定语从句（讲义）
目录
一 关系词的用法
二 that、 which只能用其中一个的情况
三 关系副词引导的定语从句
四 ＂介词＋关系词＂引导的定语从句
五 as，which引导的定语从句
六 非限制性定语从句
七 定语从句中的主谓一致
八 定语从句易错题解析
九 高考模拟试题
概念：在复合句中修饰或限定先行词的句子称作定语从句。
关系词的用法
关系词 被修饰的先行词 关系词在从句
中充当的成分
who 指人的词 主语、宾语
whom 指人的词 宾语
whose 指人或物的词 定语
that 指人或物的词 主语、宾语、表语
which 指物的词或整个主句 主语、宾语
as 指人或物的词或整个主句 主语、宾语
when 表示时间的名词 时间状语
where 表示地点的名词 地点状语
why 表示原因的名词reason 原因状语
例句
Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields.
有些在语言学习上很有成就的人，在其他领域常常一无所成。
I have many friends to whom I’m going to send post cards.
我有很多打算寄贺卡给他们的朋友。
Children who are not active or whose diet is high in fat will gain weight quickly.
很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的孩子体重会增加很快。
He will tell you everything that he heard about it.
他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。
This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.
这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one’s health.众所周知，吸烟有害健康。
There are occasions when (＝on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (＝in which) I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (＝for which) he refused our offer？这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
that、 which只能用其中一个的情况
1. 只能用that，不能用which作先行词的情况
（1）先行词是all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被
all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。
All the people that come from the country work much harder.
所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。
（2）先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only， the very， the last等修饰时， 关系代词通常只用
that， 不用which.如：
The first English novel that I read was Cities.
我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。
This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。
This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。
（3）先行词既有人又有物时， 关系代词只用that， 不用which.如：
The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外
国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
（4） 关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时， 通常只用that， 不用which.如：
He is no longer the star that he was.
他不再是过去的那位明星了。
Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.
我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
（5） 句中其他位置已出现which， 为避免重复， 不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如：
Which is the car that has overtaken us？ 超过我们的是哪辆车？
2. 只用which，不能用that作先行词的情况
（1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词＋关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必
须用which.如：
The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。
This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking.
这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 如：
This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had
so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。
（2） 先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that.例如：
Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior.
学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。
A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published.
书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。
关系副词引导的定语从句
1.关系副词when，where，why的先行词是表示时间、地点或原因(一般为reason)的名词，在从句中作状语。
有时可用＂介词＋which＂结构替换。
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.
我还记得我第一次来北京的那天。
2.当定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时，即使先行词是表示时间、地点和原因的词仍用which/that。
Is this the reason (that) he explained for his rudeness at the meeting?
这是他在会议上解释的无礼的原因吗？
3.当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point，situation，case，stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，
常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
The media can often help solve problems and draw attention to situations where help is needed.
媒体经常能够帮助解决问题，把注意力吸引到需要帮助的情况。
＂介词＋关系词＂引导的定语从句
介词的选用
1.一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：①先行词的意义；②从句中的动词或形容
词与先行词的固定搭配；③句子的意思。
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。
2.表示＂整体和部分关系＂，介词常用of。在some，any，few，none，all，both，neither，most，each等
代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。
John invited about 40 people to his wedding，most of whom are family members.
约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼，他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。
3.有时＂介词＋where＂可以引导定语从句，此时要和＂介词＋which＂引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
His head soon appeared out of the window，from where he saw nothing but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来，从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where 相当于 from out of the
window，而不是from the window)
as，which引导的定语从句
1.as作关系代词用来引导非限制性定语从句，意为＂正如，正像＂，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句
中。As everybody knows，China is a developing country.
众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
2.which引导定语从句代指前面整句话内容则只能位于句末，意为＂这，这一点＂。
Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012，which made one of the Chinese people’s long－held
dreams come true.
