
feet, I was blown away. I couldn't imagine that there could be such an unusual person in the
world.
Last May, I met Paul. He told me that it was his first time in China. He talked to me with
great excitement about the history, migrations, and discoveries in my region of China. He
spoke of the Silk Road, the travels of the 17th-century Chinese explorer Xu Xiake, the
Ancient Tea Horse Road and the early 20th-century American botanist Joseph Rock. He also
talked of Xuanzang. Paul considered many of them heroes and in a sense Chinese pioneers of
slow journeys.
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I decided to accompany Paul on his walk toward Yunnan. On September 28, 2021, we set out.
Our days were simple: walk, eat, sleep, and repeat. We woke up at sunrise, set off in high
spirits, and rested at sunset, dragging ourselves into exhausted sleep.
We met many people on the road. Some were curious, surrounding us and watching us; some
gave us directions; some invited us into their home to take a rest; some spoke of the charm of
their hometown. We met many beautiful souls, simple souls and warm souls. We were
walking with our minds.
Together, we were impressed by the biodiversity of the Gaoligong Mountains. As I
walked on ancient paths through the mountains, I seemed to hear the voices of past travelers
urging me to be careful on the road.
Looking back on the more than 200 miles I walked with Paul, I came to a realization.
Walking for its own sake is only a small part of the benefit of moving with our feet. A deeper
reward is rediscovering the world around us, shortening the distance between each other, and
sharing each other's cultures.
1.How did the writer first respond to Paul's travel plan?
A.Scared. B.Puzzled.
C.Disappointed. D.Surprised.
2.What can we learn about Paul Salopek from paragraph 2?
A.He was a western journalist.
B.He had a knowledge of China.
C.He came to China several times.
D.He was Joseph Rock's acquaintance.
3.What does paragraph 4 mainly tell us about the writer and Paul?
A.They honored the ancestors.
B.They set off in high spirits.
C.They satisfied the locals' curiosity.
D.They built bonds with people.
4.What is the main purpose of the writer's writing the text?
A.To share and reflect on a journey.
B.To suggest a new way of travel.
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C.To advocate protection of biodiversity.
D.To introduce and promote Chinese culture.
答案
1.D 2.B 3.D 4.A
Passage 2(2022重庆第一次联合诊断,D)
Nature has developed the emotional state we call anger to help us stay alive. Anger
energizes us to prepare us for action. It can be used either in productive ways or just the
opposite. When we feel energized by anger, we might ask ourselves how we put this energy
to the most productive use.
Perhaps the most helpful thing to remember about anger is that it is a secondary emotion. A
primary feeling is what is felt immediately before we feel angry. We might first feel afraid,
attacked, offended, trapped, or disrespected. If any of these feelings are intense enough, we
think of the emotion as anger. Generally speaking, secondary feelings do not identify the
unmet emotional need. When all I can say is “I feel angry”, neither I nor anyone else knows
what would help me feel better. A helpful technique, then, is to always identify the primary
emotion.
Assume someone wants us to do something we prefer not to do. At first, we feel a little
pressured, but not enough to get angry. When they keep pushing us, we begin to get irritated.
If they continue, we get angry. Such anger damages relationships.
If we feel angry, it is evident that we feel strongly about something. Instead of saying “I can't
believe how irresponsible she is. What a cold-hearted, evil witch she is.”, a more productive
response is: “Am I really upset by this? Why does it bother me so much? What specifically
am I feeling?” From the answers, we can decide to pick the best one to calm the anger. As
soon as we “upshift” and begin to think about our options and their consequences, we start to
feel more in control and less threatened. We get out of the automatic stimulus-response mode
and realize that we have choices.
There is a quote from Viktor E. Frankl that goes like this: “Between stimulus and response
there is a space. In that space...lies our growth and our freedom.”
1.What's the author's attitude towards anger?
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A.Favorable. B.Neutral.
C.Doubtful. D.Negative.
