指向素养的教学——阅读理解关键能力提升策略
主讲人：刘晓（浙江师范大学基础教育发展研究院）
教育部“国培计划”专家库首批专家
《英语》（新标准）高中教材核心编委
中国教育学会教育质量综合评价学科命题专家
2025年12月19日北京·大兴
四个部分，8类题目
在语境中正确地运用语言
知识理解和表达的能力
书面语篇：105分，70%
直接考查：50分，47.6%
间接考查：55分，52.4%
阅读理解能力考查特征
最基础、最重要的能力
阅读理解表现水平标志着语言能力水平，反映了学科
核心核心素养发展的水平。
指向素养的教学——阅读理解关键能力提升策略
阅读理解与关键能力
语篇分析与语篇理解
思维能力与任务过程
2025年12月19日北京·大兴
01/
阅读理解与关键能力
由基础到高阶的能力体系
信息处理能力
逻辑分析能力
综合应用能力
基础解码能力
由基础到高阶的能力体系
基础解码能力
逻辑分析能力
综合应用能力
信息处理能力
综合应用能力
由基础到高阶的能力体系
基础解码能力
信息处理能力
逻辑分析能力
由基础到高阶的能力体系
基础解码能力
信息处理能力
逻辑分析能力
综合应用能力
What can we learn from the passage?
What can we infer from …?
The last paragraph implies/suggests/shows that ______.
It can be inferred from the passage that ______.
It can be concluded from the passage that ______.
What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
What ... said may be understood as ______.
（1）主旨大意题
（2）细节理解题
（3）词义猜测题
（4）推理判断题
（5）篇章结构题
（6）观点态度题
要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文段,
例如公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一
般性话题的简短文章。考生应能:
(1)理解主旨和要义;
(2)理解文中具体信息;
(3)根据上下文，推断单词和短语的含义;
(4)根据所读内容作出判断和推理;
(5)理解文章的基本结构;
(6)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。
多层次的信息识别、加工与思维过程
02/
语篇分析与语篇理解
根据下列材料（可适当改编），请你设计一节40分钟适合高一学生的课。
It’s all about the positivity
Today’s take is all about attitude. So many of my friends are often pessimistic. You
know, the kind of people who always think, 'There's a dark cloud up there. It's going to
rain soon!’ Guys, we all need to work on our attitudes. It matters how we see things!
I read a story recently that I want to share with you, and if you're a pessimist, maybe
it'll change your attitude a bit too. It's about this guy, I've forgotten his name, let's call
him Jim. He was kind of a born optimist, always in a good mood.
Jim owned a shop, and a customer once asked him how he managed to stay so friendly
and positive all the time. His answer was: ‘When I wake up in the morning, I know that
the day will have good and bad moments for me, but whatever happens, I’m going to
choose to be in a good mood.’
Then one day, something terrible happened. An armed robber came in, held him up at
gunpoint and made Jim open the safe. As he was trying to open it, Jim's hand slipped.
The robber saw this, probably thought, 'He's about to attack me!" and panicked and
fired.
根据下列材料（可适当改编），请你设计一节40分钟适合高一学生的课。
It’s all about the positivity
Today’s take is all about attitude. So many of my friends are often pessimistic. You
know, the kind of people who always think, 'There's a dark cloud up there. It's going to
rain soon!’ Guys, we all need to work on our attitudes. It matters how we see things!
I read a story recently that I want to share with you, and if you're a pessimist, maybe
it'll change your attitude a bit too. It's about this guy, I've forgotten his name, let's call
him Jim. He was kind of a born optimist, always in a good mood.
Jim owned a shop, and a customer once asked him how he managed to stay so friendly
and positive all the time. His answer was: ‘When I wake up in the morning, I know that
the day will have good and bad moments for me, but whatever happens, I’m going to
choose to be in a good mood.’
Then one day, something terrible happened. An armed robber came in, held him up at
gunpoint and made Jim open the safe. As he was trying to open it, Jim's hand slipped. The
robber saw this, probably thought, 'He's about to attack me!" and panicked and fired.
Where is the passage from？
Who is the passage writtern for?
What is the topic of the passage?