莫言被授予2012年诺贝尔文学奖，这使中国人长久以来拥有的梦想之一变成现实。
3.as常用在下列习惯用语中。
(it) often happens，as I remember，as is often the case，as is expected，as is known to us，as is shown等。
He shouts when he gets angry，as is often the case.
他生气时就大叫，这是常有的情形。
4.＂such/so ...as ...＂表＂像……这样……＂的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主语、宾语或表
语等。
Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an examination problem as none of us worked out. 上学期数学老师出
了一道很难的考试题，没有一个人能解出来。
5.＂the same...that...＂表同一个人或物，而＂the same...as...＂表同种类的东西。
I would like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.
我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。
I would like to use the same tool that you used yesterday.
我想用你昨天使用的那件工具。
非限制性定语从句
非限定性定语从句在句子中是一个独立的成分，不会受到主句的限制，把从句去掉之后，主句仍然是
成立的。这也是为什么它会叫做非限定性定语从句。其次，大家要了解该从句的形式：非限制性定语从句
与先行词以及主句之间的关系不甚紧密，因而通常要用逗号与主句分隔开。
类别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式 与主句之间不用逗号隔开 与主句之间用逗号隔开
关系词 所有的关系代词和关系副词；作 除that以外的关系代词和关系副
宾语时可省略 词；关系词不能省略
先行词 主句中的某一个名词、名词词组 主句中的某一个词，也可以是整
或代词 个句子
意义 对先行词进行限制、说明，是先 对修饰的词或句子作进一步的说
行词不可缺少的定语，不可省去 明，省去之后主句意思依然完整
翻译 译成＂……的＂，作先行词的定 常译成并列分句
定语从句中的主
语
谓一致
1.关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致，先行词是句子时，从句的
谓语动词用单数。
The recorder that has been given to me is homemade.
给我的那台录音机是国产的。2.＂one of ＋复数名词＂位于关系代词前作先行词时，关系代词在从句中作主语，从句的谓语动词常用复
数，但当one前有the，the only，the very 等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。
He is one of the students who have made great progress.他是取得很大进步的学生之一。
定语从句易错题解析
关系代词的选用
1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。如：
The person who broke the window must pay for it. 打碎玻璃的人必须赔偿。
The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever. 穿黑色夹克的男孩非常聪明。
2.whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。如：
Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate？你认识我们在门口遇到的那位男士吗？
3.whose 指人，在定语从句中作定语。如：
The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today. 她妈妈病的那个女孩今天呆在家里。
4.which指物，在定语从中作主语或宾语。如：
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words. 字典是一本解释单词意思的书。
5.that多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。如：
I’ve read the newspaper that / which carries the important news. 我已经读了那份承载重要新闻的报
纸。
6.when 指时间，在定语从句中作状语。如：
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm. 我从不会忘记我们工作在农场的时间。
He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left. 就在我离开那天他到得北京。
7.where 指地点，在定语从句中作状语。如：
This is the house where we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的那个房子。
典例分析
1．A true friend is a person ________ reaches for your hand and touches your heart.
A．who B．whom C．which D．whose
2．The woman astronaut ________ gave us a lesson on space is Liu Yang.
A．which B．whose C．who D．whom
3．Lots of Chinese young people ___________ were born after 1995 use door-to-door cooking to save time.
A．that B．those C．which D．/
4．If we study hard with big dreams, there is nothing ________ can’t be achieved.
A．who B．that C．whom5．— Tom, what kind of stories do you prefer?
— The ones ________ have a happy ending.
A．that B．who C．those D．whom
只使用 which，不能用that的情况
（1）在非限制性定语从句中。如：
I will take this one, which was exactly what we wanted. 我想买这个，它确实是我想要的。
(2) 定语从句由介词+关系代词引导，先行词是物时。如：
The thing about which he is talking is of great importance. 他在谈论的那个事是很重要的。
(3) which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或
部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this相似。
如：
He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. 他在比赛中成功了，这使他
父母很高兴。
典例分析
1．We stopped for something of great use, ________ we shouldn’t be lost in.