2.What can we know about anger?
A.It reflects one's intense feeling.
B.It refers to a minor emotion.
C.It can identify emotional need.
D.It surely causes a violent reaction.
3.What does Paragraph 4 mainly deal with?
A.What questions we ask about anger.
B.How we respond to anger.
C.How we develop growth and freedom.
D.When we consider the consequence.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.Ways to know about anger.
B.Reasons to arouse anger.
C.Managing anger in a good way.
D.Calming anger at the right time.
答案
1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C
Passage 3(2022广东深圳二调,C)
Endangered polar bears are breeding (繁殖) with grizzly bears (灰熊), creating “pizzly”
bears, which is being driven by climate change, scientists say.
As the world warms and Arctic sea ice thins, starving polar bears are being forced ever further
south, where they meet grizzlies, whose ranges are expanding northwards. And with that
growing contact between the two come increasing hybrids (杂交种).
With characteristics that could give the hybrids an advantage in warming northern habitats,
some scientists guess that they could be here to stay. “Usually, hybrids aren't better suited to
their environments than their parents, but these hybrids are able to search for a broader range
of food sources,” Larisa DeSantis, an associate professor of biological sciences at Vanderbilt
University, told Live Science.
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The rise of “pizzly” bears appears with polar bears' decline: Their numbers are estimated to
decrease by more than 30% in the next 30 years. This sudden fall is linked partly to “pizzly”
bears taking up polar bears' ranges, where they outcompete them, but also to polar bears'
highly specialized diets.
“Polar bears mainly consumed soft foods even during the Medieval Warm Period, a previous
period of rapid warming,” DeSantis said, referring to fat meals such as seals. “Although all of
these starving polar bears are trying to find alternative food sources, like seabird eggs, it could
bea tipping point for their survival.” Actually, the calories they gain from these sources do
not balance out those they burn from searching for them. This could result in a habitat ready
for the hybrids to move in and take over, leading to a loss in biodiversity if polar bears are
replaced.
“We're having massive impacts with climate change on species,” DeSantis said. “The polar
bear is telling us how bad things are. In some sense, ‘pizzly’ bears could be a sad but
necessary compromise given current warming trends.”
1.Why do polar bears move further south?
A.To create hybrids. B.To expand territory.
C.To relieve hunger. D.To contact grizzlies.
2.What makes “pizzly” bears adapt to natural surroundings better than their parents?
A.Broader habitats. B.More food options.
C.Climate preference. D.Improved breeding ability.
3.What does the underlined phrase “a tipping point” in paragraph 5 refer to?
A.A rare chance. B.A critical stage.
C.A positive factor. D.A constant change.
4.What's the main idea of the text?
A.Polar bears are changing diets for climate change.
B.Polar bears have already adjusted to climate change.
C.“Pizzly” bears are on the rise because of global warming.
D.“Pizzly” bears have replaced polar bears for global warming.答案
1.C 2.B 3.B 4.C
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Passage 4(2022福建4月联合测评,B)
Officer Jonathan Smith, 30, was called to Bond Lake near Lewiston, New York, after
receiving reports of a little dog that had fallen into the lake about 50 yards from the shore. In
this heart-in-mouth footage (镜头) captured by a fellow officer's bodycam (随身摄像头), the
brave police officer threw off some equipment before dashing out onto the ice without any
caution for his own safety.
The owner had been walking the 10-month-old dog around the lake on January 5 when Kona
spotted a distant flock of geese landing on the water and ran towards them. Horrified, Kona's
owner watched as the dog fell into the freezing water at the edge of the ice.
In an email to Lewiston Police Department the owner wrote: “Although she is a strong
swimmer, there was zero chance of her getting back out onto the ice and she began to panic
and tire quickly.”
The witness nearby called 911 right away, and 15 minutes later Officer Smith and two other
officers from the Police Department arrived. Without hesitation or rescue equipment the
officer removed his uniform and gun belt and ran over the ice towards the exhausted dog.
