专题 02 主旨题
高中英语阅读理解中的主旨题，主要考查对文章整体内容和核心观点的把握能力。它通常包括大意概
括题和标题判断题 。大意概括题要求归纳文章或段落主要内容，可通过浏览全文、抓首尾段和主题句等
方式解答。标题判断题则需为文章选最合适标题，标题应准确、精炼且新颖，能涵盖文章主旨，不能以偏
概全或过于宽泛 。解答这类题，要跳出细节，从整体理解文本 。
1. 技巧思维导图2. 选项特点
正确选项特征
1. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。
2. 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。
3. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩
4. 语言精练，若是标题类，则应当醒目且语言具有概括性和针对性。
干扰项特征
1. 过于笼统 范围太大，超出文章内容。2. 以偏概全 只是文章的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分。
3. 主观臆断 与文章内容无关，只是涉及个别单词或按现实生活生搬硬套。
3. 知识详解
知识点1：中心主旨题概述
中心主旨题主要是考查考生对文章进行概括或总结的能力，它要求考生在阅读短文时，能够提炼文章
的中心思想，体会作者的主要写作意图，充分运用逻辑概括能力，透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观
点、论点及作者的情感倾向。
知识点2：中心主旨题命题形式
1.概括中心思想型（main idea）：
Which of the following is mainly discussed in the last paragraph?
2.标题或主题型（topic / title / headline）：
What would be the best title for this passage?
3.写作目的型（main purpose）：
What is the author's purpose in writing this passage?
知识点3：中心主旨题解题方法
1. 主题句全文定位法
议论文或说明文：议论文或说明文的主题句一般在文首,但有的在文尾,也有的首尾呼应。
新闻报道： 新闻报道的主题句就是导语,即文章的首句或首段。
正文采取倒金字塔形式--最重要事实, 次要事实,最次要事实
科研报告或调查报告：反映科学实验或调研结果的报道或科普类说明文，内容主要包括“科研实验
结果或调查结果+实验研究过程或调查的具体情况”两大部分,文章主旨就是科研或调查结果，因此主题句
通常在首段,且常伴有 according to a study, a study showed/proved, this is suggested by the results of new
research on, scientists recently reported, a study claimed 等。
记叙文：纯记叙文通常没有主题句,需要读者自己领悟,从中归纳提炼;但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟
或就此发表议论,主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历,主旨就在文首。开头 100%
应用信息
结尾 10%
开头 10%
故事传记
结尾 100%
开头 100%
议论说明（结论）
结尾 10%
开头 100%
议论说明（活动）
结尾 10%
开头 100%
议论说明（现象）
结尾 10%
开头 90%
议论说明（道理）
结尾 10%
2.高频词法（几乎每段均出现过一次或几次的词为高频词，中心主旨必须含有较多高频词）
3.选项综合分析法（深层、概括、积极、有意义）
中心主旨题解题注意事项：
1.文章中心主旨不完全等同于文章标题。文章的中心主旨较为详细地陈述文章的内容，而文章的标题则通
常情况下较为简明。文章的标题是文章中心思想的最精炼的表达形式。
2.注意提示信息：
A.重要关联词（But/however/in fact/above all/so/for example）
B.强调句（It is ... that...）
C.某些特殊符号（：或―...）
D.一些宾语从句（show that/conclude that...）
3.优先依据文章中的中心句解中心主旨题。
4. 实战演练1 文章大意题
文章大意题
借助各段段落主题句归纳 段首；段中；段尾
借助文章主题段进行归纳
首段（新闻报道、说明文、议论文）；尾段（记叙文、议论文）
借助主题词或关键句归纳 文中出现频率较高的关键词进行归纳，多为主题词
根据位置确定主题句:
1. 主题句在文首
文章开门见山，给出了主题句，随之用细节对其进行解释、支撑。作者在首段常常亮出观点、表明立
场。大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句,所以要认真阅读文章首句。
2. 主题句在文末
有的主题句放在文章的末尾,先摆出事实细节，最后总结, 从而形成强有力的结论, 要求考生耐心地读
完全文。
有时主题句首尾呼应，开篇先提出主题，结尾再次升华主题。
3. 主题句在文中或隐含
主题句在段中间或隐含在文中, 让读者很难发现, 这种情况难度较大,考生要通观全文,分清主旨细节,进
行归纳推理。最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落,切忌以偏概全或离题太远、太笼统。解
答此类题时考生需要把握作者的观点、态度、语气等,分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章开头的主题句或文章
最后的结论,捕捉与题目有关的信息,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。
【真题典例1】
Turning soil, pulling weeds, and harvesting cabbage sound like tough work for middle and high school kids.
And at first it is, says Abby Jaramillo, who with another teacher started Urban Sprouts, a school garden program at
four low-income schools. The program aims to help students develop science skills, environmental awareness, and
healthy lifestyles.
Jaramillo’s students live in neighborhoods where fresh food and green space are not easy to find and fast food
restaurants outnumber grocery stores. “The kids literally come to school with bags of snacks and large bottles of
soft drinks,” she says. “They come to us thinking vegetables are awful, dirt is awful, insects are awful.” Though
some are initially scared of the insects and turned off by the dirt, most are eager to try something new.
Urban Sprouts’ classes, at two middle schools and two high schools, include hands-on experiments such as soil
testing, flower-and-seed dissection, tastings of fresh or dried produce, and work in the garden. Several times a year,
students cook the vegetables they grow, and they occasionally make salads for their entire schools.
Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say
they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested in gardening that
they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming
effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,”she says, “and they feel successful.”
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Rescuing School Gardens B. Experiencing Country Life
C. Growing Vegetable Lovers D. Changing Local Landscape
5. 实战演练2 段落大意题
通过结构或暗示概括段落大意
1. 根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组
织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在
段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细
节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式
2. 通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，
此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。
【真题典例】
The creative team behind “Apes” used motioncapture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals,
spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor's performance and later processes it with
computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realisticlooking ape.
25．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A．The cost of making “Apes.”
B．The creation of digitalized apes.
C．The publicity about “Apes.”
D．The performance of real apes.
6. 实战演练3 最佳标题
三大方法定标题
1. 最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：
① 概括--准确而又简短;
② 针对性--标题外延正好与文章内容相符;
③ 题目--能引发读者的阅读欲望。
三大方法：
① 正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；
② 反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；
③ 研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。
【真题典例】You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems
every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to
know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to reexamine their
relationship to singleuse plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse，” a pair of 10foottall plastic
waves, frozen midcrash. Made of 168，000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the
sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic
pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of
their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came
from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to
disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's
worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic，” Von Wong and a group of
volunteers collected more than 10，000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been
dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
31．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Artists' Opinions on Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
7. 真题感悟
1. 2025年1月浙江卷C
A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as
matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and
even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly
simple principle: to garden more like nature does.
The concept was born when German city planners sought to plant large areas of parkland after World
War II in a reproducible way that would need minimal maintenance. Planners created planting mixes thatcould be used modularly (模块化). In a matrix garden, plants with similar cultural needs are grouped so
that they will grow together above and below ground, forming a cooperative ecosystem that conserves
water and discourages weeds.
Dutch plantsman and designer Piet Oudolf’s gardens popularized this style, adding artistic flavors to
the planting mixes while playing with color and form, including four-season interest and serving the needs
of wildlife. Beautiful year-round, they invite you to enjoy the smallest detail, from the sound of grasses
in the gentle wind to the sculpture of odd-looking seed heads.
It takes a lot of thought to look this natural. While matrix gardens appear wild, they are carefully
planned, with cultural needs the first consideration. Led by the concept of “right plant, right place,” they
match plants that enjoy the same soil, sun and weather conditions, and arrange them according to their
patterns of growth.
The benefits are substantial for both gardener and planet. With human inputs dramatically reduced,
the garden’s ecology can develop well. Established matrix gardens should not need the life support we
give most gardens: fertilizer, dividing, regular watering. Compared to traditional garden plots, they increase
carbon absorption, reduce stormwater runoff and boost habitat and biodiversity significantly.
31. Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?
A. The future of gardening is WILD B. Nature treats all lives as EQUALS
C. Matrix gardens need more CARE D. Old garden plots work WONDERS
2. 2024年6月新课标全国Ⅰ卷B
“I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am
ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally
laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing
number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western
treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became
interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing
drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he
improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So,after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she
was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to
keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more
easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication,
he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from
30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal.
That’s my job.”
26. What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?
A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment.
B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C. Examples of rare animal diseases.
D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
3. 2024年6月新课标全国Ⅱ卷C
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of
travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce
the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience
such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly
supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely
monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is
automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil,
the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new
pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from
transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute
traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Insidethe office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic.
“We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
11. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
4. 2024年6月新课标全国甲卷B
Animals can express their needs using a lot of ways. For instance, almost all animals have distinct vocals (声
音) that they rely on to either ask for help, scare away any dangerous animals or look for shelter. But cats are
special creatures who possess amazing vocalization skills. They are able to have entire conversations with humans
using meows and you're able to interpret it. If a pet cat is hungry, it will keep meowing to attract attention and find
food. However, when a cat is looking for affection, they tend to produce stretched and soft meows. Meowing starts
as soon as a baby cat is brought to life and uses it to get the mother's attention and be fed.
Cats have many heightened senses, but their sense of smell is quite impressive. They use their noses to assess
their environment and look out for any signs of danger. They will sniff out specific areas before they choose a place
to relax. However, another way the cats are able to distinguish between situations is by looking for familiar smells.
Your cat will likely smell your face and store the smell in its memory and use it to recognize you in the future.
That's why most pet cats are able to tell immediately if their owners were around any other cats, which they don't
usually like.
Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit, but cats take this behavior up a notch. Many cats will find
random objects outside and bring them to their owners. This is a very old habit that's been present in all kinds of
predators (食肉动物). Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you. These adorable little hunters are just
doing something that it's been in their nature since the beginning of time. So just go along with it!
7. What is a suitable title for the text?
A. Tips on Finding a Smart Cat B. Understanding Your Cat's Behavior
C. Have Fun with Your Cat D. How to Keep Your Cat Healthy
5. 2024年6月北京卷D
Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of
early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken
to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with othergroups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily
leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the
Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense.
The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may
vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while
cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising
religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms
for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of
others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape
our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts
motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world.
The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care.
Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and
dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar
in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is
inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong.
Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence
self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-
solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for
language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways.
34. Which would be the best title for this passage?
A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline
.
C Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality
