专题20 人文与自然环境
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目录
1. 高考真题练
2. 创新基础练
3. 高考模拟练
一 高考真题练
1.（2022·浙江·高考真题）
阅读下面材料, 在空白处填入适当的内容（一个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but
growing minority of academics 1 are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.
Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the like — frequently by plane — 2 (view)
as important for scientists to get together and exchange information. But Cobb and others 3 (be)
now questioning that idea pushing conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely, and 4
(change) their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis. On a website
called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, 5 (rough) 200 academics — many of them climate
scientists — 6 (promise) to fly as little as possible since the effort started two years ago.
Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak 7 she could
do so remotely; about three-quarters of 8 time, they agreed. When the answer, was no, she,
declined the 9 (invite). That approach brought Cobb's air travel last year down by 75%, and she
plans 10 (continue) the practice. "It has been fairly rewarding.", she says, "a really
positive change."
2.（2024·全国甲卷·高考真题）
阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Although parks of all sizes and types exist at any level, the national parks, in particular, tend 11
(catch) our attention because of their large size and variety. They are 12 (treasure) of American
heritage (遗产). How did the national park system come about? On a cool, starry night in mid-September
1870, four men relaxed before a campfire along the Firehole River in 13 is now northwestern
Wyoming. They 14 (be) part of a 15-member exploring party that had spent almost five awesome
weeks in witness of the natural beauties there.
What should 15 (do) with such a beautiful place? They wondered out loud. This area, with
16 (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved 17 all people of the
nation to enjoy — as a national park. They all agreed and vowed (承诺) to promote the idea at the 18
(complete) of their journey. Their promotional work paid off. Two years later, 18 years before Wyoming
became a state, Yellowstone became the first national park in the United States and the world. Yellowstone
was the 19 (large) United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias
in southern Alaska, 20 became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national
park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
3.（2022·上海·高考真题）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the
passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the
proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
The Lights of Aurora
On the night of 2 September 1859, the dark sky over Europe and North America was suddenly full
of light. The light did not come from the sun or the moon — and it had a strange colour. The light moved
across the sky, 21 (come) and going, like clouds in a strong wind. In the United States, a man in
Boston was using the telegraph to speak to a man in Portland, 160 km away. They both turned off the
electricity for the telegraph, but 22 could still speak to each other for the next two hours. The
electricity was coming from the light in the sky. How was this possible? And what was the light in the sky?
The light is called the aurora. Usually, you can see it only at the very north of the earth, 23
it is called aurora borealis or Northern Lights, or at the very south, where it is the aurora australis or
Southern Lights. But in 1859, something happened in the sun — a very large storm — and it moved the
aurora across the middle of the earth. We do not think that his ever happened before 1859, and we know
that it 24 (not happen) since then.
Why does the aurora happen? And why can we only see it at the top or bottom of the earth? The
aurora is made by something 25 (call) the ‘solar wind’ (wind from the sun). We cannot see this
wind, or touch it. It is a wind of particles that travel away from the sun all the time at about 400 kilometres
a second. Most of the particles never touch the earth. The earth has a kind of ‘wall’ around it that defends it
26 these particles. This wall is called the earth's magnetic field, and it pushes the particles away on
either side. But the earth's magnetic field has two ‘windows’ in it: the magnetic north, and the magnetic
south. At these places, the earth's magnetic field turns down into the earth. And some of the particles from
the solar wind come through these magnetic ‘windows’. These solar particles crash into the particles that
are already in our sky. And 27 this happens, we see the beautiful lines or clouds of light of the
aurora.
Alaska is a good place 28 (see) the aurora borealis, and you can also go to places like
Iceland, Siberia, the north of Greenland, Norway, Sweden, and Scotland. To see the aurora australis, go to
the south of Australia, Tasmania, or New Zealand.
People travel thousands of kilometres to see the aurora, and they can never be sure 29 it
will happen. But 30 does see it says that they will never forget it.
4.（2021·全国甲卷·高考真题）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Xi’an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China’s long history. It 31
(build) originally to protect the city 32 the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored
(修复). It is possible 33 (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
We accessed the wall through the South Gate. The wall is 12 meters high and from here you can see
streams of people moving inside and outside the City Wall.
After 34 (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it
was time for some action and what 35 (good) than to ride on a piece of history!
We 36 (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky
37 did the job. It took us about 3 hours to go all 38 way around the Xi’an City Wall.
Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and 39 (watchtower)
to take pictures or just to watch the local people going about their 40 (day) routines.
5.（2021·新高考全国Ⅰ卷·高考真题）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song “The Long and Winding
Road”. 41 is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea
of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 42 (human) are.