根据下列材料（可适当改编），请你设计一节40分钟适合高一学生的课。
It’s all about the positivity
Today’s take is all about attitude. So many of my friends are often pessimistic. You
know, the kind of people who always think, 'There's a dark cloud up there. It's going to
rain soon!’ Guys, we all need to work on our attitudes. It matters how we see things!
I read a story recently that I want to share with you, and if you're a pessimist, maybe
it'll change your attitude a bit too. It's about this guy, I've forgotten his name, let's call
him Jim. He was kind of a born optimist, always in a good mood.
Jim owned a shop, and a customer once asked him how he managed to stay so friendly
and positive all the time. His answer was: ‘When I wake up in the morning, I know that
the day will have good and bad moments for me, but whatever happens, I’m going to
choose to be in a good mood.’
Then one day, something terrible happened. An armed robber came in, held him up at
gunpoint and made Jim open the safe. As he was trying to open it, Jim's hand slipped. The
robber saw this, probably thought, 'He's about to attack me!" and panicked and fired.
How does the writer talk about the topic?
What is the purpose of this passage?
根据下列材料（可适当改编），请你设计一节40分钟适合高一学生的课。
It’s all about the positivity
Today’s take is all about attitude. So many of my friends are often pessimistic. You
know, the kind of people who always think, 'There's a dark cloud up there. It's going to
rain soon!’ Guys, we all need to work on our attitudes. It matters how we see things!
I read a story recently that I want to share with you, and if you're a pessimist, maybe
it'll change your attitude a bit too. It's about this guy, I've forgotten his name, let's call
him Jim. He was kind of a born optimist, always in a good mood.
Jim owned a shop, and a customer once asked him how he managed to stay so friendly
and positive all the time. His answer was: ‘When I wake up in the morning, I know that
the day will have good and bad moments for me, but whatever happens, I’m going to
choose to be in a good mood.’
Then one day, something terrible happened. An armed robber came in, held him up at
gunpoint and made Jim open the safe. As he was trying to open it, Jim's hand slipped. The
robber saw this, probably thought, 'He's about to attack me!" and panicked and fired.
How does the writer make himself clear?
根据下列材料（可适当改编），请你设计一节40分钟高一学生的课。
It’s all about the positivity
Today’s take is all about attitude. So many of my friends are often pessimistic. You
know, the kind of people who always think, 'There's a dark cloud up there. It's going to
rain soon!’ Guys, we all need to work on our attitudes. It matters how we see things!
I read a story recently that I want to share with you, and if you're a pessimist, maybe
it'll change your attitude a bit too. It's about this guy, I've forgotten his name, let's call
him Jim. He was kind of a born optimist, always in a good mood.
Jim owned a shop, and a customer once asked him how he managed to stay so friendly
and positive all the time. His answer was: ‘When I wake up in the morning, I know that
the day will have good and bad moments for me, but whatever happens, I’m going to
choose to be in a good mood.’
Then one day, something terrible happened. An armed robber came in, held him up at
gunpoint and made Jim open the safe. As he was trying to open it, Jim's hand slipped. The
robber saw this, probably thought, 'He's about to attack me!" and panicked and fired.
点题- 指向-进展-评论-结局-回应
Jim was still conscious when the ambulance arrived, and he was rushed to hospital. In
the ambulance, he'd felt fine because the paramedic kept telling him, 'Don't worry, I'm
sure you'll be OK. As soon as we get to the hospital, the doctors will take care of you!’ But
once Jim was in the operating theatre and he saw the faces of the doctors and nurses, he
had the feeling that people thought he was more or less dead already. He knew he needed
to do something.
There was a nurse who was asking him lots of questions, very fast. One question was:
“Are you allergic to anything?" 'Yes!’ Jim said loudly and everybody stopped what they
were doing. There was total silence. "Bullets!' Jim said, and all the doctors and nurses
burst out laughing. And then Jim added, 'Please operate on me thinking that I’ll live, and
not that I'll die.
Jim survived, thanks to the skill of the doctors and nurses. But what helped too was
that he managed to remain an optimist even in the most dramatic moment of his life.