When he got close enough to her, Officer Smith grabbed the dog and pulled her from the
water so she was able to run back over the ice to her owner.
“Kona and I and everybody that loves her are extremely grateful for his selflessness and
courage,” the owner wrote. “His professionalism and bravery should be applauded. I have
witnessed countless acts of selfless heroism. Officer Smith's actions rank high in my book.”
The owner was an author, who has written many books.
Lewiston Police Department posted the bodycam footage from the rescue on their Facebook
page, along with the message from Kona's owner.
1.Why did the dog Kona run to the lake?
A.The owner asked Kona to do it.
B.Kona wanted to play on the ice.
C.A gunshot frightened Kona into doing it.
D.A flock of geese excited Kona's curiosity.
2.What is Kona's owner?
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A.A rescuer. B.A policeman.
C.A writer. D.A photographer.
3.Which of the following can best describe Officer Smith?
A.Strong and skilled.
B.Brave and selfless.
C.Successful and hopeful.
D.Outgoing and generous.
4.What's the best title of the text?
A.A Policeman Rescued a Dog Struggling in a Frozen Lake
B.Lewiston Police Department Received an Unusual Email
C.A Story Between a Dog and Geese
D.The Act of Selfish Heroism
答案
1.D 2.C 3.B 4.A
Passage 5(2021江苏南通模拟,B)
I remember doing the household chores to help my mother when I was nine. I hated
changing the vacuum cleaner (真空吸尘器) bag and picking up things the machine did not
suck up. Twenty years later, in 1978, with this lifelong dislike of the way the machine
worked, I decided to make a bagless one.
Easier said than done, of course. I didn't realize that I would spend the next five years
perfecting my design, a process that resulted in 5,127 different prototypes (样机). By the time
I made my 15th prototype, my third child was born. By 2,627, my wife and I were really
counting our pennies. By 3,727, my wife was giving art lessons for some extra cash, and we
were getting further and further into debt. These were tough times, but each failure brought
me closer to solving the problem.
In the early 1980s, I started trying to get licensing agreements for my technology. The reality
was very different, however. The major vacuum makers had built a business model based on
the profits from bags and filters (滤器). No one would license my idea, not because it was a
bad one, but because it was bad for business. But soon after, the companies that I had talked
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with started making machines like mine. I had to fight legal battles on both sides of the
Atlantic to protect the patents on my vacuum cleaner.
I was still in financial difficulties until 1993, when my bank manager personally persuaded a
bank to lend me $1 million. Then I was able to go into production. Within two years, the
Dyson vacuum cleaner became a best-seller in Britain.
Today, I still embrace risk and the potential for failure as part of the process. Nothing beats
the excitement of invention.
1.What drove the author to make a bagless vacuum cleaner?
A.His willingness to help Mom.
B.His curiosity about machines.
C.His trouble in doing family chores.
D.His discontent with existing cleaners.
2.What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us?
A.The help from the author's wife.
B.The financial problems of the family.
C.The tough process of the new invention.
D.The procedures of making a bagless cleaner.
3.Why did the companies refuse to license the author's technology?
A.They thought they might suffer loss.
B.They considered it not good enough.
C.They faced legal problems themselves.
D.They had begun making such machines.
4.What lesson may the author learn from the experience?
A.Think twice before acting.
B.Failure is the mother of success.
C.Actions speak louder than words.
D.A good beginning makes a good ending.
答案
1.D 2.C 3.A 4.B
Passage 6(2020广东联考,D)
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Saving the giant panda from extinction isn't just good for the bears—it's good for the
bottom line too,a new analysis by an international team of scientists shows.
The results, published in the journal Current Biology, highlight the economic benefits that
they say go hand in hand with environmental conservation. In order to protect giant pandas,
the government must protect their forests, which provide a host of often underappreciated
services for the communities that lie in and around them. For example,forests allow for the
growing of crops and the grazing(放牧)of animals,store fresh water and supply
firewood,lumber(木材)and many useful plants. They manage storm run-off and help prevent
erosion(侵蚀).
