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考点分类练(十一) 主旨大意题(2)
Passage 1 (2024 江苏苏锡常镇二模)
主题:软贴片 词数:334 难度:★★★☆☆
The human voice is a delicate thing.Each person’s distinctive voice is produced when air
from the lungs causes the vocal cords (声带) to vibrate (震颤).These vocal cords can easily
get damaged.According to a 2005 study,30% of the population will experience a voice
disorder at some point in their life.
In a study published in the journal Nature Communications this week,a group of
bioengineering researchers from the University of California have put forward an attractive
solution.They have designed and tested a soft patch (小片) that can be stuck onto a person’s
neck,where it will pick up muscle movements and,with the help of machine-learning
algorithms (算法) that process the signals,translate them into speech.
When a person loses their voice today,the easiest fix is to turn to typing,texting,or
writing notes to communicate.Typing can be slow and convenient,says Jun Chen,the paper’s
lead author,and writing notes is only possible in good lighting.The new solution would
therefore be able to clear all these hurdles.
Dr.Chen’s device works based on something called the magnetoelastic
effect.Essentially,when tiny magnetic (磁性的) bits are placed into soft materials,their
magnetic properties can change as the material is stretched.
When the throat muscles move under the soft patch,the resulting magnetoelastic effects
can be changed into electrical signals.In a test with eight participants,the variations can be
changed by electrical signals.
Researchers recorded the signals as the subjects spoke and mouthed five different
sentences.They then trained a machine-learning model which was then able to predict which
of the five sentences the participants spoke—whether aloud or in silence—with more than
90% accuracy.
There is a way to go yet,for now the device can only recognize the five phrases it was
trained on.Plus,to make it practical at scale,the researchers will need to collect a lot more
data.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项最新的科学研究成果,即一种可以贴
在人脖子上的软贴片,能够通过捕捉肌肉运动并将其转化为语言。
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1.What does the author mainly want to tell us in paragraph 1?
A.Lungs are easily damaged.
B.The human voice is unique.
C.Vocal cords vibrate to produce sound.
D.Voice disorders are a problem worthy of attention.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第一段可知,本段主要想告诉我们声音障碍是一个值得关注的
问题。
2.Why does the author mention the magnetoelastic effect?
A.To explain the working principle.
B.To present a solution.
C.To introduce the challenge.
D.To make a comparison.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据第二段的“They have designed and tested a soft patch...the
signals,translate them into speech.”、第三段和第四段的“Dr.Chen’s device works based on
something called the magnetoelastic effect.”可知,作者提到magnetoelastic effect 是为了解
释贴片的工作原理。
3.What is the function of the soft patch?
A. Predicting five different sentences.
B.Destroying the background magnetic field.
C.Slowing the movements of throat muscles.
D.Helping turn muscle movements into electrical signals.
答案 D
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段的“Essentially,when tiny magnetic (磁性的) bits are
placed into soft materials,their magnetic properties can change as the material is stretched.”以
及第五段的“When the throat muscles move under the soft patch,the resulting
magnetoelastic effects can be changed into electrical signals.”可知,软贴片的功能是帮助将
肌肉运动转化为电信号。
4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?
A.Predicting the Importance of Voice Restoration
B.Using Algorithms in Bioengineering Research
C. Overcoming Voice Loss with an Innovative Patch
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D.Finding the Principle of Communication Devices
答案 C
解析 主旨大意题。纵观全文可知,本文主要讲述了一种可以贴在人脖子上的软贴片,能
够通过捕捉肌肉运动并将其转化为语言,所以C 项“Overcoming Voice Loss with an
Innovative Patch(用创新的贴片克服失声)”是本文最好的标题。
Passage 2 (2024 福建莆田二模)
主题:刻意学习 词数:306 难度:★★★☆☆
The year is 1763,and a 7-year-old Mozart is about to set off on a tour around Europe that
will jump-start the Mozart legend.Mozart had a trick up his sleeve.When young Mozart heard
a note played—any note—he could immediately identify exactly which note it was.It was an
ability now we know as “perfect pitch”,and it seemed to be an example of the mysterious
gifts that young geniuses had been born with.But is that really so?