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will 43
(undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature
gets, the 44 (hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it? But that’s how nature is — always leaving us
45 (astonish).
What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it 46
(be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way
up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 47 offers a place where you can sit down
to rest your 48 (ache) legs.
As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the
visitor’s memory. It sure does in 49 (I). While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is 50
must to visit!
二 创新基础练
1.（2025·云南昭通·模拟预测）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
In the high-altitude terrain of Southwest China’s Yunnan Province, Zhaotong city has transformed
from a traditional farming region into the 1 (large) high-quality apple production base in
southern China, 2 (reshape) the lives of once impoverished residents.
3 (locate) on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Zhaotong’s 4 (combine) of low
latitude, high altitude, ample sunshine, and significant daily temperature swings has provided ideal
conditions for growing sweet, crisp apples. The citywide industry now spans nearly 66,700 hectares, 5
an output of 1.3 million tons last year and a comprehensive economic value of 15 billion yuan ($2.07
billion).
The apple industry 6 (benefit) 138,000 households so far, or about 527,000 people. In
April last year, apples from Zhaotong were part of the fresh food supply for astronauts aboard 7
Shenzhou-18 spacecraft, becoming a powerful engine of economic growth and rural vitalization, according
to the local agriculture and rural affairs department.
In Zhaoyang, 8 is the core district in the city, a massive 6,670-hectare orchard is regarded
as the largest high-density apple base in the country, with 118 apple 9 (variety). It has employed
advanced techniques from New Zealand 10 other countries, such as dwarf rootstocks and an
integrated water and fertilizer drip irrigation system, said Yang Longjiang, director of the district’s industry
development center.
2. （2025·浙江宁波·模拟预测）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Paper is important. Almost everyone in the world uses paper on a daily basis. Now, a new company
in Ukraine, Releaf Paper, has found a way to make paper more 11 ( friend) to the environment—
it uses leaves instead of tree pulp and wood to make paper.
Cities from around Europe send 12 (waste) leaf litter from their streets to Releaf Paper.
Then, using a series of mechanical and chemical 13 (process), the company is able to create one
ton of cellulose (纤维素) 14 two point three tons of leaves. The material 15 is left
over called lignin (木质素) and then is sent back to the cities 16 (use) as a sort of fertilizer.
According to ZME Science, the process/sends out nearly 78 percent 17 (few) greenhouse
gasses than the traditional paper producing model. In addition, regular paper needs about 270 days to
decompose while paper made of leaves only 18 ( take) about 30 days.
“Really, it’s a good solution because we are keeping the balance—we get fiber for making paper
19 return lignin for the cities to fertilize the gardens or trees. This is what we call it a win-win
model,”said Valentyn Frechka, the founder of Releaf Paper. The hope is that in the coming years, the
model will be able to expand to other countries worldwide, 20 (help) people deal with paper
pollution.
3.（2025·河北秦皇岛·模拟预测）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Have you heard about the tiger who went to the dentist? It may sound like a joke, but tigers need
dental care just as a human 21 (do), because their sharp teeth are vital for catching animals and
eating. If a tiger has tooth trouble, it’s a serious problem, and that’s 22 the tiger went to the
dentist.
A big cat with bad teeth is often visited either by a doctor in the animal shelter 23 by a
tiger dentist in the wildlife park. In May 2021, dentists were called 24 (assist) Skah, a 190-
kilogram Bengal tiger at Lincolnshire Wildlife Park, with a 25 (damage) tooth. A root canal
surgery was performed by 14 medical 26 (professional), who removed the infection and fitted a
filling in the operation that lasted over four hours and 27 (present) online. Barron Hall, an
animal dentist at the National Zoo in Washington, D．C．, explained that the job wasn’t as scary as it
might sound. “I am more concerned about the tiger not waking up 28 her doing any type of
damage to me.”
With the populations of tigers in the wild still 29 (drop) due to climate change and habitat
loss, the success of breeding ( 饲养) programs, where tiger dentists play a vital role in 30
(protect) for the tigers from extinction, is crucial.
4.（2025·安徽合肥·模拟预测）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Back in the Ming and Qing dynasties, most families in Huangyao were quite wealthy from merchant
businesses, so they attached importance 31 town and housing fortification (防御), with the
purpose of defending 32 (they) against enemy attackers and burglars. As a result, the town has a
clever design, equipped with superb defensive features.
There are four main gates to the town and street gates to each street. The eight streets are linked to
the main street, 33 were all built with T-intersections rather than intersections, developing a
maze-like system. The East Gate Tower, 34 (date) back to the early Qing Dynasty, is the best
preserved and most secure gate tower in Huangyao. 35 (design) with openings for looking out,
the tower acted as a defensive structure, while the Yaojiang River served as a moat (护城河).