The pandas themselves also hold enormous cultural value that has risen rapidly in recent
decades among Chinese residents,the study also points out. “From 1980 to 2010,the cultural
value of pandas and their reserves almost doubled, largely driven by tourism use,” they said.
Taking all of these factors into account,the scientists calculated a total economic value of
approximately $2.6 billion in 2010 in China. Keep in mind, the costs of preserving the panda
habitat at current levels come to about$255 million. The study authors said that including the
global cultural value, the animals would increase the total economic value to $6.9 billion per
year—or about 27 times the costs of habitat preservation.
The researchers also noted that the investment in the panda habitat has improved the living
conditions of local residents. They pointed out that the annual income in Sichuan, Shaanxi
and Gansu provinces,which have the panda reserves,rose by an average of 56% from 2000 to
2010.Farmers in counties within these provinces that were next to the panda reserves saw
their annual incomes rise by 64%,on average.
“The findings provide a promising example of how conservation efforts can pay off,and they
could be applied to many other threatened and endangered species,” the study authors said.
1.What do the underlined words “bottom line” refer to in the first paragraph?
A.Moral standard.
B.Economic profits.
C.Overall development.
D.Environmental conservation.
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2.Which is one of the results of preserving pandas?
A.Less farmland.
B.More foreign trade.
C.More forest fires.
D.Better farming conditions.
3.About how many times do economic values outweigh the costs of preservation?
A.26. B.10. C.4. D.3.
4.What's the main idea of the passage?
A.Protecting pandas takes great efforts.
B.Panda reserves are a major tourist attraction in China.
C.Conservation of pandas is economically rewarding.
D.Pandas make great contributions to the environment.
答案
1.B 2.D 3.A 4.C
B组 综合提升题组
Passage 1(2022重庆第一次联合诊断,C)
Norway just hit a record in its move to gradually stop using cars that rely on fossil fuels.
More than 9 in 10 new cars sold there in September were either electric or rechargeable
hybrids, according to the Norwegian Information Council for Road Traffic, or OFV. Of all
new passenger cars sold so far in 2021, less than 5% are gas-powered. A slightly smaller
percentage use diesel (柴油). The sales numbers push Norway closer to meeting its national
goal of transitioning to an entirely zero-emission (零排放的) fleet of new cars by 2025—an
initiative the government backs with tax incentives (激励).
Several factors are driving record numbers of Norwegian drivers to choose electricity over
gas or diesel power, including new technology that has eased customers' anxiety about
electric vehicles' range. But money is a main concern.
Norway has long encouraged people to adopt electric vehicles—and it does so by using a
carrot so large that it's essentially also a stick.
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Electric cars are exempt (免除) from the 25% value-added tax (VAT), for instance. They're
also exempt from environmental pollution taxes that buyers of gas and diesel vehicles must
pay. “The purchase tax for all new cars is calculated by a combination of weight, CO and
2
NOx emissions,”the Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association says. “The tax is progressive,
making big cars with high emissions very expensive.” Other sweeteners include a lot of auto-
related fees that are reduced or totally canceled, from ferry rides to parking. And companies
can get a tax break for each electric vehicle.
Overall, Norway is seeing a rapid increase in passenger cars this year—more than 35% higher
than in 2020. With electric car sales booming, the future of the VAT exemption has been the
top subject for political debate this year, as lawmakers look at how to bolster tax income
while also supporting the move away from fossil fuels.
1.What is the main reason for electric vehicles' leading sales growth?
A.The VAT exemption.
B.No more auto-related fees.
C.Fossil fuel shortage.
D.The development of technology.
2.How does the author illustrate the carrot and stick approach in the 5th paragraph?
A.By analyzing cause and effect.