A．who B．that C．which D．what
2．Do you know the city, Kunming, __________ is the capital city of Yunan?
A．where B．which C．who D．whose
3．He seems not to have grasped ________ I meant, ________ greatly upsets me.
A．what; who B．that; that C．what; which D．how; which
4．Beijing, __________ is the capital of China, is a city with a long history.
A．that B．where C．when D．which
5．He was very rude to the customs officer, ________ of course made things even worse.
A．who B．whom C．what D．which
只能用that,不用which 的情况
(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代词时。如：
All that he said is true. 所有他说的都是真的。
(2) 如果先行词被形容词最高级以及 first, last, any, few, much, no, some, only, very等词修饰，关系代词
常用that,不用which。如：
This is the only book that the old woman is interested in. 这是仅有的一本老妇人感兴趣的书。
(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词。如：It was the second house that I bought.这是我买的第二个房子。
(4) 先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰的词。如：
如：This is the best book (that) I have read this year. 这是我今年读过的最好的书。
(5) 先行词既包括人又包括物时。如：
He talked about the people and the things that he remembered. 他谈论他记起得的人和事。
典例分析
1．I like the farm ________ I visited last week.
A．where B．that C．who D．whom
2．When I have difficulty in learning English, my teacher Miss Chen always gives me some advice ________ can
be useful.
A．that B．what C．who D．whose
3．The earth is the planet ________ provides us with everything we need, fresh air, clean water and so on. It’s our
duty to protect it.
A．whose B．who C．what D．that
4．—Mom is waiting. Can we set off now?
—Just a minute. I can’t find the shoes ________ I bought last week.
A．that B．who C．what D．who
5．The app “MAYI” encourages people to give away the clothes ________ they don’t need to the poor.
A．what B．whom C．who D．that
定语从句中的主谓一致易错情况
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数方面应该与先行词保持一致。其中，
“one of+复数名词” 作先行词时，谓语动词用复数形式。”the one of/the only one of+复数名词”时，谓
语动词用单数形式。
如：He is the man who / that lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个男人。
He is one of the students in his class who have been to Germany.他是班上去过德国的学生之一。
典例分析
1．In my opinion, of all the books, this is the only one ______ is well worth reading.
A．who B．that C．whom D．what
2．The girl ________ is reading under the tree ________ my sister.
A．which; is B．whom; was C．who; is D．who; was
3．Hemingway（海明威）is the only one of the most famous writers with many wonderful works ________ bornin America.
A．that were B．who was C．who were
4．Mr. Lang is a great Chinese pianist ________ become popular with many people around the world.
A．who have B．who has C．whom has D．that have
5．He is one of my friends who ________ working hard.
A．is B．was C．are D．were
高考模拟试题
一、单项选择
1．（2024·山东·三模）—Do you know ________ will direct the new movie?
—Cohen, ________ short films won awards, was chosen to direct the movie.
A．whom; whose B．who; whose C．whose; who D．whom; who
2．（2024·天津南开·二模）The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _________ his
employees enjoy their work.
A．where B．which C．when D．that
3．（2024·天津·二模）After ten hours’ drive, we came to a green house, through ______ glass wall we saw lots
of green plants.
A．what B．that C．whose D．which
4．（2024·天津和平·二模）Our defeat, _______ some players blame themselves, was caused by bad luck.
A．for what B．for which C．to whom D．on which
5．（2024·天津河西·二模）John is so selfish that he has reached a point ______ no one in our team wants to talk
with him.
A．where B．why C．that D．which
6．（2024·天津河东·二模）Recent accidents, ________ fifty people lost their lives, are mainly due to the heavy
fog.
A．as B．which C．whose D．where
7．（2024·天津·二模）The masterpiece in the exhibition absolutely showed us a vivid scene __________ our
ancestors went hunting and resisted the wild beast.