So listen up, dear readers. Let's try and think positively more often. Actually, I'm on
the point of doing this night now. I'm having a piano lesson later today. Not my choice
really. it's my parents who think it's good for me to lean a musical instrument. But I'll be
a good girl. I'll keep an open mind. I'll choose to find something positive about playing the
piano. Anyway, I'd better go. My bus leaves in five minutes. Oh, and I'm off to Spain on
Tuesday for a family holiday so l guess I'll post my next update two weeks from now.
根据下列材料（可适当改编），请你设计一节40分钟适合高一学生的课。
It’s all about the positivity
Today’s take is all about attitude. So many of my friends are often pessimistic. You
know, the kind of people who always think, 'There's a dark cloud up there. It's going to
rain soon!’ Guys, we all need to work on our attitudes. It matters how we see things!
I read a story recently that I want to share with you, and if you're a pessimist, maybe
it'll change your attitude a bit too. It's about this guy, I've forgotten his name, let's call
him Jim. He was kind of a born optimist, always in a good mood.
Jim owned a shop, and a customer once asked him how he managed to stay so friendly
and positive all the time. His answer was: ‘When I wake up in the morning, I know that
the day will have good and bad moments for me, but whatever happens, I’m going to
choose to be in a good mood.’
Then one day, something terrible happened. An armed robber came in, held him up at
gunpoint and made Jim open the safe. As he was trying to open it, Jim's hand slipped. The
robber saw this, probably thought, 'He's about to attack me!" and panicked and fired.
Jim was still conscious when the ambulance arrived, and he was rushed to hospital. In
the ambulance, he'd felt fine because the paramedic kept telling him, 'Don't worry, I'm
sure you'll be OK. As soon as we get to the hospital, the doctors will take care of you!’ But
once Jim was in the operating theatre and he saw the faces of the doctors and nurses, he
had the feeling that people thought he was more or less dead already. He knew he needed
to do something.
There was a nurse who was asking him lots of questions, very fast. One question was:
“Are you allergic to anything?" 'Yes!’ Jim said loudly and everybody stopped what they
were doing. There was total silence. "Bullets!' Jim said, and all the doctors and nurses
burst out laughing. And then Jim added, 'Please operate on me thinking that I’ll live, and
not that I'll die.
Jim survived, thanks to the skill of the doctors and nurses. But what helped too was
that he managed to remain an optimist even in the most dramatic moment of his life.
So listen up, dear readers. Let's try and think positively more often. Actually, I'm on
the point of doing this night now. I'm having a piano lesson later today. Not my choice
really. it's my parents who think it's good for me to lean a musical instrument. But I'll be
a good girl. I'll keep an open mind. I'll choose to find something positive about playing the
piano. Anyway, I'd better go. My bus leaves in five minutes. Oh, and I'm off to Spain on
Tuesday for a family holiday so l guess I'll post my next update two weeks from now.
What is the relationship between the
writer and the readers?
根据下列材料（可适当改编），请你设计一节40分钟适合高一学生的课。
It’s all about the positivity
Today’s take is all about attitude. So many of my friends are often pessimistic. You
know, the kind of people who always think, 'There's a dark cloud up there. It's going to
rain soon!’ Guys, we all need to work on our attitudes. It matters how we see things!
I read a story recently that I want to share with you, and if you're a pessimist, maybe
it'll change your attitude a bit too. It's about this guy, I've forgotten his name, let's call
him Jim. He was kind of a born optimist, always in a good mood.
Jim owned a shop, and a customer once asked him how he managed to stay so friendly
and positive all the time. His answer was: ‘When I wake up in the morning, I know that
the day will have good and bad moments for me, but whatever happens, I’m going to
choose to be in a good mood.’
Then one day, something terrible happened. An armed robber came in, held him up at
gunpoint and made Jim open the safe. As he was trying to open it, Jim's hand slipped. The
robber saw this, probably thought, 'He's about to attack me!" and panicked and fired.
Cohensive and Coherent
根据下列材料（可适当改编），请你设计一节40分钟适合高一学生的课。
It’s all about the positivity
Today’s take is all about attitude. So many of my friends are often pessimistic. You
know, the kind of people who always think, 'There's a dark cloud up there. It's going to
rain soon!’ Guys, we all need to work on our attitudes. It matters how we see things!