B.By giving statistics.
C.By referring to previous findings.
D.By making a comparison.
3.What does the underlined word “bolster” in the last paragraph mean?
A.Calculate.B.Reduce.C.Receive.D.Increase.
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.Tax-free Policy Works Well with Car Industry in Norway
B.No More Gas-powered Cars Allowed to Be Sold in Norway
C.9 in 10 Cars Sold in Norway Are Electric or Rechargeable Hybrids
D.Almost All Cars Will Go Electric in Norway Right Away
答案
1.A 2.D 3.D 4.C
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Passage 2(2022辽宁名校联盟3月联考,D)
Wind power is a powerful tool for reducing carbon emissions (排放) that cause climate
change. The turbines (涡轮机), however, can be a threat to birds, which is why experts are
looking for ways to limit the danger.
A company in Boulder, Colorado has produced a camera-and-AI-based technology that can
recognize eagles and other birds as they approach in enough time to make turbines pause in
their flight path. Their tool, called IdentiFlight, can detect 5.62 times more bird flights than
human observers alone, and with an accuracy rate of 94 percent. Using high-precision visual
sensors, the system calculates a bird's speed and flight track, and if it is on a collision (碰撞)
path with a turbine, a signal is sent to shut that turbine down.
Winning an award for its performance in Australia, the tracking system was built in 2018 and
was found to cut eagle deaths at the Cattle Hill Wind Farm by more than four-fifths. Each
day, signals have shut down their movement an average of 400 times—across the field of 48
turbines—for two to three minutes each time.
Bird lover and director of the National Audubon Society's Clean Energy Initiative, Garry
George, admits, “Our own science shows that climate change is by far the biggest threat to
birds and the places wildlife needs to survive. IdentiFlight will make it possible to fight the
worst effects of climate change and at the same time protect the birds we love in the process.”
1.What contribute to IdentiFlight detecting birds' approaching?
A.Cameras and AI.
B.Human observers.
C.Changes to turbines.
D.Birds' flying habits.
2.What happens at a wind farm with IdentiFlight when a bird is to knock into a turbine?
A.The turbine is stopped temporarily.
B.The turbine changes the bird's track.
C.The turbine kills the approaching bird.
D.The turbine is out of work permanently.
3.What is Garry George's attitude towards IdentiFlight?
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A.Ambiguous.
B.Reserved.
C.Approving.
D.Unconcerned.
4.What is the suitable title for the text?
A.AI Keeps Track of Birds
B.Powerful Tools Save Nature
C.Climate Change Leads to Bird Deaths
D.AI Helps Wind Turbines Protect Birds
答案
1.A 2.A 3.C 4.D
Passage 3(2022江苏南通基地学校第三次大联考,C)
African grey parrots can live more than 50 years, memorize dozens of words in English
and, if given the chance, outperform(胜过)a group of Harvard students in the classic shell
game.
Griffin, a grey parrot, is the subject of a recent study published on May 6 in the journal
Scientific Reports. Researchers challenged Griffin to a working memory task where he had to
locate a colorful ball hidden under a plastic cup after it was shuffled(改变位置)around a table
several times. Meanwhile, 21 Harvard students were given the same task—and Griffin
matched or outperformed them in 12 of 14 trials.
“Think about it: A grey parrot outperforms Harvard undergrads. That's really awesome,” lead
study author HragPailian, a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard said. “We had students
concentrating on engineering, pre-med, and he just outperformed them.”
To be fair, Griffin is no average parrot. According to the study authors, the 22-year-old bird
“has been the subject of cognitive and communicative studies since his acquisition from a
breeder(饲养员)at 7.5 weeks of age.”
Griffin's bird-mom, Irene Pepperberg—a Harvard psychologist and co-author of the new
paper—previously taught the parrot to reproduce some 30 English words and to comprehend
at least 40, including the names of colors. As such, Griffin didn't need any special coaching to
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learn the shell game—Pepperberg merely demonstrated a few sample rounds for him, just as
she did for Griffin's human competitors.
The participants completed 120 rounds of the game spread across 14 trials, which got
progressively harder. By the end of the day, the participants had to keep track of four
different-colored details under four cups, which were shuffled four times. Griffin was able to
find the target ball with higher accuracy than the students in all 14 trials.
The parrot's performance suggests that its memorizing ability may have evolved(进化)from a
common ancestor millions of years ago.
1.What is the purpose of the research?
A.To set the task to the Harvard students.
B.To test the memorizing ability of Griffin.
C.To locate a colorful ball hidden under the cup.
D.To shuffle the cups around a table several times.
2.How did HragPailian feel about the outcome of the shell game?
A.Puzzled. B.Satisfied.
C.Impressed. D.Disappointed.
3.Why could Griffin outperform the students?
A.It was acquired from a breeder.
B.It had received relevant training.
C.It had grasped 30 English words.
D.It was showed more sample rounds.
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.African grey parrots evolve fast
B.African grey parrots live longer
C.A parrot fights for good memory
D.A parrot beats Harvard students
答案
1.B 2.C 3.B 4.D
Passage 4(2022湖北十一校第二次联考,D)
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The company SpaceX has already launched hundreds of its Starlink satellites, with plans
to put as many as 42,000 of them in Earth orbit. Its goal is to provide high-speed Internet to
billions of people. Moving toward that kind of access is important, but it comes at a cost.
Glittering with reflected sunlight, these first orbiters, sent up in the past year, are brighter than
99 percent of the 5,000 or so other satellites now circling Earth, and obviously there are going
to be a lot more. This sudden increase is bad for astronomy: The probability of a Starlink
satellite crossing a telescope's field of view and ruining an observation will be quite high near
sunset. For that reason, my fellow astronomers have signed a petition(请愿书)calling for
governments to protect the night sky from this invasion.
In response to protests, SpaceX has promised to address the visibility problem by, for
example, applying experimental coatings—essentially painting the satellites black—but the
company's aggressive launch schedule remains unchanged. And the satellites' illuminated(被
照亮)surfaces are mostly their solar panels—exactly the part that cannot be painted over.
Unfortunately, at present no regulations govern how bright a single satellite can be, let alone
thousands of them together. Even if there are such regulations, one nation's laws cannot
hinder(阻碍)another country's launches. Space literally has no borders, and the sky will need
to be protected at an international level. As a consequence, we hope that the United Nations
will find a way to think outside of the box to save the sky for everyone.
When I was growing up in Montana, it was a game to be the first to find a moving satellite
among the host of stars in the night sky. Soon it could be a game to recognize the
constellations(星座)behind a swarm of moving points of light.
1.What is the writer's attitude toward SpaceX's launch plans?
A.Indifferent. B.Doubtful.
C.Optimistic. D.Disapproving.
2.Why have the author's fellow astronomers signed the petition?
A.SpaceX plans to send too many Starlink satellites into space.
B.The Starlink satellites will possibly ruin an observation near sunset.
C.The first orbiters are brighter than most of other satellites circling Earth.
D.SpaceX fails to provide high-speed Internet to people around the world.
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3.According to the author, who should shoulder the responsibility to save the sky?
A.The United States.
B.The United Nations.
C.The company SpaceX.
D.Just one nation.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Preserve the Night Sky
B.Ban Starlink Satellites
C.Observe the Stars Attentively
D.Protest Against SpaceX
答案
1.D 2.B 3.B 4.A
Passage 5(2021湖北七市州教科研协作体3月联考,C)
Britain's streets are becoming increasingly crowded with throwaway facemasks and
protective gloves, a survey has found, and councils warn that they are battling with a
mountain of personal protective equipment (PPE) litter.
Four in ten councils have identified throwaway masks, gloves and other forms of PPE as a
problem in their area, and warned that it could pose an infection risk.