Over my years of studying experts in various fields,like Mozart,I have found that there’s
no such thing as a predefined ability.Actually,those people all develop their abilities through
“deliberate practice”,a purposeful and systematic type of practice that makes it possible for
them to do things they otherwise could not.In them,potential is an expandable vessel,shaped
by the various things they do throughout their lives.
One of my testimonies came from Ray Allen,a ten-time All-Star in the NBA.Allen’s
jump shot was not noticeably better than his teammates’ back in high school;in fact,it was
poor.But with hard work and dedication,he transformed his jump shot into one so graceful
and natural that people assumed he was born with it.
But it doesn’t mean “Just keep working at it,and you’ll get there”.Heartfelt desire and
hard work alone will not lead to improved performance.The right sort of practice carried out
over a sufficient period of time will lead to improvement.Nothing else.And this is true
whether our goal is to become a concert pianist or just play the piano well enough to amuse
ourselves,to be the greatest three-point shooter or just build ourselves up.Deliberate practice
is the gold standard for anyone in any field who wishes to build new skills and abilities.
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。各个领域的专家似乎具有某种与生俱来的神秘能力,
但作者通过研究发现,这些人都是通过“刻意练习”来发展他们的能力的,刻意练习是任
何人在任何领域希望建立新的技能和能力的黄金标准。
5.Why is Mozart’s perfect pitch mentioned in paragraph 1?
A.To introduce an inborn talent.
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B.To explain reasons for success.
C.To lead to reflection on gifts.
D.To define a brilliant trick.
答案 C
解析 推理判断题。第一段中的“It was an ability now we know as ‘perfect pitch’,and it
seemed to be an example of the mysterious gifts that young geniuses had been born with.But
is that really so?”提到年轻的莫扎特具有似乎是天生的神秘天赋——“绝对音高”的能
力,接着提出一个问题,事实真的是这样吗?接着第二段中的“Actually,those people all
develop their abilities through ‘deliberate practice’”提到实际上这些人都是通过“刻意练
习”来发展他们的能力的,故作者提到莫扎特的“绝对音高”能力是为了导入对天赋的
思考。
6.Which is the most important in making an expert according to the writer?
A.Affection.
B.Experience.
C.Training.
D.Gifts.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The right sort of practice carried out...wishes to
build new skills and abilities.”可知,在作者看来,成为专家最重要的是刻意练习。
7.What does the underlined word “testimonies” mean in paragraph 3?
A.Challenges.
B.Proofs.
C.Comments.
D.Puzzles.
答案 B
解析 词句猜测题。第二段中的“Actually,those people all develop their abilities through
‘deliberate practice’,a purposeful and systematic type of practice that makes it possible for
them to do things they otherwise could not.”提到,这些非凡的能力并非天生,而是通过“刻
意练习”来发展的,结合画线词下文可知,本段是通过Ray Allen 的例子佐证上文的说法,
由此推知画线词所在句意为“我的一个佐证来自Ray Allen,一个十次入选NBA 全明星
的球员”,testimonies 意为“证据”。
8.Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A.Secret of Great Talents
B.Born to Stand Out
C.A Surprising Discovery
D.Start When Young
答案 A
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解析 主旨大意题。结合第一段中的“It was an ability now we know as ‘perfect pitch’,and
it seemed to be an example of the mysterious gifts that young geniuses had been born
with.But is that really so?”和最后一段中的“Deliberate practice is the gold standard for
anyone in any field who wishes to build new skills and abilities.”可知,各个领域的专家似乎
具有某种与生俱来的神秘能力,但作者通过研究发现,这些人都是通过“刻意练习”来发
展他们的能力的,刻意练习是任何人在任何领域希望建立新的技能和能力的黄金标准,A
项“伟大天赋的秘诀”为最佳标题。
Passage 3 (2024 陕西渭南二模)
主题:研究新发现 词数:340 难度:★★★☆☆
Do you want to ensure your child hits their expected developmental milestones? New
UBC research suggests living in areas with high exposure to green space can help set them up
for success.