I read a story recently that I want to share with you, and if you're a pessimist, maybe
it'll change your attitude a bit too. It's about this guy, I've forgotten his name, let's call
him Jim. He was kind of a born optimist, always in a good mood.
Jim owned a shop, and a customer once asked him how he managed to stay so friendly
and positive all the time. His answer was: ‘When I wake up in the morning, I know that
the day will have good and bad moments for me, but whatever happens, I’m going to
choose to be in a good mood.’
Then one day, something terrible happened. An armed robber came in, held him up at
gunpoint and made Jim open the safe. As he was trying to open it, Jim's hand slipped. The
robber saw this, probably thought, 'He's about to attack me!" and panicked and fired.
Jim was still conscious when the ambulance arrived, and he was rushed to hospital. In
the ambulance, he'd felt fine because the paramedic kept telling him, 'Don't worry, I'm
sure you'll be OK. As soon as we get to the hospital, the doctors will take care of you!’ But
once Jim was in the operating theatre and he saw the faces of the doctors and nurses, he
had the feeling that people thought he was more or less dead already. He knew he needed
to do something.
There was a nurse who was asking him lots of questions, very fast. One question was:
“Are you allergic to anything?" 'Yes!’ Jim said loudly and everybody stopped what they
were doing. There was total silence. "Bullets!' Jim said, and all the doctors and nurses
burst out laughing. And then Jim added, 'Please operate on me thinking that I’ll live, and
not that I'll die.
Jim survived, thanks to the skill of the doctors and nurses. But what helped too was
that he managed to remain an optimist even in the most dramatic moment of his life.
So listen up, dear readers. Let's try and think positively more often. Actually, I'm on
the point of doing this right now. I'm having a piano lesson later today. Not my choice
really. it's my parents who think it's good for me to lean a musical instrument. But I'll be
a good girl. I'll keep an open mind. I'll choose to find something positive about playing the
piano. Anyway, I'd better go. My bus leaves in five minutes. Oh, and I'm off to Spain on
Tuesday for a family holiday so l guess I'll post my next update two weeks from now.
What does the writer talk about?
乐观的态度很重要
How does the writer make himself clear?
• 论点-论据-论证
• 点题- 指向-进展-评论-结局-回应
• 小句关系、主位推进
Who does the writer communiate with?
• 博客网友
• 平等、友善
What have we read of the text?
宏观组织结构分析：
把握语篇结构、语篇大意与段落大意
夹
衔接：照应
语义逻辑：扩展、因果
实义切分：集中
衔接：同义
强调的语篇的精细阅读，尤其强调对文章整体的结构与信息分布特征
的把握，和关键信息的理解，考生不仅能从文本中直接提取具体信息，
还能通过归纳、概括，理解概括性信息，推断作者的观点和态度。
从多种形式呈现的材料中筛选、分类、概括、
信息
Information Processing
1
3
2
文化语境
情景语境
语言
语篇在特定的社会文化背景中所表达的意义
由语篇的体裁来反应
时间、地点、谈话内容、谈话双方关系
韩礼德的语言和社会语境关系图（Language and social context）
语言和语境相互影响，语言的特定形式可以构成特定的语境，
而特定的语境又对语言的形式有着特定的要求
语篇知识就是关于语篇是如何构成、语篇是如何表达意义以及人们在交流过
程中如何使用语篇的知识。语篇中各要素之间存在复杂的关系，如句与句、段与段、
标题与正文、文字与图表之间的关系。
这些关系涉及语篇的微观和宏观组织结构。句子内部的语法结构、词语搭配、
指代关系、句子的信息展开方式等，属于语篇的微观组织结构。语篇中段与段的关
系以及语篇各部分与语篇主题之间的关系，则属于语篇的宏观组织结构。语篇宏观
组织结构还包括语篇类型、语篇格式等。
各种语篇类型的结构、段与段的关系、部分与主
题的关系
词汇搭配、语法结构、指代关
系、信息展开方式
语篇
知识
阅读理解：应、记、说、议、书评/介
范围：水平二、水平一；写作：水平一
《英语》（新标准）高中修订版教材语篇类型分布
涵盖课程标准要求的所有语篇类型
语篇框架下
信息梳理与话题词汇运用
句子关系、语篇逻辑
内容与语言的选择
衔接与连贯
Framework of an Expository
General
Specific-1
Specific-2
Specific-n
Specific-3
Conclusion
GSC
GS
SC
Spe.1
Spe.2
Spe.3
Conclusion
General
概括陈述
具体陈述
总结陈述
aa
Q1:What would ancient festivals
celebrate?