The District Councils' Network (DCN)represents about 180 regional authorities, covering
waste collection for 22 million people. “As well as being potentially dangerous for pets and
wildlife, there is a risk that they could spread infection,” it said. “The World Health
Organization has warned that appropriate handling is essential to avoid any increase in the
spread of disease.”
Councils are already struggling with waste collection during the pandemic as residents are
creating more rubbish while spending longer periods at home. The DCN said some weeks this
summer had been like “Christmas collections”, referring to the larger amounts of rubbish over
the festive period.
Dan Humphreys, the DCN's chief for enhancing quality of life, said, “Facemasks, gloves and
other forms of PPE are designed to protect people but poor handling risks doing the opposite.
We would remind residents to think about how they deal with their waste.”
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Scientists, however, have warned that even if masks are dealt with properly, 124,000 tons of
single-use facemasks could end up in landfills if people do not switch to reusable coverings.
1.What is the DCN's attitude towards PPE litter?
A.Worried. B.Tolerant.
C.Skeptical. D.Approving.
2.Why is “Christmas collections” mentioned in paragraph 4?
A.To recall the festival.
B.To admire the atmosphere.
C.To advocate the collection.
D.To criticize the phenomenon.
3.What can we infer from the scientists' warning?
A.It is better to produce multiple-use equipment.
B.It is better to use reusable equipment.
C.More rubbish will be produced.
D.More landfills will be built.
4.What is the text mainly about?
A.The benefits of wearing facemasks.
B.The ways of dealing with rubbish.
C.The problem of handling PPE litter.
D.The importance of protecting individuals.
答案
1.A 2.D 3.B 4.C
Passage 6(2021山东潍坊一模,B)
A new study, published this week in the journal Frontiers in Veterinary Science, reveals
that non-human animals' tears are not so different from our own. The chemical similarities are
so great, in fact, that the composition of other species' tears—and how they're adapted to their
environments—may provide insights into better treatments for human eye disease.
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Previously, scientists had studied closely only the tears of a handful of mammals, including
humans, dogs, horses, camels, and monkeys. In the new study, Brazilian veterinarians
analyzed the tears of reptiles and birds for the first time, focusing on seven species.
Tears, which are released from the tear glands, form a film over the eye that is composed of
three ingredients: mucus, water, and oil. The mucus coats the eye's surface and helps to attach
the film to the eye, the water is a natural saline solution(盐溶液) containing crucial proteins
and minerals, and the oil prevents the eye from drying out.
Humans are the only known species to produce emotional tears; the expression “crocodile
tears,” which refers to a person's phony display of emotion, comes from the mysterious
tendency of crocodiles to release tears as they eat.
But tears play key roles beyond weeping, notes Lionel Sebbag at Iowa State University, who
was not involved in the new research. They help with vision by lubricating and clearing the
eye. They also protect the eye against infection and provide nutrition to the cornea(角膜), the
eye's clear outer layer, which lacks blood vessels(血管), he says.
Learning how reptiles and birds use tears may also inspire new medications for conditions
such as dry eye, which occurs when the tear glands don't produce enough oil. The disease,
common in cats, dogs, and people, can sometimes lead to blindness.
1.What is paragraph 3 mainly about?
A.The source of tears.
B.The composition of tears.
C.The classification of tears.
D.The definition of tears.
2.What does the underlined word “phony” in paragraph 4 mean?
A.Tricky. B.Regretful.
C.Cold. D.False.
3.Which statement does Lionel Sebbag agree with?
A.Weeping contributes to eye disease.
B.The cornea has rich blood vessels.
C.Tears oil and clear the eyes.
D.More tears mean better vision.
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4.What might be the best title for the text?
A.Tears, a barrier to eyes
B.A better treatment for eye disease
C.Non-human tears promise new cures
D.Other species' tears are similar to humans'
答案
1.B 2.D 3.C 4.C
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