The design of traditional local residential complexes also shows a strong awareness of defense. A
typical aspect of this philosophy is 36 families in the same clan (家族) tended to build their
houses around 37 ancestral hall, so that they were close enough 38 (care) for and
support each other.
The Guo’s Residence is one of the best-preserved residential complexes in Huangyao. Covering an
area of over 500 square meters, it is a typical courtyard-style dwelling. The residence 39 (main)
consists of a front hall, a courtyard, a main hall and several bedrooms. In the past, a plaque (牌匾) 40
(present) by the imperial court during the reign of Daoguang Emperor in the Qing Dynasty, applauding the
Guo family’s harmonious family environment. This plaque still remains in the complex.
5.（2025·江苏南京·一模）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Cliffside Café in China Serves Heart-stopping Coffee
Ye Kunkun spent 398 yuan on a special iced Americano at a rural café in southeastern China. That’s
no ordinary price. But this is no ordinary coffee shop. 41 distinguishes it is a wooden bench
settled an astonishing 70 meters above the sea with breathtaking coastal views.
The 30-year-old Ye climbed down from the 42 (tower) 130-meter cliff—about 43 stories
high— along a via ferrata route with metal steps secured to the rock face, while a coach guided her along
the way. “I was scared at first when I saw the cliff right ahead of me,” Ye recalled days later. “But my fear
faded away as soon as the coach went first and led me.”
It took her 30 minutes to reach the spot, 43 a sign on the cliffside reads “Gushi Cliff
Coffee.” The café 44 (name) after the town it’s located near—Gushi village in Fuzhou, the
capital of southeastern Fujian province.
The village—a previously 45 (famous) place featuring bunches of ancient stone houses
that guard against coastal winds— 46 (see) bubble tea shops, homestays and camping sites
emerge in recent years as the local government pushes for rural tourism.
Once at the spot, Ye’s climbing guide served up the pre-made coffee and captured photos of Ye
seated on the edge of a carpet-covered bench, coffee in hand, legs 47 (hang) over the sharp
drop.
Gushi Cliff Coffee has sparked a heated discussion on Chinese social media, as 48
(adventure) visitors share their thrilling experiences online. “Not my cup of tea, but respect those who dare
—No way I’d ever go up there!” wrote one Chinese online commenter.
49 mixed opinions online, thrill-seekers keep flooding into this café. Having a drink and
striking a pose are just the basics of the fun on the cliffside bench. 50 (back) by the local
government with a grant of 1.5 million yuan, the village café is expected to support China’s rural revival
efforts. In one of Xue’s Xiaohongshu videos, a village r was setting up a stall outside the café shop during
Golden Week.
三 高考模拟练
1. （2025·广东惠州·一模）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
“Listen, that’s a magpie singing.” said Xu Keyi, a wildlife 51 (photograph) who can
identify bird species by just hearing their calls. Xu, 37, developed an interest in capturing animals on
camera when she was a child, always dreaming of traveling the world 52 a camera.
Before embracing a career in wildlife photography, she 53 (engage) in journalism. The
turning point came during a trip to the South Pole, 54 Xu witnessed penguin parents fearlessly
defending their chickens from intruders (侵入者). The moment deepened her passion for immersing herself
in nature.
In 2018, Xu made the life-changing decision 55 (leave) her job and pursue wildlife
photography full-time. During a journey to film the golden kaiserihind, the only butterfly on 56
list of first-class national protected wild animals in China, Xu met an elderly wildlife protector. He 57
(voice) his concerns about the lack of people devoted to 58 (protect) the species. “Shortly after I
published my photos of golden kaiserihind, a group of volunteers hoped to join the conservation efforts
after seeing my images. There are also many real efforts that everyone can 59 (easy) make in
daily lives, which include using less plastic 60 stopping feeding wild animals,” Xu said.
2.（2025·江西赣州·模拟预测）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
In the remote mountains of Yunnan, the echoes of the ancient Tea Horse Road can still be heard. In
the small village of Niding, Qing Lao, an elderly Tibetan, recalls a time when mule-drawn caravans (车队)
61 (transport) bricks of pu-erh tea to Tibet. Villagers would assist weary travelers, 62
(offer) food and shelter without expectation of reward. “We’re all mountain folk,” Lao says, his words
filled with nostalgia (怀旧).
The Tea Horse Road, 63 centuries-old trade route, once connected China’s tea-rich
valleys with the Tibetan Plateau, facilitating exchanges of tea for horses and medicinal herbs. However,
with the rise of modern transportation, the last caravans faded in the 1980s, never 64 (journey)
or trade along these mountain trails again. Today, Yunnan, known for its cultural 65 (diverse), is
working hard to preserve its heritage amid China’s rapid modernization.