Q2:Why would celebrations be
held after hunters had caught
animals?
议论文：PEP
theme
What might this passage talk about?
Read and Check
Neither Pine nor Apple in Pineapple
pine
apple
pineapple
Predict
Para.2
Para.1
Para.7
Para.6
Para.5
Para.4
Para.3
English can be a crazy
language to learn.
Even the smallest
words can be confusing.
You also have to
wonder at the
unique madness of
a language.
English was invented
by people, not
computers, and it
reflects the creativity
of the human race.
To show that English is
crazy, interesting and creative.
What did you first notice?
With these two questions in mind, Take notes of how
sharks are discribed in the passage.
Q1: According to the passage, are sharks dangerous?
Q2: According to the passage, are sharks endangered?
Sharks: Dangerous
or Endangered?
Title
Dangerous
Para.1&Para.2
Endangered
Para.3
More people want
to protect sharks
from extinction
Para.4&Para.5
Sharks: Dangerous
or Endangered?
Title
Dangerous
Para.1&Para.2
Endangered
Para.3
More people want
to protect sharks
from extinction
Para.4&Para.5
What is the author's
in writing the passage?
To explain people's misunderstanding of sharks and
raise awareness of shark protection.
Can you help me to put
them in the right order?
Great Courage
...His honorable work ethic and quiet, reliable manner also
give rise to one of his flaws, for my father was usually
unable to express his feelings or to speak aloud about love he
felt for his family. Yet there was one exception that I will
never forget.
What might be the “Great Courage”?
趋向于时空拉长，情节松散， 更大创造空间， 突出分析问
题解决问题能力， 要求考生具备严密的逻辑思维、批判性
思维和创造性思维能力
提高了阅读能力的要求，内容、情节、逻辑、主题......
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that's
becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to
1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has
raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they
demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice," Caroline
Gauchotte - Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not
involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water
treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
说明文Problem- Responses -Solution
problem-solution
hypothetical-real
general–particular
------Winter(1997）& Hoey(1983）
语篇中一个或一组小句与另一个或一组小句之间的语义-逻辑关系。
“One key principle of tech ethics is accountability（问责）.
Developers must be held responsible for the consequences of their
algorithms（算法）. ________. For example, if a biased hiring algorithm
discriminates against certain groups, the company should be legally liable.”
C. Additionally, users should have the right to access and modify their
data.
D. However, some argue that accountability alone is insufficient.
选必-B2-U 6-Survival-DI-(600±ws)
What does the passage
mainly talk about ?
① 基于语篇分析的信息获取与加工
② 逻辑推理与论证
信息展开方式
Pair work
Find more information to support the key sentences.
What does this paragraph
tries to convey?
Para 2-3: give evidence
Careful reading
Draw a mind map to organize the key evidence that the author uses.
evidence
(________
______)
_______________
_____________
effects
causes
____________
____________
negative
effects
behavior changes
increasing risk
of survival
boats getting
closer
more
interaction
see boats
as danger
breathe
quickly
drive them
away
interrupt
routine
harm
general
health
less fear
hit by tour boats and die
cause stress to communities
Pair work
语篇的衔接与连贯手段
照应、替代、省略、连接成分
重复、同义关系、反义关系、
上下义关系、互补关系、搭配
As an ancient city, Lanxi enjoys a good reputation of unique culture
and business atmosphere. Covered with black cobblestones, its streets
are lined with shops selling various goods, where visitors from all over
the country bargain for their favorite stuffs.
clause relation
question?
(I started to think) why
people often have trouble
learning English.
stand for?
语篇分析范围
体裁类型
语篇模式
语义-逻辑
关系
衔接连贯
......