A．when B．why C．which D．where
8．（2024·天津·二模）There are hundreds of such scenes in movies, ______ the heavy rain reflects the sad
feelings of the characters.
A．when B．which C．where D．of which9．（2024·天津·二模）It is the way ________ you apply your body language to your address that greatly
determines whether the listeners are engaged and convinced.
A．how B．that C．which D．where
10．（2024·天津河西·三模）After getting back to her hometown after graduation, Jenny finds it is no longer the
village ______ it used to be.
A．that B．where
C．what D．how
11．（2024·天津滨海新·三模）True equality and excellent education are timeless issues ______ we should strive
for and gain further insights into.
A．where B．why C．when D．which
12．（2024·天津南开·一模）Hate and anger are felt only for those ________ we care deeply.
A．for which B．with which C．for whom D．with whom
13．（2024·天津·一模）I admire my English teacher greatly as he always tries his best to create an atmosphere
______ students’ interest can be actively aroused.
A．where B．that C．which D．when
14．（2024·天津和平·一模）I know I’ve put my passport in a place ______ I thought it would be safe, but now I
can’t remember it.
A．which B．that C．where D．what
15．（2024·陕西西安·三模）The president stood by a window inside the room, ______, looking over the square.
A．where I entered B．into which I entered
C．which I entered D．that I entered
16．（2024·陕西西安·三模）The engineers made two big plans for the dam, ______ was never put in force.
A．one of them B．which
C．one of which D．every one of which
17．（2023·天津和平·二模）William Hastie once suggested that history informs us of past mistakes ________
we can learn without repeating them.
A．of whom B．about which C．from which D．by whom
18．（2022·山东·二模）Every student likes the woman teacher ______ temper is very gentle.
A．whose B．who C．that D．whom
19．（2020·江苏南通·二模）An interviewee should be good at grasping every opportunity _____he is supposed
to show his best self to others.A．when B．where C．that D．which
20．（2013·重庆·一模）______ is surprising to us is that Tom, for _______ English was once boring, can speak
English fluently as though he were a native speaker.
A．As; whom B．What; whose
C．It; whose D．What; whom
二、翻译
21．（2024·上海·模拟预测）我们历时三年时间，开发了一款体育器材，既强身健体，又促进心理健康。
(commit)
22．（2024·上海金山·二模）值得一提的是，这个城市的权力部门迅速而有效地解决游客的投诉，这被认
为是成功的危机管理。(address)
23．（2024·上海黄浦·二模）受到优秀运动员们为梦想和荣誉全力以赴的可贵精神的影响，很多年轻人喜
欢上了看乒乓球比赛，并开始学习打乒乓。(fond)
24．（2024·上海杨浦·二模）农村地区正在逐步过渡到使用节能型电动汽车，其创新设计颇受年轻消费者
的青睐。（transition）
25．（2024·上海金山·一模）这个国家不顾人民的安危将废水排入大海，这个行为受到了当地渔民和邻国
人民的强烈抗议。(which)
26．（2024·上海金山·一模）凡今天购买这款手机的顾客可享七折优惠。(discount)
27．（2024·上海长宁·一模）中美领导人在旧金山会晤，意义非凡，吸引了世界的关注，推动了中美关系
的发展。(importance)
28．（2024·上海闵行·一模）她梦想记录祖国的壮丽风景, 这激励她去探索自然中尚未被发现的角落，并通
过摄影来保留那份美丽。(which)
29．（23-24高三上·上海青浦·期末）我们都没有想到，那个曾经腼腆的男孩竟然能在演讲比赛中一举夺魁。
(It)30．（21-22高三下·上海·阶段练习）这位忧心忡忡的母亲直到成功为她一周没吃过蔬菜的儿子在送餐应用
上抢到了2公斤 卷心菜，才感到如释重负。(Not until …)