For the study,the researchers at UBC analyzed the developmental scores of 27,372
children in Metro Vancouver who attended kindergarten between 2005 and 2011.They
estimated the amount of green space around each child’s residence from birth to age
five.They also assessed levels of traffic-related air pollution and community noise.
The results highlight the fundamental importance of natural green spaces like street
trees,parks and community gardens.“Most of the children were doing well in their
development,in terms of language skills,cognitive (认知的) capacity,socialization and other
outcomes,” says Ingrid Jarvis,a PhD candidate in the department of forest and conservation
sciences at UBC.“But what’s interesting is that those children living in a residential location
with more vegetation and richer natural environments showed better overall development
than their peers with less green space.”
According to the researchers,the reason for this is partly green spaces’ ability to reduce
the harmful effects of air pollution and noise-environmental challenges that have been shown
to adversely(不利地) affect children’s health and development through increased stress,sleep
disturbances and central nervous system damage.“Few studies have investigated this pathway
linking green space and developmental outcomes among children,” adds Jarvis.
The researchers assessed early childhood development using the Early Development
Instrument (EDI),a survey completed by kindergarten teachers for each child.The tool
measures a child’s ability to meet age-appropriate developmental expectations.
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“More research is needed,but our findings suggest that urban planning efforts to increase
green space in residential neighbourhoods and around schools are beneficial for early
childhood development,with potential health benefits throughout life,” says the study’s senior
author Matilda Bosch.“Time in nature can benefit everyone,but if we want our children to
have a good head start,it’s important to provide an enriching environment through nature
contact.”
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。加拿大一所大学研究所开展的一项研究表明,居住地
环境的绿地面积对孩子们的学业水平以及未来事业成功都起到了重要的作用,并且会影
响他们的一生。
9.Which is a key factor in the researchers’ study?
A.The kids’ scores from school exams.
B.The average IQ score of the subjects.
C.The green space where the kids lived.
D.The air pollution level of the whole city.
答案 C
解析 细节理解题。根据第二段可知,研究人员分析的关键数据之一就是这些孩子们居
住地的绿地面积。故选C 项。
10.What’s the message implied in paragraph 4?
A.Air pollution is largely to blame for kids’ failures.
B.Kids living in a noisy area tend to feel more stressed.
C.Pollution harms kids’ nervous system more than noise.
D.Greenspace is directly linked to kids’ mental development.
答案 B
解析 推理判断题。根据第四段可知,居住地的噪声会加大孩子们的心理压力。故选B
项。
11.What does Matilda Bosch stress in the last paragraph?
A.The importance of nature in kids’ growth.
B.The role of research in scientific work.
C.The proper way of giving a good start to kids.
D.The urgency of expanding greenspace in cities.
答案 A
解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Time in nature can benefit everyone,but if we
want our children to have a good head start,it’s important to provide an enriching
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environment through nature contact.”可知,Matilda Bosch 强调了大自然在孩子们的健康成
长中所起到的重要作用。
12.What could be a suitable title for the text?
A.What Are the Health Effects of Noise Pollution?
B.Green Spaces:A Guarantee for Kids’ Future Success
C.Urban Green Space and Its Impact on Human Health
D.Time in Nature Aids Early Childhood Development
答案 D
解析 主旨大意题。通读全文可知,本文主要讲加拿大一所大学研究所开展的一项研究
表明,居住地环境的绿地面积对孩子们的学业水平以及未来事业成功都起到了重要的作
用,并且会影响他们的一生。D 项“大自然中的时间有助于儿童早期发展”符合题意。