有助于清晰地分析文章的整体结构，归纳、分析、推理和阐释文本信
息，准确把握语篇含义，同时在建构语篇过程中，更为逻辑、清晰、
实现交际目的。
语言
知识
语音
词汇
语法
功能
话题
语用
语篇
Read for structure？
03/
思维能力与任务过程
A
B
A1
A2
B1
B2
Core Concept
What of the following might be talked about...?
明确的问题意识、清晰的思维逻辑，严密的论证过
程、求真与验证的科学思维。
Anything that can go wrong will go wrong!
Avoid anything that can go wrong!
C
I
L
学习理解
应用实践
迁移创新
感知注意
获取梳理
概括整合
描述阐释
分析判断
内化运用
推理论证
批判评价
想象创造
三阶问题与任务设计
Read and Think
Something in Jim White’s heart changed that day. He went into the fields and
worked with the “pickers”. He bought running shoes for the boys. He spent evenings
having dinner with the boys’ families. His wife baked and sold cookies to raise
money. One small act of kindness led to another. Other families began to take notice,
and slowly, the entire town came to support Mr. White as he helped these young
men change from farm workers to champions.
•
What can we infer from the change?
Their success comes from ____________________________________________.
understanding, respect, kindness…
Read, underline and number the changes .
1. Which play is staged by the National Theatre of China?
2. When will the Shakespeare play at the Globe Theatre be performed?
3. Why was the author not chosen by the company at first?
4. What makes the Transition not popular on the road?
5. What chemical reaction will plants produce when attacked?
6. What kind of insects will plants attract by releasing perfumes?
7. Which substance can some plants release to drive insects away?
8. Where can people get the performance information of Deafinitely
Theatre?
1. What can we infer about Deafinitely Theatre’s performance feature?
2. Why could the author and Paul maintain a long - term friendship?
3. What attitude does the government hold towards the invention of
flying cars?
4. What does the author imply by mentioning Darwin’s imagination in
the last paragraph?
1. What is the main content of Passage C about flying cars?
2. What is Paragraph 1 of Passage C mainly about?
3. Why did the author write the Passage B about his friend Paul?
Hots Questions (solo or pair work)
21. Read the text and try to ask the writer three questions.
(Analyze, evaluating)
22. Suppose you are Robert(人物）, what..., / Why? (Create- generate)
23. Suppose you are to ask Robert （人物）a question, What question
will you ask?
(Evaluate/Create)
24. Add one more fact to support the writer’s idea.
(Analyze- differentiating)
25. Pick out six sentences that best summarize the main idea and logic of
the passage.
(Applying/Analyze）
外研版高中英语教材：思维能力
推理性、诠释性和评判性问题，
重点考查推断、归纳和概括等高阶能力
开放探究式大活动、大问题设计，发展思维能力
梳理、归纳、
整合、阐释
形式意义的统一
深度理解主题意义，作者态度、观点
深度理解主题意义，批判性思维
外语教学与研究出版社
设计指向高阶思维的学习活动
围绕主题意义
依托语篇&语篇分析
开放式、探究式大任务、大活动
综合阐释
反思评价
思维工具（语篇分析、可视化思维工具）
思维方法（浏览、扫读、记笔记、归纳、综合、联想......)
蕴含在教师的每一个教学活动里，养成于分析
问题、解决问题过程中
Discourse Analysis-based Reading Teaching
1. 区分、分析和概括语篇中的主要事实和观点；
2. 识别语篇中的内容要点和相应的支撑论据；
3. 识别语篇中的时间顺序、空间顺序、过程顺序；
4. 理解文本信息与非文本（视频、图表、画面）信息的关系；
5. 根据定义线索理解概念性词语或术语；
6. 根据语篇标题预测语篇的体裁和结构；
7. 根据语境线索或图表信息推测语篇内容；
8. 根据上下文推断语篇中的隐含意义；
9. 根据语气、语调、停顿来识别判断语篇中的字体、字号等印刷特征传
递的意义。说话者的讽刺、幽默等意图；
10. 根据连接词判断、猜测语篇的内容和意思；
Teaching might arise from here.
Many Thanks!
刘 晓
浙江师范大学基础
教育发展研究院
2025年12月19日
2025年12月北京·大兴