Our journey led us from the 66 (live) morning markets of Lijiang, where vendors sell tea
and mushrooms in a dozen dialects, 67 Baoshan Shitoucheng, a stone village seemingly frozen
in time. Here, Naxi-style homes stand along the banks of the Yangtze River, and 68 (local),
weathered by time, tend to bubbling buckets of sorghum wine.
Further north, in Shangri-La, where tradition meets tourism, the Ganden Sumtseling Monastery
stands 69 a witness to Tibetan spirituality. Yet, it is at Ganden Dongzhulin Monastery filled with
the scent of incense (熏香) 70 the old world still breathes, untouched by the crowds. The Tea
Horse Road may no longer thrive, but its spirit endures in these mountain villages.
3.（2025·江苏苏州·三模）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
People in the UK are being urged to keep rare plants in their living rooms or gardens to help create a
“national collection”, which can save pollinator-friendly ( 利于传粉者的) plants from 71
(extinct).
A national plant collection can include a number of well-tended plants, many of 72 are
suitable for domestic gardens. Though some collections 73 (house) at locations such as Kew
Gardens, many are kept in the back gardens of amateur enthusiasts.
Plant Heritage, a charity that works to create and develop the collections, 74 (run) a
“missing genera” campaign since 2016, where it lists plants that are not a collection and are 75
risk of dying out. This year the plants are all pollinator-friendly.
Since the campaign began, 12 national collections have been set up. There are 700 collections in
total, 76 (find) all over the UK, Ireland and the Channel Islands. These “living libraries” contain
77 estimated 95,000 garden plants.
According to a business manager at Plant Heritage, people don’t 78 (necessary) need lots
of space in order to help. All that is needed is a passion for plants and eagerness 79 (learn) about
the plant group in the chosen collection. Though the plants are mostly not native, it is still important to
protect them, particularly because, as the climate changes, a diversity of plants is needed for pollinators
80 to store carbon. Some plants may even help for medical purposes and people never know quite
what they might be good for.
4.（2025·江苏·模拟预测）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Dujiangyan, 81 (trace) back to the State of Qin as an irrigation (灌溉) and flood control
system, is a remarkable example of ancient 82 (engineer) skill and is still in use today.
During the Warring States period, the 83 (settle) along the river suffered from constant
flood destruction. An irrigation engineer, Li Bing, led a team to construct an embankment ( 堤坝) to
redirect part of the river’s flow upon thorough investigation. They needed to cut a channel through Mount
Yulei to let out the extra water. However, cutting the channel 84 (prove) a much more
challenging task than anticipated, as the mountain’s rock was so hard that traditional tools was 85
(adequate). Therefore, they used a combination of fire and water to heat and cool the rocks until they broke
86 could be removed. Once completed, the system prevented floods and made Sichuan one of China’s
most productive agricultural regions by using the redirected water 87 irrigation.
Now if you visit Dujiangyan, you will see an unusual construction 88 looks like a fish’s
mouth. This famous attraction, Yuzui, together with two other important parts, namely, Feishayan and
Baopingkou, 89 (design) originally to control the water flow throughout the year. Recognized as
90 UNESCO heritage site, Dujiangyan has irrigated farms while preventing floods for over 2,000
years.
5.（2025·安徽蚌埠·模拟预测）
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
The 14th Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention on
Wetlands (RAMSAR COP14 《湿地公约》缔约方大会) took place in Wuhan, Hubei Province in
November. It was the first time that China 91 (host) this international event. 92 (know) as
the kidneys (肾脏) of the Earth, wetlands are among the world’s three major ecosystems together with
forests and oceans. China’s wetlands are vast, diverse and widely distributed, 93 (range) from the
cold temperate zone to the hot zone. In recent years, China has been strengthening the protection and
restoration of wetlands. 94 is remarkable is that more than 600 wetland nature reserves and 1,600
wetland parks have been established. China’s first law 95 (specific) protecting wetlands took effect
on June 1 this year.
Wuhan, the host city of RAMSAR COP 14, has 162, 400 hectares (公顷) of wetlands, accounting
96 18.9 per cent of its total area. In June, Wuhan 97 (award) Wetland City Accreditation by the
Ramsar Convention, 98 international honor for the protection of urban wetland ecology.
Nature provides the basic conditions for human 99 (survive) and development. With a
comprehensive approach to the conservation of ecosystems in place, China aims to boost their biodiversity,
stability and sustainability. Wetland conservation is a crucial part of the country’s efforts to achieve 100
(it) green development goals.
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